SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT DRUZHININ, A.V. - DRUZHININ, I.D.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000411310006-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 23, 2000
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

A High Vacuum Electron Mio ros cope for the Investigation SOV/4-C-23-4~19/21
of Cathodes.
influence upon the dissolving power of a microscope. Likewise,
the dissolving power is influenced by the emitting catbode zone
a-vid the chromatio aberr tion of the in=,~rsion lemi. The
determination of the heterogeneity of the cathode emission by
measuring th* electron beam surpassus all other methods hitheilto
applied. Figure 3 shown the distribution or tiie Lrurron'. upon the
emitting surface of a pressed cathode, taken by thij method.
There are 3 figures arw 5 Soviet refircnaes.
Card 2/ 2

24805
S/04 61/025/006/005/010
31 17Y3212
/,c 90
AUTHOR: Druzhinin, A. V.
TITLE: Method of determining the work function of surface mioro-sea-
tions of hot cathodes
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 25,
no. 6, 1961, 730-734
TEXT: The present paper has been presented at the 3rd All-Union Conference
on Electron Microscopy, held in Leningrad from October 24 to 29, 1960. It
was shown that it is possible to determine the work function of a surface
section uniquely if the focusing is co.-reat and 'the abeiration small, and
if the values of the local current, the electron-optical magnification, and
the cathode temperature are used. Under normal conditions, the maximum dia-
meter of the electron beam is about 20M. Therefore, all electrons emitted
from sections located close to the axis will be collected in the imaEe plane
of the immersion objective without losses if there is no special opening.
The divergence angle of the electrons which is denotea by P can be calcu-
Card 1/5

Method of determining 'the
2005
S/048/61/025/006/005/010
B117/D212
lated from Abbe's --armuias: sin sin a where h denotes the
L 0 a N
magnification of the immersion objectivel Ua the plate potential; t the
thermal electron velootty; a the angle of inclination of the trajectories
wiLh respect to the axis at the cathode. Ref. 9 (Artsimovich L. A., Izv.
AN SSSR, Ser. fiz. 6, N06, 313 (1914/1) has shown the validity of this for-
mula. Assuming N -_30, Ua a 25-10 V, L - 0.1 ev, a - 900, then P - 6-lo-5.
If the divergence angle is small, all electrons will pass without losses
through the projection lens of the electron micxoseope. The current from
the image elements can be measured very easily if the beam catcher is lo-
cated behind an opening in the center of the luminescent screen. From the
calculated current density, the isothermal work function YT Of the respec.
tive cathode section can be found easily if one assumes that 'the curl-ent
emitted is described by the Richardson equation:
2
j = A(l - R)T exp L_eYT /kT]. Thermodynamic considerations show that A has
a universal character and is independent of the type of emitter (Ref. 10:
Card 2/5

24M
S/046/61/025/006/005/010
Method of determining the ... B110212
L. E. Dobretsov, Tr. fiz.-tekhn. in-ta AN USSR9 1, 26 (1953))- For pure
metals it is usually assumed that A a 120 a cm- 2 dej~ree -2 and R a 0. The re-
solution of tho emission microscope and, therefore also of the method suG-
, e.,4ted is mainlS det~.,rniined by the chromatic aberration of the immcrsion
Objectivt! O~F 0.051& at 6 - U. 1 t-v and a field poteritial at the cathode
surface E 20-10 v cm and also by the aberration caused by the distor-
tion of the field. It has been shown that the latter, 18 trice as large as
the chromatic aberration, The measurement of the curr-3nt from Lhe central
part of spots having a diameter of about one micron does riot sttm to have
a larger error, Meaaurinp the curxent from smaller spots where the bounda-
ry i~ffents cannot be neglected is not a very reliable method. The resolu-
tion of' the emission microscope can only be raised by increasinr the fiold
potential at the cathode surface.. Active hot cathodes have been investi-
Eated with .n electroatatic emission microscope (Ref. b-, bruzhinin it. V.,
Popov D. N, Izv, AN SSSR, Ser, fiz,, 23, N24, 522 (1959)) having a vacuum
oi' the order of ~-10-7 mm Hg and using a special openinE, inis opening "X
limited the bombardment of the cathode with ions of raFidual E;ases. The
Card 3/5

248o5
S/048/61 /Cj25/",A/G0-;/O 10
Method of determininE the B117/B212
pressed cathode was made of barium-calcium-tungstate powder (9,1)~o by welghtl
aluminium powder by weight), and tunesten powder (1tef, 14' bit. I In *Lk o-.
A. I., Mlorozov A V,, Popov B. h., Aaklakov A.. A,, R6diotekhnika i
elektronika, 4, 322 (191~8)). The investit.ations showed that besideb cmis-
sion distribution and work function also a slight chanl;o of the mcan emir-
sion level can be obserged macroscopically., ,,he question of macroscopic
emission distribution will be studied in another paper. Alfter a certain
thermionic activity of tb(. cathode thermal equilibrium have beun reached
(obaervation temperature 9400-110000, the acceleratine potential was
turned on. The pressed cathode reached its nteady emission statc. one mi-
nute after t1jermal equilibrium had been reached, The emission dro ped to
about one-tenth. Tht: active spots of the cathode ((PT 8: 2..2-2.3 ev~ are
about one micron in diameter. The emission from the ctions between the
spots is essentially smaller and amounts to 1/40 - 1/70 of the spot emis-
sion (a~T - 2.6-2.8 ev). On the surface of a pressed cathode there are no
sections with a high vork function, vhich is characteristic for a tungsten
surface with a small barium content. It is assumed that the tungsten grains
are covered by a chemical compound with a relative small -work function
Card 4/5

24805
S/048/61/02.5/006/005/010
Method of determining the B117/B212
during production of the cathode. The emission of an active L-cathode
(density of the emission current about 20 a cm-2 at T - 1175 OC) was studied
at 9500C, Right after the thermal equilibriim had been reached, the
current density showed the following values: for very active. spots
(YT = 1.6 ev)2 40 a cm-2; for spots of average activity (TT a 2.0 ev)
about I a cm- ; and for sections between spots (T, > 2.75 ev) not more than
-4 -2
8110 a cm . When investigating an L-cathode in art electron microscope,
the possible change of distribution of the work function due to ion bom-
bardment of the surface has to be taken into account, Nevertheless, the
following characteristics of the emitting surface of an L-cathode can be
stated as compared to a pressed cathode: the presence of very active spots
having a work function of YT - 1.6 ev; large distanefts between active spotai
very strongly varying emission of individual cathode sestions (according
to the current, by a factor of more than 1o3). There are 1 figure and 14
references: ',I Soviet-bloc and 3 non-Soviet-bloo.
Card 5/5

B/109/62/007/009/007/018
D409/D301
AUTHOR Druzhinin# A.V.
TITLE: Electron-optical study of effective thermionic catho-
des
PERIODICAL: Radiote~hnika i elektronika, v. 7, no. 9, 1962,
1547 -"1555
TEXT; The surface distribution of the emission current hLnd of the
work function of,L-cathodesp compact tungsten cathodes and impreg-
nated aluminate cathodes were studied by means 6f a high7.-vacuum
emission microscope. The considerable emission inhomogeneity of.the
investiCated types of cathodes is due to the existence of-a mobile
layer of adsorbed Ba-atoms of variable concentration. The experi-
mental procedure is described. By measuring the current density of
a certain element of the emission patternp the current density of
the cathode surface can be calculated; thereupon the work function
is determined by means of Richardson's formula. The emission pat-
tern of L-cathodes consists of very active spots with 40 A/cm~
current-densityp of spots of intermediate intensity, and of low-
Card 1/3 .2

S/109/62/007/009/007/018
Electron-optical study of D409/D301
intensity spots, The distance between the very active spots is 5-7
microns. The emission pattern of the compact cathode is characte-
rized by active spots with a diameter of about I micron and a work
function qT = 2.15 - 2.25 ev. The emission pattern of the impregna-
ted cathode consists of coarse-grained portions of low intensity
with 7 - 10-4 A/cm2 current-densityl and of active spo*ts. It was
found that the active centers appear, as a rule, at the interface
tungsten-aluminate. It can be assimed that the portivno of hirhest
activity of impregnated cathodes are related to the sites of higher
Ba-concentration. The migration of barium with respect to molybie-
num, was directly observed.during electron-optical investigations
of the emitting surfaces of compact and impregnated cathodes. The
effective distance of migration did not exceed 5 microns. Kence the
distortion of the electron beam and the broadening of the emitting
surface cannot be due to the migration process. Further, the nature
of the emitting surface was studied. In particular, the existence
0f condensed Ba-state8 was experimentally established. It is P08sib-
le that the oxygen facilitates also the transition to the condensed
priase, (in addition to the Increase in Ba-concentration which it
0--rd 2/3

Electron-optical study of ...
S/109/62/007/009/007/018
D409/D301
produces). The presence of a condensed phase on the surface of ca-
tLorles with poor emission, is paradoxical: low emission may result
from too high Ba-conicentration on a surface, larger than the opti-
mal. Thus, cathode'hetivity depends not only on the rate of libera-
tion of free bariurpq but also on the surface state (the concentra-
tion of chamisorbea oxygen). Further, the authors studied the effe6t
of spottiness on the operation of the cathode*in the presence of a
space charge. It was found that emission inhomogeneity has a consi-
derable effect on the stability of operation of the cathode* There
are 7 figures.
SUBMITTED: December 29, 1961
Card 3/3

