FACTS BEARING ON THE PROBLEM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R003600020012-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 11, 2005
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: November 7, 1946
• Content Type: PAPER

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FA=T$ B1RING 09 THE pR nxa
Is no definitive reds for psychological warfare in the military
or national structure of the United Itates.
The other great nations of the world eeaploy psycho logical warfare
techniques in their conduct of foreign,. domestic and military activities.
;t of the psychological warfare effort during World War II
was beset with difficulties and confusion which delayed the use and lessened
rffeotiveness of this dement of national policy.
4. ilst rmiuation of meted States foreign policy and the conduct of
I,gn affairs in the responsibility of the President and the i)spar of
5? The War and Navy Departments haw a vital interest in the determi-
nation and support of our foreign policy.. Insofar as it affects the national
security and state of preparedness of the nation.
d. World War II experience provides "lessons learned" in connection with
the national psychological warfare effort,
Adequate or sdistaotory solution of many of the problems of peycho-
logical warfare in World War II was not made,
logical warfare is defined as the planned use of all measures,
of armed conflicts, designed to influence the thought, morale, or be-
g
a given foreign group in such a way as to assist in the seccmplislment
of our military or national aims, with the following ultimate :b jectivves
To assist in overcoming an eneWes will to fight.
. To sustain the morale of friendly groups in countries occupied by
ILLEGIB
To improve the 'ale of friendly countries and the at
neuts o entries toward the United States.
NSC review(s) completed.
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~IBt TBBION
Psychological warfare te(hnt'iques have been es played by the United
$ since the Revolutionary era, yet no firm determination has as yet be=
made of the proper role of psychological Warfare, in peace and war, in the
national struattxre
re disseminated to the British forces during
the Battle of Baer e s Hill and clandestine, pamphlets were circulated among
the Britush troops and mercenaries as they were, about to embark for Am"I"t
Efforts have been redeveloped In each time of national emergency but little
use has been made of prior experience in this field, as interest in psycho"
logical warfare, and its application has been allowed to lapse after each war.
World War It experience has' proven that psychological warfare is a valuable,
adjunct to the conduct of foreign affairs and military operations*
to The other great nations of the world devote considerable effort to
furthering their national aims, both domestic and foreign, and military
objectives by psychological warfare techniques. Radio. broadcasts, controlled
or "MI-controlled press articles, books and phamplets are being, used to
convey,
national obje
.nd abroad, the arguments and appeals writh assist in achieving
d war II, United States Psychological Warfare organisation
?so
evolved in an ampirioal fashion with definite assignments of responsibilities
achieved until ell along in the war.
to 11. My lam, the President issued an executive order creating
the Off i*s of Coordinator of Information and appointed William J. man as
coordinator. ilr. Donovan proceeded on the assumption that the coordinators
should coordinate not only all incoming information, but also informatim
flowing from this country to the rest of the world. The Foreign
Ihteee rest t
Service was organised as a separate branch of this office, was situated in
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Byer York City and charged with the responsibility for coordinating fir.
isibility for for ulatirtg and eess toting programs in the acaesrsriees3
Inter- merioan Affairs was created by executive order on 50 July 1541. This
of the Office for Coordination of Caavisrieeal and
tural Relations between the A rtcn Republics, which had been erected by
the Council of National Defense on 16 Aug st 1540. The CTA was charged with
and economic fields to further the weal-being of the Western ge iaphare.
oration
it had boom* obvious that the three ors rioualy
tad agencies were not *or:rirtg satisf torily. in an attempt to remedy
into the now agency the OPT, abolished the CC10 , es-
usivs of the Foreign I formation Service, end transferred to the jiwiodiabian
lishmsat of ( X and the other chat es did little
prob
d a clarifying order outlining the respecti re responaibilitlel. The
ng frea this comer. The Offloe of the Coordinator of
October 1941, an onsoutive order created the Office of Pests
purpose of taoilitating the dissemination of factual inter-
ons of the country- on the progress of the defense efforft,
ley and activities of the govorammate
sident by an executive order created the. Office of War
of staff the naming functions which were established as
Se rvicese
f functions or the contusion of mandates and the personality
olved. In fact, on 10 March 1943, the President, himself, intervened
fellow$ e
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P
FT twee teller VW)
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(1) *Tho Office of War Tntormation will plan, ds relop, and ezicute all
phases of the federal program of radio, press, publication, and rslatsd foreign
propaganda activities involving the dissemination of information. The program
for foreign propaganda in areas of actual or projected military operations
will be oo'ordinated with, military plans through the planning agencies of the
Navy Depaur'tm ents, and shall be subject to the approval of the Joint.
