STORY OF SEATO

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00036R001100170006-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 23, 2002
• Sequence Number: 6
• Content Type: STUDY

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This booklet is published by the South-East
Asia Treaty Organization. Inquiries concern-
ing SEATO publications should be made to
the Public Information Office, SEATO Head-
quarters, P.O. Box 517, Bangkok, Thailand..
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 Collective security is a new name for
one of the oldest concepts in inter-
national relations. Like-minded nations
have always tended to band together
for mutual defence in- the face of a
common danger. Today the common
danger faced by free nations is the
threat of Communist aggression and
subversion,
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Collective security means more than promises
of assistance in time of danger. Nations which are
joined!; in collective security pacts enjoy the mutual
confidence which enables them to consult con-
tinuouly on the means of their defence. Nor do
they limit their consultations to military matters.
They work frankly and cordially together in the
economic, social and cultural fields, with the aim of
raising the living, health and education standards of
their peoples. In this way they strengthen their
free institutions which arebased on individual liberty
and human dignity.
Freedom must be defended in every quarter.
Each collective security organization has its own
character. SEATO, NATO, CENTO and other groups
have been designed to meet particular situations in
various'', parts of the world, for the threat of Com-
munism is world-wide. But they have the common
purpose of preserving peace and defending the
liberties and freedom of action of their members.
Under collective security, old rivalries die, new
friendships germinate, and a new understanding
grows among nations often widely separated, not
only in distance one from another, but also in
history and tradition.
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PEACE AND FREEDOM
IN SOUTII?E?AST ASIA
through a period of significant change
since the end of the Second World
War. Many peoples have achieved
independence, and nations which were
already independent have had to
adjust themselves to the facts of an
entirely new situation.
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The' Manila Pact, which gave birth to the South-East
Asia. Treaty Organization, was signed in Manila,
September 8, 1954. At the beginning of the Conference,
delegates of eight nations saw their respective national
flags raised. Artist's drawingshows the Flag Ceremony.
In this time of change, the leaders of international Com-
munism have seized their chance to foment trouble. They have
been cunning in switching their tactics; sometimes they attempt
to capture control of countries by open war, inspired and
directed from outside; at other times they employ the weapons
of subversion to undermine governments from within.
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The peoples of South-East Asia, desiring only an era of
peace and stability in which they may advance the economic
and social development of their countries, have been subjected
to every form of pressure.
The danger of aggression, direct or indirect, for a time
seemed to recede, but Communist military activity in Laos and
South Viet-Nam has indicated clearly that the Communists are
constantly probing the Treaty Area. Subversion and pressure,
applied in many subtle ways, continue. World Communism-
the "new imperialism" - will not easily give up its efforts to
control this great area of the world.
The South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was
formed to counter the threat of Communist aggression and
subversion in the area. When that threat has been eliminated,
SEATO will be superfluous; until it is, SEATO is essential.
Self-preservation is a basic law of nations as of individuals.
It is the right of nations to choose the means they consider
most effective. The members of SEATO have chosen a collec-
tive defence system, under authority of the Charter of the
United Nations.
SEATO was born from the determination of its eight
members to ensure the conditions of security necessary for
peaceful progress and development. These members - Australia,
France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the
United Kingdom, and the United States - met at Manila in the
Philippines in September, 1954, to sign the South-East Asia
Collective Defence Treaty.
The area to be defended is South-East Asia, but SEATO
strength is drawn from other parts of the world as well.
Responsible nations recognize the fact that no nation, large or
small, can stand alone in the world; nations of Europe and
America have joined with their friends in South-East Asia to
preserve the freedom and independence of nations in the Treaty
Area.
The purpose of the treaty is clearly set down in Article
II, which states that "the parties, by means of continuous and
effective self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop
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their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack
and to prevent and counter subversive activities directed from
without against their territorial integrity and political stability."
Again in Article III, they undertake "to strengthen their free
institutions, and to co-operate with one another in the further
development of economic measures, including technical assistance,
designed both to promote economic progress and social well-
being, nd to further the individual and collective efforts of
Governrthents towards these ends."
Under the first of these pledges, the member nations have
created through SEATO a powerful deterrent to aggression in
the area, covered by its protection, and have strengthened their
capacity to counter subversive activities. Each member, through
co-operation and the sharing of experience has increased its
defensive strength. The combined power of the alliance,
together,, with the mature self-restraint in its actions, are
recognized as a stabilizing factor in South-East Asia.
The confidence inspired by collective security is a stimulus
to national development, and the fulfilment by SEATO members
of their pledge to co-operate in the economic and social fields
has made its distinctive contribution to their progress.
SEATO is a flexible alliance which has responded to the
changing needs of the situation in South-East Asia, and has
provided full scope for national freedom of action. One of the
most important developments in its history was a declaration
by the United States Secretary of State in a joint statement
with the' Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand on March 6,
1962. He reaffirmed that the Treaty obligation of the United
States "does not depend upon the prior agreement of all other
parties tq the Treaty, since this treaty obligation is individual
as well as collective." A majority of members have agreed to
this vier.
In a world threatened by Communism, SEATO is a
necessary; bulwark of security, and an instrument of peaceful
progress.
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 EAT
The Council of Ministers
The governing body of SEATO, the Council of Ministers, is
composed of the Foreign Ministers of member countries. The
Council meets usually once a year in the capital of a member
country to determine policy and review progress in the several
fields of SEATO endeavour.
