SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT G.M. FRADKIN - M.L. FRADKIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000413520020-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

TUPITSY14, I.F,; nauchnyy red.; KOKOSOV, L.V., red.; VLASOVA,
N.A., tekhn. red.
[Radioactive carbon C14] Radioactivnyi uglorod - C34. Moskva, GOO,
izd-vo lit-ry v oblasti atomnoi nauki i tekhnikip 1961. 34 Po
(KIRA 14:3.2)
(Carbon-Isotopes)

TUPITSYN, I.F.; -FRADKIN,._q.M.p naucWy redel KOKOSOV, L.V., red.; KOR--
SHUNOVA, rod.
(Deuterium and tritium) heavy hydrogen isotopesl Tiazholye izotopy
v6doroda deiteril i tritii. Moskva, Goo. izd-vo lit-ry v oblasti
atomnoi nauki i takhnikis, 1961. 36 p (MIRA 14:11)
(Deuterium) ?Tritium)

F WKD42 G.M.; KULISH, YeJe.; PCHELIVTSEVA, G.M., red.; POPOVA, S.M.)
tekhn. red.
[Sourses of of., Ov (, and neutron radiation for the autoraa-
tion and control of industrial processes) Istochniki 3'-
i neitronrykh izluchenii dlia kontrolia i avtomatizatsii tekh-
nologicheskikh protsessov. Moskvap Gos.izd-vo lit-ry v oblasti
atonnoi nauki i tekhniki, 1961. 86 p. (MIRA 15:1)
(Radicactive substances-Industrial applications)

3/194/62/000/001/026/066
D201 D305
AUTHORS: Fradkin,_G. M. and Kulish, Ye. Ye.
TITLE: Sources of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and neutron.-radia--
tion for the control and automation of technological
processes
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Avtomatika i radioelektronika,
no. 1, 1962, abstract 1-2-129 g (Radioakt. izotopy
yadern. izlucheniya v nar. kh-ve SSSR. T. 1.9 D1.9
Gostoptekhizdat, 1961, 95-109)
TEXT: The properties of artificial radioactive isotopes are con-
sidered, their characteristics given, ranges of applications shown
and the classification of I A- and neutron sources, as used in
the USSR are given. 6 figu(-es, 6 tables. FAbstracter's note: Com-
plete translation.-7
Card 1/1

S/089/61/011/002/014/015
B102/B201
AUTHOR: Fradkin, G.
TITLE: Conference in Kiyev on the Use of Atomic Energy
PERIODICAL: Atomnaya energiya, v. 11, no. 2, 1961, 190-192
TEXT: The first respublikanskoye soveshchaniye po ispolizovaniyu atomnoy
energii (Republic Conference on the Use of Atomic Energy) took place in Kiye
in Marchp 1961. It was attended, among others, by delegates of the
Gosudaratvennyy komitet Soveta ministrov SSSR po ispollzovaniyu atomnoy
energii (State Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR for the Use of
Atomic Energy), the Gosudarstvennyy nauchno-tekhnicheskiy komitet (State
Scientific and Technical Committee), and the-Gosplan UkrSSR. Six lectures
were delivered at plenary meetings, and 128 inxthe various sections.
Lecturers were: Academician A. V. Palladin, President of the Ukrainskaya
Akademiya nauk (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences) on the use of radioisotopes
for studies in the field of 'biochemistry of nervous systems; Academician of
the AS UkrSSR P. A. Vlasyuk, President of the Akademiya sellsko-
khozyaystvennykh nauk USSR (Academy of Agricultural Sciences UkrSSR) on the
Card 1/4

S/089/61/011/002/014/015
Conference in Kiyev on the Use B102/B201
use cf radioisotopes and nuclear radiations in agrophysiology; Academician
of the AS UkrSSR I. P. Semenenko on age determination of ores from their
radioactivity; Academician of the AS UkrSSR A. K. Vallter on particle
accelerators of medium energies (linear accelerators for protons of up to
100 Idev and for heavy ions of up to 20 Mev); M. V. Pasechnik, Corresponding
Member of the AS Ukr3FjR on the structure of the atomic nucleusi P. S.
Savitskiy on the present stage and the prospects of production and use of
radioisotopes in national economy. Section for Nuclear Physics (28 lectures);
The principal lectures were devoted to stripping reactions in the 12-14-Mev
energy range, to elastic scatterings, and to the progress made in
experimental technology. A. K. Vallter, A. P. Klyucharov, 11. V. Pasechnik,
and others reported on studies conducted on the angular distribution of
protons scattered by Zr and Ni isotopes as a function of their atomic weightEl
M. V. Pasechnik, 0. F. Ifemets, et al. spoke on the interaction of neutrons
and deuterons with nuclei. Section for Radiation Physics and Radiation
Chemistry (20 lectures): Members of the Institut fiziki AN USSR (Institute
of Physics of the AS UkrSSR) reported on gamma-induced conductivi-,y of CdS
and CdSe; A. P. Ylvucharov and G. A. Blok et al. spoke on the strengthening
of iron anu aleei suriacea by proton irradiation and on radioresistance
Card 2/4

S/089/61/011/002/014/015
Conference in Kiyev on the Une B102/B201
tests made on resins. Section for the Use of Isotopes in Science and
Technology (25 lectures): Most of the lectures were devoted to the applica-
tion of isotope methods in metallurgy and metal physics for the determination
of optimum blast-furnaoe conditions, as well as to studies on diffusion.
Ye. A. Markovskiy spoke on studies of the antifriction properties of cast
iron. The heavy industry uses isotopes in the Khar1kov Factory imeni
Malyshev, in the Yuzhnyy gornoobogatitelinyy kombinat (Southern Ore Dressing
Combine) , as well as in the metallurgical plants of the Stalino administrative-
economic rayon; isotopes are also used by thirty factories in the Stalino
sovnarkhoz. Section for Automation: B. S. Kobyakov reported on a double-
ray ash-meter developed by him for determining the ash content in coal; 1.
P. Polovchenko, V. N. Uzlyuk spoke on experience made in the application of
isotopes in the metallurgical industry; 0. 1. Vallter spoke on experience
made in the application of isotopes under industrial conditions; G. M.
Fradkin and Ye. Ye. Kulish on radiation sources for the control and automa-
tion of technological processes. Section for Radiation Biology (22 lectures)
I. A. Medyanik, Ya. V. Oleynik et al. dealt with radiosensitivity and radio-
resistance of nervous systems; S. 0. Grebinakiy et al. spoke on increasing
the yield of various beet sorts by 1000-r dose irradiation (sugar beet:
Card 3/4

S/089/61/011/002/014/015
Conference in Kiyev on the Use ... B102/B201
30-48%6); 1. V. Gorbatyuk on determining the Pu 239 content and uranium.fission
fragments in air and water. S. I. Pavlenko et al. spoke on the use of
198
Au . in the medical treatment of patients of the Hygienic Clinic of the
Insiitut meditsinskoy radiologii (Institute of Medical Radiology). The
proceedingsof the conference will be published in 1961-1962.
Card 4/4

SAVITSKIY, P.S., otv. red.; KULISH, Ye.Ye., red.j FRADKIN, G.M., red.;
VORONOVA, A.I., red.; POPOVA, S.M,,
P 0
(Isotopes, radiation sources and radioactive materials;
catalog)Izotopy J.stochniki 1zluchenii i radioaktivnye materialy;
katalog. Izd.2., dop. Moskva, Cosatomizdat, 1962. 218 p.
(MIRA 16:2)
1. Russia (1923- U.S.S.R,)Gosudarstvennyy komitet po ispollzova-
niyu atomnoy anergil.
(Isotopes) (Radiation)

IKAIPOVJ R.L.; ZIV, D.M.; UYFUNSKAYAP D.I.; SAVOSIN, S.I.; FEDOROVj V.V.;
SHIMELEVICH, Yu.S.; BASIN, Ya.N.; KUKHAMKOP H.K.;
MTAKOV, B.I.
Use of Ac - Be neutron sources in industrial geophysics. Atom enarg.
16 no.3:269-270 Mr 164. (MIRA 17:3)

EPA (s) -21VWT (M) /1; VF (n) -?/E;WG (M) /T Pz-6/Pt-7/Pfi-,'4 D 3
':7
1ACCESISION NR: AP5014549 UR/0089/65/018/005/0545/6546.
AUPHOII: Fradkin. GSi. ~M. Kqdyucy wqziqs!~-AX,
1TITLE: "Beta-2" isotopic sour e of electr-,c energy
;SOURC,P,: Atomnaya energiyaj V. 18, no. 5. 1965, 545-546
ITOPIC TAGS: electric energy sot;.rce, energy source, isotopic energy source,
1power sup ly
p
ABSTFACT: A new rad:Loisotope-tbermoelectric-generator, produced by the State-Com-
mitte,~ for the Use of Atomic Energy in the USSR, is briefly described. A photo-
~graph of the device is included. Called the "Beta-2,."the 5-7-watt generator
sez-Vel; as a power source for unmanned -weather stations in re=o-be locations wh--ch
relay data on temperature, wind velocity and direction, barometric pressure, precip-
!
itati )n, and sunshine over distances of up to 600 kilometers. A special conversi6n
and s,,orage system makes it possible to produce tLn output voltagn of .22 v and to
suppl:r various instruments with 1000-watt pulses. The radiation dooe 1 meter froin
the s-i--face. of the 150-kg generator is about 1 -roentgen/hr. This can be reduced
it~'.) 10 mlliroentgnn/hr when the device is transported in a supplementary container.
Orig. art. has: 1 iigure. jZLJ