1--ACC NRs__AP70__0__4_9_1_5-_ SOU-R-C8C-0DEs
AUTHORs Volodin, Yu. A.1-Druzhininp A. V.; Sairnov, Va A.
ORGt none
TITLSt Effect of the films of Pt-group metals on the oxide-coated-cathods emission
SOURCE: Radiotekhnika I elek-tronika, v. 11, no. 12, 1966, 2262-2265
TOPIC TAGS: electron tube cathodeo oxide coated cathodol electron emission
ABSTRACT: Au and Pt proved inadequate as an anti-emission mask partly covering the
electron-tube cathode. How experiments were conducted with Ir and Oa as emission-
preventing substances. Oxide-coatqd cathodes were prepared on a N1 - Ga base, and.
Ir, Os, Pt were sprayed by a special long-slit vaporizer. Some cathodes wcre partly
coated with Pt, partly with Ir and had a central unmasked (emitting) area;
emission pictures are shown. Some disk-type cathodes were completel~r coated with Pt
and Ir films and tested for emission and life at 650C..Results: the emission from
an Ir-coated (00--0-5-(m thick) cathode is about 1/300 of that of an uncoated
cathode and persists for 1800 hrs; the emission from a similar Pt-coated cathode is
about 1/10 of that of a normal cathode. Thus, the electron beans of specified shares
can be formed by masking off the oxide-coated cathodes with Ir or Os films I these
films do not impair emission characteristics of'adjacent areas and even facilitate
their activation. Orig. art. has' 3 figures.
SUM DATZt 2OW66 / ORIG REF: 001 UW% 621_.58~t.932_

.DRUZHININ, A.Ya., inzh.
Switching two-phase asynchronous miaromotors in a three-phase
network. Priborostroanis no,2t23 F 165. (MIRA 180)

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Prerequisites od high grade moving picture projection., Kinomekhanik, No 10;
1951.

1. DRUZHININ, B.
1 2. USSR (600)
4. Moving-Picture Projectors
7. Care of optical equipment in moving-picture projector. Kincmekhanik, No. 3,
19530.
9. Monthl List of Russian Accessions, Library of Congress, - ADril 1953, Uncl.

DRUZHININ 9 B.
Safety deviae for a circular saw. Okhr. truda i sots. strakh.
3 no.9t65 S 160. (WRA 1414)
1. Vneshtatnyy tekhnicb:9skiy insp~ktor Leningradokogo oblsovprofa.
(Circular nows-Safety applianeod)

DPXZHININ~ B. , Inzh. (g. Leningrad)
Safety electric boards. Okbr. truda i eots. ati-kh. 4 no.8:36
Ag t61. (Electric witchgear) (MIRA 14-11)

DRUMININ, B. , inzh.
Fencing electric winohes. Okhr. truda i nots. strakh. 5 no.708
J1 I U, (MIRA 15:7)
(Winches-Safety appliaboes)

s/133/61/ooo/ooVoil/017
A054/A129
AUTHOR% Druzhinin, B. I., Candidate of Technical Sciences
TITIZt Device for controlling the roll-passes of cold-rolling tube mills
PMODICALt Stall, no. 7, 1961, 633
TM: In the Yuzhnotrubnyy zavod (Southern Tube Plant) a device has been
developed to gauge the inside of the roll-passea of the cold-rolling tube mills.
The device consists of a massive cast stand, on which a frontal stationary and a
rear movable support are mounted. The mandrel with the roll-pass is fixed In the
centers of the supports and is connected with the rotating disk of the frontal
support. With a wheal on the frontal support, via a gear, the roll-paaa can be
set into any position required by the control, according to the angular scale and
nonius of the device. A gauging lover is fixed at radius r with a micrometric
screw which moves a slide via the gauging lever. When a carriage, fixed on an
axis, is rotated, the lover feels the surface of the roll-pass. Any deviation of
the surface from the required condition is Indicated by the osaillati-:Irl. of the
lever and registered by an indicator. The gauging device can be removed radially,
The disk has 10 scales, the nonius, fixed to the casing, is scaled by 61 . The
Card 1/2

S/133/61/WQ/O()7/011/017
Device for controlling the roll-passes of... A054/Ai2q
gauging accuracy is + 0,02 m. There are 2 figures.
Fig. 1. The gauging device
Legends (1) roll-pasa designs
(2) mandrel, roll J3~ disk,
(4) gauging lever: 5 miero-
metric screw, (6) slide,
(7) carriage. (8) axis.
(9) indicator, (10) screw,
(11) wheel, (12) tooth wheel,
(13) toothed Slat.
Card 2/2

ABADZHI, Kirill Ivanovich;,.Di,UZIIRIIN ch; ISAYEV,
Borie Ivanovich; B VO A.D.j kand, tekhn, wuh,
retsenzent; TUMABOV, L.Ps., inzh.,, red.j LEYYIIIA, T.L.,,
rod* izd-va; PETERSON, M.Mej tekhn, red.
(Checking relative positions of machine-pirt uurfacea)
Kontroll vzairnogo raspoloaheniia povorkhnostai detalei
mashin. Moskva,, Maahgiz, 1962. 113 p. (VIRA 15:10)
(Yachinex7-Construction) (Measuring instruments)

inzh.; )MUL , D.P. , rod. ~zd
DAU _H24!ilovich It
,R9ZH -va;
GVIRTSy V.L.8 tekhn. red.,
(Protective clothing, protective footgear and safety ap-
pliances; safety ireasures]Spetoodezhdaj spetsobuvI i pre-
dokhranitellmye prisposobleniia; zashchitrore eredstva. Pod
obahchei red. II.A.Smirnova. Leningrad,, 1962. V p.
KRA 15: 10)
(Clothing, Protective)
(Occupations, Dangerous-Safety appliances)

inzh.. nauchUy red.; KFIYUGER, Tu.T..
ARSENITEV. L.B.: RUZIUNIM
--OZII ~IUIII,
110(
red. isd va; I.S., tekhn.red.
[Production of precast reinforced concrete construction ale.ments
and details; practices of leading enterprises] Proizvodstvo
abornykh zhelasobetonnykh konstruktoii i detalei; is opyta
rabnty peredovVkh predpriiatti. Izd.2., ispr. i dop. Moskva,
Ong. Isd-vo lit-ry po atroit. I arlr'-it.., 1957. 69 P. WRL 12:1)
(Precast concrete)

PXR11T ISHTRYN. N.L., obahchir red.; -=jMUW36-R-Zwr4nzhansr: nauchun red.;
OMMNASMUN, T.G.. kand. tat.chn. nauk, nauchnyy red.; GRABINMY,
Teeirep [deceased]. Inshener, j-9d.- IXKUXAS. A.G., kand. takhn. nauk,
red.; RAYALOTICH, L.A.. in'sti., red.; GORCHMV, A,T,, otyetgtyenyy
red.; ZLATOTSVJMTA# LL. red.; TASILITSKIT, B.A., takhn. red.
[Using prestressed reliforced. concrete; based on data from the Second
International Congresse Austerdm, Septeuber 1955) Primensule
napriazheuno armirawannogo shelesobetona; po materialam Ytorago
mezhdiumtrodnogo kongressa (g, Amsterdam, sentiabr' 1955 C.). Moskva,
1957. 322 p, (NM 10:12)
1. Pheola (1923- U.S.S.R.) Kintaterstya stroltelletva. Tekhulchemkoye
upravlenlye. 2. TSentralluoys byuro tek1hutch6skoy informatsA (for
Zlatotmtoya). 3. Chlon-korrespondent Aimdexii stroitel'stva i
arkhitokt"7 (for Perel'shtsyn).
(Austerdan-Prestressed conorete-Congresees)

i6iji, N.M., red.; SHWAKOT, S.M., red.; IRSINITIT, L.B., red.;
BOBORTKIN, To.P,, red.-, VISHMUSKIT, A.T., red.; GORCHAKOV, A.T.,
redo GUSHCHIK, VsKa, red@; red.; IJWILIN, G.Ke,
red.; PERILISHTEYN. N.Le, red*; TESLTA-TISLENKO, V#F., red.:
AGRANATOV, Yu.O., tekha.red.
[Precast reinforced concrete members; planning and using] Sboraye
zhelax6betonnys konstruktaii; opyt proektiroyanlia i primeneniia.
Kookva, TSantr. bluro tekhn.inform., 1958. 422 p. (MORA 11:5)
1. Russia (1917- R.S.F.S.R.) Hinisterstvo stroitelletva.
Takhnichookoyo upraylaniye.
(Precast concrete construction)

ATA TA , Takov Markovich; AR $INV, Lev Borisovich; N ' `
nauchnyy red,; BURKIWROT, G.N., red.; TC53M, J.K~..tek~hn.Bt .
rle~
[For young construction workers; handbook] Kolodym stroiteliam;
spravochnoe posobie. Moskva, Yeas.uchabno-podagog.izd-vo Trud-
rezervizdat, 1939. 400 p. (MIRA 14:1)
(Building)

011 12/59/,XO/O 14/0 iq/cj&j-
AOr2,/AOOI
Translation froms Referativnyy zhurnal, Elektrotekhtiika, 1959, No, 14, p. 88,
29232
AUTHOR., Druzhinin,D. V.
TITIE: Repairs of Eleatric Machines Using Heat-Resistant Insulation on
Sili-ione Varnishes %(,
PERIODICAL: V sb.t Remont elektr. mashin I transformatorov. Chelyabinsk, 1958,
pp. 86-93
TEKT, A short description of technology of repairs of alteinating current
machines and heavy-duty direct current machines using fibergl I"Insulition and
siliaone varnishes. The following materials are used: glasmica-tape; 0.1. 0.15
and 0.2 mm thick; glasmicanite 0.5 mm, glasmica-foil. 0.3 on, glas-varnish fiber
0.2 mm, glas tape 0.1, _9.15, 0.2 mm and other; siliconr varnishes: impregnating
-EBS, adhesJFe EF-5T kiln drying cover enamel PKE-4 and air drying norr
EF
enamel PVE-2. When wound the stator sections are impregnated in EF-ZBS varnish
and dried to the Eemimoist state. After being soldered with brazing soMer,
Card 1/2