Council Representatives
The Ambassadors to Thailand of seven member countries
and a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thai-
land comprise the body termed Council Representatives. Meeting
monthly or more frequently in Bangkok, they are the primary
means by which continual consultation is carried on among the
SEATO member nations. Council Representatives also supervise
the work of the Organization, which is conducted under the
authority delegated to the Secretary-General.
For the Council Representatives a voting formula has been
adopted which does not require unanimity in reaching decisions.
Initially, a target date for the making of a decision on any
particular issue may be fixed by a simple majority. If, by the
target date, five or more members agree to the proposal, a
decision is considered made, provided there is no dissentient
vote. Members who abstain may later join in the action
concerned.
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The Permanent Working Group
This group, composed of members of embassies (and of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand) considers proposals
referral to it by the Council Representatives, and works out the
details of agreement.
The Budget Sub-Committee
Budget matters and financial procedures are the province
of this sub-committee. It is composed of representatives of the
embassies of the member countries and of the Ministry of
Foreig t Affairs of Thailand.
Expert Studies
The Intelligence Assessment Committee, consisting of
delegations from each of the member nations, meets periodically
to consider the problems of Communist subversion in the Treaty
Area. $y the interchange of information and plans of actions,
the Member Governments improve their counter-subversive
tactics.
Specialist conferences, committees and study groups are
called together from time to time to provide advice and recom-
mendations to the Council Representatives in the fields of com-
munity' development, culture, economics, education, health,
information, labour and security matters. Programs of mutual
assistance and SEATO projects have been developed through
these means of consultation.
Secretariat
The Secretary-General is the head of the permanent civil
offices of SEATO. He is assisted by a Deputy Secretary-General
and a total staff of about 150.
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 SEATO Headquarters is on Rajdamnern Avenue,
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Military r-dvts~ ors
Bch member nation provides a }i enkit g service officer
A Adviser A* SEATO. Bi-anjiualfl ieetings of the
1iiitai Advisers evalclatMe miL
i y i$hplications of current
,' a iopmen s and give d
Neu. do ?.ca-vrdinated "defence plan-
ni[n in -me: with ~~Misions o f Ministers.
Militai-y vse* ' Representatives
Adviser has a representative in thilitary,
fanning e at the Bangkok Headquarters Togetther they
form the Military Advises' Representatives Committee. This
Committee operate-Abs a 1isultative and re4Ihwin ody for
.all militar matters which require the consideration o Military
Advisers. " They represent national views on all matters affec
e functioning and work of the Military Planning (3" ce. ?
Detailed miler a'ry pla'nring for the de'f
enee
rea is carried out contmu'ously at SEATO
Hea
-the direction of t?he Military Advisers. Th
M
?ffiee, headed by a e
m" or-general "; r~.oiiicer of
and assisted by a deputy and a s aff~ .dertakes
mi'lita y planning necessary` to ensure that the S
ma be ready "to take immediate and eff
agog
of the Treaty
dquarters, un
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ilitary Planning
stU(Rz
Tre"'?a ty
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Specialist Committees
Periodic meetings of various specialist committees are held
regularly at the Military Planning Office. Subjects these expert
committees study include : communications, intelligence, logistics,
mapping, meteorology, and movements. Current aspects and
particular details relating to South-East Asia are covered by
these committees.
Military Exercises
SEATO military exercises fall into four broad categories.
are: maritime exercises, involving sea and air forces; air-
und, in which air units give support to army units deployed
o field; sea-land, involving support of land operations by
forces; and logistics operations.
"ATO military exercises are designed to improve co-
'' tween member nations' forces, develop common
d understanding so that they may provide a
peace in the vital theatre of South-East Asia.
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SEATO Projects
The SEATO member nations are pledged by Article III
of the Manila Pact to co-operate with one another in the promotion
of the economic progress and social well-being of their peoples.
SEATO has sponsored studies of many of the problems hindering
progress in the Treaty Area, and has been the means of bringing
its members together in projects which help to overcome them.
SEATO Graduate School of Engineering
This unique regional institution of higher education in
Bangkok provides a course of two years' advanced training
leading to a master's degree in civil engineering. Majors are
offered in hydraulic, structural, transportation and public health
engineering. The school is supported by all SEATO member
Governments, and is administered by an independent board of
management. It has an international faculty of high calibre, and
its students are drawn from both member and non-member
countries in Asia.
Students with instructor (centre) learning the use of hand tools
at the Pakistan-SEATO Technical Training Centre, Dacca.
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SEATO Skilled Labour Project
In Pakistan and Thailand, training centres have been
established under SEATO auspices to provide technical education
in trades in which there is a serious shortage of skilled workers
for developing industries. Two centres are in operation in
Pakistan at Dacca and Karachi. In Thailand, 20 training centres
have been established in provincial towns, and in both countries,
teachers of technical education are trained under the project.
In the Philippines, a textile training department has been
established at the Marikina School of Arts and Trades, a
labour market survey has been carried out and an apprentice
training scheme started.
SEATO Military Technical Training School
The SEATO Military Technical Training School, a joint
Australian-Thai project, provides basic training for the future
technical supervisors, foremen, skilled workmen and instructors
of the Royal Thai Army, Navy and Air Force workshops and
schools. The school has 200 students undergoing a three-year
course.