Parts of the Foreign propaganda program which are to be ex-
ecuted in a -theater of military operations will be subject to the control
heater comwadwe The authority, functions and duties of the Ofttee
ation shall not extend to the Western isphere, exclusive of
the United States and Canada.,
The military order of June 13, 1M, establishing the Office
of Strategic Services, is hereby modified to the extent necessary to make this
order effective."
of The JCS had created (Jcs 12) an 3 3Lareh 194*, the Joint PayoholoGicsl
art are Cceuutittee, which was envisaged in the ultimate authority over both
operations and propaganda. Basever, the establiahi nt of the ? 1
created a Policy .board on which the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy, as well
as the Joint Psychological Warfare Ctmtmittee, was to be represented. This
further increased the confusion which was somewhat remedies: by the executive
of 10 Bch 1943, mentioned above.
'ebruary 19436 General Donovan seat to the JCS a i, amoranduaa
aper became JOB *30, dated 1 March 1943. This paper was never completely
rail stratei io plan for United States Psychological Warfare",
appre d, and underwent many changes and finally appeared as Jag 188-11-D of
27 October 1941, which clarified the 053 functions,
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A,
With the creation of the AR? the JOB appointed liaison officers
he War and Harry Depsrtnents with the ('I. The duties of theme lima na
follc~rs ~ _
To sit as ambers of the Overseas Ply Oroup of the C1YI.
(2) To maintain contact with all plarxdng agencies of the JCS
and to furnish the Overseas Planning Group of the Office of the (I with as
plans as authorised by JHC and as nooessary.
(3) To insure, correlation betseen military and propaganda plans #
to tran*Mt requests from 303 to (WI relative to propaganda activities desiring
the purpose of furthering, military operations.
effort of various pajohologioal warfare efforts was established.
* Thus, a tenuous at tel for partial integration with the
(4) To present to the 3GH all basic and such propaganda plans
d their approvals
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tim or
effectivet dipl ys, es m ,
P80R017311 003600020012-2
ited 3tatae. Thwe are four m a
idant and the .tats
t or a -3,,y nt of =Mtt forms.
thI n
a plad
and Ui rttatir of the varLow
tedm4mw oft
tLon and p rtwt a it s, and liar aointt#
ntVf s,
T ai ti and
required to effectuate Aryls fob pal -'.
With vwyii3u- d4Mw of in
ma iafbr ttion is in
titieatim of Amnobea'a
cul
Uwjjnj, wm d ti-an, and execuUm- is be
+ tend fashion. It is yea +y
an to sta. Its
in int at .=. l r elatiows
in WA oo*uKMm it iC t' t to
tuna activities and aahts.
cal peace,
app if a:ad intaxr~m$ ~ rslaticrr
an act Of the PrWident or of
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p r deelnp to the point
whwe st m i poli cal, or .c anti dlitaxy putt
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or both, ccmble to the declaration of
in 3939? or the Am*
phase is a terUod by both poychologiMl
tit'` a ,on to defend Ara seat ae nati au a pai wt Possibis foreign
aw.ssion. The r?at jor a is ahiftU f a purely inforaaet .
cultural pz off, to neater reliance upon tactics and pr*.
da more appro ate to p}alitical r -re.
Time of wars
and political vmtrfar'e aotivitias, Nov ntels
mobA for the diss+e>atnstinn of PmPapada are
t of a po iaoty to take -wmd1te mill
Waited
'iota to sai.litary fore in
tJts o
rld War 11 expo proved that psy0hologiml Warfare
development, of pa,
oaa be a potent wompon, its effeoti
by certain fault. inherent ix the haphasard
azancia , with lam of coordination on alb.