B/112/59/0()0/014/019/095
A052/AOO1
Repairs of Electric Maohines Using Heat-Resistant Insulation on Silicone
Varnishes
ins,alated with glas tape and tested, the stator winding is impregnated by pourim
EF-ZB3 varnish. The drying in a furnace lasts :;P 12 hours at 180.200'C; after
being covered with PVE-2 enamel it is dried at 100 C. Rotor winding is repaired
similarily; glasmicanite and glas-asbestos are placed below and abcve the
bandages, respectively, soldering is made with POS-60 solder. Silicone varnish
insulation finds an ever Increasing application for repair5 of t:eavy-duty roll.-
Irg mill motors and direct current generators. A description and a'drawing of
the press-cleat for baking semisections are given and the tecMology of insula-
tion of the winding holder is described. The bandage is soldered with pure tin
and sections with risers are soldered with OPS-60 solder. A wound armature is
covered twice with PBE-2 enamel and dried by induction losses at 110-1300C.
M. 1. K,
Translator's note: This is the full translation of the original R~adslan
abstraot.
Card 2/2

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Wall Uwd I' ith Uf withgoit (efuhl"s.
4419
Tatti
with Ca
wot
lwflt
t
.
.
s. W
.
Op
I
As, no Imalwoliord implis it we* f%,",%d that lw*t tlwf%Rws the Wart
9 "nith or
09
.
t toplacliv, atul thu. t1w o"WIllik"t vaim"Itip 44 ibs, ptal~ hatmvi-lity 1% this imi%icts"t
-fro
, ) J
*0
'
4
rvan"tilva ofth phys",4holly said ftrubsk,"
000
go

'00'.
400
00 a**

00
w
. so
00

400
see

ILA oft"L
VKVC AL WINAIVIII CL ASSAFOCA tWo
too.

OO
411111 4041, all
AD it! Aft 4 1 41 ad a is a I OF 9
0 0 0 9~6
TZ,
I
m

--,A
pt"Is"I A-Mp "Cof"10 Avis

sea,

c
OVOWWO fori
=

0a
.
tb.0 Mwakfi the p -11, him do f4l
.
-
mpapbopbOf lied ft*& I as tM soft of aw varlaw Kom *00
Cray. of tbm P11006. a*
pasates W" 0 " to ~ORSL -d ttm - To avidy OAS. (NMWO% mod
CACNI a Uscol, tM famee 40 She add lweftm that' ass,& &M fectfiber. (3)
0 1.- 1
uto OR OAk le NO I vat" of futilit
To easswts
li
f t6
71
0 0 8 y.
mo
W
o
mv p
"W (1) the AT. fmaks al 2 YNOW add up", with a M 4* a M* prVomted fm a
*ad 006-4wd 04 food oar *OWN dop dwom ardinu? dwrorwo
I the t&d of mtpw-
pbopballn and pOSL pbapiloaft A of the tff*M of lbot I nhnwmmat"
~ wft ban malobb(N mod K)Uwt a* odd Wa-t-belle
A
i
400
so m
an publowast
mmo
edw
bolloatt If M
k be" matelrbib tjw m
Vim b
a
b
l
t
d
ia
as
" MW
w now.
oagp
p
p
p
p
d I
d
K
t
ftb
(t
d
th O Goo
s. w
c0
m
c
w
w
rV*
xp
beftboU
b
m
htl
m
oito totbeadti
basoAte
ut
U%VA=t P gas
0

04 u .
p
p
g
y
p
p
o
In glot L lAb (NKJsft w" IlUbtly bm" tMe WM pboo.
d
m
Plinio. k Saw dlgWp . WbW OW is" U&k* on ppttt phow,
'
eoz Mih)s9D. d U. C.CN. SWU bk,%
pbQo VU Wedly bettoet b" oft tM(
otpond Srwy faveraW to PA ladladkou ar ova don wkkb alwor medium effects
00

I ftm Paght JIM u gad toulto wift =4LjF=*tft wills pAperplaosplasoit-
l" ater "auks with mper-
In rA 0".
d
"
goo
M6 go
g
o % :T
=

I plonsephate. fit rxeW thm at Ow swt6*4 Obe eb"Out bm-)
S
jorrs
to with eddlphoTbste.
gfvw wkb ppa p"bato JM in cmd ww~ft

OO
:1 .

woo
use

ttew Siva# "W i goo

lk .0 -
140,004 Isif a"- dog GRIAll dar a" 414
00
4
1

OP U 0 AV 00 111; #A A I I be 0 a 0 A 0 10 0 Al f Vj f 9
19 -

0
T44
- 0 soooooooooo$*OOOOOG*oooo*eoooeeo
: q so :
0*000*000000000000009gooo
0*0*0104000090 -
001

OLA

'A
00 :_60,
11W pead D-0. kadf-
~,,.Ytttbe yield 1416crealed. 148
9.-Mz "am wMa"rably to 0
weak mating Is uskvwW*. 71wft is fliventAc y*W in toW rrA" and
bate-lot& Ms!lh! im "Jmbk trileft (be sdcxbtd b4ft
fiber bets Otte Is MA "WIMOV a# Ili- in -t
j,jj,,W6wwU. DwiM4tOwfAO-k4and"Pe`a*'bft
rmwu for the
"I. At "ti- thmit""C66W ""Ono' C*SW K'wkkhisIIw
abortral &w1opment Infielgit! at ".0me. GRoans R.
zoo
r.0
age
See
1v
40
WALILU40CA4 ILIMA1611( C WORKATK* tz tie*
too
Of w 4 1 IIA
o f 0 010 0 0 * 0 0 * 0 0 0
0 wiq 0 000 ov 0 see 0 0 0 0 0 *i* 40_4 0.0 0 4 0 0 * 9 e 0 go 0 &1

1 i-L
A
0* p
IT-
00
#0
90
00
00
I

4
"
.1
gopw*a of km qumtkim
f
b ftuatOW"d bf
I
d
ke
x

WOW4 CA In "n o milk.
0. C. A.

if 0
a a a as gun it 'Smam
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
oil& I I W,
1 1.
4 0 0 4 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 * 0 0 0 9 6 0 0 0 0
0 4
0 0 0
zoo
too
see
go*
too
aso
boo
oil

A !1.01!i-
PROCIS941 Wpecvfs ti 400
- m,-ap
ID.,! 7V"W
706. in ;V-1m owy. (WA b,.)
of a &AAbk AM d owmd Omm*do gl"t betta -00
lHi Them 049
004 3i .60
00s jaCkegatbaPAtUnOlIllf
(Nm at pbog*Airite) or .00
00 't w8 do 2 1. mi to
160 best metbw of vb4 *00
the eacts of the pkaspbowltd; 6. 1.. bid 0
uutnat can bVoW".A by
Isaile W mlik UO Otky. works
0031.1 W *" W dds. bck PA - t
4.bl. O.'66-s'
#r. W swom MA Z saw r"Qu
00 ohkgk don 10 -W; bm vwb a cwv ulabir
TJW ju Mtsho Of"
060~
70% Uwe, M~Wpbo~PMW 18 P4W" tO 56"~
env Is
JA~kw-od -A. P6p6GWA-CWtWf
iLs I m$ L A MITA&L-~-At -tfltg-AlWf CLOUPICATOW =.Z A~
1#404$ -4 tolod-I wit 0-t dot G-T &%I
0 AV of.
a It a, a, a, It 11:Anl toad* *Vlwlmt do 0 21
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 4 0 0 0 a 0 0
pool
0 0 1e so 000 00000a 10 09 00 00 0 of000000,00

A A
00 a
06
009 M gam tu a S. SO kmilile &rA lOvAnits, Afid
01 9w .,u. C.-Ul'. ..I.
lcm diffmat lyl
XCI ~.WWW see
Tugh"tan
god from &tg Vc-d..Uw we, fwW to It, iM b-t of V 200
00.) ice*
-fod aoo
so.
COO
0014 age,
go .0a,
004 roe
406
so*
tree
boo
tX40
A S . L OfIALLwftKAk UIC481UNt CLjjjIFbCAfJU It,
00
1100
I a Ow a is a I w 41 0 a q Im?
fl
Op 9 9
0000 00000 00,601 0
0 * r 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 a 0 0 0
~0000 1400 00,1200, 900,00 0000 0 of - 0900096,196999000006600004000;

- A k-A-A Aj 9 L."_p_A'A..V:
iA
A
iii mw ianvemee at various maelm wd uposiva raties upon plaut or*"*
~:; V_J*_ArAO , Sod We* losaingrad 1930 2, iu,~
_t4ikj Pro** MI Interne CoW t that
(IM) (it toolob)l of* CA* 18, 2203 ~Feomd vory brier nou to tm wee
*0 Low#* *JIM tooterg (*to; Co A # 1# 15") Is Inowroot boosts* only the te"I
*0 'r 040/tOftl NgO TSUO If WOU iMtQ 4000=t, I&drIAA Inovingo, ronm shmid b ~6 soo-
0& sidersde The 4ptlWm for- barley and o6ts h" been observed to be to
COJO schollouborger sod,
sea
goo,
**w
x0o
coo
ji, go*
WOO
Noo
MITALtUMCAL UITOATURI CLAWFICATION
00". foc-
woo
t1,1' rdA4W7 ilia" .41 9w1 4.t --..ii , - - , -_
AV so Is or a to q a WA IA A S op qd 9 p S I W9a a dIw
0 0 4 s, 0
4A 111 100 *0 0*o

00
0* c or Same, V,
YWILISDO An uma
&J~106 4100
*so.- -
.
dad ve 40 8h"dj4ed*r (TisAim. Sel. Imt. Fortill"re#
*08i I VAGOW1, 1033#~ *0 11SO 24-44)oooo~U Pot *MWISOUtgo
*step barleyp: qA VW. give - neml yield* even when tb* .00
o1 , wW mobile Ca Is vuh .""twAge to re"ired by Law.
' .00
40: The yield Is Asoreased ;Aii~l* CasUg Is 411:Z 1 #2-
004 let. Per cautrallaidgAii4ity lig Ustatone Is superior
000 to Ca 11"Stone without hr-tilUore A "lot* fOrtiliser
roitate more.offlelently with ORO%* XgO &n4 C&O see
"lly Stimalate attrifteatione W slow added to an .900
004 unsaturat4d soil do" net 1wre"t 1%0-eol* Mg. i we*
Cho Abe o, woo

a goo
:9 two!