Thailand's Deputy Minister of Defence and Chief of
Staff, Supreme Command Headquarters, Air Chief
Marshal Dawee Chullasapya, presents a student of
the SEATO Military Technical Training Schoal
with his diploma at the annual graduation ceremony.
 Thai and U. S. research workers inspect new
equipment at the haemorrhagic fever study centre in
Bangkok. The SEATO medical projects in Bangkok
have made pioneer investigations of this disease.
Medical Research Programs
The SEATO Medical Research Laboratory in Bangkok is
engaged in far-reaching investigations of many of the principal
diseases of South-East Asia, their means of transmission and
social background. The laboratory also sponsors conferences and
lectures by eminent visiting medical specialists, and provides
training for medical graduates and hospital technicians.
The SEATO Clinical Research Centre, which was esta-
blished in Bangkok in 1963, seeks ways of improving the
diagnosis of diseases, and the treatment and medical management
of patients. It also offers training for teachers in medical education
and the basic medical sciences and has facilities for research by
graduates working for master and doctoral degrees from their
own universities.
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At Dacca, the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory
is making a wide-ranging investigation of a disease which is
ever-present in East Pakistan, and which gives rise to serious
epidemics in many other Asian countries.
Community Development
Assistance has been given to Thailand by her SEATO
partners in the establishment of the Regional Community
Development Technical Assistance Centre at Ubol. This centre,
the first of its kind in Thailand, provides training courses for
Government community development field workers, local adminis-
trators and village leaders in the north-eastern region of the
country. The centre also co-ordinates the activities of Government
agencies concerned with rural improvement.
Vehicle Maintenance and Rebuild Workshop
A workshop for the maintenance and rebuilding of Thai
Government and military vehicles has been established under
SEATO sponsorship near Bangkok. . This is a joint project of
the Australian and Thai Governments.
Meteorological Telecommunications Project
A SEATO project to improve telecommunications systems
for the collection of meteorological and aeronautical information
in the Philippines and Thailand is being supported by the
Governments of these countries with the assistance of the United
States.
Hill Tribes Research and Training Centre
Thailand is being assisted by other member nations through
SEATO in the establishment of a tribal research and training
centre at Chiengmai as part of the Hill Tribes Program of the
Ministry of the Interior. The purpose of the centre is to increase
knowledge of the economy, languages, and social customs of the
hill tribes of northern Thailand, so that practical and effective
steps may be taken to improve their standards of living and
general welfare. It provides facilities for research and the
training of research workers and tribal officers.
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SEATO post-graduate scholar Antonio Ma. Bautista
of the Philippines in his experimental plot of
rice' at Kasetsart University, Thailand, where
he ;completed a master's degree in agronomy.
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Cultural Program
SEATO, through its cultural program, organizes conferences
for the study of fundamental problems affecting the Treaty
Area, makes awards for teaching, study and research, and
supports cultural projects.
Conferences have covered such widely different topics as
traditional cultural values (Bangkok, 1958), university problems
(Karachi, 1961) and apprentice training (Manila, 1962). A com-
mission on the equivalences of university entrance and degree
requirements met in Bangkok in 1963.
SEATO maintains a professorship at a university in each
of the three Asian member countries - Pakistan, the Philippines
and Thailand. Twelve post-graduate scholarships are awarded
annually to students of universities in these countries, and under-
graduate scholarships, administered by national authorities, are
granted with funds provided by SEATO.
Research fellowships are offered to established scholars to
engage in projects of their own choosing, and also to make
contributions to larger studies. Travelling lectureships are
occasionally awarded to enable intellectual leaders to lecture
abroad in their special fields of knowledge.
Cultural projects supported by SEATO have included the
cataloguing of Arabic, Persian and Urdu manuscripts at Dacca,
socio -cultural surveys of Muslims in the Philippines and Buddhists
in East Pakistan, and a hill tribes museum in Thailand.
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 Fine new buildings at Circular Quay, Sydney.
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 Australia is about the same size as the United States. It
faces the Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on
the west. This country of tremendous variety is the home of
11 million people. More than half of them live in big cities
(the largest : Sydney and Melbourne). One-third of Australia
is so short of water that it may be called desert country ;
another third has such a low rainfall that close settlement is
impossible.
The abundance of the land in both the tropical and temperate
zones is reflected in a wide variety of agricultural products
such as sugar, dried and fresh fruits and dairy produce. Australia's
principal exports are wool and wheat. About 30 per cent of the
world's wool is produced in Australia.
Important resources of gold, coal, iron, copper, bauxite, zinc,
lead, silver and uranium are mined. During and since the Second
World War, Australia's industries have developed tremendously,
and manufacturing is now the largest single economic activity.
Australia is an independent nation and a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations. Queen Elizabeth II is represented
by a Governor-General. The Federal Parliament, which has its
seat at Canberra, consists of two elected bodies, the Senate and
the House of Representatives. The Government is formed by
the party with the largest number of seats in the House of
Representatives. The powers of Parliament are limited only by
the Australian Constitution, which was drawn up when the six
States of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,
Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia agreed to federate
and form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. Each State
has retained its own Parliament.
Australia has an up-to-date and progressive educational
system and has welcomed 15,000 students from Asia since the
Second World War.