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mwwmmwp~ wm

L I 2~3-67 ir"[T ~d~ (k) MtE' T'(1) 1.1",
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AP6031 39 COD-'-': U;i/G--461-/U'U'/000/003/C;O~--9/00'L2
AUTHOR: Kodyukov, V. M.; Ostretsov, L. A.; Serebrennilkov, 1L. Ya.; Frad?in, G. M.
None
ORG
TITW-.: A spectrometric method of gamma-ray flaw detection
'SOURCE: Defektoskopiya, no. 3, 1966, 9-12
'TOPIC TAGS: flaw detection, gamma spectrometer, collimation, radioactive source
~BST,RAC`T: The authors point out one of the possible uses of applied raiclear zpectro-
r"Ictry in flaw detection for the case where the hardest gwraria quanta. art.- uZed as the
source of information. Electronic methods may be used in the proposed ap-,1-,'cat4'on La
y1roauce a narrow beam for the best resolution. It is shown tli:it the us,.,- ~-I-f differon,
~,tial spectrometric methods for recording gamma radiation is effective in raising the
'utiliz&tion factor with respect to the radiation sotirce and th-as eliminating, the neces,
sity for a double collimation system (i. e. collimation of both source and detector).
.Measurements indicate an increase in the utilization efficiency by a factor of more than
2 which means an increase in the quantity of information J"', ecciparison wi-th me-thods us-'--
ing collimated beams for identical radioactivity of the source. Orig. art. has: 2
ofigures, 4 formulas.
SUB CODE: 0 ORIG REF:
13/ SUBM DATE: 23Sept65/ 005
I Card 1/1 jb urc: 620.179.152

ACC NRj'_AV6O34lO2 ___SOURCE CODE:- _W6W16616WoO4102981O3O0
AUTHOR:
ORG: none
TITLE: Certain characteristics of the field of back-scattered gamm radiation inside
working spaces
SOURCE: Atomnaya enegiya,# v. 21j, no. 4., 1906j. 298-300
TOPIC TAGS: gia- radiation, gamm scattering, radiation dosimetry, radiation hazard,
model test
ABSTRACT: The authors have verified results obtained by model tests on the doses of
scattered 7 radiation in rooms and their distribution, and checked them in a real
chamber intended for work with powerful 7 radiation, with a 'wall thickness of 100 em
and dimensions 440 x 320 x 260 cm. The source was CoGO with activity 1.9 licurie and
CS137 with activity 14 pcurie. The detector was a gas-discharge STS-5 counter tube.
The scattered 7 radiation was measured against the bac1Wround of the primary radiation
by using lead foils as filters. A table of the 7 rwj energy accumulation factors for
different scattering substances (water, concrete, aluminum, iron, lead) is presented.
The results confirm the earlier results,, obtained with the models, that the accumula-
tion factors increase with increasing chamber dimensions and reach the limiting values,
equal to the accumulation factors when reflected from flat barriers, at linear dimen-
sions DLrger than 4 - 6 mea*n free paths of the primary radiation quanta in the wall
Andryushin, No F.; Bulatov,, B. Pe.- FraAldnjo Go Mo
3/2 UDC: 539.122: 539*121.72: 621.039.58

ACC NRo Ap6o34102
material. The accwmdation factor Is defined as the ratio Of the 7 radiation f3=
densities measured with and without the scatter. Orig. art. has: 4 figuress 3 for-
mulas, and 1 table.
SUP CODE: 18/ SM DMt lUpr66/ WM REF: 0051 07H REF: 003
I Card 2/2

I FRADKIN, G.S.
,
Extension of Permian deposits to the territory of the Vilyuyak syneclioe.
I Nauch. soob IAFAN SSM no.lt44-48 158.. (MIRA 17s1)

IFROKKINp G.S.
Middle and upper Palsozoic sedimentis in the western. Vilyuy Lowland.
Geol. i geofia'. no.&U-V 160. (MIRA 24s2)
1. lakatskly filial Sibirskogo otdolmiya AN SSSR.
(Vilyuy Lowland-Petrole= goolo&7)

MENYAYLOV, A.A., doktor geol.--mineral.nauk; ANODIN, T.I.; FRADW, G*S.
Relationship between basalto and sedimentary rooks in the Appays
Basin (Yakutia)o lisuch.soob.UPAN SUR no-4:3-11 160. (M1RA 14112)
(Appaya Valley-Basalt)
(Rooks, Sedimentary)

FW!'VN~ G.".
". --, - --------
halogenous frorriattelis in th-1 -'~ftf.,rrian Irit..f 1.
C rm G~? rj
A
I 9ftnfIz- nc),112:~-15 164. (MIRA 18:4)
!, N 1. 11
1. Ypk-iltskiy filial Sibirskogo otdalertya ... .,. -'R.

NJ
Arl
Woa d 1-he iatetcatluter
aubstan-ces in the p-ermeal-dity cf tlici VF~;ucz; and cip~lwies.
PI adkin . 0 k~.' i -:I .sI
~KIIOW Lliet K4irl. 1157. Na. 52,10
NA s,: .-,v wit! rio biu, bhi;- ivr:~
the ~Kijj of rabbit; ilir 0-t! rale i~i
j.c:zc ~116,tq ~ct,-. In
1r,

USSWHuman mid ;miznl Physiolofy. The Effect of Physical F-actors T - 14
Abs Jour : Raf 71-iur - Biol., No 14, 1958, iio 65832
Author :Pr-,.cU,.in G.Ye.
Inst
Title :The Problem of the Mechanism of the Processes of .1-.cm-mla-tion
Within the Org,.nism and Uinination frou it of It7tdionctive
Isotopes of tho Palmlinc-Barth, &nra-carth "nd Heavy Elmients
Gri G Pub :Mad. mdioloL;iya, 1957, 2, No 21 13-18
Abstract :The isotopes of Th and Po,' the slats of which have quite
pronounced tenlency toward hydrolysis with the fomrtioa of
colloid hydroxides, are retcinQd in the or(~anis-n as a result
of pliaGocytosis. The isoto-.~cs of the alkaline-earth (Sr,Bn),
rarc-earth (Y, Ce, etc.) and hearj (Pu) elenents ::= 1-c-
cu-tiulnted in the bones as a result of the breakdom in bone
tissue of couplex co;jpounds of those elezients witub. !iydro,-'Y
anti mainoacids. For the sane reasoa, Y, Cc and Pu Lmy be
partially ret-ained in the liver. Thechcrjicr-1 inter:7tction of
the radioclarients with proteins and anionic residues is possible
Card 1/2

USSR/Hux,%n rnd PhyAolo,,y. The fffect of Physicnl Fnetors T-14
Abs Jour Ref Zhur - Biol., No 14, 1958, iio 65832
in the prosenco of radioactive cations in the froo stnte. If
those clorionts enter into the co,--r-.)o3itioii of stable corrplw,
co',,xpounds which dissociato only alilitly , then they lose
this c,%pacity. The complex ca..ipotuids of these elements cm
underLo destruction in the or3animi, primarily in the bones
and liver-B.B. C-likson
Card 2/2
147

ROMMSEV, Yevgeniy Pedorovich,; SAVICH,Aleimey Vladimirovich,; FRADKIN.
red,--, BOGAGIMA, Z.I., tekhn. red.
[Chemical protection from the action of ionizing radiation)
KhimiAeekata sashchits ot detstv -Us ioniziruiushebet radiataii.
Moskva, Goo. izd-vo mad. lit-ry, 1958. 142 p. (MIRA 11:12)
. (RADIRICK PROTBMION)

21(3) M4SE I BOOK EaWITATION SOV/1210
Balabukha., Vera Sergeyevna and Fradkin, Gerts Yefimovich
NakopleniYe radioaktiva7kh elementor v orgazdzme i ikh vyvedeniye (Accumulation of
Radioactive Elements in the Body and Their Excretion) Moscow, Medgiz, 1958.
182 P, 7~500 Copies printeds
Ed.: Zakutinskiy, D.I*; Tech. Bid.: Bulldyayev., H. A.
PURPOSE: ThIs book is intended for biologists., doctors and scientists interested in
problems of radiobiology.
COVERAGE: This book is divided into two parts. The first part (by G. Ye. Fradkin)
reviews general rules governing the specific nature of the exchange of radioactive
isotopes of ltlka3ine-earths., rare earths and heavy elements. The second peat (by
V.S. Balsbukha) gives detailed information and evaluations of data concerning the be-
hmior of different types of osteotropic iadioactive - isotoper. in the body. T#e au-
thors do not offer an exhaustive treatment of problems related to ra4dioactive.,iso-
topes in the body because a umber of questions thus far have not received suf-
ficient'experimental substantiation.
Card 1/5

Accumulation of Radioactive Eluments (Cont.) SOV/1210
TABLE OF CONTERS:
Forewa~d
Introduction
PAW 1.
3
5
The BehavOr of Radioactive Isotopes In the Body 8
Chemical and Vitysicochemical p rties of several radioactive elements
The mechanism of the accumulation and excretion processes of the body
with respect to radioactive isotopes of alka3ine-earths (Br), rare-
earths (Y and others) and heavy elements (Po, Pq) 16
The specific nature of the behavior of radioactive isotcpes in the body 19
Characteristics of the behavior of several alkaline.-earths (Sr), rare-
earths (Y) and heavy elements (Pu) in the body 31
The influence of a decrease in absorption by the reticuloendothelial
system an the accumulation of radioactive elements in the body 35
The influence of physiological reactions on the b*&avior of radio-
acti ve isotopes in the 1~ody 39
Conclusion - 42
Accelerating the Excretim of Radioactive Isotopes From the Body With
Complex-forming Substances 44
C arcl 2/ 5