Sian of Authority and responsibility
et
Dan i,a warfare mumizatAmu. So=* of the
(b) I&Ak of qmt policy ekix ; and plazn .
an Amoia ; top of, ials and opOmt
of the asenclAw concerned.
(d) Lees Of On"tandjag of the natures a apabU itien and
warfare.
in
of pay lo4al e
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d in the fie2l*.
Jl pUming, and aceauti of psyeholo$i .l rsarf*re
ae tXl plexus end pol
:'h the divis im of authority and psi
for varjmw phases n f ps loll Mere, the ti
of re$penstbititias for peyaho].o IASI
his been oonsid.red.
Ci rAMUP$ VIA,
of the flMM Of Strat io SOrVi*W.,
to be the only asd sti s aeu of the
to is warfare, it is believed that it should be & is
bus s - ftsneti s x ye,d. in
lb-ow an the riaatter is sots--
of sum importance and moth-As of ooordirottm and
u h wive study that it is a cnsi dared that.
, t t s e shenU lny~te ' the jvobl+em. rind ;
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Consideration of various probleass involved in the preparedness
for wartime use has developed the following ideas end repo daticna:
s. The teed for a highly osntralieed and well defined policy
and directive flow as word out on the attached chart A.
be The used for a military organisation an the Theater Commumcler*#
Staff for the conduot of military psychological warfare. (See chart B for a
r.oo ra Mier basic organisaticn?) Both of the above are matters shich should
be further studied by the permanent committee with the view of "king
reaoa oendations for their establiahernt.
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for problems in the theaters of operations was the
F civilian porsor nol, and their Integration into military
`pid*atimo in the a iridoration of this prablsn, opinion train all theaters
ent reasons may moist for oployamt of civilian* in the
actiaa2 problems in the theaters make this a tine=
of personnel trouble. kotweou military and civilian personnel
problems of pay differentials, standards of respans
bility, discripl3 ,, privilo
like are such as to *& us* resentment,
eus +!' and strife particularly in the type of indivi a s1 with the psaa iaar
ed by psycholo iosl. warfare. Integration of the am* indivi"
chain of ooema.nd, as soldiers rather than civillaai,
would reaoly
followed true
of these personnel diffiouttiee. This procedure was
of
Lly in several branches of the service a itch required
raft -
on of large uusbera of technicians sons of rrhou were draft-
pt for physical or other reassons, (A case in point is the Transportation
operating people were brenht into the army for that
civilians.) it is proposed that plwming for recruiutent of
as* and given railroad jobs is the theaters, as officers
I be an the following basics Toluuteers and draft-exe pt indiv~ duals
to be permitted . to enlist specifically for psycho logical warfare duty, with.
assured ratings as nonno iseionsd officers, or, in the cos>'t of qurllf`i.
(Boo, below)* Draftees to be molested for pe;r hologi,*
to be gte
military training and assigned to psyohologioal warfare
reception centers on the basis at definite civilian skills
i.ties with ratings dependent upon (a) Civilian experience, (b) Maaptabi-
liter to military requirements, (a) Job rating to which assigned
-ssarily In above order). Basis for offer of commission or non
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uire careful ' st dy. It should be noted that the present
the high*sratsd nom.-com In the army is excellent,, with pay Ong
to $ld$iO4 u thly (plus 2 overseas pay and alloeanoes ), and that the
present trend is toward a i*ation of privilege and position between
tiers and enlisted ranks. With mudh of the *glsa+-mr8 removed from the
d with adequate pay as nouamsfor a pate nt technicians,
m, be assns d that more qualified people may be attracted., TempsrWy
ed to personnel who can qualify after short helot ri-
of selection being carefully consi.d red..
givers, at least briofly, to tie ma
ty at
the its in oseed in the fttaohsd agenda for the chological Warfare
to stud required to investigate the aajoPlt7
d, has prevented the en itteo from '4'g a oomplete study
It is felt that a permanent ceaamittee should studs the items
lE dtmated in addition to others which may arise. ihe act boo ow=ittes is
p spai"1ed to tun ow to the pernsnsnt ow=itteee work draftee and ether matte
t
but are not properly a part of the
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