SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT E. FRIDKIN - V.M. FRIDKIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000513710014-9
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

112-2-2713
Thermal Treatment of Porcelain. (Cont.)
tempering as well as during cooling. Optimum thermal treatment of
products made from electro-technical porcelain ( 0 ) may be ensured by
annealing ( removing the permanent stresses), or by creating reinforcing
(compression) stresses on the surfacii of the product by temperin43.OcntwpxaV
U0, 220 and 400 - kv insulators have a very complicated form and it Is
difficult to produce evenly distributed compression stresses on their
surface by tempering. Annealing is reco ndea as the optim- the 1
treatment of insulators vherein practically no residual stresses develop.
11 bibliographic entries.
N.V.N.
Card 4/4

YASiYFvICH1 V., kand.arkhit-PktuT-y; PROTSENKO, 0., arkhitr-ktor, preprdaVatell;
POIRSIN, Yu., kand.tekhn.nslik, dotsent; KAvV-SHNYY, N., doktom- tekhn.-
n3uk, prof.; LEVIN)-I.) ~and.tekhn.nauk, dot sent;_ E., stlident;
SEKACHEV, Yu., stud6nt; MILEVSKIY, V., student; 'R,',IRWV, A., student;
KORNrYEVA, S.J. studentka; VYGODSKIY, B., student; IMOSHKOVY V., student
What kind of--prokram for the-course-in "Industrial Design?"
Opinion of teachers and students. Tekh.est. no.5:20-21 1,~,r 165.
-(KRA 1816)
l.-Y,afedra nhchertatellnoy geomptrii 1 kafedra grafiki Les5tekhni-
cheskby~akiidemii imeni-Kirova (for-Porsin). 2. 1'bskovskoye
vyssheye tekhnicheskoye uchillshche imnni Bourasna (fbr KBmyshnyy,
Korneyeve, Vygodskiy, Moshkov). 3. %skovskiy avtomekhanicheskly
ifistitut (for Le~in, Smirnov). 4. Lefiingrhdskiy institut
aviapriborostroy.-niya (for Fridkin, Sekachev, Milevskly).

ACC NRi AP6032016 SOURCE CODE: LT/0336/66/004/006/0201/0205
AU711011: Fridkin, F. M..'; Gerzanich, Yc..--I.; Gronhik, I. I.; Lyakhovitskaya, V. A.
ORG: Institute of C stallography, Academy of Sciences SSSR'(Institut kristallo-Z7
grafii Akademii nauk SSSH)
TITLE: Absorption edge in the semiconducting ferroolectrics SbISBr, BiSBr, rnd SbSI
SOURCE: Zhurnal eksperimental'noy i teoreticheakoy fiziki. Pis'ma v redak-..siyu.
Prilozheniye, Y. 4, no. 6, 1966, 2ol-2o5
TOPIC TAGS: ferroelectric material, semiconducting material, second order phase f
i
transition, phase transition, absorption edge, light absorption
ABSTRACT: To ascertain the behavior of the intrinsic absorption edge ~~Ya series of
ferroelectrics of groups V, VI, land VII, which undergo low- temperature! p~aqe_:~ransi-_L
tions, the authors investigated'~ptical absorption n SbSBr, BiSBr, and 6bS1 in
polarized light in the interval from +40 to -190C. 'The SbSBr, BiSBr, and SbSi single
crystals were grown front the gas phase. The SbSBr and BiSBr crystals were in the
mm
form of thin needles (transverse dimension not larger then 0.1 wm, length 10 - 15
The SbSI single crystals were larger (10 x 1 x 1 nm). All the investigated single
crystals were rhombo-dipyramidal. The direction of the spontaneous polarization co-
incided with the twofold axis parallel to the needle axis. The meaijurements were made'-
in a vacuum cryostat cooled with liquid nitrogen, with a temperature maintained ac-
curate to O.2C. The transmission spectra were investigated with a monochrom,3-tor and
2

ACC NR, 060320106
a photornultiplier. The relation m1/2 hV (m - absorption coefficient, hy photon
teraye~atur6
ener,-y) was satisfied for all three crystals in the entire investigated
interv4l, -thus pointing to the indirect character of the transitions. In addition, i
the MI/2 vs. hv curve of SbSBr had two straight-line section3, connected apyarentj~
with the absorption and emission of a phonon. The phonon ener ", determined from the
difference between the energies corresponding to the two sections turned out to be'
0-03 ev and independent of the temperature. No change in the shape of the abnorptlon'
edge during the phase transition was observed in any of the crystals. A jump in the
width of the forbidden band takes place in the region of the phase transition of all
the ferroelectrics. A striking fact is the jump in the temperature coefficient of
the forbidden-band width observed in the case of SbSBr In the p&raelectric region at
a temperature -103C, apparently due to a second-order phase transition. The behavior
of BiSBr and SbSI is qualitatively the same. The results not only confirm the ex-
istence of ferroelectric phase transitions in SbSBr, BiSBr, and SbSI at -1B0, -170,
and +22C respectively, but indicate unambiguously their character (first-order transi
tions). In addition to these transitions, singularities in the temperature depen-
dence of the width of the forbidden band are observed in the paraelectric region for
SbS]3r and BiSBr and in the ferroelectric region for SbSI. These are apparently
evidence of the existence of second-order phase transitions in these crystals. Orig.
art. has: 1 figure.
SUB CODE: 20/ Sum DATE: o9jun66/ ORIG REF: 003/ onj REF: oo4
'C~,d 2/2

FRIDKIN, 1. A.
"Designs of Cable Couplins Used in M Mosenergo - The'r Advantages and Dis-
advantages," "Operation of Cable Networks" (Eksploatataiya kabeley i kabel'ny1di setey),
GoBenergoizdat, 1949, 384 pp.

BIMiOV, Boris Mikhaylovich; POLLA , Petr Grigorlyevich; ZXMNOY, Leonid
Petrovich; FOHICW, GrIgoriy Ivenovich; FRIDKIN. Iosif.- ich;
----Aramm .
FATMWN, A.L.. red.; BORUNOV, N.I., takh-n.re-d.
(construction and use of cable lines] Sooruzhenie I ekspluatatsila
kabellnykh linii. Moskva, Goo.energ.izd-vo, 1959. 542 P.
(MIRA 13:3)
Ollectric cables)

TOLCHKOV. KonstantinjKO 40"WIT41041 .11"LiL.TiozovIevich; IMMIM,
PA -A kand4tekb=,6qn*q retwensent; BARA--
OTO Inxii., reteenzent;
WIRVOT, L,P., insh;;-F4Is9nxsntj;FCIUCM, G.I., inxh.,-retsenzent;
I.Ae- vinzbL;, retsonsentt- SHCHEGLOT, A.P., inzh., red.;
O.S., tekhn.red.
ELIne structures of municipal electric networks] Skepluatataiia
setavykh soorushanii gorodskol slaktrichaskoi seti. Pod red. A.P.
Shcheglova. Noskva, Gos.energ.isd-vo. 1960. 394 P. (MIRA 13:5)
1, KDekovskaya kabelInaya not' (for Baranov. Poklad, Smirnov.
Fomichev, Fridkin).
(Blectrio power distribution)

FRIDKIN Iosif Aronovich;, FAMUN, A.L.p red,,,- SHIROKCVA, M.M.0
'-- 'v'--'_
~teii~~7.red."~
(Laying cable lines in the ground] Prokladka kabeltqrkh linli
v zemleo Moskvap Gosenergoizdat, 1961. 55 P. (Diblioteks.
elektromonterap no,59) (MIRA 15:5)
(Electrio cables) * (Earthwork)

ATABEKOV, V.B.; KULESHOV, Ya.T.; FRIDKIN, IA ; YABWKSKIY, L.S.;
AIZKSEYEV) V.P., red.; BALKOVSKAYA, I.Z., red. izd-va;
KJHENOKH, F.M., tekhn. red.
(Handbook on municipal electric networks and substations]
Spravochnik PO gorodskim elektricheskim setiam i pod-
stantsiiam. LBy V.B.Atabekov i dr. Moskva, Izd-vo MKKh
RSFSR, 1963. 550 P. (MIRA 16:11)
(Electric power distribution-Handbooks, manuals, etc.)
(Electric substationB-HaMbooh, mnnuals, etc.)

FRIDKIN, Iosif Aronovich; FAYERMAN, A.L., red.
[Operation of 1-35 kv. cable lines] Ekspluatatsiia kabell-
riykh limil 1-35 kv. Moskva,, Izd-vo t'Energiia," 1964. 87 p.
(Biblioteka elektromontera, no.111) (MIRA 17%4)

BARANOV, Boris Mikhaylovich; POKLAD, Fetr Grigorlyevich;
3-URNOV, Leonid Petrovich; F01-111CIEV, G.I.; P7,qu:,
I,A,j FEDOSVIKO, R.Ya., nauchn. red.; SfIUFIWVA'-n.,4.,
red.
(Construction ani operation of municipal cable networks]
Sooruzhenle i ekspluatatsiia grorodskikh kabollnykh setei.
14oskva, Vysshala, shkola, 1965. 3^41 p. (MIRA a8:7)

L 3384-66 E'dT(1)/E'dT(m)/FWP(t)/E*.-[P(b) IJP(c) JD
ACCESSION NR: AP5023P7 UR/0371/ 65/000/004/0003/0012
4171
AUTHOR: Veldre, V. (Veldre, V. Ya); LasaLT. (Lyash, A. V.); Rabiks, L.
L. (Fri
(Rabik, L. L.); Wki s dkin, L. A-1
TITLE:Total effective cross sections of the excitation of atomi ~b y 'electron impact
in the classical approximation
SOURCE: AN LatSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskikh i tekhnichaskikh nauk, no.4,
1965, 3-12
TOPIC TAGS: collision cross section, excitation cross Eection, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon
ABSTRACT: The problem of the collision of two electrons one of which is revolv-
ing around a nucleus, represents the three body problem and can be solved only
with great difficulty. Therefore, practical calculations are made by considering
the corresponding two body problem. The present article is an attempt to in-
crease the accuracy of the solution within the framework of the two body problem.,
A table gives a comparison of the excitation cross sections obtained for the neon
atom in different approximations and includes a comparison of experimental and
Card 1/2

L 3384-66
ACCESSION NR: AP5023287
theoretical data. The excitation cross sections of neon, argon, krypton, and xe-
non are given in atomic units. Orig. art. has: 4 formulas and 7 tables
ASSOCIATION: Institut fiziki AN Latv. SSR (Institute of Physics,AN LatSSR)
SUBMITTED: 26Feb65 ENCL: 00 SUB CODE: NP
NR REF SOV: 006 OTHER: 006
,Inert gasea.
C. rd 22

FRIDKIN. M.M.
Treatment of laz7ngeal tuberculosis by prolonged novocain block.
Prob.tuberk., Moskva NO-1:39-40 Jan-lob 51. (CTAL 20:6)
. , '' . I
1. Of the Phtlqsiolaryagological Division of the Ukrainian Tuber-
culosis Institute (Director--Prof.B.M.Khmallnitakiy).