Ac-c=u1atiojz,,.-'6f Radioactive :91ements (Cont-) SOV11210
Analysis of the,aceQersting effect of complex-forming substances on
the excretion of radioactive isotopes from affected organisms 61
Basic principles of findkig: new complex -forming substances 65
The relationship between -the structure of organic compounds and
their complex-foraing capabilities 68
On the possibility of usi-ag natural complex compounds for removing
radioactive isotores from the body 73
On ways and mans of hamtning the wwretion of raiLloactive strantim 79
Bibliogra*y 83
PART
Radioactive Strontium. 86
Introduction 86
ChemiciLl composition and physicochmicaa properties of bone crysWA 88
Data on the exchange of stable strontium isotopes in the body 91
Distribution of radioactive strontium isotopes in the organs and
tissues 95
Localization of radioactive.strontiun in the bones 102
Card 3/5

Accumulation of Radioactive Elements (Cont.) SOV/1210
Toxicity of radidactive strontium and delayed aftereffects 108
The excretion of radioictive strontim 109
-The hereditary nature of radioactive strontium 113
Prophylaxis and the accelerated excretion of radioactive strontium
from the body 3-15
Conclusion 122
Bibliogra3phy 123
lRe.dioactive Yttrium 126
The influence of the pb7sicochemical state of radioactive yttrium
on its distribution in the organs and tissues 126
The distribution of yttrlm traces without carriers 130
Toxicity of Yttrium 135
Distribution of radioactive yttrium in the body, depending upon
the nature of the compound with which it is introduced 136
Excretion of yttrium frcw~the body 140
Conclusion 147
Bibliography 1.47
Plutonium 149
Toxicity and distributimi of plutonium 149
Specific nature of the behaviour of plutonium in the body depending
upon different methods o,-' intruduction 152
Card V 5

Accumulation of Radioactive Elements (coat.) SOV/1210
The influence of dosage, diet and age on the behavior of-platonim in the
body 156
Micro-Aistribution of plutonim,in the tissues 156
Natural emiretion of plutonim fram the.body 156
Acceleration of plutonim excretion from the body 158
Conclusion 168
BibliograpW 16B
Several facts concerning-the behavior of other osteotropic rod' tive
iso-topes in the bo4y 170
Pibllogm]*y
General conclusion 179
AVKILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 5/5
4-20-59

TIM&KOV. V.D., prof.; GOLIDPARB. D.M.. doktor med.nank; FRADKIN, G.Ye., kand.
med.nank
Some aspects of the utilization of the bacteriophage for
radiobiological research. Vest.AMN SSSR 14 no.8:61-67
'59. (MIRA 12:11)
1. Inatitut spidemiologii i mikrobiologii Imeni Gamalei.
2. Deystvitellnyy chlen AIM SSSR (for Timakov).
(RACTMOPHON)
(HADIOLOGT)

H ! -Z 1--~ 4 fl-d
goo
Va IV A i
14
Egg
ri A a
a f
-,a W:.- X
r, a r wag
Ara
Al

- FRADKIN, G. Ye.) GOLDFARB, D. A- and VIRETSKIY, Yu. P.
"Effects,of Tonizing Radiation on Bacterial Viruses and on the Ability
of Bacteria to Reproduce :PhW"
paper presented at the Symposium on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
at the Molecular Level (IAEA), 2-6 juiy 1962~ jlmoo Cz9,0h.

FRADKI~, G.Ye.; GOLIDFARB, D.M.; ILIYASHENKO, B.N.* AVDEYEVA, A.V.j
Vl-NETSKIY, YU.P.
Mechanism of radiation injury of the bacteriophage under the
indtreot aotion oE ionizing radiation. Med. rad. 5 no.12:36-42
160. 1 (MIRA 14; 3)
(BkCTERIGPHAGE) (ESGHLIUCHIA COLI)

ITADKINP G.ye.
On various trends ia the search for protective compounds with the
aid of model experiments. Med.rad. 5 no.10:47-51 t60.
(RADILTION PROTECTION)

3/020/60/132/05/64/069
B011/BO02
AUTHORSs irj~iLdkin, G?_Xg., Vinetskiy, Yu. P.
TITLE: The Nature of Damage of a T 4 Bacteriophage Inactivated by
Gamma Radiation
PERIODICALs Doklady Akadiamii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol. 132, No. 5,
pp. 1204-120~)
TEM The authors wanted to investigate the action of ionizing radiation
on the morphology of bacteriophage and on that of its various elements
(protein membrane and inner DNA spiral). The suspensions of a T 4 phage. 60
were irradiated with 7-rays (doses 25000, 50000, and 100000 r, source Co
dose 400 r/min) in the synthetic Adams medium (titer 10 10 particles per
rill). It was found that irradiated virus particles are inactivated and lose
their reproducing function. Inactivation is quickest at 100000 r. No moro
than 1-2 conserve their reproducing function out of 10000 particles.
Pig. 1 shows electron-microscopic preparations of the phage. The virus
particles were fixed in osmium tetraoxide vapors, sprinkled with palladium
V
Card 1/3

The Nature of Damage of a T 4Bacteriophage S/02 YB 60/132/05/64/069
Inactivated by Gamma Radiation B011 002
and gold under an angle of 15-18 0, and examined by the electron micro-
scope of the type Y3H-1OO (UEM-100). The number of morphologically
perfect particles was the same both in irradiated and non-irradiated
preparat ions. It follows therefrom that the inactivation of bacterial
viruses caused by radiation is not accompanied by morphological
disintegration. On the strength of these data the authors believe that
the disturbance of the reproducing function of irradiated phages is
caused by radiation damage of the high-polymer components of the virus
particles, with the morphological integrity remaining unaffected. More-
over, the authors extracted the DNA-containing threads from the phage
heads by means of temperature shock (Fig. 2). The authors found no
differences in the structure of DNA threads on oomparing the latter in
irradiated and non-irradiated phages. In these experiments, they froze
out suspension droplets (about 40 m in diameter) down to -1960C, and
thereupon sublimated them in vacuum on electron-microscopic preparations.
On the strength of their results the authors reach the conclusion that the
genetic material of the virus particle is not endangered by irradiation.
Conseauentlv. functional perfection of phage corpuscles is guaranteed by
Card 2/3

The Nature of Damage of a 24 Bacteriophage S/020/60/132/05/64/069
Inactivated by Gamma Radiation B011/BO02
the injury of individual high-polymer components of the particles in
the molecular range. The authors mention pa era by A. Ye. Kriss,
V. I. Biryuzova, and M. A. Zolkover (Ref. 1~. There are 2 figures and
7 referencest 3 Soviet, I Swiss, I Czechoslovakian, and 2 American.
PRESENTED3 February 12, 1960, by I. L. Knunyants, Academician
SUMTTED: February 51 1960
Card 3/3

VINETSKIYv Yu.P.; ~R~KINO G.Ye.
Action of ga-r- radiation on the structure of resting particles of
i'bacteriophage". TSit6logila 3 no. 2:176-182 Mr-Ap 161.
(MIRA 14:4)
1, Al-ademiya meditsinskikh nauk SSSRj, Moskva.
(C&M RAYS-PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT) (BACTERIOPHAGE)

FIUXKIN9 G.Ye.
Reproduction o.'L' phage in irraeli;:-ted nonvivble (incallable c~'
division) colIc. Lokl. '*.*,' -SSSI~ 137 no. 1:196-1S8 Mr-Ap 1~1.
(MIPA 14:2),
1. Prodotw1ono almdoiaihorl I.,..
Ctorio; :ILi.,C) (GLrLL,a .7~.ays-Pltysiological effect'l

EM! (m)/BDS/F.S (b)-AMP/~SR7 P
L 1.0776..63'
ACCESSION M: AP3003936 8/0205/63/003/004/0582/0586
A
HOR.. Skavronskga, A. 0,; Boris N. B.1 Zemebuk, L.
M Fradkin, 0. Ye ova A,j
i,_Golldiua, L, P,
TMU: Influence of the inteasity of synthesis of nucleic Agide albumin on
tho lethal and m;utagenic
_~~.ta of 02TTa radiation
SOURCE: Redlobiologtya, V. 3,1 no. 4o 19630 582-586
TOPIC TAGS: gamma radiation, nucleic acid,, albumin, mutagenesis, synthetic proc-I
ess Intensity, radiation, DMI, RNA,
ABSTRACT: The influence of the intensity of synthesis of nucleic acids and
allumin on the lethal and mutagenic effects of gamna. radiation was examined by
rer-roducing the process of mutability and varying the intensity of the synthetic
processes. In this way the wle of individual cell components in determining
and-changing the hereditary traits of microorgamisms was examined. Experiments
vere conducted with E, 0911 11 cultures in a glucose salt "minimal" medium, using
o60-gazma-ray source. Lev(mWcetin was used to vary the intensity of the
thetic processes in the.cell. It was found that the lethal and mutagenic
r
C,
;~d

L 'IM 70'~63'
ACCE13SION M: Moo3936
effetits of radiation increase %zder the action of gwma rays against a background
of mi almost complete block of.albumin synthesis and of retarded nucleic acid
synthesis. Irraftation ofthe culture under conditions of retarded albumin
synthesis and negligibly stimulated DNA and RNA synthesis leads to some lessen-
ing of these effects. The presence of a correlative relationship between the
intensity of DNA and RNA synth~sisj, on the one hand, and mutagenic and lethal
action of gams. irradiation, on the other, confirms the genetic role of nucleic
acids and atteststo the dynamic character of the functioning of the cellular
genetic structures. Orig art, has: 1 figure and 2 tables.
ASSOCIATION: Institut epidemiologii i mikrobiologil im. akad. N. F. Gemaleya,
AMN SSSR, Moscow (Institute of 13pidemiolog and Microbiolof
ANN SSSR),
SUBMITTED: 17jui62 DATE AcQ: i5Aus63 ENCL- 00
SUB CODE: AM No REP SCIV: 001 00
16
Card
2/2

SKAVROUSKAYA, A.G.; FRADKIN, G,Yo.- BOATSOVA, N.B,; ZAICIFIK, L,A.
Effect of ganma irradiation or, the auxotropbic mutants of
Escherichia coli undt!r the conditions of changing synthetic
activity,, Radiobiologita 3 no, 61858-865 16L NIFA 17s7)
1. Institut epidemiologii i m1krabiologil imeni akademika
N.F.Gamalcl, Moskva.