UNWIN
goo
:,go
CHO time a i~~4
44*&AT
Ail #A OM 9#1
U 0 a a As 0 ISO a a It I W a 0 a 0 2 a 9
0
- 00
0 -*0 0000000*000
0 0 0 * *A

M-2 ',&i N
I I ,

00 Tu d quilm fa (watum (ag b"'i"d
B g0&. V. D--
-WW-" J~) Jim.- 0
COW4. K mate
lowte
NANO, is sawki ted far lTq=,y bkb hM*-Q:(Zs Me
a lit edwi of tM N& al tM XVIVIIING. TOW NAM4 Is "OKIA4 see
00 a cgdmt for boM = dugmAnd and d-V A- labw
asd CAMOON. 00 pay fore" .00
swpftjw I* (Knih"
Md VA*MQ Ut ShOOK aW- SOW40 400
bduc a Ittk bettw. TWs k socTibed ta Ow old-tw
CORUM al N& ja Um Twimm sdk. &wAlw (awtable
of 'd" MM NS.Mft. (aflam an "ed *a (" btets.
it ig VW&tod M IbBt fe OMMKtift V" alfrOPWAO ferd- 900
No UK widd. of mma it f"W". J; at*
I.S.1049 see
A see
to
400
IN
too
A ILA 14TALLUNIM, L"toOtme CLASIMPKATION 9_z
Ma" vil ame off . . . . . . . . .
Ah
T; i 10-11 -
u 0 AV 10 U10, PAL SlOdO 061916904)$Y
0 frOulas x an a am&* 141
0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*go* 000060 00000 0

Jet "Ojos
POOKIllas for*1411,11
Ago
UN- A-m-amdwmt
Spa". Ar. 3
%Mtn
00 a
Its d I- d-
0 put I this fffwlmf.
to The POW
of ""WSW
so w
00
no, C
00
's-
0000 a 0 0 0 0
1106, 1100 "so 1o9 0 00 04 0
goo
Goo
too
0
.0
goo
1*0
0
00

JL
A
Oak, 44 -se
bell". A.A. ShWsbov Oki D.
Ake sfa4lilmlk 4v
Agr. (U. IL & itil
Pat mW BM v4pts. witit NaCl and Na.14), aki,ina, to fet.
OUtm tv subatilmikm kw K lettfliwir show sbat an de
V%dW CkfftftM N41 WM%Wd tht Itilt? "IMI 04 MAdOr
1 .4 loot
400
SOO
00 .3
400
000
goo
0ow 000
go q0
400
see
zoo
woo
Use
bee
SITALLIFIKKAL U111010411 C1,4111PICASOM - --- -- ire 0
t.. ..... -ail
4116810.
0
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 o so 0 0 o o 0 4 00000
qg~oooooofoofoolb

00
0011,
so A t
00 1
00
0
*0 .3
of
ow
00
of do
A. A.
;*00
4!
l V04KAL ti tQ6701 CL&SUPKATON
Ll
l
0.. 20 1,
o 0 0 0 a
Of#
No. Ulf. 36-M -00
0
-00
wwk the
000
coo
I= awe e1- a**
Joffe
to
Soo
moo
1300
i wee
Cm
1 3 # 1
I W
0 0 oleo 0
0 00 0 006 of of

AT
go -
,41 ~b
V. dunilr.
.,a; W.
-C"t-b-48" I 'T"" to fwutfalilr
Wd t; MpMb-pbult Llswv and -0
avaUabk MS. "do" O=
""q w
-2 lul-'P~ofbsl" W"h
~100
0 'Oft r'"'Aff to ellull. su"ho"Phalts too
attribtsted tip ?ift;
bi sd&-
go
000
so
*0 a 2 &s0
too
IAO
too
too
too
Wo
too
00 -1
us t CLASSOICIII ;q
-- ~ --- I- ...' - - - - -- 1, & 11 0-0
'KAt
,~~A Lk*r
CIO 0
xj qj0
t "4o6! -4 -.- V Ig it .0
u so " -" V, 0,
00 0 0 0 00 0
00 0 0 0 0
gr-T-
,, v
gA
.Vfqvm-~
Nift,

004

off
.004, Va
mm (9d. MIA. Od.
~
v
aw-jdl
4m 190
-
-
,
- .00
soon* ~Z.:
.00 W
.. moo
-- I
d Irlida
see dhamW ~ - -
a& of mr a* nmda A. 0. P.

Coo

~

~ too
voo
moo
isss-fL& TALLW"4L UNUMC OABWICAVM C 9-7
0 Mdf 4K
9434
#
1
41
4.8
dw 0-
4
0
Lip
s a a I ff
I a ad
':A va a
;pop*
4
9

see 4410*6 see ott*66600009 00
00
f
--~Mfoo To 0 0 0 0:0, 6'4- --ws-oowo-*Oq 0 0000000 as* o0 *2

A a A-1 J, ofIIL f." 6&Dolt
so sq~
of :09:
Evaluation of single and double mupaq1tcosPates 110cm,
The "Odpobt of AVWIUM Cligimilstry. 11, %*. 1) .1 .00
Woler. rfavs. %#. Im'C6R~U11., .00
(i, S. A, R.) Nu~ 141, 141: di IAN),
Of". ze"If. Ion, if. 1470-I.-Veletall"ti end fwj,t tells 400
An various tyWi o( sods shawcd that In inuit irsics the
flouble surphoVhmic had a better effect than the single .00
and A to explained as dut to the hilher motent in Ca 400
t1m bigber "ity of the latter (IfsPO.). The only
3 exceptim found wit, flax cirotrn an podsolic %-Ali, In which 000
04 , Cate the single superphoVitate was suor". M.G.M. got,
00
so it
O'P ~000.9-1'
d .400
'60
04~ 0 .- .- !,so
W":3
is! f
A S I t A 011ALILbOSICAL W111061119 CLOSIFICATICII is* 0
6411 a Its 0
.V-Z--
0, -U it -j-r-- j-r-j -v-y-v, V too
0 10 it! An I' I tii--j
iv "nitwit 014111111 Kaff I ~ga
00 000100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 wo 0 o 4 of 0 *0 40
f) 0 o it 0-0
- %440 0 0 0 0 0:0 0 06 0 0 oio 0 4 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Gool

IISSR/Soil Science - Wneral Fertilizers.
Abs Jour Ref Zhur Biol.) No 22, 1958, iooo63
the Poo5 content in comparison with the waste land, but
chang6d the remaining fertility indices very insignifi-
cantlyp approximating them to the corresponding indices
of the waste land. Introducing NPK at the rate of 90
and HFK at the rate of 45 1% plus 20 t/ha of manure in-
creased the pH, the hydrolytic acidity (excluding the
9,,%barable horison, where the litter decreased) and the
P205 content and decreased the saturation degree by bases
the quantity of vater-stable aggregates and the humus con-
tpnt ion with the waste land. The total mois-
ture capacity under these circimitances did not change.
The perennial grasses assisted in a large accumulation
of different forms of N in both soil horizons and in a
larger harvest of oats in comparison with annual grasses.
O.P. Medvedeva
Card 2/2
- 58

USSR/Cultivated Plants. Cereals.
Abs Jour: Ref Zhur-Diol., No 17, 1958, 77581-
Author Druzhinin,__D_.
Inst
Title Conditions vhich Influence the Content of Nitrogen
in the Grain of Spring Crops.
Orig Pub: S. kh. Sibiri, 1958, No 1, 27-29.
Abstract: No abstract.
Card 1/1
m
9

DRMININ, D.Y.
Arrors aM agrometeorological. bulletinx of the ramereve
Hydrometeorelegical bireau. Metoor. i gidr*l. mo.207 7
156. (MLHA 9: 6)
(Xemereve-Noteerelogy, Agricultural)

DRUZHININV Dove
Corn cultlyptlan "d sell moisture [with French summary in insert].
Podhyovedozlo n#.5:43-49 My 156. WaA 9:9)
1.,Karizakaya mallskokhozyaystvanaya aprtuaya stantelya.
(Cori (Maixe)) (Sell moisture)

DRUZHINlN, F.A,
Work practices of the Em. lAroslavskii mine working,a five
day week, Ugoll 40 no,4tll-14 Ap 165. MIRA 180)
1. Nachallnik shakhty im. Yem.Yaroslavskogo, trest Leninugoll.