FRIDKIN, M.M., kand.med.nauk; XRASNOSHMEKOVA, A.M. 01bPrOkov).
WWWAV"~- -
Treating tuberculosis of the respiratory tract by moist and dry
inhnlation of antibacterial aerosols. Vrach.delo no.10:1049-1053 0158
(min 11:11)
1. ObInstnoy gospitall invalidov Otecheetvennoy voyV*'
(TUBXRarLOSIS)
(DUIALATION THFYJYT)

Fr,M)KIN, P. A.
USSR/Electricity - Electric Driven Sep 51
IlAdditional Losses of the Electric Drive With Arc-
Shaped Stator and Methods for Decreasing Them,"
P. A. Fridkin
"Iz Ak Nauk SSSR, Otdel Tekh Nauk" No 9,
PP 1288-1305
Reviews exptl data since 1932, when 1st arc-shaped
stator was designed. Analyzes nature of addnl losses
and compares theoretical premises with exptl re-
sults. Discusses various measures for decreasing
losses, emphaBiAing decrease of gap toward stator
ends as most expedient method. Analyzes effect of
compensation coils on power losses. Submitted by
Acad V. S. Kulebakin 18 Apr 51.
205T5

JW 1b ON mob dbmmim at 621JI3,0U.2;
A. ftmajok &A
S(T*s "d Mb
*a slow W& W4Sb a
Bp swoodom oft
MMW Gf ft &AWW MUW
mmw A6 *a hv*4 "Own di*.
PPW knol 104 *0 WAM6. f
MW 001 -WIOA OW Ma4k 0(
slow of "a be PG*And ftr m aftokew
dbmww 06 is me "WO
&"j WAI*W Of
k 2 hr ft
at of gnaw
I < 1.3 tAr ad on scook"I
md an Now area kft awk
Imm In am Oak; k
*a im 04k ON.
a" "d
< 3.3ft" -I I
ftd k~ ftftm as saw
KKAW

37
Ilia-'
9 3
Val
-1
.1v
vii

FRIDKIN, VA.
--*A --- W.M"M*w
Theory of high-froqaency discharges. Vent.Hook.un. 8 no.8:109-114 Ag '53.
MBA 6:11)
1. Kafedra elektronnykh i ionnykh protseagov.
(Electric discharges through gases)

till
USSR / Electricity G
Abs Jour : Ref Zhur - Flzika, No 4~, 1957, Na 9*,-)Q,'-
Author : Rabinovich, A.D., Fridkin, V.N., Froyman, A.I.
Inst : Not given
Title : Application of Electrets in Measuring Technology (survey)
Orig Pub : Izmerit. tekhnika,, 1955, No 4, 31-34
Abstract : Survey article.
Card : 1/1

__V9V / Electricity G
Abs Jour Ref Zhur Fizika, tio 4, 1957, No 9620
Author Froyman, A.I., F~ ~idkin, V.11.
Inst Institute of Cr-ystallojFa__p_R_y_, Academy of Sc.-iences USSR,
Moscow
Title Investigation of the Retero-Charge of Electrets Made of
Carnauba Wax.
Orig Pub Kristallografiya, 1956, 1., No 3, 342-350
Abstract By determining the discharge current and subsequently inte-
grating this current with respect to time, a study was made
of the dependence of the value of the hetero-charge (Q) of
an electret, made of pure carnauba wax, on the intensity (E)
of the polarization is effected. It is established that in
the range of E from 2.1 to 12 kv/cm.the value of Q ia ap-
proximately the same as E at constant tenperature. r7he pro-
cess of formation of hetero-charge has an activation energy
Card 1/2

-USSR Electricity G
Abs Jour :Ref Zhur - Fizika, No It, 1957, No 9620
Abstract :of 18,500 cal/mol. comparison of the experimental curves
for the dependence of the discharge current on the time
with the theoretical curves plotted under the assumption
of a purely ionic mechanism of formation and destrwtion of
Q, shows that in the case of good agreement between the rise
and tile position of the maximim, the decay of the experimen-
tal curves is considerably slower than that of the theore-
tical ones. For full interpretation of the phenomenon it is
necessary to take into account, along with the displacement
of the ions, also the orientation of the dipoles. A scheme
and description for a measurement setup are Given.
Card 2/2

tudy Fk
(Inst
r e;v.
Of bulf
ct
Lq I w
;icc c of tl,,- p 11, ,
i CUP~l - - , I
Arl.- , I ~ I
t ~151
-,If
"d. o'
lk,
of
arrim
41
it
Of was S,
-Kcr! e p2am
0.1. ewr
iffidiatio, lqlt:l the
t tc4ed to
-.1ncrit wit
t Ya
t,, 13.1 C - - d
aver
-,,Ll,atv-n
tat
rutz""tr
Rk-0 t.
QW,

1090e.' ELMTROPjjOTOCRAMy d11 MgMy
~LZCTM-p.
-,& X Mr I
A methe'd P? d'-stribod fur pyodtmirg fitc cgrnpmc
ir-aZtz on inano- sod polleryeWliw SWAlix =ct,
wMirArpry -6 are repri)duced. A 5c -sltu-
- . tto losp
W.=,Etrc of lr?wjgat?,g P~otoelwzvl auto is L-L-ggy ;10

FRII)In, Y.M.; IZIA)VA, A.I.; GIRASDIDVA, T.N..; BILTAIXnINOV, Kh-S-
Some results of the study of electronic photography and electro-
static printing. Zhur.nauch.1 prikl.fot.i kin. 2 no.4:286-292
JI-Ag 157. (MW 10:7)
1. lauchno-iseledovatellskiy institut poligrAficheskogo mashiuo-
stroyaniya.
(Xerography)

d
"T I. S. and Fridkiii.-
J UOILS: Zheludev, V. 1,11.
w
-28/31
70-5
~f~
-J-TIE. On Two Limiting Point Symmetry Groups of Polycrystalline
Electrets (0 dvukh Dredellnykh tocheclllv'&h gru -Dakh
simmetrii polikristallicheskikh fotoelektretOV5-
PERIODICAL: Kristallografiya, 1957, Vol.2, Vo-5, PP. 705-706 (USSR)
kr~STRACT: A polyeeystalline electret specimen of sulphur has
earlier been shown to have the symmetry group 0o.m .(Fridkin,
Kristallografiya, Vol-1, 557, 1956). A mixture of asphalt and
NaQl dusts have been used for developing the charge pattern on
the surfaces of the electrets as by friction the former becomes
positively charged and the latter negatively. A specimen with
the symmetry group m.C>a :m has now been produced. A layer
of polycrystalline sulphur 50 ), thick was evaporated on to an
Ad. plate in vacuo and was then pql,--Lrised by a f ield of 5 kV/cm
~nd illuminated at 5 x 10-1 1,V/cm'. It was then overlaid with a
metallic raster with a pattern of 0.9 mm diameter holes,
polarised in the reverse direction and illuminated at1he same
intensity for the same time (4 minutes). On dusting with the
asphalt and salt powder a pattern became apparent showing a
pattern with a non-polar texture of symmetry m.oo:m. The salt
settled on the parts which had been exposed through the holes and
the asphalt on the remainder. This texture is non-piezo-electric

AUTHOh kRIDKINP VOM.,, GMA,61MOVA, T.N., P,.
TITLZ Nlectric Photography on Luminopi.-ores.
(Elr.-ktrofotograftya na lywa.'MriforaM - Rivistan)
VERIODIC" Doklady Akademli Nauk b~ibR, 1257, Vol W.), N- 3, i)P 571-5772,
Re'neived 6/1257 Rev-,evea 7/1.,)5y
ABbTRACT Experiments were carried Out in order to outa,in L;uaj;ei t?n i;ne au_rfa,3e
of paper or metals which were coated with a lurdw.-scent layer which, at
the same time, Vas photocondactive. The folloriin~ material was used,
Cch,3, Znb]C,&, which has its maximum photoccn-Juctivity at k" 340 m, anci
Cd:js Zmj] Agp which has its maximum photocond-activity atX - 44 m, The
surface of the layer could be charged inJie dark by means of the corona
discharge. ihe image on the surface oZ the layer was obtained by projec-
ting an imagecn to the surface of the luminescent substance charged In
this manner by meam of a photoenlar-ing appar&Lv5. The time of eiposu-
re corresponded to the relaxation period of t~.Q iurface chari~e which had
been previously measured for the respective layer. Developini- was carried
ovt by spraying the layer with inversely charged colored rc37n particles.
The particles were charged by means or friction electricity. An additional
peculiarity of electrophotography was the po531bility of uatming the It-
minescent substances in the dark while they were illuminated by altravio-
let light (with 365 mit wavelength). Good results were al3o, obtained with
other photocondactive layers, as e.&. ZnO and Cdb.
CMA-#6t o

On the Theory
A of Photouluctrets. 20-117-5-21/54

orily. Be.-ides, the rule of interchangegbilitj is jatisfied in
the case of the production of the photoclectret. Thiizefure,the
char,,~e of thophoto elcutretc iu a function of ',.he product L. t at
an arbitrary duration of polariaation t and at an arbitrary in-
tensity of illumii.-ation E. With t'-,e help of the cjrves attached
to the paper this rul4L of mutual replaceability was verified for
a sulphur wonoorystal. Thi.~j rule is cowplied with at every in-
tensity of illumination employed for the polarisation oil the
sulphur moriocrystal.The theoretical deduction and the experimen-
tal verification oi* the rule of matuality in photoclectreto are
quite independently of interust. The saturation effect mentioned
above occurring at the investigation of the depr;nderiae of the
char-e on the duratiun of -oolarisation and on the intensity of
illumination may be explained by the fact, that only an insigni-
ficant part of the free levels is filled up by electrons. This is
verified bv the experimental inve3tigation of the dependence of
the charge of the photoelectret on the intensitj of the 1darising
field.If the temperature effect is taken into conaideration,the
rule of interchangeability no longer holds.There are 4 figures,
11 references, lo of which are Slavic.
PRL'jiWTEDs July 27, 1957, by A. V. Shubnikov, Acade;-Acian
S UBMITT 12) July 27, 1957
Card 212

FRIMP'l, V.M.
Zheludev, I.S. and V.M. lFrIdkin. [Inut-Itut ki-Istollog-rni'll At! 23~;SJI, Ono,~I-
tute of Crystallography, AS USSRM On the "Photoelectret" (after 0. Nadzha-
kov] and "'Mermophotoelectret" State of Mwwcrystallirie Sulfur
(The PkYsics of Dielectrics; Treasections of the All-Uvton o7. the Pkvslcz
of DIeLectrics) Moscav, lzd-vo AB GS8H, 1958. 245 P. ah,~'00 V~Pieh Pxi-ted.
Thia volure publiah-~-s repartis presentea at the A-11-Union CoaferenQ'I nn t'Ole Phy:;tcr, of
Di~lectrics, held in Dnepropetrovsk in Auguot 1956 sponsored t~y the 'Physics of
D11-ilectricso Leborator-I cf the Pizicheakly lustlt4t lwn! Lecedle-va An =- R (physics
Institute iTeni IAb-.-:dr-v oi the AS UMN), arxi t~IAC- ElectropLyzicr of tbe
Duepropetrovskiy gosudararceni4i univei%ittet, State j.

th
s-1
ph
SCi
V. L-
y
:-
lid -3;U- _n1ly
c Vt"-- ic .

lhc
en
..or
off,

tj
25(4) 23 (5)
LUTHOR:
TITIZ:
FiMluZICA1-
AB-~TRAZT -
ACV/77-4-2-15/la
Lyalikov, I.S.
Successes or Soviet El*ctroyhoto~~ra;hy (U:PekhL sov'tts-
c
key elaktrofotografil) A Sgi,atIri _&Z4 '. Chatc-I Can-
are- at ~~.Uagwuuur_-
t P! of "IC-1-2-arg
j
im, Uat1--U4=.t.!j& po voproses eIektroZr&f1I)
tburnal nauchnoy i priiaadnoy forcgrafli I klnozato~rafil.
1959, Vol 4. Vr 2. J)p 149-152 (U-11R)
This is am account of a a-inatific and technical can-
rorecce on eloctrography, tho fire to be bell in the
Soviet union and evideat!y --a Cho world. It was org=_
I zed In Vi Do *-bor 16-19, 19 by the Soviet
" _01
y Osvy!0c ~e koy for
Hatiocal Ecomany of the Uthuar1on 5ZH), the Gosud&rst-
v*nAy7 m&uchnc-t*khzdch-eiktj, koultot Soveta mIAiatrov
Litowakay S.-R (3tate Scientific and T*Chricza Coutaittes,
of the Council of XlWsttrz of the Lithuanian Z.:R) and
the XAuchmQ-LssI*dovat~I'akLy LoAtitut slaktro,-rafti
(ScitntLfic Research lastituto of Elactrograpby).
The conferences attended by over 300 scientific wor.
k d by the :4;uty Chairman of the Council
of the Lithuanian _'R P.A.
lul-vots, after which %be director of the Institute
for Electrography, I Zhllovich, reviewed zbe state
and prospect& for do;!I-opsent of eloctrography in zc~o
Ua~2. No stated that research in th I. ti should be
carried out along the following lic***. a) a search
for Dow pboto-active materials with hieb dark r*sizL:u:&;
b~ W:LCal research Into the internal Photaef!*Ct;
9 day lopzen- of pho:os*mi conductor layers; d) do.
volop=$Dt of the theory or the oloctraptozoi;raphic
process. E.S. Lvalikov (speaklnZ also for O.G. iopovs)
h& s.,;,;estel do Z~-.a
fayv a report A =1
iZl'.t sensitivity of o1#ctropn~-.oZra;hjc layers in -- ZT
units. r.z. Plnvin-a (sp*";ng n'.30 foral I ZhIl*vi&
?... Kalip. u;k:rG &.1 1 .1:.
zdIs) roport&,roc %a- r-noarcEna %he
0~& somiconluctor in elictr, ;too:;rapt4c layers.
ZZI!k= Ease a report at hi.:tly sema,ltivo *IeCtrz,-_.t,
gri:%dc layers and at. oitctro;,h~tolopyine devic
reviewed the formation -ro-e3ft af t:.O latent a&:zt4rrQ"-
ghotoera;hic image on t~~, tn,-, f tLo :,caL tt.ecry.
also described the d~ste: c., an eloctrosecaltom#t.-
far determining se_sLtLvtY ty the relaxation ;*r1o,% r
:fC-'%rgt or, the surface of tn. 1%ye., and the el",tt
"m 0 lOctro;Lotoerj;r..,c -t,pyjrg jovIc,
jov
finished descrLbize t~,.* letter a,=4 then a; eke or,
X4C..UAtt$ Wnd kinalIC3 a- ts, j,,,OIa;_emt or t.0 latent
alectrophotoeriphic 1=14* In developers.
Card 3,10