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The River Seine and Notre
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France has an area of 212,000 square miles (550,000 square
kilometres) and a population of over 48 million, but far beyond
her borders extends the French community of thought, for
French culture has influenced the world. The President of the
French Republic is Chief of State and is elected for a period
of seven years. Parliament consists of the National Assembly
and the Senate. Executive power is held by the Council of
Ministers, over which the Prime Minister presides.
France is a well-watered country with a temperate climate.
Its agricultural production is rich and varied. Wheat, sugar
beet, grapes, other fruits, vegetables and flowers are all grown
extensively. Cattle breeding is well developed.
In production of iron ore, France ranks third in the world,
and fifth in production of aluminium. There are coal fields in
the north, and important resources of natural gas are being
exploited in south-western France. France has harnessed water
power for the generation of electricity on a large scale, and is
also using atomic energy for this purpose.
Mechanical and electrical industries, textiles, and chemical
products are among the chief French manufactures.
France's economy was severely damaged in the Second
World War, but has been restored and modernized. The general
index of French industrial production is now more than twice
what it was in 1939.
In the family of nations, the traditional attitude of France,
which has lost millions of people in the defence of freedom, is
respect for international law and the promotion of civilization
in a democratic world. France ranks first in the world, in
proportion to her national revenue, for her large scale technical
and economic assistance, both bilateral and multilateral, to
developing countries.
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 Mustered sheep on a high-country
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New Zealand lies 1,400 miles south-east of Australia in
the South Pacific Ocean. It is in the temperate zone, half-way
between the Equator and the South Pole. Three islands total-
ling 103,000 square miles (270,000 kilometres) in area form the
main territory. The population of the country is about 2.5
million, most of whom are of British descent. The Maoris, a
Polynesian people, who settled in New Zealand about six hundred
years ago, number over 177,000. They live on terms of full
equality with other New Zealanders and enter into all the
activities of the nation. The capital city is Wellington which
has a population of 256,000. The other principal cities are
Auckland (over 466,000), Christchurch (227,000) and Dunedin
(106,000).
New Zealand is an independent member of the Common-
wealth of Nations. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is represented
in New Zealand by a Governor-General. New Zealand has a
parliament consisting of one chamber, the House of Representa-
tives, elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage every
three years.
Although manufacturing industries have developed rapidly
in recent years and now claim more workers than the farming
industries, the produce of the land remains the basis of the
New Zealand economy. One third of New Zealand is sown in
pasture and crops, one third is marginal land used for running
cattle and sheep or for commercial forest, and the remaining
third is almost useless for farming because of its mountainous
nature.
New Zealand exports large quantities of wool, dairy
produce, meat, fruit, and other farm products, and has a larger
import-export trade per head of population than any other
country in the world. The United Kingdom is still New
Zealand's main customer and supplier, but trade is steadily
developing with other countries.
New Zealand is a country known throughout the world
for its rapid advance to nationhood, for pioneer work in social
services and labour legislation, and for the high development
of its farming industries. The infant mortality rate is among
the world's lowest. Health, housing and educational standards
are high.
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This mi jaret seen through the gate of Badshahi Mosque,
Lahore, i$ typical of the architectural beauty of Pakistan.
1.
"Under Construction" might well be placed on every
sphere of, activity in Pakistan. A new nation, dating from 1947,
the problems of nationhood were aggravated at the outset by
an influx of some ten million displaced persons from India.
The popt4ation further increased by normal growth, now reaches
94 million people. Effective use of resources is a formidable
task.
Pakistan is predominantly agricultural, but economic balance
is being sought by encouragement of large and small industries.
Agricultural production is also being stimulated by modern
methods 'Ind by land reforms. The principal crops are rice,
wheat, jute, cotton and tea.
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Social welfare and educational programs keep pace with
economic development. Over 100 urban community develop-
ment projects are planned, a quarter of them already in
operation. Permanent labour-management courts have been
established, minimum wage scales set; collective bargaining by
trade unions is encouraged. Health projects and insurance,
social security, and housing projects are also in process. The
educational system has been expanded, and adjusted to meet
modern requirements.
"Pakistan's foremost need is to develop a character pat-
tern which is capable of producing particularly trained men and
women with a quality of leadership who can give a direction
to the affairs of the country and visualize and implement plans
for its future," declares the President, who is Chief of State.
Compulsory universal primary education is planned, inadequate
facilities being the only present hindrance. Secondary and higher
education have received an impetus with added emphasis on
scientific, technical, agricultural, and commercial studies.
The stress on participation is further seen in the pioneer
"Basic Democracies" program of the Government. Four criteria
underlie this self-government goal. It should : (1) be simple
to understand, easy to work, inexpensive to sustain ; (2) put to
the voter only such questions as he can answer from his own
personal knowledge and understanding, without external promp-
ting; (3) ensure effective participation of all citizens; (4) be able
to produce reasonably strong, stable government. The Basic
Democracies program consists of 9,272 Councils and Committees
ranging from the village to the divisional level. Representatives
are elected on the basis of universal adult franchise with each
electoral unit.
The national capital is Islamabad, near Rawalpindi. Lahore
and Dacca are Provincial Capitals. Dacca is also the Second
Capital of Pakistan. (East and West Pakistan are separated by
the breadth of India).
Eighty-six per cent of the people are Muslims. There are
also ten million Hindus, 500,000 Christians and 300,000 Buddhists.