Y -
ACCESSION NR: AP4022727 B/0020/64/155/002/0457/0460
AUTHOR:
ibonu
TITLE: On the Stability of fW1ction&lly non-homogenous parts of INA
cleic acid) to ionizing radiation
--SOURCE: AN BSBR- Doklady*p v. 155., no. 2p 1964,'457-460
n
'TOPIC TAGS: deoxyribonuclaic acid code, INA structural code, INA regulatory
code., MA irradiation, MA stability, pbage lambda, pbage mutation, pbage
,lysogenicitys target theor7, lethal radiation
ABSMACT: Starting from the cybernetic concept of stability of a non-homogenous
system in which some parts may be unstable while the system as a whole is stables
the author discusses the stability of the genetic-code including excess of in-
fonnation affording.increased probability of its transmission, inv!wiant cham-
ter and the possibility of sone variability in protein structure without lose of
fu6%.tional activity,,,(thus of come distortion in the structural code)'vhich points
towards bond elasticity betvece code and protein# la contrast to the mechanim
ofretention and realization of structural information,, the parts or the regu-

ACCESSIGN NR: AP4022727
latory mechanism are connected-by solid bonds (coherent dependence) which do not
permit changeability. Its linit is determined by the single value of the re-
pressor (blocking) functi.on of struciura~ information. It is logical to assume
that the code determining, the repressor synthesis should differ from the struc-
tural code determining synthesis of specific proteins bythe absence of excessive
information (degeneration). Euch may 134.the reason for less functional stability
of the genome's regUatory mechanism. This hypothesis was tested by studying the
radiation sensitivity of the structural fLnd regulatory mechanism of MA of the
attenuated phage X Its stability was determined by the appearance of virulent
mutants, caused by radiation Injury to the regulatory mechanism which determines
blocking of the structural cystrons. These mutants are incapable of lysogenicity,
and thus are easily'diffeientlated from attenuated ones in a 1yeogenic culture
of E. coli K-12 X)r since, in contrast to the latter, they can multiply in such
a medium. This was determined, after irradiation of the attenuated phage by a
cobalt source (400 roentg~n/mlnute) for'! 1/2 and 3 hours, using as indicator the
.natural logarithm of the iatio of virus particles before and after irradiation.
The appearance of mutants,vas found to depend directly upon the radiation dome* r
2 /.1
Card

ACCESSICK 19R: A24622M
The specific results are graphed*
The importance of this finding for the tirget
theory is discussed# tbe,leth&L effect of radiation depends on the coding chwMter
in the non-homogenow parts of the INA maor lecule rather than the aim of the
targot. The asamption of varying stability of these psr~s affords a basis for
evaluating mutation probabilitlese Orige art4 has 1 figure*
ASSWITATIOff -. Institut, biofiziki. Ministerstva sdravookhreasnija WSR (lastitute of
3~iophysics.. Ministry of, Health SM)
SUNOTTM: 03SeP63 DATR AM OBApri4 Un-. 00
SUB COM: NS,SO % NO. MW. BOV:-OOP. OT 008
Card' 3/3

FW.DKIN I G. Ye.
Some results of the use of free phage and -a phage-bacle:-il-m
system for analrzing the mechanism of the primary biological
effect of Jonizii,g radiation. Izv. AN SSSR Ser. bliol. 30 no.l:
44-,92 Ja-F 165. !'(MIRA 18:2)
1. Invtitut bi ologi che skoy fiziki Mirdsterstva zdravooklranenlya,
Moskva.

1 777~
T, 23519-66 EwT(i)/W(MY/T-
_WCC_W-AP60139B6 SOURCE CODE: UR/0216/657.000/00170044/00*
AUTHOR: F Y
rad=. GL ji_- Fradhing G.E.
ORG: 'Institute of RigRbXgjg"1nij+ry nf FjjWjj UAAJ Q Mannew (Institut biologi-
cheslcR7 fizi Hinisterstva zdraimokhraneniya)
TITIE: Som results of use of Vie free phage, and the phage-bacterium system in
ana3,yz:lng the imchanism of the pi~i~ biological effect of i Ing-ra4liL
oniz Uon
SOURCEt AN'SSSR. Izvestiya* Sorlya biologicheskayi, no. 1. 1963, 44-32
TOPIC tAGS-. ionizing radiation.'iediation biologic effect, DNA, gar= ray, bactorio-
pha.ge, biologic wtab6lism
Wilk
ABSTRACT. The.functional-organifation of the genome of the phag&-Iambda
reflects very clearly the structtire of the cell DNA(lof any living organism;
therefore, the DNA of this phage.can serve as a convenient model for the
experimental analysis of the resistance to ionizing radiation of functionally'
noninhomogeneous parts of the gerietic codei the programming structure and-
'the controlling structure. This experimental investigation of the temperate
;phage lambda and of the phage-9 c.olilOK-12 lambda system, on their indirect
exposure to gamma-rays showed'thmT_,as'the radiation dose increases, the rate'
-of the conversion of the temperate phages to virulent mutants also increases.
The_coritrolling structurltof the_phage RNA is more radio sensitive.than the
Card 1/2 UDC

L 23539-66
NRs AR
programming structure. The high radiation susceptibility of the controlling
structure of the W& of the temperate phage is due to the absence of the code
expression determining the structure of the blocking agent. It follows that
the raethanisms rijuldtiiii'the pocesse-8--'Of -C'ell metab6lTs-m'May be easily
disturbed by the primary injury,-induced by indirect radiation, of the part
of the MA mff&'roqq1ecu~e containing the controlling structure. orig. art. hasi
2 figm-es. LJPRS
suB com: o6 suBm DATE: 21Nov62 ORIG REFt -on oTH REF: 003

83998
S/004/60/000/007/003/003
Alo4/Ao2g
AUTHORS: Gil'berg,__L.;
Itradkin,..4
TITLE". The Design of RA-10 (KA-10)
55-,
PERIODICAL: Znaniye-Sila, 1960,,,No. 7, P. 54
TEXT: In No. 4, 1959, of this periodical the article "ZovIet Gyroplanes"
was published. Many readers wrote to the editor asking for details on the de-
sign and operation of Ka-10, the smallest Soviet helicopter designed by Nikolay
Illich '.Kamov. These requests are complied with in this article. Ka-10 is a
singie-seat coaxial helicopter with two carrying propellers which are placed
above each other and rotate in opposite directions thus ensuring the stability
of the plane. Their diameter is 6.13 m. The fuselage consists of thin-walled
welded steel tubes and there is no plating, no covered cockpit and no stabilizer.
There Is a vertical bearing at the tail and the carrier column is attached to
the fuselage. The propellers are driven by an A4-4r (AI-4G.1 motorcycle engine'
of 55 hp at 4,500 rpm. Beneath the fuselage are two rubberized inflated balloons
Which ensure smooth landing on land and water. The helicopter can remain air-
borne for two hours, its flying range is 195 Ian and its maximum speed 116 km1h.
Card 1/2

The Design of RA-10 (KA-10)
83998
S/004/60/000/007/003/003
A104/AO29
One of the main features of its driving system is the automatic autogyro control
designed by B.N. Yurtyev in 1911 (Photograph on Page 54). Figure 1 shows the
propeller hub and, above, the! vertical ascent of the helicopter, as well as the
propeller at an angle to the vertical climb. The helioDpter requires a minimum
of landing space and during a flying exhibition in Tushino landed on the platform
of a truck. There are 2 figtires.
V/
Card Z/2

FRADKIN, I.M.
Problem of zanthose.toois in children. Pediatriia 39 no.2:75-78
Mr-Ap 156. (MIRA 9:8)
1. Is detskogo otdeleniya (zav. I.M.Fradkin) Zaporozhokoy oblaetnoy
bollnitsy (glavnyy vrach M.I.Kooenkov)
(LIPOIDOSIS, In infant and child,
xanthomatosis, case reports (Rue))

,~Mzsl I.M.
m
laukemold reactiono of the aMinophille tnv in children. Probl.
gemat.i perel.krovi zo.11321-23 1629 (MM 15:11)
1. Iz detskogo otdoleniya (zav. I.M. Fradkin) Za rozhskoy
Oblastnoy bollrits-j (glavnyy vrach M.I. Kosenkov-
(BOSINOPHrLES) (BLDOD-EWM4ATIOVr

BESKOVp B.A.; GERONFIUS, B.Ye.; DAVYDOV, V.N.; KRFZTIYANOV, M.Ye.;
MARKVARDT, G.G.; MININ, G.A.; Prinizal uchastiye TAVIAZOV.,
A.I.; VAYNBLAT, E.G.9 inzh.p retsenzent; KRIJGLYAKOV, F.Ye.,
inzh., retsenzent; KUCHMA, K.G., kand. tekhn.naukj
retsenzent; LOMAZOV, D.V., kand. tekhn. nauk, retsenzent;
SLUTSKIY, Z.M., inzh., retsenzent; FRADM .I.S.) inzh.,
retsenzent; YUSHKOV, P.K., inzh., retsenzent; PERTSOVSKIY,
L.M., inzh.,, red.; USENKO, L.A., takh-A. red.
[Design of electric railroad power supply systems) Proektiro-
vanie sistem energosnabzheniia elektricheskikh zhelezrWkh do-
rog. [By] B.A.Beskov i dr. Moskva, Transzbeldorizdats 1963.
470 p. (MIRA 17:2)

YL3Tb-AMkN, S.M., kand.tekhn.muk; TSBLIKOV, F.I., inzh.; FROKIN, I.Z.,
lush.
Protection of the road bed In the proxImIty of reaervoire.
Put' 1 put.khos. 4 no-3:12 Hr 160, (Km 1335)
(Railroad engineering)
--- r~~.~-~-_,-!.
7-:,. .