scri/77-4-2-15/18
Successes of Sovist Electro;hotoGraphy; . Zcientific and Technical
Conference an iuestjona or Zlectrogra;hy
X.M. Vinogradov described some of the features of the
cas'ene and liquid methods of electropholcE:raphic do-
Val u e.hko devoted him report
crIot".2rell.l.".1 i1sh't".2polti.1-ty of the elctrophotta,-rthe;hic
process. After the reports, a discussion took ;'ace
on methods of deter=inI_-LS the light s*mAitivity or
slactraphatq;:Whic layers. ;..r. Chermyshev spoke on the
prospects of developing poly-r&T=c processes using
loctrIc and =aC:xtIc forces. O.V. ~;romov (s;ea;an~, also
;or I.I. Zhilevich, A.Ac rzordeyeia,.,~..3.
au he and Yu. I. 1:*valayt1w ) reportea on t a volop-
P z b
AWnit of olatrophotoCr-aphic. reproducing ~;uIpment. k.5.
Psuabs, (speaking also for .:. Zhilevich. A.Z. Bo
vich. IT.2. G311viliks an! _1.',.R,,utkaumxas) r*port.V-
on the use of_TnctroGra;"c =etv-o3a In recordim,;
oacilloZraphs and other recording Instruatnts.
-Y.P. Y r"Z411n) spoke on
.L~Lrpheako (speaking jaso for L.
the possibility of &lee tro-b= -rarhi cally recording
image$ from electrom_b*am, i.b*;. L.3 Z.2Zol' (speaking
also for N.N. -,rkwjjch, :.:. Eo_-Jo~;kmya, 3.1.
ral_inauskeno, U.J. ?1aymoms. and
Z.A. ucAwmas) eavii-T'de-allel d*scrip'Lon of labor-
atory juni cacLice methods of prod-4aing photosemiconluc-
%or papers (zinc oxide was used). A.A. Zuk.',iy (spn1dr%C
also for I.I. Zhilevi:h. 3romovi :..;;bGordeyev
S T. F - t v and T.N. Ger i I oratory
Zi J~~us-ojml na.-Line ph*-ose=icocd-ctor
papers. 7Z.A. Lhishkica, (s;_~klrZ also for la..;. Ck-an)
reported on a =-etnod of ox,=_-nng ela c tropho.ogrm7rc
materials usimZ an a/c b~!_Iee. 3.1. Xhatl=oviCh
(s;e&klzLG also for A.r. ..4ems &r,4 :.S. 'f~FTLek.ns)
--spoke on devoloplmZ for
------- and ferrasnenito,;raph.T. deveo;ers a
'r:verao" image. B.I. Ti~&.ozov reviesel =et:".ods of
so surlrg the electros=" potentials of e-ectrophato-
& resair.9 tbit t!.e o1cil".3t.'a. electrode
afnihicaloj#rso at
- ~uld ot be paced at~Qve a layer vith varyin,'; paten-
tial as this causes self-1.13'.41ree. r~1kevz418
(!pZhftY1a4 so for
f.,:l
an the -c:ice
poke
Vot4fr. ;a;ers in on ellectr..t.-Ic fe..j. hosed
sa=Fles produced ty the ;r4-Clat.sk ya ;%;or f3ctory.
Yo... 51ZL"vokly then Eave a LI~t~rlcsll revie. a: the
of elec-ragrm;tIz =et!.G!s in shier. he -aid
tribute to the w_~rx of -"e ~ese%rch institute
a. 41,ectrcer.;Ly in 71'-c,-4j or-! -.-.* :Lztitut pollerkfi
.!%eoko-o mashiccat rcye=-:'% f2!S1.-15)-(1DI7Zr&ph1C rAC..jt;_
Buildi;~~ Ir.BtItuto were them L*14
Card 6/10

an methods or x*:emx:LnC 'he ptteatial of charged ;,Z_11b.
photographic Jay ra; the vIbratior. pIck-up most-usod
-&a shown in B.I. Tikhonov's r~;orr to be not always
accurate. S.G.3r2rjahin state- that t~A bad Imflue=ca
of the Gocillatin.: ela-rad- can to eliml.%atod if the
eloctrods probe above its Is fixed and the ;Ick.
up Is connected to it by a a_L*',d*d cabl&. In the do-
bato on Ye.L. $621mvskly's repart I- was stated that
the research of Ac&d*=Ac1&=s A.R. Torenin &24 re.K.
Putseyka should be consIdere! as the basis of all mark
on olectrophotogrophic Papprs erltb Zo0q as they were
the first to MIMS the P0390.111.irY or optical sensiti-
zation of the internal' ;hctoeff*cZ In ZnC. N.K.3oll
Sidles then gave a report on the dopost.t1bg of char4es
by a corona discharge. A.1. E~~injkas and 4.P.
rajx!Lim reviewed ooze or tte 77:"Mts of the use_ ot__-j
slactrographle methods in radiob-raphy. L.1. NYun*ko
(Sp*&klzg also for I.I. Zhiltvlch, I.Z. PlaviA. YU-X.
TLshcb&kas and ru.A.Zibuts) reported on rolazation pro-
coM-s in somicond"-Mr layers. usine a vibration electro-
mewtsr. Yu.I.Vish&Xas gave a report On research on some
physical ;rop*rtl*e of the ;olycr7stallla* layers of
solanious cadmium. X.P. spoke On some
Of the photoelectric properties of 5b23j and Sb S
goo A 03: the
aboarptins maximum of the latter Is abou a .
BAE. _ASZ;6&n reported on methods of obtaining folonlua
light-sonsitLve layers, Including eublieention And ther-
enal troatment; It was also found that the Sensitivity
of the layers increased after storage for 1.5 to 2 months
at MOE texporsturs.. P.1-1. Podvigalkin (speaking also
for S.G.Grorlsh1m) spoke an research into the *Lee-
trical pr~petllles of electrophologra;h1c layers of
sbOrphous 801mmium and powltred zi-ne amid*. 3A.
MAMorov (speoldn &I** for A.S. discussed
%Ue production of seloolun layers a=1 same a.' their
proportion. Finally the followtcw, reports on forra-
magmetagraphy were deliverel; 1) B.ra. Xaznscheyev.
Y.WiMane, 'Zloctrodoposition of A.1-loys
an XALZ=Otic Charac t... t
WL _ Les' ~) '-.I ~MtL=Ov,
*Visualization of XaCao-Lc Ose-111~gra:as by ;he-ttrro-
grsph1c Rath"- 3) V.T.Patr.Lnov,
Of ftcaimile Inages" 4) . ZhIlevich. 1.1 a. B.
Yo._4W-hok. I.:. Sa_,Wao. 'Mack ~zperl.=oats
in ron-Pressurs W.-rozagmette arinrIZZ". Mere was
also an exhIbItLan showLaZ t--. -orc of the Zloctro-
graphic Institute. rhonest Important conclusion or
%be conference Sea that a solid approach had b*oa ctads
to the possibility of w.44* toc,,_r.-cal uB* Of 11-0 Jacthods
of'olactrograpzy. It was conaLderol' the- althou;*-% mark
In this field aciaelly e.&rTA4 amay is i9s5,56 it us covered as men ground
so the U= in 10 years. rhile kdzttln~; trat It Sft*
easier 'to reproduce reaults already achieved then to be
the first to arrive at thong the conferencet observed
that tho Americans took good care ttat no important
Information In the lLterst~r# avawlabl*.
Card 10/10

AUTHORS: Zheludev, I.S. and Fridkin, V.M. 70-3-2-8/26
TITLE: On the Anisotropy of the ~,o`larj:~Wtion of Photoelectrets
in Monocrystals of Sulphur (Ob anizotropii polyarizatsii
fotoelektretov iz monokristallov sery)
PERIODICAL: Kristallografiya, 1958, Vol 3, Nr 2, pp 182 - 185
(USSR).
ABSTRACT: The charges of photoelectre6s produced in single
crystals of sulphgr by polarisation in different crystallographic
directions have been measured. It was earlier assumed that
these crystals were orthorhombic but they are now shown to have
been monoclinic. The observed anisotropy in the polarisation
of the photoelectrets is determined by the anisotropy in the
photo-conduction of the single crystal of sulphur. The
measurement of the charges of photoelectrets can serve as a
very convenient method of studying the anisotropy of the photo-
conductivity.
A cube, with edges about 6 mm, was cut from a single crystal
of sulphur-and polished. Superficially, the crystal was ortho-
rhombic and the cube faces were cut perpendicular to the 2-fold
axis. The faces 001 and 001 were perpendicular to the acute
bisectrix; 100 and 100 -were perpendicular to the obtuse
Cardll~ bisectrix and 010 and 010 were parallel to the optic axial

70-3-2-8/26
On-the Anisotropy of the Polarisation of Photoelectrets in Mono-
crystals of Sulphur
plane. The cube was polarised for 10 minutes in a field of
2
700 V/cm and in an illumination of 101 W/cm This was
repeated in each of the 6 cube axis directions and the electret
charges were measured by measaring the change in charge when,
under continued illuminatioy the electre~s were de-polarised.
Theialues foVnd were (x 10- 0 Coulomb/cm4); 010, 95; 010, 60;
1009 1.50; 100~ 1.47; 001, 44; 001, 20 To eliminate the
effects of cracks, the above measurements were repeated with
three other specimens. To eliminate the effects of anisotropy
in the light absorption the charges were re-measured with Nad-
jakoff's volume method (Izv. BU"lg. Akad. Vauk., Ser.Fiz, Vol 2,
pp 321-337i 1951). One of the specimens was placed between
the plates of a condenser, one of the plates of which-was
fixed and connected to the needle of an electrometer and the
other plate (the lower) was earthed and bbing movable could be
lowered a known distance. As a result of the motion of the
lower e1ectrode with the electret the needle of the electro-
meter was deflected and the surface charge of the photoelectret
could be measured. The condenser was constructed so that the
Card2 specimen could be .illuminated during pola-risation in a direction
I

?0-3-2-8/26
.On the Anisotropy of the Polarisation of Photoelectrets in Mono-
crystals oS Sulphur
perpendicular to that in which it was being polarised.
Hence, for each direction of polarisation there were two
independent directions in which the crystal could be illum-
inated. Specimens were polarised 2with 1.3 kV/cm for 10 min.
with an illumination of 10-4 W/cM . The values for the
charge density (in Coulombs x 10-10 per cm2 ) were as follows:
indices of illuminated face first, then direction of polari-
sation, then charge density) 001, 010, 28; 001$ 010, 18;
010) 010, 31; 010, 010, 19; 001, 100, 40; 0017 TOP9 38;
1001 100, 42; 100, '100, 39; 100, 001, 12; 100, 001) 5;
0101 0011 12; 010, OC1, 5. It is apparent that the charge
density depends only on the direction of the polarising field
and not on the density of the incident illumination. Hence,
the anisotropy must be due to the anisotropy of photo-
conductivity. It is then foundby )Jeumann's principle, that
the crystal class must be m (monoclinic) with the plane of
symmetry perpendicular to the obtuse bisectrix. Acknowledg-
ments to Academician Shubnikov. There are 2 tables and
Card 3 6 references, of which are Soviet and 1 German.