Pakistan is a member of the United Nations, the Com-
monwealth, CENTO, and SEATO.
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 A ILtP~PiNcES8300036001 1001700
View of Manila : City Hall at extreme right.
The,, Philippine people were ruled by Spain for more than
300 years, The republican government they established on June
12, 1898, following a revolution, was succeeded in 1901 by the
administrtion of the United States, which lasted for 45 years.
In this period, the country developed economically and politically,
and complete independence was attained on July 4, 1946.
The Philippines has approximately 7,100 islands and islets,
and extends for more than 2,000 kilometers from north to south.
The population of 30,241,000 reflects many racial strains.
Pilipino, based on one of the major dialects, Tagalog, is the
national language, but English and Spanish are also used as
official lauages. English, which used to be the medium of
instruction" in both lower and higher institutions of learning, is
slowly bung replaced by Pilipino and other vernacular languages
in the lower elementary grades.
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The Philippines has maintained trade relations with more
than 83 countries throughout the Free World and trade balances
with at least 32 countries. Exports of Philippine products.for
1963 hit an all-time mark at $727.1 million (the highest since
the Philippines resumed trade with countries of the Free World
after the end of World War II). It gave the country the benefit
of a very substantial trade balance in the sum of $108.9 million
after the country had suffered chronic annual trade deficits since
1941, broken only by a slight balance of trade in 1949.
The capital is Quezon City. Manila, the old capital city,
has a population of about 1,500,000. It is located in Luzon,
the largest and most densely populated island in the group.
Other important centres of population are the Visayan islands
and Mindanao, the second largest island.
The Government is of the presidential type. Executive
power is exercised by the President of the Philippines who is
elected for a term of four years, and may be re-elected for
another term. Legislative power is lodged in Congress, which
consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Senators are elected for a term of six years and representatives
for four years. Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court
and lower courts established by law.
More than two-thirds of the labour force is engaged in
agriculture. Large areas of the country are rugged and covered
with forests, which support an important lumber industry; but
land which can be farmed is cultivated intensively. Principal
crops are rice, sugar, abaca, coconut and tobacco. Agricultural
production has been expanded and diversified. The raising of
livestock is also an important rural occupation. Fish, next to
rice, is the most important element in the Filipino diet, and the
fishing industry supplies a major part of the country's needs.
Copra and sugar amount to more than half the value of
exports, and imports are principally manufactured goods. Good
progress has been made since the war in extending the range
of local manufactures beyond the processing of products of the
land. To date, the Philippines has about 7,200 industrial
establishments, an increase of about 5,000 new factories since
1946.
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 The Royal Pantheon in Bangkok is one of
the most beautiful buildings in Thailand.
A glance at the map of South-East Asia will indicate the
strategic Position of Thailand from the political as well as the
economic' standpoints. Thailand occupies the region's heartland
and share: common boundaries with Burma, Laos, Cambodia,
and Mala'sia. The Communist menace is real on account of
the geogrphical proximity of Communist China and North
Viet-Nam': F and their avowed policy of self-aggrandizement.
Indeed, it'',was persistent Communist pressure, in particular the
advance of Communist forces close to its north-eastern border in
1.954, that prompted Thailand to participate in the establishment
of SEATO in the conviction that a collective defence system is
a most eff;ctive means of preserving its national sovereignty. The
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importance of Thailand's role in the Organization is emphasized
as well as enhanced by the location of SEATO Headquarters
on its soil.
Centrally located and endowed with abundant natural
resources, Thailand is an important economic centre in South-
East Asia. Twenty-five international air routes intersect at its
.capital city of Bangkok, where the harbour serves as the port
of call for many shipping lines. Predominantly agrarian and
dependent on a few crops, Thailand's economy is currently
undergoing diversification and industrial development in earnest
and at great speed. Friendly nations are co-operating and
assisting in these ventures through various multilateral channels
and bilateral mutual aid agreements. New ideas, modern
technology, international co-operation, and sound development
programs have helped transform Thailand with its traditionally
strong economy into a showplace of the free world. In recognition
of Thailand's economic stature, many United Nations agencies,
including the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East,
locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok.
Thailand has an area of 200,148 square miles (510,000
square kilometres). According to the latest census, its population
numbers over 25 million, 70 per cent of whom are literate.
His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, ninth monarch of
the Chakri Dynasty founded in 1782, is Thailand's constitutional
monarch. He and his gracious wife -Queen Sirikit have won
the love and respect of the Thai people. Although the affairs
of State are conducted in the King's name by the Executive,
the Legislature and the judiciary, it is the Crown which
embodies the unity of the Thai nation. This unity has in turn
brought about stability which is indispensable to national
progress.
The religion of the majority of Thai people is the Theravada
branch of Buddhism. In addition, many religions of the world
are freely practised in Thailand. Religious tolerance is in accord
with Buddhist teachings and firmly entrenched in the liberal
Thai character.
Collective defence, stable government, and material progress,
therefore, are the things that cannot but strengthen the deter-
mination of the Thai people to resist Communist domination.
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uniiru
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The United Kingdom and its people have exercised a
unique influence on the course'of world affairs over many cen-
turies. From this island kingdom, with an area of 93,000 square
miles (240,000 square kilometres), and a population today of
over 50 million, principles of law, government, liberty and fair
practices in trade and commerce have been carried to many
countries.
The monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in
the United Kingdom, its continuity having been broken only
once in over a thousand years. The present monarch is Queen
Elizabeth II. She is also Head of the Commonwealth, of which
three other SEATO nations are members. The supreme
legislative authority in the United Kingdom . is the Queen in
Parliament, that is to say the Queen and the two Houses of
Parliament, which together represent all the elements in the
nation. Of these two Chambers of the Houses of Parliament,
the House of Commons is the principal pillar of British democracy.
Here the general policy of the Government is introduced and
more important legislation formulated. The House of Lords is
a council of elders whose chief function is to revise new laws.
The United Kingdom is one of the most highly industrialized
countries in the world. Ten times as many people work in
mining, manufacturing and building as in agriculture. The
principal industries are shipbuilding, cotton and woollen textiles,
coal mining, steel, building, civil engineering and fishing.
Although Britain relies on imports for half its food supply,
agriculture covers some 48 million of the 60 million acres of
land. The land is generally fertile, and dairy and grain crop
yields are among the highest in the world. The principal crops
are wheat, barley, oats, rye, potatoes and sugar beet.
The wealth and existence of the British people has, for
over a century, depended principally on overseas trade. British
imports consist mainly of food and various raw materials for
industry. British exports are principally manufactured goods,
though coal and raw wool are also exported.
London and the River Thames looking eastward from the
Houses of Parliament, with Big Ben in centre foreground.
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The Capitol, Washington, seat of the legislative
branch of the United States Government.
The United States is among those nations which otve
much to their experience as English colonies. Achieving their
independence in the latter part of the eighteenth century, the
colonies drafted a Constitution based on English and French
principles of liberty and equality to attain political, economic
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and social justice. Those principles, shared by other nations o
various histories; form part of the values held in common by
the free world today.
Sovereignty rests with the people in the American system.
The powers of government, derived from them,- are divided into
three branches: the executive, headed by the President; the
legislative, composed of the Senate and the House of Represen-
tatives; and the judicial, headed by the Supreme Court and
including lesser courts. All rights and fields of authority not
specifically delegated to the Federal Government by the Constitution
are held by the individual states. The people elect federal,
state= county and city officials at specified intervals.
In its early history the United States was an agricultural
nation, ninety per cent of its people engaged in farming. The
Industrial Revolution reached America about a hundred years
ago, spurred by the chronic shortage of labour despite the
recurring waves of immigration. Mechanization, in industry
and in agriculture, has brought the United States to the forefront
in production. Incentives are great, and free competition - in
business and in ideas -contributes its dynamic to the economy.
The political system, and the principles on which it is
founded, provided the atmosphere for the assimilation of the.
multitude of immigrants from many countries of the world.
Otherwise, the relatively young nation might have split into
several sovereignties. America became "the melting pot" - a
term suggestive of industrial emphasis at the height of immigration
- in which citizens remain proud of their origins yet thoroughly
American, co-operating with one another.
Co-operation for mutual benefit is very much part of the
pattern of American life. This trait has long been carried into
international relations in various forms. The first congress of
all of the nations of the Americas in 1889, for instance, was
convened by invitation of the United States for the purpose of
considering plans for peaceful settlement of disputes and mutual
economic benefit. More recent instances of American participation
in international co-operative ventures are UNRRA, the Marshall
Plan, the United Nations, and the regional- collective security
systems authorized under the UN Charter (SEATO, CENTO,
NATO, OAS).
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SHAT SEATO HAS DONE
Militairp Exercises
18h6
1. Firmlink
1980
15.
Teamwork II
2. Albatross
16.
Sea-Lion
19j~7
3. Ridhee
1861
17.
Air Bull
4. Astra
18.
Rajata
5. Sealink
19.
Pony Express
6. Airlink
7. Phiblink
1862
20.
Tulungan
21,
Air Cobra
19,8
8. Vayubut
22.
Sea Devil
9. Oceanlink
23.
Sea Scape
i~9
10. Kitisena
1963
24.
Sea Serpent
11. Air Progress
2E?.
Dhanarajata
12
Sea Demon
.
13. Halang Dagat
iss4
26. Air BoonChoo
14. Saddle Up
27. Ligtas
1865 28. I.og Train
29. Sea Horse
Conner-Subversion Seminars
Fist SEATO Seminar on Countering Communist Subver-
sion heel at Baguio, Philippines, November 26-29, 1957. Second
seminar', at Lahore, Pakistan, in February 1960.
Econd~mic and Social Activities
Ccjnference on Community Development at Baguio, the
Philippines, December, 1960.
Setininar on Community Development, Bangkok, July 1965.
SEATO Graduate School of Engineering founded, Bangkok,
September 1959.
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SEATO Skilled Labour Project, Thailand, with 20 voca-
tional schools and teacher development centre, Bangkok, started
in 1959.
SEATO Military Technical Training School, Bangkok,
founded September 1960.
SEATO Skilled Labour Project, Pakistan, with training
centres at Karachi and Dacca, founded in January and June 1963
respectively.
SEATO Skilled Labour Project, the Philippines, Labour
Market Information and Statistics Services; Apprenticeship
Training Program; and Textile Training School- established
1961.
' SEATO Regional Community Development Technical
Assistance Centre established at Ubol, N.E. Thailand, November
1962.