FRADKIN, I.Z.; SOIOFOV, I.I.
Protection of the roadbed against washouts. Put' i put.khoz. 4 no.q:
j
6-8 S 160. (MIRA 13:9)
1. Nachallnik geofizicheskoy etantaii g.Novosibiralt(for Fradkin).
2. Btarshiy gidroDieteorolog geofizichaskov atantaii g.Novosibirek
(for Solopov).
(Bhore protection) (Railroads--Track)

FRADKIN, I.Z.; SOLOPOV, I I., starshty gidrometeorolog (g.Novosibirsk)
Snow guards with Irregular slots. Put' i put.khoz. 4 no.101
17-19 0 160. (MIRA,13:9)
1. Nachallnik goofisicheskoy stantaii, g. Movosibirsk.
(Railroads--Smow protection and removal)

MISHATKIN, G.M~; FRADKINo I,,Z*
--, Line and station proteotione Pat' i puts khoze 5 no#3:22-14
mr 161. (KrRA 34:3)
1, Glavnyy inzhener oluzby patio 9. Novooibirskt Tomskaya doroga
(for Mishatkin)* 2. Nachallnik geofizicheskoy stantiip g. Novo-
sibirsk (for Fradkin).
(Railroads-Snow protection and removal)

FRADKIN, I.Z.~ SOLOPOV, I.I.
Time has come to create now types of tree bdlts, Put' i put.ldioz.
7 no.8:43-44 163. ~INEM 16:9)
.1. Nachallnik geofl.zichaskoy stantaii aluzhUy puti ZapadnQ-Sibirakoy
dorogis Novosibirsk (for Fradkin). 2. Starshiy meteorolog geofizi.ches-
koy stantsJi,, Novoidbirsk (for Sol'op'-Ov).

SHLYK, A.A.; MUMMA, I.V.; OhlORM, V,I.; YRAMIN, L.J.
Conditions for detervining the specific radioactivity of
chlorophyll In Infinl$tly thin preparations. DoklkN BSSR
3 no.12:484-487 D 159. (MIR& 13:4)
.:. 1. Predstayleno aicadendkom AN MU T.N.Godnovym.
(Radioactivity-Nessuremmut) (Chlorophyll)
I

SHLYK, A.A.; nl~Dz
Isotope-kinetic analysis of the possibility of successive biosynthesis
of chlorophylls a and b. Biofizika 6 no.4:424,-435 '61. (KU 14:7)
1. Laboratoriya biofiziki i izotopov AN Belorusskoy SSR.
(CHLOROPHYLL)

SHLYK, A.A.; FRADKIN
---:7~~
Rate of chlorophyll metabolism in green plants. Biofizika 7
no.3:281-291 162. (MIRA 15:8)
1. IAboratoriya biofiziki i izotopov AN ESSRt Minsk.
(CHWROPHYLL)

SHLYK A.A.; FW--DKJN L.I.; WASENOY, L.I.
Nature of the protochlorophyll phas6 of chlorophyll -metabolism
in a green plant. Vestsi AN B-S'SR. Ser. biial. nav. no.2:116-118
164. (11W 17: 11)

S126q163/6w10o31W71Cr36
A DO I /A _1 0 1
ATI-11ORS: Ginzburg, V., Xurnosova, L.j Razorenov, L., Frandkin, M.
TITLE: An orbital laboratory. Some outer space studies by mieans of satel-
lites and rockots
PERIODICALt. :R&'era'Uivnyy ztiurnal, AstrononLya, no. 3, 1963, 25, abstract
3.51.'204 ("Avietslya I Xosmona-ftika", 1962, no. 6, 13 - 22)
TOXT: The authors present principal results of studying primary cosmic
rays, obtained by means of satellites and r(jakets, and the tasks o,.'L' 'further'in-
vestigations. It has been established, by ;.;eanz of Cheren1kov counters, 'that
abundance of lithium, beryll1u;m and boron ii cosmic rays exceeds hund-red-fold.
that expected; it follows thereof, thzt co5mic rays passed a layer of inters.tel-
lai7 gas during their path in the solar systam. 'fria spectrum of all nuclei is in-'
dependent of the ordinal number,in 1141anddelcypvts table; the flux of nuclei with
nuzibers greater than 30 is lcss than the fj,,jx of nuclei with numbers greater than
15 by a factor of at least IG,000. The second space rocket, launched towards the
Mocn and the third space ship recorded a sharp increase of the number of nuclei
Card 1/2

S/2059/63/000/003/007/036
An orbital laboratory. Somo outer... AG
-01/A101
th atomic numbers 15 and ligher. It ir, . 111.-~4i~ thc nuclai revorded are
a
of solar origin, which is confirmed by the analyuiG of data oil other manifesta-
11-lonn of -solar activity during the same tire. Earth's rad-lat.lon belts were dis-
covered. The lower part' of the radiation belts attains an altitude of POO km,
althoul (I
gh 'the belts are olearly pronounced only a' MErhe:r altitvdos (600
1, 000 Rim and hi&ier). It wa:i dincoverad th--.tt radiation have the
lower of which are related to ma&iietio anomnalie.s. The tasko of further investi-
ga-:ions.are studying Earth's radiation belts, the proton componont of galactic
anti solar cosmic rays, "high-latitude cut-off" in k"he sp,-~otvuzi cosnio rays,
-uncL electronic component of galaotic and solar cosmic rays.
T. Kasirrenko
[Abstractor's note: Complete translation]
Card 2/2

7411
ON TIM ~M,%'IVON OT RA y
PRIB"Ai V FLUX. M. I- F,ur~-t ft~ll-jev rh-.31-, :-,,t
I Tevr(:t. Fix. 21. Au~

-t I'A c'!"In
4 6 E 2. 1 tic 6 ~C'
f (-,r4 ~TCZl ITU tz!
~rl

RNDKIN ~ gi~ 1,
A~MRTSWAH, V.A., akademik, redaktor; GINZBM, V.L., redak-tor; LIMN, G.Ae,
kandidat fiziko-materaticheakikh ral*w-redaktor; MLSMICII, A.G., kard-4-
dat fiziko-matamaddaskikh nal&',iodaktor; THRIETMT, Ta.P., doirtor
fiziko-matematicheakikh nauk, redaktor; SHKWVSKIT, I.S., doktor fiziko-
matematicheakikh n&W:, redaktor; TRAMN M.I. radaktor; AlaSIMA,
T.V., tekhnichaskly reaaktor. 4L~
[Mransactione of the Third Conference on Problems of Cosmogony, May
14-15, 1953. Origin of cosmic rays] Trucly,*,eoveshchaniia ... 14-15
maia 1953 g*'; proiakhosbdenie koemichaskikh luchei. Moskia, Izd-vo
Akademii nauk SSSR, 1954. 319 pe (MIBA 8:4)
1. Chlen-korrespondent AN SSSR (for Ginsburg).
(cosmic rays)

TiSsn/,-%stronomy Cosmic rays
Card
Fradkin., M. L
Author*
Title Origin of coamic rays
Periodical t Nauka i Zhizn'-, 6,, 2-0 - 23, June 1954
Abstract I The ncientific vi"toint on the origin'of cosmic rays is presented. The
works of various Soviet scientists studying cosmic rays, particles and
their energies are cited. The possible induction mechanism for the
acceleration of cosmic rays by stars whose mAgnatic axes are inclined at
an angle toward the axes of rotation is analyzed. The lack of a definite
theory which would describe all known facts regarding the origin of -
cosmic rays and could prove it by experiments is mentioned. Illustra-
tions, drawings.
Institution : Acad. of Sc. USSR, T'he P. N. Labedev Plqsics Institute.
Submitted :

T.' T
WSIt/Physics Cosmic radiation
Card 11/1 Pub. 118 - 1/9
Autbors Fradkin, MI. I.
Title I The primary comporent of cosmic radiation
Periodical I Usn. 'iz. nauk. 5'213, 305-380, July 1954
Abetraci. S The general properties of primary cosmic radiation are described. In
contrast to the early concept about cosmic radiation as a flow of neu-
tral, 7'-rays, it is now considered to be a flow of charged particles
of very-high energy levels. Two types of flows are distinRuished:
1. flow of protons, and 2. flow of photon-electrons. A quantitative
analysis of experimental data obtained by the methods described, shows
that about 90% of the particles of a certain energy level are protons
and about 9% of the saTe energy level are Particles of chemical ele-
mentg (mostly He). As to the photon-electron 'particles, their number
seldom exceeds 6%.-Dne-hundred-eighty-four references (1900-1954).
Tables; diagrams; graphs; illustrations.
Institution :
Submitted :

iw~
Protons and noutronso Yanks i zhisn' 22 no*2;10-13 7 155o
8:3)
(KLU
1e 14mchnyy motrudulk Fisicheekogo inatituta in. P.N.Lebedeva
Akadexii mauk SSSR'
(Protons) ZNoutrons)