AUTHORS: Zheludev, I.S. and Fridkln, V.M. 70-3-3-10/36
TITIE: The Pie z o- e 1 ectrr-i-:,7--B--rf-e-c--t~in'P-li'o-t*'o-'--"e- 1'ectre t s (P'yezo-
elektricheskiy effek' v fotcalektretakh
PERIODICAL: Kristallografiya, 1958, Vcl 7, Nr 3, PP 315 - 321
(USSR).
ABSTRACT: Piezc-ele,~tric effects in phot3-electrets have been
detected and measured. The charges and the piezoelectric
moduli of a photc-polarised crystal ~)f anthracene have been
measured and the decay cf the :,-ha-rSe and the d 33 modulus
during de-polarization in the have been followed. The
effects ~,-an be completely expla-'riad by the changes in the
electric polarisation as a result of the changes iii the
geometrical dimensions of the spe,--imen. on mechanical strain.
When the crystal be2cmes a photcelsm-.tret, its symmetry drops
to be-lome one of the sub--E;rou~)s of . The case of crystals
of Class 2 is examined. Here, the piezo-electric moduli
dl4j d 151 d24 ~ d25' d31' d321 d,, and d 36 are non-zero
and relate the polarisation vector I i to the strain tensor
tik' Sik are the elastic moduli and r ik is the deformation
tensor. S is the charge density on the surface of the
Cardl/2 photoelectret. For a cube polarised parallel to its X 3

The*Piezo-electric Effect in Photo-electrets 'IJC-3--3--10/36
axis and distorted along the same axis t 33 '46-- 0 )
I3~d 33t33 ' rllzs 13t33 r22~S23t 33 r33~-- s33t33 so
that d 33~S(s 3-S23- 513 if t 11 '~-= 0 and t22 0
then d31 ~ '~sl3-'11-'12) and d 32'-'('23-'12-s22)
For a 10 mm cube of anthracene the values d 33 = 4.7 x 10-9
e.s.u., d31 = -2.5 x 10-9 e-s-u.., d A2 = -2.2 x 10-9 e.s.u.
and S = 6 X 10-? coul./cm~ . Values ,for the elastic
modulus s33 from measurements of the piezo.-electric
modulus d33 and from the known value of c 33 agree to
about 10% .
Acknowledgments to Academician A.V. Sh.-iibniko-%-.
There are 2 figures and 11 references, 6 of which are
Soviet, 3 English, I French and 1 German.
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallograf-Ji All SSSR (Institute of
Crystallography,Ac.S--. USSR)
SUBMITTED: July 20, 195?.
Card 2/2

SOV/?0-3-6-23/25
and
AUTHORS: Belyayev, L.M., Belikoval U.S-,,.rrid-k-i-n i-
Zheludev, i.S.
TITLE: On the Question of the Electret State in Paphthalene
(K voprosu ob elektretnom sostoyanii v naftaline)
PERIODICAL: Kristallografiya, 1958, Vol 3, Nr 6, pp ?62-?63 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Baldus (Z. Angew.Pbys., 1954, Vol 6, p 481) reported
observing the transformation of hetcro-charging in a
naphthalene electret into homo-charging. This result
contradicts other work and experiments were carried out
to clarify the situation. Liquid naphthalene Was allowed
to set in an electric field betweentu) Al plates 5 mm
apart. The field of 4kV/cm was applied for 90 minutes.
The naphthalene plate was removed from the condenser and
tested with a dynamic electrometer. Heterocharging was
found. Discharging by illumination was then tried.
Integration of the discharge current gave an initial
charge of 10-8 coulomb/cm 2. Repeated illumination gave
no further discharge current. Hence the heterocharging
is conditioned by localised electrons. Plates cut from
single crystals of naphthalene were then tried. They
Cardl/2 were subjected to a field of 3 kV/cm for 10 min with U/V

bOV/'/0-3-6-23/25
On the Question of the Electret State in Naphthalene
illumination. The charge density produced was about 10-10
2
coulomb/cm A similar charge density could be produced
by polarising in the dark. This shows that a sharp
distinction cannot be drawn between the photoelectret and
thermoelectret states in naphthalene and that both these
phenomena are controlled by the same mechanism.
There are 5 references, 2 of which are Soviet,2 English
and 1 German.
ASSOCIATION; Institut kristallografii AN SSSR (Institute of
Crystallography of the Ac.Sc.USSR)
SUBMITTED: June 28, 1958
Qard 2/2

AUTHORS: Zheludev, 1. 3,, Fridkin,_V.-M. 48,22-3-28/3C)
TITLE: On the Photoelectret and Thermoelectret State in Sulfur
Monocrystals (0 fotoelektretnom I termoelektretnom
sostoyaniyakh v monokristallakh sery)
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,Seriya Fizicheskara. 1956,
Vol. 22, Nr 3, PP- 352-358 (USSR)
A13STRACT: The authors investigated the dependence of the charge of the
photoelectret on the conditions of its polarization as well.
as the duration of existence of the residual polarization ir.
the monocryetals of sulfur. They investigated -the dependence
of the depolarization velocity on the temperature and intru-
duced the conception of a thermoelectret state, The duration
of existenoe of the inner polarization was investigated in
the monocrystalline and polycrystalline sulfur, A depolari-
zation ought to be carried out after a sufficiently long
period for the determination of the amount of mhotopolarization
of the polycrystalline sulfur with a short-time illumination
during the polarization process (ref. 2). The (lark polarizatioa
disappears completely during this period and the photo-
Card 1/4 polarization Is preserved. Nevertheless, this method aeome to

~On the Photnelectret and Thermoelectret State in Sulfur 48-.22-3-28/'10
Monocrystale
be unfit with the polarization of the sulfur crystals since
the total residual polarization drops to zero in this case.
From the comparison of the curves (figs. 4 and 2) it may be
concluded that the law of mutual substitution in the crystal
is not complied with with the formation of an inner
polarization. This signifies that with one and the same E.T.
-value the amount of the residual polarization depends on
the duration of illumination. The velocity of depolarization
of the sulfur-monocrystal -.Yas investigated at different
temperatures. The depolarization-curves of the photoelectret
which were determinedg are analogous to the depolarization.
curves of the thermo-electrets in the case of simultaneous
illumination and 'heating (e.g. ref. 5). The photoelectret
state of the sample is also thermoelectret at the same time
under the conditions described, since the illumination of the
photoelectret at low temperatures leads only to a partial
discharge. A complete depolarization only takes place at an
increase in t temperature up to the temperature prevailing
at its polarization. This state of the sulfur-.sample is at
Card 2/4 the same time also thermoelectret, since a simultaneou3

On the Photoelectret and Thermoelectret State in Sulfur 48-22-3-28/30
Monocrystals
heating and illumination is required for the complete de-
polarization. This state can consequently be denoted as thermo-
-photo-electret. The thermo-photo-electret state in the sulfur-
-monocrystal is apparently caused on the one hand by the
fastening of the ions on some local levels and on the other
hand by the presenoe-of a thermal barrier. This barrier
separates the level of excitation from the zone of conductivity.
The mechanism which was proposed for the explanation of the
temperature-dependence of the photo-conductivity in alkaline-
-halogen crystals (ref- 7), is apparently able to explain the
thermo-photoelectret effect and consequently also the
formation of the maximum of transition of the discharge-
-current during the depolarization process of the photo-
electrets with simultaneous illumination and heating. The
authors thank A. V. Shubnikov, Member, Academy of Sciences,
and G. Nazhdakov, Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
for the discussion of the work-results as well as Yu. N.
Martyshev and A. I. Delovaya for their assistance in carrying
out the measurements. There are 5 figures and 7 references,
Card 3/4 4 of which are Soviet.

.1 1. ~i , ) V, )o , 20-2-18160
AUTHORs Fridkin, V. M.
TITLEi Photoelectrets and the Formation of a Latent Electro-Photo-
graphic Imago (Potoeloktrety i obrazovaniye ekrytogo elek-
trofotograficheskogo izobrazheniya)
PERIODICALs All? 1958 1r1. 118, Nr 2, pp. 273 - 276 (USSR)
ABSTRACTs First there is a short report on previous studies, dealing
with the same subject. This work brings some new results, which
were obtained at examining the photoelectret-state by the
electrophoto.-raphic method. The method described in a previous
work (reference 6) by the author is based upon the followings
On an aluminum plate in vacuum rv 50 A thick layers of poly-
-crystalline sulphur were dusted. Those layers were during
an application of voltage and un*errupted illumination, po-
larized through acron3 a semi-transparont electrode. Upon the
surface of tho photoelectret the positive image was projected.
On that occasion the illuminated parts of the photoelectrot
were depolarized but the points, which were not illuminated
Card 1/4 kept their initial polarization. The latent image, which re-

1 20-2-181060
Photoelectrets and the Formation of a Latent Electro-Photo-raphic Image
0
sults in the case of exposure can reproduce the original in
half-tone. For developping the latent image the tribo-elec-
tric effect was used. For thist asphalt powder was mixed
with fine pulverized common-salt crystals. On this occasion
the salt particles got positive charge and the asphE-lt par-
ticles negdive one. The mixture of both powders was spread
upon the surface of the photoeletret with the latent image,
and according to the charge on the surface of the photoelec-
tret, the latent image was developed by the salt particles
and by the asphalt particles. The author examined the con-
nection between the magnitude of the surface-charge of the
photoelectrete and the optical density of the developed imaje.
As electrode for polarization glass with a dusted layer of
silver was used. The here ascertained dependence of the op-
tical density on the field-strength of the surface of the
photoelectret is linear, and upon this dependence th-9 author
based the electro-photoGraphic or sensitometric method for
examining the photoelectretic atate in mono-crystalline and
poly-crystalline teat-pieces. Especially the duration of
conservation of the photo-polarization in a photoelectret
Card 2/4 of poly-crystalline sulphur was examined in this way. The

20-2-18/60
Photoelectrets and the Formation of a Latent Blectro-Photographic Image
author also examined the regression of the latent electro-
photographic image in the case of a photoelectret and also
in the case of adsorption of ions at the surface of a di-
qbotric with photoconduction. The results, got here, prove
that the latent electrophotographic image on the poly-crystal-
U
line photoelectret is conditioned by the fastening of the
electrons to the low local levels which form at the bounda-
ries of the crystal grains. There are 4 figures, and 7 re-
ferences, 6 of which are Slavic.
ASSOCIATIONt Institute for Crystallography of the AN USSR
(Institut kristallografii Akademii nauk SSSR)
PREBENTEDt May 10, 1957, by A. V. Shubnikov, Academician
SUBMITTEDs May 14, 1957
Card 3/4

23(5), 24(2) SOV/2o-121--4-15/54
.AUTHOR: Fridkin, V. 11._
TITLE: The Theory of the Formation of a Latent Electrophotographic
Image and the Law of Interchangeability (Teoriya obrazovaniya
skrytogo elektrofotograficheskogo izobrazheniya i zakon
vzaimozamestimosti)
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1958, Vol 121, Tir 4, pp 627-630
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: The kinetics of the formation of the photoelectrot state in
monocrystals and the depolarization of the photoelectrets
under the influence of light may be investigated on the basis
of the zone theory of the crystals. With the conceptions of
this zone theory it is possible to develop a general theory
of the formation of a latent electrophotographic image and
this theory may also be applied to other processes, for ex-
ample, to classical xerography and to classical electrophoto-
graphy. Such an investigation consists essentially in the
solution of a system of differential equations which describes
the electron transitions according to a zone model. This
Card 1/~ zone model corresponds to the scheme of the energy levels

SO'1/2o-121-4-15/54
The-Theory of the Formation of a Latent Electrophotographic Image and the
Law of Interchangeability
of the electrons of the investigated crystal. The author lases
the scheme of P. S. Tartakovskiy and G. Rekalova (Ref 4) of
the electron levels in a monocrystal of sulphur. First, the
kinetic equations are given which describe the filling of
the "adhesion levels" (urovent prilipaniya) by electrons.
One has to find the dependence of the concentration N of
the electrons on these "adhesion levels" on time. The orient-,
ing influence of the polarizing field is not taken into ac-
count. The quasiateady solution of the above-mentioried system
satisfactorily describes the formation of the photoelectret
state in a monocrystal and it may be used as a basis of the
theory of the formation of the latent electrophotographic
image. This paper proves the following law: The validity of
the interchangeability law is a necessary and sufficient
condition for the correctness of the quasisteady solution.
If applied to an electrophotographic process, this inter-
changeability law is of immediate physical significance and
for the formation of a photoelectret state in monocryatals
it can be formulated as follovs: The value of the polarization
Card 2/4 or the value of the surface density of the photoelectret

SOV/2o-121-4-15/54
The Theory of the Formation of a Latent Electrophotographic Image and the
Law of Interchangeability
charges (which is proportional to the density N of the elec-
trons on the adhesion levels) depends only on the product Et
of the intensity E of the polarizing light and of the polari-
zation time t. The existence of a low quasisteady concentra-
tion of conduction electrons is a sufficient conditionfbr the
validity of the law of interchangeability. Any quasisteady
solution of the initially mentioned system of equations 3atie-
fies the interchangeability law and, inversely, any volution
of this system which satisfies the interchangeability law is
a quasieteady solution. The interchangeability law has to
be considered as a dependence of the optical density of the
developed electrophotographic image only on the product Et.
The author thanks A. V. Shubnikov, Academician, and I. S.
Zheludev for the supervision of these investigations and
Professor E. I. Adirovich for some useful remarks. There
are 1 figure and 5 references, 5 of which are Soviet.
Card 3/~

319~8
S 123/61/000/022/021/024
AOO4/AlO1
AUTHOR, Fridkin, V.M.
TITLE- High-sensitive electrophotographic layers and electrophotographic
printer
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Mashinostroyeniye, no. 22, 1961, 22, abstract
22Zh2O2 (V sb. "Elektrofotogr. i magnitofotograflya!', Vil'nyus,
1959, 33 - 43, Lithuanian summary)
TEXT: The author determines the value of the integrated sensitivity of
electrophotographic layers for processes baseO on the polarization and depolart.
zation of crystals - photoelectrets in the form of magnitudes which are reciprc-
cal to the relaxation period measured at an illuminativn of 1,000 lux. The
author analyzes the criteria of sensitivity of the process of the so-oalled clas.-
sic electrophotography, based on the surface charge of the dielectric layer pot-
sessing a photoconductivity, a corona discharge in the air. The author presents
the results of experimental investigations of electrophotographic layers from
ZnO and an electrosensitometer diagram. The electrification of the layers was
carried out by a pointed tool at a distance of 10 mm from the surface and a
Card 1/2

High-sensitive electrophotographic layers
voltage of 6 kv, The image was developed with
Ink in benzene, the positive particles of which
image in the form of a definite distribution of
tion resu"Its have been taken inio consideration
Ing apparatus developed by NlIFuligrafmash for
originals (diapDsitives, tracings, texts, etc..)
There are 9 figures and 1_3 references.
'8'R2'3/61/000/0 22110 21/0 24
A004/A101
a colloidal solution of printer's
were deposited on the latent,
negative charges. The inve~,'.iga-
in the electrophotographic, sc-pf-
copying facsimile and half-'~,:n
on electrophotographic paper.
G. Flidlider
[Abstracter's nc.,~e. Corrple-re translation]
Card 2/2

SOV/77-4-1-4/22
AUTHORS: Anfilov, I.V., and Pridkin, V.14.