LA
own O"A40-d-Ift- v
ma of It
d" 14-2
Novel 41-mmo-011
Go &SWilm KMmG4
O)b + 0110c4), yelaw,
+ W" at MISS
ad" "A per Oak
main. w4ft- XaOoi 1 AS. 1.2.1.46.1.31; woo
LUL 1JR;
0-51. OAIO 0.72, 0176.
Of tb8 COMM With PbOj IN AN! tO ltd
4 Imt ectmody Wkmty. moo
MAR
;4"01 9.4%, 84 7.0 hn OM 0.18,
0! too
&.U
06's A Saw 4104
d OW I.- gawks at the rate -
01 two
gow I AM am 0 the PnKccti" ef.
kStef k 04is
lgdm am. 4"D. kated, witb
00% m 1 75, 13D.
4 h OMIS
OW =. % d!ngbkd dwuW of Am pm.
a,, 111!r
tecd 46M t0 Ift W49b d- woo
PC 7%=
so
MIA to @IN inslas
jut AV 00 'a -"t 000000 0 0 IS, 0
Ire
ft AL M , a a 0

/Metals Analysis, Slags NOT -50,
mYluoride Method for Determination of Calcium OxIdIR
in,the Open-Hearth and Blatt-Furnace Slags," I. V-
Gmnovskiy, F. G. Druzhinin, Metallurgical Plant
Inani I. V. Stalin
I"Zavod Lab" No 11, PP 1304-1307
Method, vhere sodium fluoride is used during slag-
dUsolving process, shortens anal time to 20-25 =in-
Possibility has been established for using porcelain
instead of platinum dishes. Advantage of method is
possibility of Ca detn from sep sample, including
XM*Iet&U - Analysis, Slags (Contd) Nov 501
detn in insol silicates, vhich, in regular course
Of ARA3, require long fusing operation. Accuracy
is quite satisfactory and amounts to :t2-3% of
quantity to be detd.
2
1"7

DRU71HINill, F.G.; YjTY;jjTtj
--. --- . 0 11.11.
Automat3cc an-&IY315 Of bla3t furnace gaseB by P,1~3 chromatog-raph7.
Zav. lab. 30 no.5:531-533 164. (KIRA 17-5)
1. DonctskJj fJ]Ial Ukrnin3Xogo naucbno-insledovs.tellskogo
instituta metallov,

DRUNININ. 7.I., mashinist olaktroyona
Davions for sustaining constant pressure In main air pipes
of the locomotives are required. Blek.i tepl tiaga 3 no.9:38
S 159. iMIRA 13:2)
1. Depo Barabinek, Omskaya doroga.
(Locomotives)

-/1 7 L-( 'u'l4eiv ( dA LJ - -
1-1 L) - - r I I
'( //-I C-1 6 / / ~'/~ I ' it
DRUZHININ,_G., inzh..
14 -
Conveying machinery for the Moscow Basin, Mast. ugl. 6 no.120,6
D '57. (Moscow Balin-Coal mines and mining) (HINA 11:1)
(Conveying mchinery)

MUZIPITT &,06orgir Xok"Xsvi ',.KOIMIYVSV, A,D., oty.red,;
I . -.- ch.
IMILIZA, L.N.. tekhn.red. .
[K6-3 scraper conveyer] gaebkovyl konvaler 18-3, Kookva,
Ugletekhiidat, 1959, 24 p. (KrU 12:6)
(Coal mining machinery)
0~-

YAGIMIN, A.M.., insh.;_PRUZHININ, G.A., inzh.
The use of short driven concrete piles in the construction
of petrochemical enterprises. Prom. stroi. 40 no.9--35-38
162. (MIRA 15:n)
-4a;&~Givil-"gbw wmw))
(Petroleum refineries)

BAMHINSKM,# O*A*; DRUZHININ,, G.N,; Prinimalp uchastiyes LIFAIlrIYEVA, K.S.
Searching for methods of processing molasses
with the addition of growth promoting agents.
m.8sl62-166 160.
of various quality
Trudy TSNIIKHP
(MIRA 130)
(Yeast)

I/
AUTHOR DRUZHININ G.V. 103-~T-9/11
_
_
_
_
_
_
`
_
_
_

TITLE 11
nof the Operation Security of S~rstcms with a Gr.-.a'
e
f&
1
1
a
ti
o
TE
0u
Number bf Elements.
(F-kepluatatsionnyy raschet nadezhnosti raboty sistem,soderzhrsheh-
ikh boltshoye chislo elementov-Russian)
PERIODICAL Avtomatika i Telemekhanika,1957,vol 18,Nr 7,pp 678-68o(U.S.S.R.)
LBSTRACT The methods of calculation as mentioned in publications can not
be used for the real operation conditions in industryl aviation
and abipping as they had been calculated on a purely theoretical
basis. Operation conditions can considerably influence th~ time
of operation of system elements,and the elements wereperhaps
formed several years before being used and might have been stor-
ed under unfavourable conditions. The system elements may either
be suddenly put out of aotion or their quality may deteriorate
gradually. Here only the gradual patting out of action is dealt
with as a sudden one is not subject to such prediction. The law
is deduced according to which the reliability of the system can
be calculated. This can be calculated by meaRs of the formula gi-
ven in case that the average time of operation Tk of the system,
the average square of deviation of the time of operation of the dT
element and the number of elements n of the system are known. The
probability of the damaging effect y of the system within the ti-
me T can be determined by means of y
. , L _j
)(x)1here is the tabu-
Card 1/2 '
n 2

The Calculation of the Operation Security of Systems 1' 03 -7-
with a Great Number of Elements.
lated Laplaoe-funotio4)and' x . Tk.- T.
OT
Here the time of the intact operation of the system can be
calculated by means of T;,Tk - CrTx* 'T is determined by means
of two measurements of th parameter which every element
has (e.g. the slope of the tube -characteristic). This way the de-
pendence of the system for further operation can be forecast after
every prophylactic investigation.
(3 illustrations and 1 Slavic reference).
ASSOCILTION Not Given.
PRESENTED BY
SUBMITTED 3-11-1956
AVAILLBLE Library of Congress.
Card 2/2

VIV V'e-mify irr-) to, vi-
AUTHOR: Druzhinin, G. V. (Moscow) 103-12-7/12
TITLE: Calculation of the Reliability of Automatic
Electric 8 stems (Metod rasoheta nadezhnoeti raboty
apparatury~.
PERIODICAL: Avtomatika i Telemekhanikaj 19571 Vol. 18, Nr 12,
pp. li36-1i38 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In this paper a method is given, which takes into oonsi-
deration an arbitrary form of the law of time-distrib7ution for
an operation without breakdown of the elements and the
circumstance that the systems often consist of elements of
different type. Such a method is obtained, if the process of
the occurrence of breakdowns is considered as a single flow
of identical events with a variable parameter. The fact of
the occurrence of breakdowns are identical events in that
respectq that here only their existence or absence is of
.intorest. A primary breakdown of each element can lead to the
'breakdown of further elements, but these secondary defects
are not considered. The occurrence of primary breakdowns is
considered as an independent event. For each element an in-
tensity of breakdown A (t) is used. This denotes the mathema-
Card 1/3 tical exopectation value of the number of breakdowns per

I Calculation of the Reliability of Automatic 103-12-7/12
zlectric Systems
unit of operation time per element for the number of
elements still in operation. The dependence of the intensity
of the occurrence of breakdowns on the operation time
(number of)oycles) of an element can be diveded into threo
periods: 1 in the first period a Great number of breakdowns
occur, which essentially can be traced to "production
causes". 2) The intensity of breakdowns decreases and the
defects show an accidental character- 3) The intensity of
the defects increases with time at the expense of wear and
continued operation without exchange of an element, becomes
uneconomical. It can be assumed, that the probability of
the occurrence of defects in a short Interval (tot + at)
is asymptotically proportional to & to depends on t and is
independent of the preceding defeats. Therefore the
probability of the occurrence of a breakdown in the interval
(to t + &t) can be written in thO form A M At. Tho
formula for the probability p(t) is deduced, according to
which, if the statistical curve of *X (t) is known, the
operation reliability during a given time to or, at a given
Card 2/3

-- Calculation of the Reliability of Automatic 103-12-7/12
zlectric Systems
probability p(t) the time of operation without breakdown
can be found. Next, a system consisting of m heterogenuous
elements is investigated and the corresponding formulae are
derivated for this case. By this procedure, the computation
of the operation reliability of a system consists of the 7
summation of the breakdown-intensity of the elements and of
the finding of-the value of p(t) in the table of the exponential
function (or of the value of Ig P(T) for the determination of
the breakdown-free time T at a given probability P(T).
There are I figures and 1 Slavic references.
SUBMITTED: Febrary, 7~ 1957
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress.
Card 3/3

AUTHORt Druzhinin. G. "Xoscow) SOV/24-58-6-15/35
TITLE: Stand-by Apparatus in Circuits Containing Contact Elements
(Rezervirovantye skhem s kontaktnymi clementami)
PERIODICALs Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh
Fauk, 1958, Nr 6, pp 96-98 (USSR)
ABSTRACTt In the papers of Bebiashvili (Ref 1) and Sinitsa (Ref 2)
dealing with the problem of providing permanent stand-by
equipment (without change-over switches) the failure was
considered of an element which does bring about automatic
disconnection of that element without influencing the
stand-by circuits. The aim of this paper isto consider
the methods of providing stand-by contact civ=its, taking
into consideration the type of failure of individual
elements. Thereby, under contact elements the author
understands elements the operation of which consists of
closing or opening circuits. Two types of failures may
Card 1/2