Other SEATO projects in course of development are the
Vehicle Maintenance and Rebuild Workshop for Thai Govern-
ment and military vehicles, the Meteorological Telecommunica-
tions Project for the Philippines and Thailand, and the Hill
Tribes Research and Training Centre at Chiengmai, Thailand.
Cultural Program
The South-East Asian Round Table, Bangkok, Jan. 27-Feb.
2, 1958.
Preparatory Commission on University Problems, Bangkok,
Jan. 25-Feb. 5, 1960.
Conference of Heads of Universities, Karachi, Jan. 25-Feb.
2, 1961.
Conference on Apprentice Training, Manila, May 14-19,
Commission on University Equivalences, Bangkok, Feb.-
March, 1963.
Award of 133 post graduate scholarships, 233 undergraduate
scholarships, 14 travelling lecturerships, 15 professorships, and
75 research fellowships made between 1957 and 1964.
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Medi~'~1 Research
S) ATU Conference on Cholera Research, and inauguration
of PakiS,Can-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory, Dacca, East
Pakistan'; December 1960.
Cq''>hversion of SEATO Cholera, Research Project, Thailand,
into SEd~TO Medical Research Project, Bangkok, January 1961.
Establishment of SEATO Clinical Research Centre, Bang-
kok, 19~$.
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SEATO MILESTONES
Signing of the South-East Asia Collective Defence Treaty
at Manila, September 8, 1954. Ratification of the Treaty
completed February 19, 1955.
Foundation stone for new headquarters building for
SEATO in Bangkok laid on September 8, 1964 -the 10th
Anniversary - by the King of Thailand, His Majesty King
Bhumibol Adulyadej.
Meetings of the Council of Ministers
Bangkok, February 23-25, 1955.
~ Karachi, March 6-8, 1956.
a, Canberra, March 11-13, 1957X
,Manila, March 11-13, 1958.E
Wellington, April 8-10, 1959
Washington D.C., September, 1959 (special meeting)
--Washington D.C., May 31-June 2, 1960.
Bangkok, March 27-29, 1961.
New York, September, 1962 (special meeting)
Paris, April 8-10, 1963.
Manila, April 13-15, 1964.
London, May 3-5, 1965.
During the 11 years of SEATO's existence, there have
been 23 Military Advisers' Conferences, generally held twice a
year. The last one was held in Bangkok .
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South-East Asia
Il~~olleetive Defence Treat
Y
(Manila Paet)
T~e Parties to this Treaty,
Recognizing the sovereign equality of all the Parties,
Reiterating their faith in the purposes and principles set
forth iri the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to
live in 'I~beace with all peoples and all governments,
R~afl'inning that, in accordance with the Charter of the
United ~I1Vations, they uphold- the principle of equal rights and
self-dete$mination of peoples, and declaring that they will
earnestly strive by every peaceful means to promote self-govern-
ment alld to secure the independence of all countries whose
peoples desire it and are able to undertake its responsibilities,
Desiring to strengthen the fabric of peace and freedom
and to ~i,uphold the principles of democracy, individual liberty
and the ~'tule of law, and to promote the economic well-being and
developnnent of all peoples in the Treaty Area,
Intending to declare publicly and formally their sense of
unity, sp that any potential aggressor will appreciate that the
Parties stand together in the area, and,
I~siring further to co-ordinate their efforts for collective
defence 'i#or the preservation of peace and security,
Therefore agree as follows
ARTICt.E I
THe Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the
UnitedI'hTations, to settle any international dispute in which they
may be ~, involved by peaceful means in such a manner that
international peace and security and justice are not endangered,
and to r,~frain in their international relations from the threat or
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use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of
the United Nations.
ARTICLE II
In order. more effectively to achieve the objectives of .this
Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous
and effective self-help and mutual aid will maintain and develop
their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack
and to prevent and counter .subversive activities directed from
without against their territorial integrity and political stability.
ARTICLE III
The Parties undertake to strengthen their free institutions
and to co-operate with one another in the further development
of economic measures, including technical assistance, designed
both to promote economic progress and social well-being and to
further the individual and` collective efforts of governments
toward these ends.
ARTICLE IV
1. Each Party recognizes that aggression by means of
armed attack in the Treaty Area against .any of the parties or
against any State or territory which the Parties by unanimous
agreement may hereafter designate would endanger its own
peace and safety, and agrees that it will in that event act to
meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional
processes. Measures taken under this paragraph shall be im-
mediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations.
2. If, in the opinion of any of the Parties, the- inviolability
or the integrity of the territory or the sovereignty or political
independence of any Party in the Treaty Area or of any other
State or territory to which the provisions of paragraph 1 of this
Article from time to time apply is threatened in any way other
than by armed attack or is affected or threatened by any fact
or situation which might endanger the peace of the area, the
Parties shall consult immediately in order to agree on the
measures which should .be taken for the common defence.
3. It is understood that no action on the- territory o# any
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State designated by unanimous agreement under paragraph 1 of
this Article or on any territory so designated shall be taken
excepE,:at the invitation or with the consent of the government
concerned.
ARTII~LE V
"Z'he Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of
them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the
implerientation of this Treaty. The Council shall provide for
consultation with regard to military and any other planning as
the situation obtaining in the Treaty Area may from time to
time require. The Council shall be so organized as to be able to
meet of any time.