IIN TPE PHOSUEM, OF AIN TI-jg..j- ~--R N Tq& PFU!,Y,-.RV
N
STEFAJM OF CW,-C fl& 1. Frzdkin (P. N. L-bcdcv
UA.S.R-~- TP
I., ib Efg:iffh), Zli.r. F~z. .9 ~4-v-
I ,ug.
(In Russian)
Analysis of d=2 on the a e:isurrmezi! of the ems--~egt
asymnictry of cosmic rays at tdgh aftltudcz damcrs.-r;;ws
A that it is Lltorcu,-hly Lmperi ilmsible to exclude Me pousirillity
v of 11:c pres-ence af a certaL- pmportfari (up w 13 fj uf a&,;z-
11~ tlvclv chargtd r~rticles ir :he prImary flc-w. Cump~tauaii
shonvs that In. 0e prtmary I ~m c4f casrmlc rays. f-Le pre -
fx,rvon af 1kriLL-protonS forvic-d La fnzerstzlLar sLac.
,xcc~d 0 2t, -And apparenct , L~.c pres~,c, & zz:tl
c~:r-tA evplafn the results i f rmcafar~r-.m af e4v-t -v.vst
,Asymin(Try. (auth)

ZHDANOV, G.B., radaktor; 14.1., redaktor; NAKHIMSON, I.G., redaktor;
SHAPOVAWV, V.I . tekhiI6 skiy redaktor.
[Primary cosmic radiation (composition, variation in intensity, and
problems of Its origin) a collection of articles. Translated from
the Buglish and German] Pervichnos kosmicheskoe izluchanis; sostay,
variataii intensivnosti i problemy proinkhoshdaniia. Sbornik statei.
Perevody a angliiskogo I nemetskogo. Pod red. G.B.ZhdanoT& i M.I.
Fradkina. Moskva, Izd-vo inostrannoi lit-ry, 1956. 304 p. (MLRA 9:6)
(comic rars)

OMBOG, V.L,,.redakt6r;-LXYIIff, GjA., kandidat fis.-sat. nauk, redaktor;
CHIMCHNO BA., kandidat fls.-mat. nauk, redaktor; SH11=Kff,
doktor fis.-mat. nank; YWXIN, M.I.. redaktor; KAKUNI, Ye. V..
tokhnicheskly ro"ktor.--------
[Proceedings of the Fifth Conference ow~Problms nf Cosmogo-py;
rodloastronoWl Trudy Pla%090- NOTSBhChAnlla PO ToPrasam keime-' -
gIgull; redloastronomlis, Moskva, 1956, Izd. Akedeall nauk SSUA.
567 P- (Km 9:6)
I.Saveshchautp po vopresam kommconlL 5th. Moscow 19$5.2.Chlen -
korrespondent AN 3931 (kor Ginoburg).
(Radio astresem)

FQ7-De11V, M,1,
SUBJECT USSR / PHYSICS CARD I / 2 PA - 1665
'AUTHOR GINSBURG,V.L.o FWKINthl.I.
TITLE 0 the Composiiion of PrINI-Iry Cosmic Radiation.
PERIODICLL rurn *eksp i toor.fisojl,fase-3,523-525 (1956)
Issued: ;2 / 1956
This work investigates the problem of the okemical composition of primary
cosmic radiation within the framework of the theory developed by V.I.GINZBURG
(several works by whom are cited). The concentration Ki(r,t) of the cosmic par-
ticles of the type i can be determined from the following system of equations:
aNi/at - V (Zi V Ni)-mi/Ti + j 1> iPij Nj/Tj + qi
Here q,(r,t) denotes the quantity of particles of the type i per volume unit,
and time unit, which are emitted into the injerstellar space by the sources of
cosmic radiation (novae and supernovae), Di(f) - the diffusion coefficient of
cosmic radiation in interstellar apace, T, (r) the life of the particles of the
type i up to their spallation on the occasion of colliaions with the atomic
nuclei of the interstellar medium (i.e. mainly with protons), pij - the quantity
of particles of the type i created on the occasion of the spallation of a par-
ticle of the type J. In the case of nuclei collisions nearly in all cases will
lead to the creation of nuclei of a different type, on which occasion the energy
per nucleon is the same in the case of both primary and secondary nuclei. The
above equation is suited for the investigation of protons of sufficiently high

V
,Zurn.ekep.i teor.fis,ll,fase-3,523-525(1956) CARD 2 / 2 P.L - 1665
energy but not of electrons.
In the case of an even distribution of the sources of cosmic radiationo dif-
fusion is not essential and one finds Ni, 0 Lpij N j Ti/Tj + Ti qj i
N,,1N,, - (TM/TH) (qM/qjj + PMH) - 3,2 1 qM/ qjj - 1,33
NL/*"H - (TL/TH) IPLH + PIAI (qM/qH + PMH) 1 NL/NM ' 0, 56
Here N P ~Na IN WN11'NH denote the concentrations of the protons, a - partioleal
of Li-,Be-,B-nucleij of the n,.xclei of C,N,O,F, and the nuclei with Z >/ 10. Here
pja-ptrOf23 and pMR-0,27 as 'Noll as q LwO are assumed. At equilibrium it follows
from these equations that qp/qH o NPTHINHTP - 30. Thus it must be assumed that
either the sources contain no hydrogen at all or that the acceleration of the
protons is considerably below that of the particles. At NL/NM the above system
of equations is in direct contradiction to experimental data. The solutions for
NE"IM, and N L are explicitly given for a punctiform source. In consideration of
diffusion as well as of the character of the distribution of the sources of
cosmic radiation the problem of the composition of cosmic radiation is solved
within the framework of the theory investigated here. However, insufficient
knowledge of various parameters particularly. of N LAM) requires further
investigations.
INSTITUTION! Physical Institute "P.N.LEBEDEVIO of the Academy of Science in the
USSR
USSR/Nuclear Physics C-7
Abs Jour : Referat Zhur - Fizika) No 5, 1957, 11267
Author : Ginzburg, V.L., Fradkin, M.I.
Inst : Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR
Title : On the Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays.
Orig Pub : Actron. zh., 1956, 33, No 4, 579-587
Abstract : The authors consider the problem of the chemical composi-
tion of the primary rays at the earth. It is shown that
if one takes into account the diffusion of cosmic parti-
cles in the interstellar matter, the available experimen-
tal data on the composition of cosmic rays can be recon-
ciled with the concepts of the generation of these rays
in the shells of supernova and nova stars.
Card 1/1

FRADKIN, M. I., Vernov, S. N., Ginzburg, V. L, Klarnosova, L. V., Razorionov, L. A.
"Study of the Primary Cosmic Radiation by Using Artificial Satellites of the
Earth."
PDper prepared for the VIII International Astronautical Congress held in
Barcelona, 6-12 October 1957.
Incl. Wo. 2, R-456-57, Conf. File.

FRADKIN. Q.T.
........... W~ r-
I? f I C. -278 klr?,
.1onf re ell on cosmogony. Yop. kosm. 5:245
(cosmogony) (MMIA 10:3)
1 .1- ~ I -

PIUDKIN, M.I., kand.fiziko-matemat.nauk
I
Studying cosmic rays. Nauka i zhisn' 1241 no.11:31-32 [IF] '57.
(MIRA 10:11)
(Artificial satellites) (Cosmic rays)

PTOKIN,
M-1

7c,
53-1a-9/18
AUTHOR VERWi, S.N.9 GINZBURG, V.L.j, KMMOSOVA, L.V., RAZORVIOVp L*Asy

'
'
FRADKIN Mel,
~
"
~
TITLE 76-l
tion of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
a
i
N
=41j
(Issiedovaniye sostava per;dchnogo kosuicheskogo izlucheniya. Russian)
FMIODICAL Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 1957, Vol 63,, Nr la, pp 131 - Nr lb vp 148 (U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRACT According to the data available at present, cosmic radiation consists
, to a far less extent, of heavy nuclei.
of protons, a-particles and
.
The distribution of the nuclei with Z > 2 has as yet not been investi-
gated sufficiently well and also other problem are still to be solved.
Rockets are not suited for such measurements because their time of fligh
outside the atmosphere is too short. By means of artificial earth satel-
lites, however, the necessary statistical material for the investigation
of rarely occurring heavy nuclei can be obtained. One of the most im-
portant problems concerns the numerical ratio between the currents of
the light nuclei Li,,Be, B and the nuclei C, N, 0, F. By experimental
determination of this ratio the various theories concerning the creation
of cosmic radiation can be confirmed or rejectedg If the particles of
the cosmic radiation in the clouds of the supernovae are accelerated,
a value.> 0.1 is obtained for the ratio (Li, Be, B) / (C' N, 00 F). In
the case of this theory the ratio can also be somewhat higher, but never
..lower than 0,1. The data at present obtained for this ratio contradict
Card 1/4 each others The problem whether or not nuclei with Z ;> 30 exist in cos-