TITLE: The Theory of the Deve opment of the Latent Electro-
photographic Image (K teorii proyavleiiiya skrytogo
elektrofotograficheskogo izobrazheniya)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal nauchnoy i prikladnoy foto.grafii i kine-
matografii, 1959, Vol 4, Nr 1, pp 32-34 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors devide former theories of the develop-
ment of the latent electrophotographic image into
two groups: 1) the "dry-development method",
2) the "wet method." The authors hold that the
phenomenon behind the develcpaent of the latent
electrophotographic image is a recombination of
electric charges and present mathematical formulae
to support their opinion. They conclude that the
full development of all part:, of the latent image,
which carry a different charge with respect to den-
sity, occurs simultaneously (the simultaneous deve-
Card 112 lopment of all half-tones of the latent electrophoto-

SOV/77-4-1-4/22
The Theory of the Development of the Latent Electrophotographic
Image
graphic image). The authors admit that the results
of experimental investigations are not contrary to
the possibility of a formation of double electrical
layers. There are 5 references, 2 of which are
American and 3 Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut poligraficheskogo
niashinostroyeniya (The Scientific Research Institute
of Polygraphic Machine Building)
SUBMITTED: March 28, 1958
Card 2/2

.23(5) SOV/77-4-2--2/18
AUTHOR: Fridkin, V.M.
TITLE: The Formation-ol a Latent Electro-Photographic Image
Depending on the Depolarization of the Photo-Electret
(Obrazovaniye skrytogo elektrofotoGraficheskogo izo-
brazhaniya, obuslovlennoye depolyarizatsiyey fotoelek-
treta)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal nauchnoy i prikladnoy fotografii i kineuatografii,
1959, Vol 4, Nr 29 PP 90-93 (UOO,-'R)
ADSMACT: In his introduction, the author says that the formation
of a latent electro-photographic image on a photo-elec-
tret can be caused both by polarization of the corres-
ponding dielectric and by depolarization of the photo-
electret when illuminated ZRef. 1_7. The case of po-
larization corresponding to the electro-photographic
negative-positive system was examined in detai). in
other works ~'Refs. 2,3_7. The mechanics of the process
Card 1/6

SOV/77-4-2-2/18
The Formation of a Latent Electro-Photographic Image Depending on
the Depolarization of the Photo-Electret
of depolarization of the photo-electret when illuminated
has also been examined CRefs. 4,5 2. Tartakovskiy
carried out a detailed investigation of the latter pro-
cess in respect of sulphur monocrystals and alkali-halide
crystals dyed with additives ("'Refs. 6,7_7. On the basis
of these investigations, it was propounded that the
process of depolarization was caused by t-he transfer of
electrons under the effect of light into conductivity
zone from the basic zone and from the local or adhesion
levels, and by the movement of the conduction electrons
under the effect of the inner field of the photo.-elec-
tret until total destruction of the polarization takes
place CRef. 6_7. The mechanics of this depolarization
can be used as a basis for calculations using the kine-
tics of electronic migrations in the zone model of a
crystal. In works C Refs. 2,3_7 examining the formation
of the photo-electret condition in a sulphur monocrystal
Card 2/6

SOV/77-4-2-2/18
The Formal-ion of a Latent Electro-Photographic Image.Depending on
the Depolarization of the Photo-Electret
the author and his colleagues proceeded from the system
of equations (1,2,3,4,5) describin- the kinetics of the
electronic migrations, to the system of the electron
energy levels in a sulphur monocrystal proposed by
Tartakovskiy and Rekalova J'Ref. 6 1. The author then
examines the two processes which lie at the basis of
photo-electret depolarization when illuminated; the
freeing of electrons from the adhesion levels and their
simultaneous recombination with the basic zone perfora-
tions, and secondly the creation of inversely directed
polarization caused by the inner field of the photo-
electret and the conduction electrons, whose density
may be considered to be quasi-stationary. The mechanics
of the depolarization of the photo-electret caused by
the first process is analagous to the case when a cer-
tain law of afterglow of the crystal phosphurus takes
Card 3/6

O-OV/77-4-2-2/18
The Formation of a Latent Electro-Photographic Image Depending on
thne Depolarization of the Photo-Electret
place 41'"Ref. 8_7. This process may be described by
equations 2, 6 and 7. Examination of the second process
has shown that the relationship between the charge of
the photo-electret and the time taken in depolarization
is not subject to the simple exponential law and in the
first approximation can be presented as the sum of two
exponents with relaxation pc--iods -r=.I/X and VV: . Ex-
periments were carried out on depolarization of sulphur
monocrystals in which a. photo-electret condit4~.on was
first produced. Theirsults of measurements of the de-
polarization current, observed during the illumination
of the polarized crystals by liGht of varyinC intensity
is given in Figure 1i ~n Figure 2 they are Given as the
relationship between A-L and 1179t, where i=4- represen-
ting the amplitude of the discharge current, observed
at a given moment of time t and E is the intensity of
C, rd 4/6

SOV/77-4-2-2/18
The L,'ormation of a Latent Blectro-Photographic Image Depending on
the Denolarization of the Photo-Electret
the light used during depolarization. The results in
Figure 2 show that during changes in the intensity of
light over almost the entire range given, the law of
interchangeability applies. Ho,,-iever, the results also
show that the depolarization current i=dp/dt was not
subject to exponential dependence the entire time
measurements were made, thus:
1 d t;
where r =-Z, which follows immediately from equation 6.
The author says that as the law of interchar4Leability
is observed in the depolarization of photo-electrets
(the measurements being made on sulphur monocrystals),
it is possible to conclude that this law characterizes
the electrophotographic process as a whole, regardless
of whether it is caused by the polarization of the
sulphur crystals or their depolarization during illu-
Card 5/6

SOV/77-4-2--2/18
The F,:rmation of a Latent Electro-Photographic Image Depending on
the Depolarization of the Photo-Electret
mination. Finallyl the author conveys his deep grati-
tude to A.V. Shubnikov and I.S. Zheludev for their
attention to this work. There are 2 graphs zuad 8
Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii P-kademii nauk SS3R (InstitutQ6-f
Crystallography of the Ao' USSR)
SUBI'ITTI
D April 29 1958
Card 6/6

23(
BOV/77-4-3-6/16
AUTHOR: Fridkin, V.M.
TITLE: Characteristic Curves of the Electrophotographic
Process and the Sensitivity of Electrophotographic
Layers
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal nauchnoy i prikladnoy fotografii i kinemato-
grafii, 1959, Vol 4, Nr 3, pp 198-201 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This is a summary of the results of a number of pre-
vious investigations of the author /-references
1-4
7, intended to clarify the role-of photoelectrets
.,
in electrophotographic processes. The author gives
a number of curves which generalize the relations
between certain magnitudes (optical density of the
electrophotographic layer, density of charge, relaxa-
tion time of charge, sensitivity of the electrophoto-
graphic layer, exposure) of electrophotographic po-
larization and depolarization processes. Polarization
Card 1/5 is the basis of the process of transition from the

SOV/77-4-3-6/16
Characteristic Curves of the Electrophotographic Process and the
Sensitivity of Electrophotographic Layers
negative to the positive image. Depolarization. of the
photoelectret during exposure is characteristic of the
second process (positive-positive) of electrophoto-
graphic latent image formation. For either of these
processes, the,juthor has established a curve
-s2~ , _s2Et
(D=Ds(l-e 1::p Ds=k1j, M and D=Ds " ), which
expresses the relations between the optical density of
the latent image and the charge of the layer. The
latter depends on the times of exposure during pola-
rization or depolarization. The sensitivity of the
electrophotographic layer during polarization can be
directly determined from the characteristic curve (2).
As this curve has an exponential character, the rela-
xation time of the charge (identical with the relaxa-
Card 2/5 tion time of optical density) can serve as a criterium.

SCV/77-4-3-6/16
Characteristic Curves of the Blectrophotographic Frocess end the
Sensitivity of Electrophotographic Layers
of sensitivity in the case the initial section of
the curve (short exposures and low optical densi-
ties) alone is considered. Equation3 1ZE
11: - 2 _s2E
shows that the criterium of sensitivity depends on
the properties of the layer (magnitudes s2 andp ) as
well as on illumination E. The inverse form of the
1 s2E
equation is 4) --- # WIS the sensitivity of
14 -1 E the illu-
the electrophotographic layer in see. I
mihation. This determination of electrophotographic
sensitivity can be extended on the process, which
is connected with the depolarization of the photoelec-
Card 3/5 tret. In a former work /-reference 1-7 the author

SOV/77-4-3-6/16
Characteristic Curves of the Electrophotographic Process and the
Sensitivity of Electrophotographic Layers
pointed to the close relationship between photoelectret
depolariiatioh and classical electrophotography, which
is based on ion adsorption on the surface of the layer
and following depolarization. Curve 5 (see above)
fully corresponds to the experimental results of work
devoted to the study of the characteristic curves of
the processes of classical xerography and classical
electrophotography /-references 5 and 6 7. The sen-
sitivity equation ig the same as for thF polarization
process, if 1' 4: 1 (an explanation of this magnitude
can be found in the article in connection with curve
2). At the end of the article, the author has inser-
ted a table with the a) -values of some layers (S -
0.01; ZnO - 0.1; Se - 10), which were already used in
electrophotographic laboratory work. The author ex-
presses his gratitude foi., the aid of the scientists
Card 4/5 Academician A.V.Shubnikov and I.S.Zheludev. There are

SOV/77-4-3-6/16
Characteristic Curves of the Electrophotographic Process and the
Sensitivity of Electrophotographic Layers
1 table and 6 references, 5 of which are Soviet and
1 English.
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute
of Crystallography of the AS USSR)
SUBMITTED: April 2, 1958.
Card 5/5

24 M
AUTHORS:
TITLE
Golovin, B. M., Kashukeyev, N. T., SOV/20-128-1-15/58
The Role of the Field in the Formation of the Reterogeneo"us
Charge of a Photoelectret
PERIODICAL; Doklady Akademii nauk SSSRj 1959, Vol 126, Nr 1, pp 63 - 66
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors consider the role played by the field in the forma-
tion of the photoelectret state in a single crystal by substi-
tuting a term into the equations (1), (2), (3), of a previous
paper by V. M. Fridkin (Ref 2). The term takes the current
divergence into account. Thus, the following set of nonlinear
equations is obtained which consider the variation with time
of the electron density n within the range of conductivity, of
the electron density N on the adhesion levels, and of the con-
centration P of the holes in the basic range when the crystal
is illuminated and the field is applied:
On/ro't = d1+ kN - anP - Pn(M - N) -9(nu D 1.9n/clx)/dx
9NIat - - kN + Pn(M - N); 3P/dt = d 1 anP a(PuA - D2apAx)/ax
Card 1/4 Instead of the neutrality condition P N + n a conservation

The Role of the Field in the Formation of the SOV/20-1213-1-15/58
,Heterogeneous Charge of a Photoelectret
1 1
condition of the form Pdx - (N + n)dx is to be complied
0 ~o
with. It is to be integrated over the crystal length in the
direction of the applied field. In the above equationsit hclds:
d1 . aIE and k . a 2E, where E denotes light intensity. 6 de-
notes the electric field strength, u I and u 2 the mobility of
the conductivity electron and the hole in the basic range, D
and D2 the diffusion coefficients of electrons and holes. Addi.-
tionally, the relations ~ - E - 6 061 = 4"3 (P-N-n) hold in
1 0' ax E
this connection. The expression for the photoelectret aharge
a = (P-N-n)e may be obtained by the solution of the set of
equations written down at the beginning. It depends on the time
t and the coordinate x. The afore-mentioned set of equations
is then transformed. Part I of this article deals with the va-
lidity of the law of exchangeability of the two possible proo-
Card 2/4 eases of photoelectret formation as defined by the two above