1~
BOV/24-58-6-15/35
Stand-by Apparatus in Circuits Containing Contact Elements
occurs 1) a circuit which should be closed remains open;
2) a circuit which should be open remains closed.
Separate and overall stand-by circuits as well as
individual stand-by circuits are considered from the
point of view of probability of failure.
There are 2 figures and 3 references (2 Soviet and
1 English)
SUBMITM: September 10., 1957
Card 2/2

-1 / U _L P-1 %)-I
9(2) PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/1722
Nadezhnostt radioslektronnoy apparatury; sbornik statey (Reliability of
Electronic Equipment; Collection of Articles) Moscow, ~zd-vo "Sovetakoye
radio," 1958. 144 p. Number of copies printed not gi*en.
Compiler: LV* Gruahin; Ed,: V*G. Masharova; Tech@ Ede: A*A, Sveshnikove
PURPOSE: The book may be useful to engineering personnel working with electronic
equipments
COVERAGE: The authors discuss the necessity of determining the reliability of
component elements of various electronic systems and describe methods of
calculating the probability of faults in trigger circuits, amplifiers,
rectifiere,*and other vacuum-tube devices* No personalities are mentioned.
References appear at the end of all but one article.
TABLE OF CONTENTSt
Zimin, V.A. Reliability of Operation of Standard Elements of the High-speed
Electronic Computer (BESM)
The author explains methods of checking computer operation and discusses
Card 1/4

Reliabil.ity of Electronic (Conte)
SOV/1722
the reliability of operation of ouch standard elements as trigger circuital
pulse-forming circuital pulse rectifierst phase inverters, cathode followeras
diodes, and amplifiers with pulse delay. There are 3 references, all Soviet.
Zimint V.A* Life of Vacuum Tubes iL Elements of the High-speed Elec-
tronic Computer (BESM) 27
The author discusses the results of studying the reliability of computer
vacuum tubes at the USSR Acadevj of Sciences in 1952-1954. He also ex-
plains the stability of tube parameters, operating conditionsjand tube
life. There are 2 references, both Soviet.
Sinitsa, M.A. problems of Using Stand-by Radio Electronic Equipment 40
The author describes methods of reserving and connecting stand-by equip-
mentoand presents a mathematical analysis of probabilities of faults and
discusses the effectiveness of using stand-by equipmente There are
5 references, 3 of which are Soviet [including 2 translations-jj and 2
English,
Card 2/4

Reliability of Electronic (Cont.)
SOVA722
Levitin, S*M. Underheating and Noise Parameters as Indices of Gradual Im-
pairment of Tube Characteristics 75
The author studies static tube characteristics under conditions of under-
heating and explains the effect of noise on operation and life of
vacuum tubeee A discussion of a system for testing vacuum tubes is also
presented* There are 4 references, all Soviets
Kuznetaovs S~M, Criterion and Method of4valuating Reliability of Components
of Radio Electronic Systems 92
The author presents a mathematical analysis of the reliability criterion 0
and describes methods of evaluating the reliability of electronic system -
components. He also discusses the disadvantages of sucba method. There
are 17 referenceso all Soviet [including 2 translationqj.
Druzh1nin,_GA.__ Methods of Calculating System Reliability 116
The auihor --explains analytical and graphical methods of calculating
reliability of eleptronic; system components. There are 5 references,
3 of which arro Soviet,and 2 English.
Card 3A

Reliability of Electronic (Cont.)
SOV/1722
Babenko, A.A. Reliability, Parameters of Electronic Equipment 131
The author discusses the probability of the occurrence of faults in
electronic equi*ent and explains the necessity of determining the
reliability of various ccmponenta. There are no references.
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress (TK780.N3)
JJ/lsb
7-6-59
Card 4/4

AU THOR: oscow) SOV/24-58-11-18/42
TITLE: Dependence of the Effectiveness of Providing Standby
Capacity on the Operation Time of the System
(Zavisimost' effektivnosti rezervirovaniya ot vremeni
raboty sistemy)
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh
Naukl 1958, Nr 11, pp 83-86 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: A system is considered with an active standby, i.e. one
which is fitted with a switching system for switching off
the defective and switching on the reserve element. It
is assumed that the basic and the reserve circuits have
equal operating conditions. For providing standby
equipment for equally reliable parts of the system with
an initial probability of failure QOW and applying
equally reliable switchinS systems, the mathematical
expression of the reserve function can be written thus:
R(Q,o) = 1 _ (1 _ Cl _ (1 _ q.)(1 _ 1~0)1/m] kj m
where q is the probability of failure of the circuits
of the s*itching system serving the standby section;
Cardl/2 m - number of standby sections;

SOV/24-58-11-18/42
Dependence of the Effectiveness of Providing Standby Capacity
on the Operation Time of the System
k - number of used equipment assemblies.
The reserve functions calculated by means of this
formula are graphed for several systems in Fig.2. The
service time of the system is of great importance also
when selecting a method of increasing the reliability of
the system. If it is necessary to choose between
increasing the reliability of the system by applying
standby components and assemblies or by making the system
of specially selected, highly reliable, components, it
is possible to determine by simultaneous solution of two
equations the necessary operation time of the system
for which both these methods are equivalent, Fig-5
represents an example of the e;rnpjijcttl solution of such
a problem; the ro8pective service time T is determined
by the point of intersection of two curves. Thus, the
operation time of the system is an important parameter
which must always be taken into account, There are
5 figures and 6 references, 5 of which are Soviet,l En6lish,
SUBMITTED: February 6, 1958
Card2/2

8(2)) 9(2) PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/3434
Druzhinin, Georgiy Vasillyevich
------------------------------------------
Rele vremeni (Time Relays) Moscow, Gosenergoizdat, 1959. 76 p,
(Series: Bibliotaka po avtomatike, vyp. 9) 17,000 Copies
printed.
Ed.: V.I. Ivanov; Tech. Ed.: K.P. Voronin; Editdrial Board:
I.V. Antik,, S*.N. Veahenevskiy.. V;S. Kulebakin, A.D. Smirnov,
~,S. Sotskov, Ye, P. Stefani, and N.N. Shumilovskiy,,
PURPOSE: The booklet Is intended for high and medium level
technical personnel engaged in the automation of manufaoturi-g
processes. It may also be useful to advanced students.
COVERAGEt The booklet discusses the principle of operation and
special features of various types of time relays, The following
types are described: time rdlays with electric delay (mag-
netic attenuation, capacitor, magnetic amplifier); -time relays
with electrothermal delay (thermal expansion thread, bimetallic
strip, thermistor); and time relays with electrochemical delay.
Exam les of relays manufactured by Industry are presb4ted.
Card 173

Time Relays
sov/3434
No personallties are mentioned. There are 32 references: 24
Soviet (1 of which is a translation), 3 English, and 5 German,
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction 3
Ch. I. Time Relays With Electric Delay
1. Simple circuit methods or obtaining time delay 5
2, Electromagnetic time relays with magnetic attenuation 11
Capacitor time relays 18
Time relays with magnetic amplifiers 35
Ch. II. Time Relays With Mechanical Delay
1. Time relays with delay of electromagnet armature motion 40
2. Time relays with clock mechanisms 49
3. Time relays with m6tors 53
Ch. III, Time Relays With Electrothermal Delay
1, Bimetallic time relays 57
2 Time relays with a thermal expansion thread 61
3: Thermistar time relays 63
4, Thermal time relays with an expanding liquid or gas 66

Time Relays
5. Thermionic relays
Ch. IV. Time Relays With Electrochemical Delay
Bibliography
Appendix I. Specifications of Some Time Relays
Appendix II.
AVAIIABLEt
sov/3434
Approximate Limits of Change in Time Lags for
Various Devices
Library of Congress
68
68
72
T4
78
JP/Mg
Card 3/3 4-27-60

6/024/59/000/06/017/028
E023/E235
AUTHOR: Druzhinin,G,_ V.- (Moscow)
TITLE: jj~jjjjy of Components of Automatic Systems
i~ -
PERIODICAL: Izve-sti~a Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye
tek,hnicheakikh nauk, Energetika i av-tomati.ka, 1959,
Nr 6. pp 141-150 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: Random functions (linear) and the usual statiptical
methods are applied to consider reliability, frequency
of servicing and replacement etc. The treatments are
entirely general and no detailed or numerical results
are given, There are 3 figures and 3 references, 2 of
which are Soviet and 1 English.
SUBMITTED: October 1, 1959
Card 1/1

AUTHOR; Druxhiniu, G.V. sov/io6-59-7-11/16
TITLE., ort Communication; Classification of Reserve Systoms
PERIODICAL: Elektronvyazl, 1959, Nr 7, pp 72 - 73 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: With the development of the theory of reserve system
comprehensive classification of such systems becomes
ever more necessary. In this article an attempt is made
to produce such a classification. The classification is
based on the reaction of the reserve system to an opera-
tional failure. Existing systems use two methods,
1) Change-over switches are used to switch out the faulty
operational part and switch in the reserve. The author
calls th�s system an "actIve" reserve.
2) The system is designed so that failure of an element
does not affect the working of the system. The author
calls this system a "passivell rer-erve.
Passive reserve systems generally require more redundant
elements than the active but the active reserve demands
switching time between the failure of an element and its
replacement. Both systems use various methods for
Cardl/3 connecting-in the reserve elements or circuits. These can

SOVXI ~35
Short Communication: Classification of Rego ve 0 ejIll/16
a%;
be classifiod as follows:
a) Total: consists of a reserve of all the system in toto.
b) Partial: consists of a reserve of specific parts of the
system.
c) Autonomous: consists of several independent systems
meeting the one and same operational requirement. This is
always a passive reserve.
d) Individual: consists of replacement of single elements
of the operational system by reserve elements.
e) Intra-element: consists of internal connections of
the elements in reserve (down to molecular).
Active reserves can also be classified according to the
condition of the reserve system, viz.
i) loaded reserve: both the working and the reserve
system are in the functional conditionj
ii) Reduced load: the reserve system in under reduced
load condifionno
iii) Unloaded reserve: the reserve system is not functional
urat-il the working system failures. The classification system
Card2/3 is shown di~g'rammatically in the figure.