5-3 ":~a -9'/.I0V
The.Investigation.of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
mic radiation can also be solved by means of artificial earth satellites
The existence of such nuclei in cosmic radiation would, on account of
its large interaction cross section and the short range in the inter-
stellar space, indicate an exceptionally large amount of heavy elements
existing in the sources of cosmic radiation.
The experimental data on the composition of primary radiation:
The results of the experiments carried out Un 1952 - 1953 have already
been published in form of a collection of articles. The respective re-
sults obtained within the last years have been compiled in two tables.
The importance of the geographical location of the place of observation
in the case of equal geomagnetic latitude is pointed out. From the point
of view of determining the anergy spectrum of the various nuclear groups
in primary co3mic radiation., with the help of artificial earth satelli-
tes afford great possibilitiess because in this way the intensity of
the fluxes ofthe particles with various energies (even at different
widths) can be determined by means of the same devices, This, naturallys
will consideAly increase the reliability of the data obtained con-
cerning the ehergy spectrum of the primary nuclei. One of the most in-
Card 2/4 teresting problems of primary cosmic radiation is the determination of

The Investigation of the Composition of PrImary Cosmic Radiation
the amount of the nuclei of the gr Ioup Lip Be, B. C3-1a-9/V
The experimental method 'for the study of the charge spectrum of nuclei
in primary cosmic Miation. Such methods are of advantage as do MOE
discriminate the particles with respect to their charge and mass. The
use of particlo counters in the case of which, on the occasion of the
passage of a-particle, the produced pulse depends upon the charge of
the.particle, forms part of this methods The application of such devices
toan artificial earth satellite is, be3ides, of advantage in-ao-far as
the measured data can be telegraphed to the earth. The disadvantaps of
methods which are based upon the ionization of a medium by rapidly char-
ged particles$ are enumerated. The CHEREKOV counter is free from such
disadvantages. The conditions to be fulfilled when measuring by this
method., are enumerated. The apparatus is disdussed on the basis of a
drawing. Durinj the time of observation of one week about 1000 nuclei
with Z >, 6 cm, 7000 a-particles and a corresponding number of Li-, Be-
and Bnuclei can be registered. For the experiments it is intended to
register the differential spectrum of the nuclei with respect to Z In
the interval from the a-particle up to oxygen., Such a method is realize-
able only if the device is able to solve every peak belonging to the
Card 3/4 various values of Z. The use of artificial satellites offers now possi-

-The Investigation of the Composition of Frimavy Gosmi,: Radiation
bilities for the investigation of the primary cosmip, radiaticn: viz.
measuring of the primary proton flux, explaining of the part, played by
the "albedo" of the atmosphere of the earth, the determination of tho4
lower limit of the electron-positron components, the study of the Inter-
action of the primary particles with matter and the variations with re-
spect to time of intensity. (With 7 illustrations and 4 tables).
ASSOCIATION Not given
PMENTED BY
SUBMITTED
AVAIIABLE Library of Congress
Card V4

KURNOSOVA, L.V.: RaORRNOV, TI.A.; T~.~XJN, N.I.
lc~
Reavy nuclal In the pririar7 cosmic rndiation. lak. eput.Zeaj,
no.2:70-74 '58. -
(irtificial satellites) OG~ 12:5)
(Coomic rayti)
it
p

01i T_
SOV-26-58-8-1/51
AUNORS; Ginzburg, V.L., Associate Yember of the USSR Academy of Scien-
ces; Fradkin, M.I., Candidate of Physico-Mathematical Sciences
TITLE: The Origin of Cosmic Rays (Proiakhozhdeniye kosmicheskikh
luohey)
L~7

PERIODICAL: r 8,
Priroda, 1958 ,41- PP 3-12 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Cosmic rays were discovered more than 40 years ago, but radio-
astronomical data permitted conclusions on their origin onl
T
O ev
in 1950-1953- Primary cosmic rays have an energy of 109-10
with a small percentage reaching 1015-1018 ev. The primary
rays collide with the molecules of the atmosphere and form
the secondary rays which consist of mesons, electrons, and
photons. The primary rays can be observed at altitudes of
20 - 30 km by means of balloons, at 100 km by rooketsy and
at hi6her altitudes by artifioial satellites. The intensity
of the rays depends on the geomagiietic latitude. This lati-
tude effect indicates that the cosmic rays consist of charged
particles. The distribution of the particles according to
energies (the energy spectrum) showe that the higher the
energy, the lower the number of particles (Figure 1). The
Card 1/4 principal part of the primary rays is made up of protons.

The Origin of Cosmic Rays
SOY-26-58-8-1/51
Their intensity for particles with an energy higher than
1-4 - 109 ev is equal to 1 proton per cm2/sec. In the primary
cosmic rays are also heavier particles7 like the nuclei of
helium, carbon, oxygen, silicon, ironj etc. The relative
composition of the primary rays is given in Table 1. Elec-
trons, positrons, and photons, could not yet be detected in
the primary rays. The place of origin of the cosmic radi-
ation is investigated by meana o"L' radioastronomy. The radi-
ation of the Galaxy in the radio wavelengths in a general
radiation and radiation of single sources. These cosmic radic
waves are due to the radiation of relativisti-. electrons which
move in interstellar magnetic fields. In interstellar space,
magnetic fields are present with lo-15-10-6 oersted. Elec-
trons which move with an energy of 108-109 ev in this field
emit a radiation in the radio wave length. The power of the
magnetic field changes with the activity of the sun spots.
The emitted radiation decreases the energy of the electrons.
The energy of the particles with high energy changes to a
greater degree than that of particles with low energy. The
Galaxy is surrounded by a "coronall which emits radic waves.
This may be observed in the nebula M31 in the Andromeda con-
Card 2/4 atellation which is in many respects similar to ou-" own Ga-

The Origin of Cosmic Rays
3OV-26-58-8-1/-~l
laxy. The radio waves are emitted by an area which is con-
siderably greater than the visible area (Fibrure 3) and has the
form of a spheroid, whereas the nebula is optically a flat
disc. In our Galaxy, the area ccvered by cosmic rays has a
radius of 50,000 light years. The space is filled by inter-
stellar gas with a concentration of 0.01 - 0.03 particles per
CM3. In so "clouds" it reaches a concentration of 10 part-
icles per onm?. In collisions with the ras, the protons lose
energy and form mesons. The fission of heavy nuclei leads to
the formation of Li, Be, and 3 nuclei, the concentration of
which near the earth's surface supplies information on the
number of collisions at higher altitudes. The high energy of
the cosmic particles is explained by the statistic mechanism.
If heavy particles with high specd collide with 1--ght Dart-
ra~
icles, the latter are accele. ted by a transition of the ener-
gy from the heavy particles tc the light ones. The sin.-le
radio sources in the univeree 2culd be identified by gala-
xies or accumulations of E:alaxies. The radiations of these
sources are caused by relativistic charged particles moving
in the magnetic fields of the nebulae. The rebulee are the
residues of super-novae. The energy of the electrons in
Card 3/4 their magnetic fields is 1045-io48 erg. -,very 30 years, a

The Origin of Cosmic Rays SOV-26-58-0-1/51
super-nova arises in the Galaxj, ,,The power of the electrons
generated then reaches 103'-10 Zg/sec. The energzy lost by
the electrons for the emission of radiowaves -*-a 10- ere/sec.
It can be seen that the e.-,erry fcr radic emission is supplied
by the super-nova. It is shown that the super-nova is also
the source of protons and nuclei in the cosmic rays. "he
novae, one hundred of which arise evory year, must also be
considered as a source foal cosmic _,ays. Thp novae and surer-
novae are accumulated prin6ipally asar 'tie center of the Ga-
laxy. The cosmic rays are scattered by the chaotically dis-
tributed magnetic fields, so that they reach the earth from
all sides. It is possible that a Dart of the cosmic rays,
especially with an energy of more than 1o!5 ev, is of meta-
galactic origin.
There are 2 graphs, 2 tables, 1 photo and 1 Soviet reference.
I. Cosmic rays--Sources R. Cosmic rays--Analysis 3. Cosmic rays
--Properties 4. Radio astronouLy--Applications
Card 4/4

KURNOSOVA, L.Y.; LOGACHEV, V.I.; RAIORINDV, L.A.; FRADKIN, Y.I.
Studying cosmic rays during the flight of the second cosmic
rocket to the moon. Ink.aptu.Zeno no-5:30-37 '60-
(MIRA 13:5)
(cosmic rays) (Innar probes)

T
a
KMIIOSOW~y L.V.; LOGACHEV, V.I.; RILS01010"T L.L.; and FRADKIII ii.i.
0 1
"Cosmic Ray Investigation by the Second Cosmic Rocket landed on the Moon."
report presented at the First International Space Science Symposium, Nice, France, Jan
Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR,

UTHORS3 Kurnonova, LeVel
TITLE: Short-period increases
in the intensity
rays
24002
S75go/61/000/0o6/olo/olo
E032/Ell4-
Razorenov, L.A., and Fradkin, M.I.
associated with solar activity
of the nuclear component of cosmic
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Iskunstvennyye sputniki Zemli.
No. 6, Moscow, 1961. PP. 132-138
TEXTi The nuclear component of cosmic rays was investigated
'With an apparatus set up on the second Soviet space rocket. This
apparatus was described by the present authors and V.I.Logachev
in Ref.1 (same journalt No,5, izd-vo AN SSSR, 196o, P-30) and
consisted of two independent Cherenkov counters which recorded
nuclei moving-with relativistic velocities. During the flight of
the rocket the number of recorded nuclei with Z >,,15, 5 and 2 was
100, 3000 and approximately 30 000 respectively. The counting
rates, averaged over long periods of time, were found to be
practically constant after the rocket -left the outer radiation
belt. However, sudden departures of the counting rate from the
average value were noted over short time intervals. The most'
Card 1/6