The Role of the Field in the Formation of the S011/20-1128-1-15/58
Heterogeneous Charge of a Photoelectret
sets. This law means that the photoelectret charge depends
everywhere only on the strength of exposure z - Et:
6 - P - N - n = 6/z,x) for 04 x 41. A necessary condition for
the validity of this law is the validity of the condition
n - n0(z,x)E. The conolusions drawn in this article allow for
an interpretation of certain results of experiments on the
establishment of the photoelectret state in anthracene single
crystals. In Part IIt the authors apply the transformed set of
equations to the case in which the field 61 of"space charges
may be neglected with respect to the outer field 60 . The authors
thank G. Nadzhakov, Academician of the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Academician A. V. Shubnikov, and Professor V. P.
Dzhelepov for their interest in the present article. There are
5 Soviet references.
Card 3/4

The Role of the Field in the Formation of the SOV/20-128-1-15/58
Heterogeneous Charge of a Photoelectret
ASSOCIATION: Inetitut kristallografii kkademii nauk SSSR (Institute of
Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences, USSa). Institut
fiziki Bolgarskoy Akademii nauk (Institute of Physiks of the
Bulgdrian Academy of Sciences). Ob"yedinennyy institut yadernykh
iseledovaniy (Joint Institute of Nuclear Research)
PRESENTED: May 6,.1959, by A~ V. Shubnikov, Academician
SUBMITTED: May 4, 1959
Card 4/4

61254
OS-0 0
-
-4
fit
AUTHOR:
I SOV/20-129-4-i6/68
dk4n,
ZE i
- -
I
~
TITLE: Afterglow in Zng
The photoeleotret slu-ate and Luminesoenoe
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 129, Nr 4, pp 773 - 776
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: In an earlier paper the author suggested solving the problem of
the excitation of an ideal crystal phosphor by light in the came
of a lacking electric field under the conditions of the quasi-
steady approximation by E. I. Adirovich (Ref 2). In this paper
it is assumed that the quantity N,-P, which is proportional to
the light sum, is at the same time also proportional to the
photoelectret charge. The author carried out a parallel investi-
gation of the photoelectrat state and of the luminescence after-
glow in polyorystalline ZnS activated with Cu and Cl. For this
purpose the light sum accumulated in the sample during its ex-
citation by light in the case of a lacking field and the photo-
elootret charge occurring in the same sample under the same ex-
citation conditions were measured simultaneously. The photo-
electret charge was investigated by means of a tube electrometer
according to the method developed by G. Nadzhakov and 9
* T

Card 1/3 :
Xashukeyev. The light sum was measured by means of a h
p oto

67254
The Photoelectret State and Luminescence Af~erglow SOV/20-129-4-16/68
in ZnS
multiplier of the type FU-19. The order of measurements is given.
The first diagram shows the results obtained by measuring the
photoelectret charge from ZnS as a function of the radiant
energy Et incident upon the sample during polarization. The
second diagram shows the results obtained by measuring the light
sum accumulated in ZnS during excitation in the case of a lack-
ing field as a function of the radiant energy Et incident upon
the sample during excitation. Each of these curves show a satu-
ration which is due to different mechanisms. Whereas the produc-
tion of the yhotoelectret state in ZnS is due to the validity of
an interaction law, sharp deviations from this law are character-
istic of the dependence of the light sum on the excitation ener-
gy, i.e. the light sum depends not only on Et. During acoumula-
tion of the light sum in Zn8 the least "low" levels of "adhe-
sion" play the main part# whereas the production of a stable
"photoolectret state" in ZnS is characterized by localization
of the electrons on the lowest levels of adhesion (which cor-
respond to an activation energy U> kT). A formula for the de-
pendence of the light sum S on the excitation time t is written
Card 2/3 down. The parallel investigation of the photoelectret state and,/

672,14
The Photoelectret.State and Luminescence Afterglow SOV/20-129-4-16/66
in ZnS
of the luminescence afterglow show the specific part played by
the three groups of Oadhesion" levels. The first group of these
levels (i.9. the lowest) cause the production of a stable photo-
electret state in tho dielectric. The second group causes the
dark polarization of the dielectric, and the lowest group (whose
levels are the least low) cause the luminescence afterglow. The
author is then said to thank Acad*mioian A. V. Shubnikov for
his interest in the present paperp E. I. Adirovioh, Doctor of
Physical and Nathematical Scienoesp for some valuable advicet
and I. S. Zheludev for discussing the paper. There are 2 fig-
ures and 6 Soviet ref*r*noes,
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii Akademii nauk SUR ( natitute of
Crystallography of the Academy of Scienoesj USSR
PRESENTED: July 15, 1959, by A. V. Shubnikov, Academician
SUBRITTED: July 9, 1959
Card 3/3

F i

S.. 50V/20- 129-5-15/64
~rl*T, r. M . rfj~);IM, V, 'A-
cKjI_kaJ&. . Y
A Was st"Thich May So R-lizod by
f Combined EL..pt,.L% Layers
:4saa a
Vol 129, Ar 5. pp 1008-1011
SS33.

A33TRACT& Th. pr*s=% paper deal* with a use sloctraphotograybic proosse
I* tLIch acabl."d .14-t..% '.Ay." are used in addition to
a*.o27 properties '. TA1955 Prid", at .1.(Bar d) d..crlb.4

of pbo cal.atr.t. on, the beets of
loot.-to phatogr
:
pby by =.-m
the .-tant let =al photool tri. polarization In
:
1-7 of
;
dielectric. &i
o-.rd by 0. ad.hk., (Rr 9LA
.
photoelectric caluctax with relatively hich I t ... ill'ity
:
end relatively Joe inertia Lm-,p#'-L*d to the mact. -tranap-at
-
.7 I-.
.1ectro4a. The dark rests%sao. of this JJ.r zay be vo
UZLt. t~c Zver of ;hm photool-tric coadductor, a layer of a di-
electric with sta:.1c '-xk-7o-arIx&tiza to applied. The mAjoint
..ctropbctorv&;hL
second than be opaqns. The a,
card 1A pro~om. 1. thmA*r.sli--.d So follows. A ocastant altae. to
applied to the t6v With 12A J~ (R2 dark
of the photoelectric a-ductor, I dark ro~i.t&na:I:f the
&Ulmrie) the voltace -ting the layer of the di ctric
pract ally eSuals Save. Throt&Zh the smi-transpar at
electrode " image Is projected = to the Surface Of the photo-
lActrlo conductor. " a rarall or the laterea.1 Phatosleatric
:ffat In the pkatool-tri: :;od,:tor,ttL,*.,*It:c. to 1.th
corvvapadIag ..p-.d part tx pho - etri.and. tor
..' ad a .%able I.ctr.t st.to IS then produced I. the
adhL'allentrio. The latent else trapbot~ermphj a say than be
.m .4 by 'neen& of an electron bass. Forroolectrica and
th.rocoal-ts.t. W be w~4 as Th. charActert.tio
curve of the oaa~bidad .1actrat layers asy be d.terained by
malyzing the kinetics of the photoelectric conductivity of the
photoelectric aved.otor and of .1mat"t state f-tion. A
I'm . satisfied
Or SaLtUal ULSAC.Abillty r I.ctrats If
the oharce of the sloct"t in f~tIon of W-1
Card 2A
dt &I=*, where donates the field strer.Gth of the
palarisLag field and r - the d.r.tio. of The
authors x~.rlmeatea wi Ib coallned sloctr.t Iajar...L. which
cod.1- mulf1do tto.' od -"L -,;,:r.".*hlar1aa,.-r I
photoelectric coc2 .1-, in ~1' .1.. L:i
TI IS copper OU Chl-in,S) Served - -1--Ir:l d-11- la-1
the day_,.._ of 'h. ch-co of the Z.3- .I.ir!i.. the field
stram.g%h, of %be polarizing field. --al -`I:r
'a the !~t I- of r 11;r-el
!I..-. he
:j.h&.C.&bilLt7 does ;-%.S;2ly I. the --- of th..=bimei
aotrat layers Investil ad bore. Th~ sathar. th..k load-LaImn
k. T. ShUbOlkor and Lcademician r. 3. Wa4zhakca for discusainc
the results obtained by the pro-t pspar. ?her- -a
3 figures =1 17 reference-. 13 of which or* ov'I6t-
Card 1/4
AMOCU *M I I..ti%Ut k~j.Wl.Crfjj ".Issil _k SSMI
W11 of ~cl, Cal of the !!:.al-
Ms -11 -k (-11tiluil ~.
7hy.1 f 5111- ,1, "Yo4!~,
to h 1.'!1.d -lj in,
r.-ENTO: July 15, 1959. by A. V. Shb.ikov, Academician
SVWTT= July 9. W

PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/IA85
FAdkin, Vladimir Mikhaylovich and Ivan Stepanovich 7-heludev
Fotoelektrety i elektrofotograficheakiy protsess (Photoe1ectretE; and the
Blectropbotographic Process) Moscow, Izd-vo AN 3=9 1960. 205 P.
ErratA alip inserted. 5j,000 copies printed.
Sponeoring Agency: Akudemiya nauk SM. Institut kristallografii.
Rosp. Ed.: G. S. Nadzhakov,, Academician., Bulgarian Academy of Sciences;
FA. of Publishing House% V. I. Fodnikj Tech. Ed.: L. A. Iabedeva.
1AMWOSE: This book is intended for scientists working in the field of
electrets.
COVERAGE: The book is described as the first serious attempt at a oyatevitic
presentation of the results of investigations carried out from 1955 to
1959 it, the field of photoelectrets by the IAboratoriya elektrich--sk-lkli
E-,voystv kristallov Instituta kristaa-lografii AN WS (Laboratory of the
Electrical Properties n-P rryatala of the Institute of Crystallogmpiv,
Aec-Aeqr of Science, 15MI and the Fizicheskays. labomtorLya Nauchno-ise2p,
Car~t~

Pri,_A,oelectrets and -the Electrophotographic (Cont.) S(N/449c~
do,oatellskogo institut86 poligraficheskogo mashinostroyeniya (Friy:;J.-~:-
laboratory of the Scientific Research Institute of Printing Ylax-hine.-Y':'.
riu-~ authors also Include Vork done by the Institute of CrystaUcf,7-.,a,
A.-;adeiV of Sciences USSR., the Physics Institute of the Bu1gavtt-..r)
Ax,ndemy of Sciences., and the 00yedinennyy institut yadernykh
:L,-,sledovan:Ly (Joint Institute of Nuclear Research) on photoel~-Itr.~to
&,ad the possibilities of their utilization. All this material ii~_i3
been published in the periodical literature. Ch. I surveys prvr_io~,rv,
themoelectret research. Ch. 13: deals mainly vith photoclectret_-.
Ch. III io devoted to the electrophotographic process with eiaphe-4-0 on
Plectrophotography on photoelectrets. In this chapter the authn.-
e.'("nfire themselves to a brief description of the fundamentals of
electrophotographic process and try to demonstrate that thJL4
makes possible a convenient approach to investiSations on the
of the hiddeD electrophotographic image. Me authors thank N. T. K-._~j~~_
keyev, Senior Scientific Worker of the Physics Institute, Bulgar.,ar.
A-3ademy of Sciences; B. M. Golovin and L. M. Belyayev, C%ndidate-13 Of
Physics and Mathematics,, E. I. Adirovich, Doctor of Physics and Uitho,
matics; G. Nadzhakov, Academician, Bulgarian Academy of Scienc,~s (3:,fia),
editor of the book; A. V. Shubnikov, Academician; A. L Wlo-m;
L. Ya. Mogilevelaya; and L. V. Dada. There are 136 reference,7.: '7jL t
46 English~ 14 German, and 2 Bulgarian,

27998
S/194/61/000/004/041/052
D201/D302
AUTHORS. Zheludev, I.S. and Fridkin, VJ1.
TITLE, Photoelectrets and electrophotography
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Avtomatika i radioelektronika,
no. 4, 1961, 2, abstract 4 E9 (Fizika dielektrikov,
If., AN SSSR, 1960, 139-149 Discussion, 164-169)
TMCT The formation of residual polarization under the action of
illumination in a monocrystal corresponds to the formation in it
of a photoelectretic state. The original symmetry of physical prop-
erties of the crystal is destroyed with it. Owing to internal pol-
arization there is no center of polarization in photoelectrets (4)
(F), and they may then be referred to as piezoelectric materials.
The piezoelectric polarization may be induced either by the past
or present special polarizing force due to mechanical stress. A
linear dependence exists between the piezoelectric and elasticity
properties of F, the piezoelectric moduli being proportional to the
Card 1/13