sov/io6-59-7-ii/16
Short Communication: Classification of Reserve Systems
There are I figure and 9 references, 2 of which are English
and 7 Soviet.
SUBMITTED; February 27, 1958
Card 3/3

AUTHOR: G.V. Druzhinin SOV/109 - - - 4-3-16/38
TITLE: Increasing the Reliability of Condensers (Rezervirovaniye
kondensatorov)
PERIODICAL: Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, 19597 Vol 1+, Nr 3,
PP 463-467 (USSR)
ABSTRACT., It is assumed that the faults in condensers are either in
the form of a short or an open circuit. It is, thereforeq
suggested that the reliability of a condenser can be
increased if it is formed of a number of unitsi for
example, two units are connected in series and a number
of such combinations are then connected in parallel (see
Fig 1). If one of the units becomes faulty (either a
short or an open circuit)7 the condenser capacitance
changes, but the device is not entirely out of action.
.Ln fact it is po3sible to arrange the construction of the
condenser in such a way that the fault of one of the
units does not change the capacitance beyond the
prescribed tolerances. For the condenser of Fig 1 which
is formed of k sections, it is possible to determine the
increase in the reliability produced by the sectional
Card 1/3 construction. If the probability of a short is z and

SOV1109-- -4-3-16/38
Increasing the Reliability of Condensers
that of an open circuit is y 9 the full probability of
the breakdown of a section is given by:
y = z qi
The probability of an open circuit for k sections is
given by Eq (2) or approximately by Eq (3). The
probability of a short circuit for k sections is given by
Eq (4) or approximately by Eq (5). Congoquently the
Qverall probabllity of a breakdown if q A I is
expressed byt 2
Qo = qk + kq (6)
Assuming that the probability of a fault of a single unit
of the condenser of Fig 1 is e , the increase in the
reliability of the multi-unit condenser can be expressed
by Eq (7). This can approximately be written as Eq
The above equations can be related to the operating
voltages of the condensers. The results are shown
graphically in Figs 2, 3 and 4. Fig 2 illustrates the
Card 2/3 probability of a breakdown as a function of the operating

SOV1109- --4-3-16/38
Increasing tho Reliability of Condensers
voltage. Fig 3 shows the increase in the reliability
as a function of the operating voltage for various values
of k. Fig 4 shows the increase in the reliability as
a function of time.
There are 4 figures and 4 references, 4 of which are
Soviet and 1 English.
SUBMITTED; November 14, 19V
Card 3/3

~- - - - , - - I -/ tL--~ - V
145, t4,9100 S/024 60/000/04/013/013
6.46M E140YE463 82214
AUTHOR: Druzhinin, G.V.-()Joscow) 4
TITLE: Faults in.Automatic Systems with Ageing of Breakdown
of Elemet
PERIODICALs Izvestiya Akadsmii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye takhnicheakikh
nauk, Energetika i avtomatika, 1960, No-4, PP-189-194
TEM A mathematical treatment of the statistics of systems
with large quantities of a small number of different types of
elements. The work is a continuation of earlier work (Ref. 1)
It is assumed that each element-has a "decisive parameter" which
determines the time of failure. This parameter depends on the
physical nature of the element and on its role in the system as a
whole. The author seems principally concerned with analogue
systems; he assumes that the random functions describing the
reliability of the system are linear, uniform and normally
distributed. ~(This case is more complicated than that of digital
elements, where the Poisson distribution may be utilized.)
There are 1 figure and 9 referencess 8 Soviet and I English.
SUBMTEDt February 9, 1960
Card 1 1

DRUZHININ, G.V. (Mbskra)
Prediction of the preservation of automatic elements and systems with
vectorial determining parameters. Izv.AN SSSR.Otd tekh,naukeEnprgei
avtom. no*2:165-170 Mr-Ap, 161. (MU 14:4)
(Electronic apparatus and appliances)

22256
S, (1141113 z1f)
S/In~"/61/006/005/003/027
D'-;OI/ 303
AUTHOR i Druzhinin, G.V.
TITLE: Load-sharing stand-by elements of e2ectronic circuits
PERIODICALs Radiotekhnika i elektronika, v. 6, no. 5, 19611
716 - 722
TEXT: At present the complexity of electronic equipment is outpac-
ing the reliability of its components and the problem, of reliabili-
ty of such equipment becomes increasingly urgont. This problem is
represented here in the form of abstract mathematical models of re-
dundan-t- circuit elements. The problem of the practical realization
3tand-by circuitry is not, hcwever, reflected in literature
,;jl,'.ch was pointed out by N.G. Bruyevich ~Ref. lt 0 nadezhnosti i
tochnosti. &vtomaticheskogc proizvodstva kOn the Reliability and
Accuracy of Automated Production) Izv. AN SSSRI Dtd. tekhn. n. Ener-
getika i Avtomatika, 1959, 4). Nowadays, it indicates the applica-
.ion of redundant elementsp where the failure of one or several see-
OF3rd 1/8

2225C
S/109/61/0,06/00'jz/003/027
Load-sharing stand-by D.~OI/D303
tions (elements) of the circuit does not impair the working of the
whole installationg since the remaining elements perform the same
function as the non-redundant elementst All sections and blocks of
the installation remain in the same electrical regime both before
and after the failure of one of them. Such an application of redun-
dant elements may be called functional reservation. Again the reli-
ability can be improved by reserving the e1ement3 of electronic oir-
cuits according to the load# Thin method is discu8sed in the present
article. The load sharing scheme is the one in which the failure of
one of the components results in the failure of the whole circuit
and the electrical load which should have been carried by one of
the non-redundant components is shared by all the elomento togethor,
Two aimpleat posalblo of ouoh u n0home iAro Shown folk
tho oaoe or oondensers and for wire wound resistors. With the load
sharing the rate of failure of stand-by elements of the circuit be-
comes much lower owing to a smaller electric load which becomes
shared between all the components of the circuit% Bach capacitor is
subjected to half the voltage, oaah resiutor disnipaten half the
Card 2118

Load-sharing stand-by
3/109/61/006/005/003/027
D201/D303
.power originally intended to-be dissipated by one actin,~,- compcn~:n-.
only. On the other hand the rate of failures of the rez=ve
is.equal to the sum of the rates of failure of individval compo-
ents
exp CXP I- At].
P4 (1) Pi (1)
where Po(t)._'the probability of correct workinE. during time t of
the redundant circuit; pi(t) '- the probability of same during time
t of the J-th component 'of the stand-by circuit; j(j - the rate of
.failure of the j-th element of same;-& - the rate of faiipre of
.the whole stand-by cot; k - the number of eleuients in this circuit.
, en the cot consitits of one kind of elament,only -- which is nor-~
tual in practice -- then A =, kA (2)
follows. Publish d experimental data of Dzh. Konnor (Ref. 7: Ra-
schut riska printeniya akhemnykh elementov. -Vopr. Raaolokatsionnoy.
Card 3/8.

-/006/005/003/027
S/109/61
Load-sharing.sta~d-by ... D201/1M3
Tekhniki 1957, 4p 15) and A. Wulfsberg (Ref. 8; The price of relia-
bility in airborne electronic equipment IRE Trans. Reliabil. and
dual. Controlq 1957 PGRQC -: 91 19 9) usually depict the rate of
failure of components due to the load and ambient temperature Q
usually in the form of graphs. The rate of failures of the stand-by
circuit in which-the load J,is distributed between k elements is
given by . I
k_9
(4)
It is shown that the increase in the reliability of components con-
nected in the load sharing circuit can be achieved only when the
dependence of the failure rate on the relative electric load is a
non-linedr one which also means that there may be cases when this
reliability is lower. In general the load sharing stand-by princip-
le may be applied for increasing the reliability of heavily loa7ded
components or of components of not too high a quality nominally loa-
dea. The question of when.the load sharing principle would be ex-
Card 4/8.