25992
Short-period increases associated with S/560/61/000/006/olo/olo
**EO32/EI14
pronounced of these cases of sudden increase in the intensity of
the nuclear component was recorded on September 12 at 11 h 27 min
UT. In this case the counting rate of both detectors showed an
increase which continued for approximately 17 min. This case is
illustrated in Fig.1 which shows the intensities of the various
groups of nuclei an functions of time. The first three graphs
show the intensity of nuclei with Z ;P 2, 5 and 15 respectively
(the intensity is plotted in particle/min along the vertical axis
and the time along the horizontal axis). The fourth figure shows
a graphical representation of chromospheric flares. They are
represented by triangles whose bases correspond to the interval
between the beginning and the end of the flare and whose apexes
indicate the position of the maximum brightness of the flare. The
fifth graph shows the average intensity of the solar radio emission
on 810 Mc/s and the last graph shows the solar radio emission on
208 Mc/s (the intensity is plotted in wm-2cps-1 x 1022). other
similar changes in the intensity of the nuclear component were also
recorded, for example, *on September 12 at 12 h 57 min and at 15 h
23 min on the same day. Statistical analysis of these results
leads the present authors to conclude that these rapid increases
Card 2/ 6

25992
Short-period increases associated .... S/56o/6l/ooo/oo6/oio/0l0.
E032/Eii4
in the intensity of the nuclear component are real and appear to be
associated with solar activity. A some-what similar effect has been~
reported by H.R.'Anderson (Ref.5: Phys. Rev., V.116, 1461, 1959),
who noted short-period i4creases in the;.tota.1 intensity of cosmic 1
rays. The variations in the nuclear component are characterizeq by
the fact that the most clearly defined changes occur in t-he
intensity of the heavy nuclei. The present authors suggest-that
it may be that there is s6me mechanism on the sun whereby nuclei
are accelerated'to energies in excess of-1.5 x 109 ev/nucleon and,
apparently, the heavier nuclei are preferentially accelerated.
The accelerated nuclei leave the sun and move in space in compact
groups. However, in order to establish this, further satellite.-and
space rocket experiments are necessary. Acknowledgments are made
to Professor V.L. Ginzburg who directed th -is v~ork, Professor
N.A. Dobrotin and Prpfessor G.T. Zatsepin for discussing the rpsults
obtained, and E.I. Mogilevskiy for supplying radio.data.
There are 3 figures and 8 references: 6-Soviet and 2 English.
The English language references read as follows:
.Ref.5: as quoted above.
Ref 6; P. Meyir, Phys. Rev., V.115, 1734, 1959?
Card 3/6

FRADIKIN, Lt. L., GL4aLEG~ i. L.,
"The results of measurements of nuclear component of cosmic rays of solar
origin with Sputnike and Luxniks."
report to be submitted for the IAU Sympolium on the Corona, Clouderoft, New
Mexico, 28-30 Aug 1961.

ry
will
P IN
gill r
t4
A . ' i
rh

89690
9146 (,4/S.P lag" /a0) S/026/61/000/001/007/007
IC4, LJO 010 9(// le ~2.,, // 7i) A166/AO27
AUTHORBs Kurnosova, L.V,., Razorenov, L.A., and Fradkin, M.I.,
Candidates of Physics and Mathematici
TITM The Sun's Cosmic Radiation
PERIODICAL4 Priroda, 1961, No. 1, PP. 94-96
TEXT% The article lists some results of studie3 of the sun's primary
radiation. On 12 September 1959 the Cerenkov counters on board the second
Soviet space rocket recorded an 11.8-fold increase in the number of atomic
nuclei with an atomic number 2>
,,15.- The increase lasted for 17 minutes,
after which the counters registered a normal radiation intensity. At the
same time the incidence of nuclei with Z,~ 2 and Z,> 5 increased by approx-
imately onlY 1.3 and 1.5-fold respectively. Analysis showed that the rise
in Z) 5 nuclei was due almost entirely to the increase in nuclei with Z>
15. The probability that this phenomenon was a statistical fluctuation is
in the order of lslOO,000. At the same time ground stations on earth re-
corded radio-frequency emission flares. The Krakovskays, observatoriya
(Krakov Observatory) noted a brief flare at 810 Megacycles lasting for 0.3
Card 1/2

89690
The Sun's Cosmic Radiation S/026/61/000/001/007/007
A166/AO27
minute. The probability that the two phenomena are coincidental is less
than one percent. On the same day at 1137 hr. the observatory of the
Institut zemnogo magnatizma (Institute of Geomagnetism) near Moscow
a solap radio flare at 206 Megacycles and an intensity of 170 00ted
- 10- watt
meter ;e . cycle- compared to an average intensity in this band from 9-12
hr. of 15 - 10-2~. Two further instances of increased nuclear activity
(Z/> 15) were recorded on the same day at 1257 and 1523 hr. Indications
are that on the sun there occur processes whereby nuclei are accelerated
to energies exceeding 1.5 - 109 ev/nucleon; such processes favor heavy
nuclei. Upon leaving the sun the accelerated nuclei flow as compact
groups in space. There are 5 graphs and 1 photo.
ASSOCIATIONx Fizicheskiy institut im. P.N. Lebedeva AN SSSR (Physical
Institute im. P.N. Lebedev, AS USSR), Moscow
Card 2/2

26820
S/560/61/000/008/009/010
2032/Z514
AUTHORS: Kurnoaova, Lot Ve, Razorenov, L. A. and Fradkin, M.I.
TITLi: Investigation of the nuclear component of cosmic rays
with the third,.spacerocket
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR, Iskusstvennyye sputniki zemli,
ig6i, No.8, PP-87-89.
TEXT: The nuclear component of the primary cosmic rays was
investigated with a Cherenkov counter mounted on the third space
rocket and tvw similar to that employed on the, a econd rocket
(Ref.l: L. V. Kurnosova, V. 1. Logachav, Lot A*Razarenov and
M. 1. Fradkin. Iskunstvennyye sroutniki Zemli, No.5, izd-vo AN SSSR,
1960, P-30). The counter was 'plated inside a hermetically sealed
container, whose thickness was equivalent to 1 g/cm2 of aluminium.
The screening of the counter by neighbouring instrumentation was
roughly the same as in the case of -the second space rocket. A
record was made of nuclei with char-gee greater than or equal to
S 2, 14-15 and 28-30. The average number of counts in the
,28-30 channels was found to be 10.3�0.2,
S Z >/ 2, Z > 14-15 and Z >
C4 0.09+0.02 and 0.013+0.001 per min, respectively. Analysis of the
Card 1/2
/A

263a
11-140L) S/56o/61/coo/oo8/olo/olo
E032/E514
,AUTHORSt Hurnonova, L. V., Kolobyanina, T.N., Logachov, V.I.,
Rnzoronovt L.A., Sirotkin X.A. and Fradkin, M.X.
TITLEt Dotaction or anomalies in the radiation above the
soutliarn part of the Atlantic Ocoan at altitudon
botwoon 310-340 km
PERIODICALt AkAdomiya nauk SSSR, lakunstvannyye sputniki zemli,
1961, No-8, pp-90-93
TEXT: The second Soviet satellite carried a counter tele-
cop6 dosAgnod to rocord tho total cosmic ray Intenalty. Thin
taloncope wan a Vnrt of a more complex device whoac runction was
to record tho nuclear cosmic ray component. A brief doncription
or the apparatun was given by S. N. Varnov, V. L. Ginzburg,
L. V. KurnonovA, L. A. Razorenov,.X. 1. Fradkin (Ref.it UFU. 63,
No.lb, 131, 1957). The present paper in concerned only with the
anomalously large counting rates obtained while the antallito stan
panning over cartain. regions of apace. The telescope consisPd of
two groups of countern with effective arena of 120 and 25 c= .
The distance between them was 35.8 cm. The &=ount of matter between
the two groups or counters was about 4 g/cM2 (largely pernp6x).
Card 1/4

Datec-tion of anomolins in the ... S/56o/61/ooo/oo3/oio/olo
E032/E514
Thus, the toloneopo recordctr . electrons with enornies
> 13 HeV and protons wilh cnnrgL-3 > 6o MoV. TI-o particle flux
recorded by tho telescope %faa greater than the coomic ray flux at
all the poiitta utiora the mi3anuremonto were racordod. In *ho ro-ion
was 1.2 particle -2 -1
.of the equator tlio nverago flux _Psacanc , while
at high altittidna tho figure van 3.3 particle cc% -1. Another
unexpected runult wnts the discovery of regions v~.tb Anomalously
large IntannItJon. Among those rogionz wan that above tho
southern part of' Lho Atlantic Ocean where on Auguat 19, 1960 there
was an increann In tho counting rate ovary time the antallito
pazood through tho rogion. This In indicated by Fig.1 which ahows
the countinK rnte an a function or local Noncow time. The three
peaks (1,2,3) correapond to the passage of the satellite through
the anomaly. The nixomnly lion between 25 and 500 5 and 0 and 556 W.
A further anomnly wnn (Uncovered between 50 and 65* 0 and 30' V and
40' E. *A thivit anumaLy iran found in the nort horn' hac2i sphor a
between 60 avid k5* N and X37 and 170*c- It is suSSeatod that the
northern anomalk may be aasso4atad with the outer radiation belt
and is affected by solar flares. The South Atlantic and Southern
anomalies may be asnaciated irith the existence in the southern
Card 2/4