27998
S/194/61/000/004//041/052
Photoelectrets and electrophotography D201/D302
polarization of F. The polarization of crystals, measurement of
thus formed electric charge in F and the measurement of piezoelec-
tric moduli, all above may be done using a special network. A cube
of anthracene crystal is placed between the electrodes, its illumin-
ation being perpendicular to the direction of polarization. The
value of the modulus of elasticity may be obtained in approximation
from the charge density and piezoelectric moduli for F has been
experimentally confirmed. Both the piezoelectric modulus and change
of F decrease with time according to approximately the saine law.
F exhibit the pyro-electric effect, i.e. the change with temperature
of the internaL polarization. With increasing temperature the
photopolarization of crystals sharply decreases. F may be used for
electrophotography. The formation of a photoelectric picture on
F is explained by the process of polarization and of depolarization
with repeated illumination., A diapositive is placed at the surface
of a previously polarized F and the surface is illuminated again
through the diapositive, The illuminated regions are depolarized
while the regions covered by the picture elements remain polarized,
Card 2-13

27998
S/194Z61/000/004/041/052
Photoelectrets and electrophotography D201/D302
thus forming a hidden picture. To reproduce this hidden picture
the tribo-electric effect is used. The respective components of
the tribo-electric mixture are charged +ve and -ve and sprinkled
over the surface of F, at which they are retained only at spots
where the polarization has been retained. The F with a paper
sheet on it is placed in the field of a corona discharge. The pos-
itively charged particles are transferred to the paper and form a
picture. The method corresponds to the positive-positive method.
F with short circuited plates may be stored in darkness for a
considerable time, although with time the intensity of the hidden
picture decreases sli htly. 25 references. CAbstracter's note:
Complete translation-i
Card 3/3

vposcruineys kznf-oto-tya p3 Citike diolcxtrix~. 24, 1958
Fittka 41oldktrik)vl trudy vtor~y veasaymmol ktaftrottall (Physics 4! Dioloatri-,
Tram-%110. of the id All-tflm CocX.r.-* on the ftj.1o. of
'Z-, :ad-.. AN 5.15F, 1%0. -32 V. Errata slip Anaartj. 5'OrO .-PI..
printed.
9p.nmorlag AV-71 "-Jmly. -%,k -VZR. IA#tltut ix~,l ?.I. L-bed-10.
Ed. of Nbll.b!.g Home- 7..L. St.rokad.~k.y.; 1-b. Ed., %J. L11-
t"Jol P-tardo td.) C.I. Sk-1, D~tzr of PtI.1- ~4
(D--.-Il , old %.I. C-Allat. of ?`,4.1to and Mathemeti!..
PCRP=, this of r.p,rt. is 1.t.Wd far
the physits of dloltotrttm.
coTmas, rho s-aj Au-nt- c~n!tmm- a the mrsti. ~r v.#,-1ricm ~vij in
%..,, .-. th. rit-i! ... itty io,ut.t L .. i ~"tm. toard
P.M. Loo3.') Iz 1958 ... tr -F-eot.ti- or tL* Frl-IP41
stlant-fL~ c*ttorv of tha V-&A az4 of sevors' ~th, r t r I- ~ It- -1
I,%&- -'. ~f the -"rt promont*4 at the confenwo tod -riq;
of tt. dsoos.i
f:1' N-J. in this
l-d-, .---4 ..j wth
of lh-l.- -*;-U, ozi -r-i- Ft,t-
elootrots. for.,al-tr,_ -I Tar-- ral-t-Atton so4 Jrraj:atj~n a.,-
fact 4-'attrizo or. -- _1_ . I-
a.. of e
;~Pers P, d-itr; ;o:.arlzat'...' 1~ ..... .
br$&k4-$ of hi,h - to too J~~,Al :s-tjya AN
d4 -62. X. p.ro-alliti., &ro
C41 1 t ..-A in'..
*11 of t-tttn
4g . FUCA I.M. ~*-.Iphic of Cryvt&ljcg-%;:'y, AS
W--R, Mose-) IS7
1~1.vmxoia. I"
V.X. T T-0tx:t!X-A-LA L.M. P-d'k.. Iffoot of R-t
Wi-en- Pr.pr-j.. of C-t&i. 3421oat.
Cos."
S D1.1-trt. of Cartel. Crytml
-
A
AS S= (1-olt... of
Cb-11tty, AS UZI)) 192
I Aa__Z.fott of the Sorption Shape of the Water Bcad on the
rj. "rropqrzi.v of Or9XAi4 DIGIVotri- 194
Rdiomav., W.I. Dielectric Losses in NUO,-6920 203
111 wl-tle of C:-ri.1 to Cry.talA Crisleh-017
r4skoesetaCo guou4ars%vannoto =Iv r.itot. La.M.T. Loccnovovs
(physics DI-talon, K-- State chl'."Ity imaui X.T. 211
Discussion 215
It. trl.altamd X-ban=' el Pmporti.9 of Ian
U. Wl h 1'bair Heat ~r-tzaht Z20
S.W., &ad A.V._7~sikir- Tb-4.-A KIM of Tboroal BreaMomm [LaminCrod-
I.Stitmt. Imara L.11ALA) in: X.I. Ult~lma (L..ir.d P-lrtech~l- 230
-k. S- RajrUarlti.. of Di-b.-C. :~~Layq
a. r1om inatit.t it. SIN. 14-.
(Towsk P- -b.!..l l..t1t.t- !--,1 544. Xl-)j 235
8.mrc*0-1.S--d N.A..1)'.l'hjtov-- C. tb. or . !i1r.- Dis-
bar,, Kocloaime 14 Solid lzeml
S.M. Lizo,) 247
N.A. 1-9-10til- of the P-' - r~t-- -! Certain and
Kies (Toask Polytothntccal lnatit~t- L--L "- Llro~] 256
I.I.. on C.11-i. Prove.-$ In LIVid Di.1ft-r1le. 262
l-,-. --i'a".- --'--a.- . -i-,
200
b! 1~- 3- ' - It act-t. -A tb.
;' L -4; - Z:i -1
. at ".11#4 7-1733S& Mos:w (Z.otitut. of Cris-.1-
locravq, Aead-my of Sc-'.w.j C.In' ?lost-)] 139

~ 's !%n- 2.14
Fit%.. dl..k' Ilk
. It
:r", A-'..", . 7 : ~. t" A or 1, 1 1
1.1- &t Sz-op , 1-0. t3l F. 2-0. hp I ... -,01-)Q
P.N. Lb.J.-
14. f Kbl 101AC f---. TI.L. St ."..J.. DrkkL-; U -
t,rl I B ... d- --' C.I. D,,t"-t Of rbl.i,. -I lltth.awtit.
U- .. 4),Wd I.T. 11111p,., 1-tll." f FLIalt A..d K.
Tbl. I. r.r
tb. physi-. of
COMA~Z, Tbo 3-1-1 All-t.%l -:ft C--n-for-9 - the h4vt-v of Ilo
K.- at %h4 r%W-k-Y I- I- It L---l (P~41 I, A AI-ftl
F.x. L.tl-.) in iq-13 140 Irreseata-.1-2 -f thq
1-tifl, USLA -4 "f .1.1 ly 'hi.r ~ 1-t-1- Th .-'I-
th. r .... 1.-I At %h. ...f-- ..A
of Ilb. di..":-1 -1--h "he r-rtm I. tbLis ccll~tjz.% 1, 1 .1th
dj_
F~I.rizxt ... A. i ith pwt,, irl-ti-
try::- A --I -!:I'- Irr '!Atl,~ -
t. to !N f r
tone_ A I
11ol Ith
br Ak- 't -.t" .1, hl!h
..! 1. !l. ';Jj. A-M
C-
-i.Or
~t. , ?'-a-- P-*-- Of
ttt.-- !.AAA 3.M. Lj~,)
If 5.lid
4,23
kl-L' kl-
Lnkiy .1.
Inalittme of gloatrlcatl rh-g!z~r'.1
Int. A.A. M.I-.
too-yuk.._9 C~r--. la, C.r-la W-ri.l. IL4,Lg 1-
TZ '~! " I
-%=-U- Vitb a Cloamd txtst~al 1GdMIAr8tT6r-A17 is# "At*
slanrOkersolebeakly lustLtut, Makva (4~tat,* 1a9&tr=vrA=!os Re-amb Lastl-
Wile. Mum)] 159
otian by Xe-s of 1A11- t1 A, 1. Op.* f th.
1-0 1.
AxAstItL% 1.. 3.1. Tr-'~. L..Utr.4 (Jut. Opt-2-1
L~Lj.
~23 ya~ A73
vlaetts.1cal 179
Wray-, L.X.. D.R. 1,3. Lza T.M.
th.
Plaidi.tLO. in Azth~ 11- rystl. --d th. Lq.ra C.!.i=
qWLA, (Vb8yd :.y7 L~a-7 t ya':= kh leale4-mly (ZoL---. :-tlt~ts Of
If CrTs' lllcgra,;~4, AS Phrmles Irititute.
Itagrias Lessr-ty o: -,..]
1=4bu.4 tu 9.710j by t-Pj- (D..;m;et~.k
T.I-i.. of
1:1. of
-b~ Thi _k. a
Dlel-.tria 3p-cl.- Stat, VM,.rs-.tyj 195
vin=aim 's - - - 500
" A.,? ~jl:~yxn, L"fect of s-Irralistion On the tloctri-
.AZ~
AYN-11-A.-Iii-lity .'I St~t-~# of Stnth9ti- Car9sin LW~ochork-vkiy pOlIts1th-
-tc.1 "
il:Ich.akly itatit. (Tvvccb.rk ... I POljq-1 .a 503
7.4. I-Ityl', ..I A.Ts. U-I-O. C~-,.ri-
of n5,12
tion Ccv,pr~;.tft,skly y7 In
:tlt,~%
Lolstill.te of r.1,1-1 A
S. t -i-.1tyl 510
shast-,,A.T. tl-t,;!~ S-!-' ~ chl~ld- i by I-R.Y.
rot SX. A!row) 518

81893
S/181/60/002/05/3T/041
00 B004/BO56
AUTHORS: Golovin, B. M., Kanhukeyev, N. Orlov,_I. N.,
TITLE: The Photoelectric State in ZnS and Two Now Electrophoto-
graphic Processes
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, 1960, Vol* 2y No- 59 PP- '1004 - i010
TEET: The authors investigated polycrystalline ZnS which had been acti-
vated by Cu and Cl, and which showed electroluminesoence$1A voltage of
300 v was applied to the samples which were shaped in the form of tablets
and bound with polystyrene. This was followed by ultraviolet irradiation
(320-500 mg) of varying duration by means of a TPK-4 (PRK-4) lamp. The
experimental apparatus and the measuring techniques are described in
Ref. 1. measuremerkts were carried out of the short-circuit current of
the photoolectretWnd its depolarizatioa by repeated exposure. Fig. I
shows the decrease of the dark polarization at 300 V, which was at
first rapid and then slo*, of photopolarization, and of total polariza-
tion. The course taken by the curves is explained by looalization of
461)
Card 1/3

The Photoelectric State in ZnS and Two Now S/181/60/080382?905/37/041
Eleotrophotographic Processes B004/BO56
the electrons on low energy levels. Fig. 2 shows the dependence of
polarization on the field voltagep and Fig- 3 the dependence of the
charging of ZnS on the radiation energy. With a maximum radiation ener-
9Y of 400-10-6 w/oM2 an exposure of 2.10-3 aso is sufficient to cause
a noticeable photopolarization. As may be seen from Fig. 4, the depen-
dence of photopolarization on the time of exposure does not follow an
exponential law. Further experiments were carried out with Zn:3, which
was first exposed and then charged (Fig. 6)-. Also-in this case, the law
of interchangeability is maintained, but, as shown in Fig. 7P there is
no exponential dependence. The authors produced electrophotographic
layers from ZnS + ZnO (description in Ref- 7)9 whioh were exposed to
the light of a mercury lamp throdgh a negative. After polariZILtiOn in
the capacitor, the image.could be made visible by means of an electro-
photographic developer (Ref. 7). Electroluminescence is effected by
depolarization in an alternating-current fieldq whereby the iuage be-
comes visible on the ZnS + ZnO layer. A. I. Delova and L. Ya. Mogilev-
-skaya took part in the experiments. The authors__'fh_&nk evioian
A. V. Shubnikov, Academician G. Nadzhakov, and Professor V.P. Dzhelepov
Card 2/3

81893
Th.e Photoelectric State in ZnS and Two New B/181/60/002/05/37/041
Electrophotographio Processes B004/BO56
for their interest in this Investigation. There are 7 figures and
7 references: 6 Soviet and 1 British.
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii AN SSSR9 Moskva (Institute-of
Crystallography of the AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: may 159 1959
Card 3/3