ARTICLE VI
't'his Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted as
affecting in any way the rights and obligations of any of the
Parties' under the Charter of the United Nations or the responsi-
bility pf the United Nations for the maintenance of international
peace find security. Each Party declares that none of the inter-
nationi~~ engagements now in force between it and any other of
the Panties or any third party is in conflict with the provisions
of this I'Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international
engageent in conflict with this Treaty.
ARTICLE VII
L~z~y other State in a position to further the objectives of
the Treaty and to contribute to the security of the area may, by
unanimous agreement of the Parties, be invited to accede to this
Treaty.l Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty
by depdsiting its instrument of accession with the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines. The Government of the Republic
of the I~'!hilippines shall inform each of the Parties of the deposit
of each': such instrument of accession.
ARTI~X.,E VIII
As used in this Treaty, the "'Treaty Area" is the general
area of ;South-East Asia, including also the entire territories of
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the Asian Parties, and the general area of the South-West
Pacific not including the Pacific area north of 21 degrees 30
minutes north latitude. The Parties may, by unanimous agree-
ment, amend this Article to include within the Treaty Area the
territory of any State acceding to this Treaty in accordance with
Article VII or otherwise to change the Treaty Area.
ARTICLE IX
1. This Treaty shall be deposited in the archives of the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Duly certified
copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the
other signatories.
2. The Treaty shall be ratified and its provisions carried
out by the Parties in accordance with their respective constitu-
tional processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited
as soon as possible with the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines, which shall notify all of the other signatories of
such deposit.
3. The Treaty shall enter into force between the States
which have ratified it as soon as the instruments of ratification
of a majority of the signatories shall have been deposited, and
shall came into effect with respect to each other State on the
date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
ARTICLE X
This Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but any Party
may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation
has been given to the Government of the Republic of the Philip-
pines. which shall inform the Governments of the other Parties
of the deposit of each notice of denunciation.
ARTICLE XI
The English- text of this Treaty is binding on the Parties,
but when the Parties have .agreed to the French text thereof
and have so notified the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines, the French text shall be equally authentic and binding
on the Parties.
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Understanding of the
United States of America
'r'he United States of America in executing the present
Treaty does so with the understanding that its recognition of
the effect of aggression and armed attack and its agreement with
reference thereto in Article IV, paragraph 1, apply only to Com-
munisf aggression but affirms that in the event of other aggression
or armed attack it will consult under the provisions of Article
I V, paragraph 2.
In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have
signed ''this Treaty.
Done at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954.
Protocol to the Sonth-East Asia
Collective Defence Treaty
Designation. of states and territory as to which provisions
of Article IV and Article III are to be applicable:
The Parties to the South-East Asia Collective Defence
Treaty', unanimously designate for the purposes of Article IV of
the Treaty the States of Cambodia and Laos and the free territory
under it~he jurisdiction of the State of Vietnam.
"I;"he Farties further agree that the above mentioned states
and terrritory shall be eligible in respect of the economic
measuY~s contemplated by Article III.
This Protocol shall enter into force simultaneously with
the conning into force of the Treaty.
Iz witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have
signed ' I his Protocol to the South-East Asia Collective Defence
Treaty::
I~ne at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954.
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THE PACIFIC CHARTER
The delegates of Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan,
the Republic of .the_ Philippines, the Kingdom of Thailand, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the
United States of America
Desiring to establish a firm basis for common action to
maintain peace and security in South-East Asia and the South-
West Pacific;
Convinced that common action to this end in order to be
worthy and effective, must be inspired by the highest principles
of justice and liberty ;
Do hereby proclaim
First, in accordance with the provisions of the United
Nations Charter, they uphold the. principle- of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples and they will earnestly strive by
every peaceful means to promote self-government and to secure
the independencc of all countries whose peoples desire it and
are able to undertake its responsibilities;
Second, they are each prepared to continue taking effective
practical measures to ensure conditions favourable to the orderly
achievement of the foregoing purposes in accordance with their
constitutional procedures ;
Third, they will continue to co-operate in the economic,
social and cultural fields in order to promote higher living
standards, economic progress and social well-being in this
region ;
? Fourth, as declared in the South-East Asia Collective
Defence Treaty, they are determined to prevent or counter by
appropriate means any attempt in the Treaty Area to subvert
their freedom or to destroy their sovereignty or territorial
integrity.
Proclaimed at Manila, this eighth day of September, 1954.
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 ~~[~ OR COUHTRY(S)
$ a ~~,
Australia
Thailand.
New peal
IDENTIfICATIdN OP DOCUMENT (author. loan, eddr~~~es, tit/a ~ 1~nQth)
Twa unclassified booklets, "Story of BEAT(?" 45 pages and
"BEAT"0 Report 1964-1965" 29 pages.
DATE s 8 Sept 1965
CLASS. U ?
/~S/CSG-1719
Background data on SEATO, haw it works, organizational charts, pro3ects,
and pragrams.
(Alsa seen HS/CSG - 409, 1033, 1627, 1628; 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632,
1633 1634, 1635, 1636,-1637, 1638,;1639, 1640,
and Cs Historical Paper No. 55?~
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iDRM 2523 ~??~?~?~ ~"~Y'??' ? ? ? HISTORICAL STAFF SOURCEINDEX SECRET ~ "'`'s~