5/109/61/006/005/003/027
Load-sharing stand-by D201/D303
pedient always confronts the designerg when he has to close one of
the two simplest ways of attaining a high reliability oll' Components
either to apply high quality novi-reeerved elezienttq with higlier than
required ratings or to apply atund-by componento uoing the load
sharing principle. Two alternatives are availablet a) the design
for the minimum limiting factor C with a giver, limitinE value cf
the rate of failure il
lim* No values of factor C have. te be eva"ua-
tedv corresponding to two way:3 in-which the re(uired reliability
can be achieved takln6 61ven value's of X (loads I
iLnd Q. In order
that the rate of failure should not exceed its limiting value
it is necessary for the electric load of the comporient to be below
the limit load determined by
11110m 111M (9)
?1ira'
Using subscript 3 for components having a higher than nominal rat-
Card 5/8

22256
Load-sharing stand-by
S/,09/61/006/005/0034/027
D201/D303
Ing and subscript 4 for elements in the load sharing the stand-by
schemes the relative electric load of every component. of the stand-
by cat. should be smaller than the limit load as found from
k (e4lim
Its value Is found from the graph 0) cari be dravin
by rewriting Eq. (10) in tht: form of
lim
= 01)
b) The design for maximum reliability with a ,iven limiting value
of the limiting factor C lim in this'case one ~-as to evaluate :,~nd
compare the values of the rate of failure as corre,,,~)onding to two
method6 of increasing the reliability i.e. using t__t, limitin,,,,, factor
Cli, and the conditions of operation X 10. In the 1&;t part of the
Card 6/8

22256
3/109/61/006/005/003/027
Load-sharing stand-by D201ID303
article the mixed load sharing and functional design of the stand-
by component circuitry is briefly discussed. In this method, the
reliability of stand-by circuits is increased since in the case of
failure of one or of several components of the cot., the function
of these elements are taken over by the remaining components and
concurrently the load is shared and all components are under rated.
In such a scheme it is necessary to take into account changes in
the circuitry due to the failure of any of its components. For most
of the components their failure can be usually -reduced to two ex-
treme casesz Open and short circuit. It is possible, therefore, ir.
an approximate analysis of circuits using the mixed design princip-
le, to use the methods as given by G.V. Druzhnin (Refb 3S Rezervi-
rovaniye ekhem a kontaktnymi elementami (Stand-by Schemf.-a with
Contact Elements) Izv. AN SSSR, Otd. Tekhnp n. 1958, 6v 96), and
(Ref. 5: Primeneniye rezervirov-aniya pri konstr,.irovanii kontakt-
nykh elementov (Use of Stand-by in Constrticting Contact Elements)
Sb. Statey "Nadezhnost' Radioelektronnoy Apparatui,yll Izd. Sovetu-
koyo Radio 1960). For tho design of make and break components. In
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S/109/61/006/005/003/027
Load-sharing stand-by D201/D303
general, a successful design of mixed stand-by circuitry can be
achieved only if every circtiit is aesesned on its own. There are 6
figures, and 6 referencess 5 Soviet-bloc and 3 non-Soviet-bloo. The
references to the English-language publications read as follows:
C.J. Creveling. Increasing the Reliability of Electronic Equipment
by the use of redundant circuitsp Proc. I.R.E. 1956 April; A.
Wulfsberg, The Price of Reliability in airborne electronic equip-
ment, I.R.E. Trans. Reliab. and Qual. Control# 1957, PGRQC-9 Is 9;
and D.J. Connors Raschet riska primeneniya ekhemnykh elementov
(Calculation of the Risk of Using Circuit Elements), Vopr. radio-
lokatsionnoy Tekhniki, 1957, 4f 5 ZA-betracterle note; The last Eng-
lish-language reference is given here in its Ruesian tranalatio2n.
SUBMITTED; October 14, 1960
Card 8/6

24413
5/024/61/000/002/013/014
E191/9181
AUTHORi Druxhinint..G.V. (Moscow)
TITLEt Prediction of the reliability of elements and systems
of automatic control having vectorial determining
parameters
PERIODICALt IzvestiYA Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdoloniye tokhnicheskikh
nauk, Energatika i avtomatika, 1961, No.21 pp. 163-170
TEXTs Reliability in defined an the capability of elements
Ind systems to remain in a serviceable condition during storage or
n operation. Statistical treatment of reliability considers
random processes of change of the determining parameters of the
element owing to wear or ageing. In the present author's earlier
papers (Ref.lj same journal, 1959, No*6, and Ref.3t same journal,
196o, No.4) it was assumed that each element in defined by a single
determining parameter. There are instance& when an element or
system is defined by several determining parameters (vectorial
determining parameter), It then becomes necessary to conaider
vectorial random processes of change of the determining parameters
and the statistical limits of the elements. The purpose of the
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24413
Prediction of the reliability of .... S/024/61/000/002/013/014
E191/1181
in-satigation is the prediction of reliability of elements and
systems from the condition of the elements at present. First, the
characteristics of vectorial determining parameters and the
statistical limits of elements are formulated. The reliability of
elements with vectorial determining parameters is derived. It is
thought that vectorial determining parameters are hardly likely in
practice to have more than three components, Assuming a vectorial
determining parameter with mutually independent components and a
normal distribution, the approximate prediction (from a minimum
number of measurements of element parameters) of the distribution
law of the element endurance is discussed. Finally, the
reliability of systems is derived having vectorial determining
parameters of their elements and of the systems themselves. A
ufficiently simple solution can be obtained only provided the
omponents of the vectorial determining parameters are independent
:
of each other.
There are 3 Soviet references,
SUBMITTEDi October 146 196o
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AUTHOR:
TITLE:
PERIODICAL:
37 2b
B/103/62/023/005/009/011
D407/D301
Druzhinin, G.V. (Moscow)
On Prophylactic operations for automation.devices
Avtomatika i telemekhanika, v. 23, no. 5, 1962p
631 - 643
TEXT: A-method is considered for determining the time-table of
prophylactic operations by means of experimental data on the malad-
justment of automation devices during their o'peration. As a measure
of reliability of apparatus one takes the probability P that a de-
vice functions properly during a period t. The course and the ef-
fects of the maladjustment process are considered, without discuss-
ing its reasons. The principal characteristic of the controlled
process (e.g. accuracyp sensitivity# etc.)t which is a measure of
the performance of the device and determines the need for prophy-
lactic work, is called the determining controlled parameters This
parameter is a polar random function of time Wl(t)f all whose reali-
zations pass through a single non-random point (the pole). Although
it is possible (in principle) to determine the distribution law
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3/103/62/023/005/009/011
On prophylactic operations Lor D407/D301
f(t) of the period in which the device functions properly, or other
reliability characteristics, yet many difficulties arise in practi-
ce. Therefore it becomes necessary to use approximate methods for
reliability investigations. In particularp it is convenient to use
statistical linearization of nonstationary random processes of mal-
adjustment. In order to determine the mean value mb and the standard
deviation O'b (which approximately describe the maladjustment pro-
cess) by means of experimental data, it is necessary to measure at
one instant at least, the values of the controlled parameter of
many similar devices. In additionp it is necessary to know the time
to and the result wo of the preceding prophylactic operation. Fur-
ther, the reliability of devices with. a single limit of the toleran-
ce field is discussed. In this case the distribution lawf(t)-is
determined by 2 numerical characteristics; The relative rate of mal-
adjustment a and the relative parameter-reserve Ps The particular
case mb = 0 is of special interest. The reliability function P(T)
can be used for solving 2 problems: To determine* from the probabi-
lity F that the device remains serviceable during the interval bet-
ween prophylactic operationeg the cQrresponding interval itaelfj
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8/103/62/023/005/009/011
-On prophylactic operations for D407/D301
and the converse problem. The pertinent formulas are derived, These
formulas are used to establish the probabilistic nature of the cha-
racteristic time of wear 0. The distribution law f(t) can be appro-
ximately determined according to the values of the probability den-
sity at the 5 points; Op T1, Op TM, cD; (Tj ia found as the root of
an equation, "d TM is the most likely value of the time of prophy-
lactic operations). Purthert the reliability of devices with 2 li-
mits of the tolerance field is considered@ In this case an optimal
initial value of the controlled parameter may exist, for which the
probability that the device remains serviceable during a given pe-
riod T, is maximal. In conclusion, by measuring (at a given moment)
the values of the controlled parameter of a group of similar devi-
ces# it is possible to determine (by the above methods)t the time
when the next prophylactic operation has to be carried outt and to
find the optimal parameter value. There are 6 figures, I table and
5 Soviet-bloc references*
SUBMITTED: August 5, 1961
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!'Ar,CESS1ON NRI AP3002609 S162801631000/0031004S/00 9
AUTHOR& Drushining Go V. (Moscow)
TITLE: investigation of intermittent faults in technical systems
SOURCE: AN SSSRi Inv. -Otd. takh. nauk. Takhoicheskays, kibernatika.
no. 3, 1963, 45-49
TOPIC TAGS: intermittent fault# reliability
ABSTRACT: By an "intermittent fault" in meant such a fault (malfunction) after
which the system remains intact. It In recommended that in evaluating rella-
at fault
bility, both the intensity of a firal fault and the intensity of an intermitte
be taken into account. As intermittent f"to can occur both during the system
operation and during its standstill, not only the reliability but also the prepared'!: - .7
ness for operation should be considered. A formula describing the intensity of
intermittent fault to proposed. Due to the inadequacy of information on
Card 112

ACCESSION NR: AP3002609r
Intermittent faults now available* it Is sugiested thAt the-yalue of the intensity of
such faults be met by law or determined by balancing the high-e-r-em".( the equip-
ment against the cost of the damage caused by Intermittent faults. Orli-__arii~-
has: I figure and 16 formulas.
ASSOCIATION: none
SUBMITTED: - 05Feb63 DATE ACGI., 16Jul63 ENCL: 00
SUB CODE: CO, IE NO RE.F BOY: 00 1 OTHER; 000

DRUMPUN, G.V. (Moskva)
Distribution of time in work performance. Izv, AN S=, Tekh,
kib. no,63139-149 N-D 163. (KIRA "714)

MUZHININ, 1. (LaniWad)
"Iavaanm ia a frieW of the suOpon. Mest.prom.i khud.promys,
3 no.2s12-13 F 162. 1 (KM 1-5 12)
1 . (ARTMISS-4WRGM) (PIASTICS IN MEDICINE)

USSR/Microbiology. Antibiosis and Symbiosis. F-2
Antibiotics
Abs Jour Ref Zhur-Biologi7a, No 1, 1957, 545
Author 1. D. D ~Ai--n
Inst
Title Modification in the Typhoid-Paratyphoid
Bacteria Caused by Sintomycin.
Orig Pub Vracheb; delo, 1955, No 10, 961-966
Abstract. Bacteria of the typhoid-paratyphoid group
acquired resistance to sintomycin slowly
and to an inconsiderable degree. At the
'same time great changes occured in their
morphological, cultural, byochemic, anti-
genic, and pathogenic properties.
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