8451
S/le-.,/60/002/009/022/036
B004/BO56
AUTHORS; Fridkin, V. M., Bogatyrev, A., N, Brakhman, B. V.
TITLE: A Parallel Investigation of' the Depolarizati :a-, and Ele,%tro-
luminescence of ZnS Photo-,lectret5j
~1
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, 19609 Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 2185 - 21.90
TEXT: The authors give a brief report on the results obtained by earlier
papers (Refs,, 192) on the dark polarization and depolarizatlicr. of ZnSj
and mention an experimental arrangement a-c,~rding to H. Kaman and
B. Rosenberg (Ref. 3); in which two ZnS samples are fitted between three
semitransparent electrodes; the photoele._,tr-:,t sta-,e was brotight about
in the first sample, and an alternating field (f - 2 kc/se:1 was applied
to the second sample. These experiments were carried out In tha authc--al
laboratory by S. K. Balabanov, collaborato_r of the Chair of Experimental
Physics of Sofia Universitj. The following parallel tests are dealt with
in detail: IT Direct-current voltage of 300 v was applied to a ZnS-Cu
electro-luminophore. Exposure to ultraviolet rays lasting 10 as., followed~
and after 30 aeo the voltage was switohed off, the ZnS sample remained
Card 1/4

84081
A Parallel Investigation of the Depolarization S118 60/002/009/022/036
and Electroluminescence of ZnS Photoelectrets B004/13056
in the dark for 5 min with shorll--~ircuited electrodes; this was f,~llowed
by depolarization irith ultravi,.-ilet., ar-A th-~ initial vala~- iphA of, the
depolarization. current was measur;3d. The same experim"Til. &as carried Out
using alternating current, and i I was measured. The al-at, Al.
ph.d ph.d
ph.d " it h.d was determined fDr various voltages and r7Equencies.
p
2) Experiments without preoeding expoaure gave the valu~-s id for dark
polarization in the case of dire~,,t :.arrent, il lA.:)r a-!ernat-,rg current,
and Ai i il. A ~P--10 (ZG-.10) generator was us4d as :urrent source.
d - d - d
The luminous power I was meas-ired by means of a "wo-stage photomultipliel.
The following relations are given: i ph . Iph.d id (!)"'ph/i ph
(-ph.d --- id)/('phA .. 'd) (2); A'ph.d /i ph. .1 (3);
ph.d ph.,d)/'ph.d
Ai d/'d - (id - idl)/id (4). Fig. 1 shows 64~ 1
.114 :j -phA/ ph.1- '6'1ph/'ph
and I as a function of the ali~ernating voltage at 2k,-./s---, and Fig. 2
shows,6i 61 1 and I as a fun,--.iDn )f fr?q-i=nt~y. These results
dAd' ph/4ph
Card 2/4

84 Ell
A Parallel investigation of the Depolarization S1181160 C02/009/022/036
and Electroluminescence of ZnS Photoelectrets B004/BO56
led to the conclusion that the decrease of dark polarization in the al-
ternating-current field is not caused by electroluminescence as it be-
gins already at low values of I.Ai phAph' on the other himd, as a func-
tion of frequency shows a marked maximum which is explained by an in-
crease of I with increasing frequency. The results are interpreted in
detail on the basis of the tunnel mechanism of electrolumlneacence sug-
gested by F. F._V.Qjj~Annhtevn (Ref. 4) (Fig. 3). It is shown that no
photo-excitation, out an electroexcitation occurs. The deep levels of
the activator are excited directly by the field, and luminescence occurs
by the recombination of-conduction electrons with holes on the activator
lbvel. A considerable part of the dark polarization is due to the locali-
zation of electrons on deep levels.'The authors thank I. N. Orlov for the
ZnS samples placed at their disposal, and they express Meir graVitude
to Academician A. V. Shubnikov, Academician G. Nadzhakov, and 1. S.
Zheludev for thbir interest There are 3 figures and 5 references:
4 Soviet and I US. VX
Car.d 3/4

84081
A Parallel Investigation of the Depolarization 8/181/60/002/009/022/036
and Electroluminescence of ZnS Photoelectrets B004/BO56
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii AN SSSR, Moskva Unstitute of
Crystallography of the AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: October 26,-1959
Card 4/4

S/077/60/005/003/003/009
E032/E414
AUTHORSi Golovin, B.M., Zheludev, I.S., Kashukeyev, N.T.
Eridkin; V.M.-and Antonov, A.
TITLEi Electrophotography of Proton Be ans-4
PERIODICALt Zhurnal nauchnoy i prikladnoy fotografii i
kinematografii, 1960, Vol.5, No-3, pp.207-208 + I plate
TEXT: A study is reported of the sensitivity of various
eleetrophotographic layers to fast protons. The experiments were
carried out on the synchrocyclotron of the Joint Institute for
Nuclearoitudies. The maximum intensity of the proton beam was
about I protons/cm2/sec and the energy of the protons was 68o Mev.
Various electrophotographic layers were investigated, including
ZnO, ZnS, CdS and polycrystalline sulphur, all deposited on paper.
The electrophotographic layers were prepared by the method described
in a previous paper (Ref.1). The layers were negatively charged
by a corona discharge in air. The charged layers were then placed
in a special holder which was fixed to the collimator with its plane
perpendicular to the beam. After the exposure had been carried
out the image was developed using a liquid electrophotographic
developer described by two of the present authors in Ref.2. Dry
Card 1/3

S/077/60/005/003/003/009
E032/E414
Electrophotography of Proton Beams
developers (Ref.1) were used in the case of the sulphur layers.
Fig.1 shows four electrophotographic images of the proton beam
obtained in the ZnO layer with the beam in various angular positions
relative to the axis of the collimator. As can be seen, these
photographs can be used in the adjustment of the posit-Lon of the
proton beam. The electrophotographs shown in Fig.1 have a non-
uniform background which is due to an edge effect associated with
the electrostatic nature of the latent electrophotographic image.
These edge effects can be reduced with the aid of a suitable screen.
Fig.2 shows the photographs obtained with and without the screen
(a and b respectively). It was found that electrophotographic
layers of ZnO and polycrystalline sulphur are the most sensitive
to protons. With maximum intensity of the proton beam, the
minimum exposure time at 680 Mev was found to be 5 to 10 sec.
It was found that the ZnO film has a similar characteristic curve to
an X-ray film. The electrophotographic. layer has a higher contrast
but the latitude is smaller than in the case of the X-.ray film.
It follows that small irregularities in the beam are better defined
in the electrophotographic method. Acknowledgments are expres3ed
Card 2/3

S/077/60/005/003/003/009
E032/E414
Electrophotography of Proton Beams
to Y.P,Dzhelepov2 Academician G.S.Nadzhakov and Academician
A.V.Shubnikov for their interest. There are 4 figures and
2 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATIONS3 Institut kristallografii AN SSSR (.Lrlstitute of
CrystalloXraphy AS USSR)
Institut fizik! Bolgarskey AN (Institute of Physics
of the Bulgarian AS)
obtlyedinennyy institut yadernykh issledovaniy
(joint Institute for Nuclear Studies)
SUBMITTEDs JulY 11, 1959
Card 3/3

ANFILOV, I.V.;
Kinetics of the development of the electro-photographic latent irAge.
Zhur.nauch. i prikl.fot i kin. 5 no-5:367-368 s-o 160.
1. Hauchno-iseledovatellskiy Justitut Poligrafmash. (KIRA 13:12)
(Photography-Developing and developers)

'2tt, 77oo 68982
AUTHOR: Fridkin, V. M. 3/020/60/131/02/020/071
Tr
BO13/BO11
TITLE: Some Effects Observed in the Investigation of the Luminescence
of ZnS Electrets
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii naulc SSSRf 1960p Vol 131, Nr 2, pp 290-292 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In his investigation of electroluminescent ZnS electrets the author
observed certain effects which are qualitatively described in the
present papers Experiments were made on ZnS which was activated
with copper. The electroluminophore was dispersed in an alcoholic
solution of polyvinyl butyral in the weight ratio 10:1. The poly-
cryptalline layers were prepared by applying an emulsion to semi-
conducting glass or paper. The aim of the investigation under
review was not the separation of the effects depending on the
internal polarization of the electroluminophore layer (hetero-
charge) and on the adsorption of ions from the discharge interval
on the electret surface. Only the fact that the effects observed are
basioally dependent on the large homocharge of the ZnS electrets
was of interest. The author observed intense luminescence of the
ZnS electrets under the action of a cronstant electric field. This
Card 1/3 luminescence was considerably stronger than that of uncharged ZnS q1,

68982
Some Effects Observed in the Investigation of S/020/60/131/02/020/071
the Luminescence of ZnS Electrets B013/1)011
layers under the action of an equally strong constant electric
field. Intensity and duration of luminescence were the greatest
when the direction of the field applied to the electret was opposed
to the direction of the field during the ZnS polarization. A
repeated application of the field to the layer allowed its charged
regions to light up strongly, and the latent electrophotographic
image thus became visible. The effect described here is clearly
connected directly with a phenomenon which had been already observed
by I. N. Orlov and 1. Ya. LyAmichev. On the strength of the author's
observation, the ele-c-T-r-eT-ER-a~e--i-n-the samples of electrolumineacent
zinc sulfide under investigation intensifies the fluorescence of
these samples. The effect described here is similar to that observed
by G. DeBtriau (Ref 7). The author further observed another
peculiar effect, which is similar to thermoluminescence. Heating
of the electret allows it to become intensely luminescent (green
luminescence), in which case luminescence weakens with increasing
depolarization of the-electret. All effects observed and enumerated
by the author are brought about by a sufficiently strong internal
field in the ZnS thermoelectret. In the author's opinion these
Card 2/3 effects can be explained by the scheme suggested by F. F. Vol-l-k-enshteym
tr

68982
Some Effects Observed in the Investigation of S/020/60/131/02/020/071
the Luminescence of ZnS Electrets BO13/PO11
(Ref 3)- Intensification of luminescence when heating the electret -
a phenomenon analogous to thermoluminescence - permits the
simultaneous investigation of the curves of thermoluminescence
and depolarization for the corresponding crystal. The effects
observed allow a visualization of the latent electrophotographic
image without using the usual electrophotographio developers. The
effects described here are now being investigated quantitatively
in greater detail. The author thanks Academician A. V. Shubnikov
and I. S. Zheludev for their interest, and I. N. Orlov for having
supplied the samples of the electro-luminophore~gsed for the
investigation. There are 1 figure and 7 reFe-renleal 6 of which are
Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut kristallografii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of Crystallo-
Krapby of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR)
PRESENTED: November 20, 1959, by A. V. Shubnikov, Academician
SUBMITTED; November 18, 1959
Card 3/3

ADIROVICII, E.I.j FRIDKIN, V.M.
Reciprocity law and the quasi-stationary state. Zhur. nauch. i
prikl. fot. i kin. 6 no. 3:233-234 My 161. (MIRA 14:5)
1, Fizichaskiy institut im. P.N. Lebedeva ANI SSSR i Institut
kristallografti AN SSSH.
(Xerography)

22872
2-4 3/077/61/006/004/004/004
D05l/Dll3
/.Q or
AUTHORS- Zhaludev, I.S,; Barulin, Yu.11.; and Fridkinq V.11s
TITLE! On a new version of the process of electronic photography
P7RIODICAL: Zhurnal hauchnoy i prikladnoy fotografii i kinematografii,
v. 6, no- 4, 1961, 300-301
TEXTe The authors propose a new method of electronic photography which is
essentially different from the usual versions where the latent image is de-
pendent upon the distribution of charges or, the layer surface,, The method
excludes the use of any developers known in electronic photography* It is
based on the appliciLtion of a reverse electrical field and the photographic
process is negative. Previous investigations (Refe 1) revealed electro-
luminescence of permanently polarized ZnS layers under the action of a con
stant electric field* The duration and intensity of this phenomenon, which V,
is particularly pronounced In ZnS-Cu polycrystalline layers when a constant
electric field opposite in direction to that of the initial field is applied,
depend on the charge density of the layer surface and on the layer prop-
erties. It was established (Ref.1) that when such a polarized layer is ir-
radiated in the near infrared regiont an uncommon extinguishing effect is
Care, 1/3

2 2 87 2
S/077/61/006/004/004/004
On a new version of the process *so& D051/D113
observed, consisting in a diminution of*luminescence on the application of
the reverse electric field to the layer. On radiation the density of the
surface charge remained practically unchanged, i.ea the indicated effect is
not due to depolarizationa Experiments were conducted in order to obtain and
visualize the latent image on ZnS-Cu layers according to the above-mentioned
method. Activated ZnS powder was dispersed in an alcohol solution of poly-
vinylbutyralo The layers, which were approximately 100/Vthick and coated on
paper, were subjected to a corona discharge and exposed through a negative
film. A standard incandescent bulb, where7lum -28500K, served as the light
source. The use of'light filters permitted the layer to be exposed in dif-
ferent spectral regionso The latent image was visualized by applying a re-
verse electric field to the exposed layer. In this way images could be ob-
tained in the near infrared region forA