SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT RATNER, S.B. - RATNER, S.I.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001444320002-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: January 3, 2017
• Document Release Date: August 1, 2000
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

S11911-LO100010091000,1010
B013/BO55
AUTHORS: Ratner, S. B., Stinskas, A. V., Gillgendorf, Yu. G.
TITLEs Mechanical Testing of Plastics. 3 Fatigue Tests
'PERIODICALt Plasticheskiye massy, 1960, No. 61
9, Pp-~54
TEXTs The present investigation bases on a paper read by SoB.Ratner at
the Conference on the Practical Use of Plastics in Building. This paper
treated:the physical characteristics ofthe mechanical properties of
plastics and,the specificity of their testing methods. Owing to the great,
interest taken in this subject theJecture material for publication was
supplemented And subdivided into five communications. The first two of
''these were published in 1960, in the numbers 7 and 8 of this journal. At.
the outset, the essential difference between the fatigue of plastics and
the:fatigue of metals is stressed.~The present-day methods applied in
fatigue tests are~divided into.two groups differing in type of index and
design of testers. The tests in question are the tests of hard plastics.
and soft plastics-The methods and testing~machines used for testing hard
lastics are essentially the same as are used for metal testing
P
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Mechanical Testing of Plastics. 3. Fatigue 5/191/60/000/009/006/010
Tests
B0131BO55
or
(Figs.1 5,.Table 1). The machine by De-Mattia, generally applied f
testing rubber, is used for testing soft plastics in the form of thin,
flexible sheets and:films, etc. (Fig.6, Table 2), (Refs-15 and 16).:Data
obtained at.the Fiziko-mekhanicheskaya laboratoriya,NIIPM (Physico-
mechanical Laboratory of the Scientific Research Institute of Plastics)
permit the following conclusions.to be drawn: The fatigue curve of
plastics at harmonic stress usually has the shape of the curve according
to Veler. The only difference is that it does not approach the horizontal
as
ymptote, as is the case for most metals. This generally known con-
elusion also holds for the plastics investigated. Testing of hard
plastics was carried out by means of the MY4-6000 (MUI-6000) machine andV
in collaboration with the TsNIITMASh.(Central Scientific Research
Institute of Technology and.Madhine-Building), by means of a Y.-12 (U-12),
machine. The fatigue coefficients K,.(the percentage of remaining strength
(5 relative to the static stirength,P) of glass-reinforced plastics and
6 7
unfilled ~polymers vary widely. After 10 10 stress cycles the fatigue
Coefficient of unfilled plastics averages 10%, whilelfor glass-
reinforced plastics*it lies around 20 - 35%. The approximate constancy of,
the fatigue coefficient within one group.of plastics indicates the
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Tests B01 3Y8055
decisive.role of static strength for fatigue. The knowledge of this~ f act,
permits an approximate prediction of the fatigue strength onAhe basis of.,
the'static strength. The change in the fatigue coefficient differs con-
siderably in the two groups of plastics mentioneds The relative decrease,.-
of strength is much more rapid in the case of unfilled plastics than in
glass-reinforced plastics. Considering the, permanent downward tendency of,
the fatigue curve, And thus also the relativity of the indexja or K), it
6 7
is more suitable to take 10 stress cycles as a basis than 10 cycles.
This enables testing periods to be shortened greatly without impairing
the:results. In order to estimate the rate of decrease of the index, an
4 i05
additional basis of 10 tress cycles may be used.-The index of
fatigue strength is strongly influencedby the cross-section of the,
sample. This complicates-the evaluation of fatigue pi7operties.and com-
~parison of test results for products of different cross-sections. The
composition of the material has a much slighter influence on the
destruction energy in the case of repbated impact stresses than in the
case of usual impact-strength tests (single impact). Basing on'the
relative energy of a severally, repeated impact (with reference to impact
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Mechanical Testing of Plastics. 3. Fatigue S/19 60/000/009/006/010

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S/191/60/000/009/007/010
BO13/BO55
AUTHORS: Ratner,, S. B. Farberova, I. I.
TITLE: Mechanic al Testing of Plastics. 4. Abrasion of Plastics
-2,
PERIODICAL: Plasticheskiye massy, 1960, No. 9, pp. 61 69
TEXTi The present publication deals with questions on the abrasion,of
plastics. The resistance to wear of plastics is being investigated at
many places in the USSR..Table I lists machines which are in use for
testing plastics or would be suitable for this purpose. In general.-the
following conditions were applied for investigating the resistance to
wearof various types of plastics: 1) Friction without lubrication,
2) four types of frictionsurfaces, corresponding to practical working
conditions: a) rough,sharp-edged surfaces (emery paper), b) rough, blun.t.-,.,,~, j
n
surfaces (wire gauze), c) smooth, hard surfaces (metal, wood,- ebonit.e, a d
hard-plastics, etc..), d) smooth soft surfaces (rubber,and soft. plastic
etc.), 3) low velocities and small loads in.order.to avoid,heating of thell
material. It was found that the machines by Grasseli andby:Shopper.,.-,~16h:-
for testin plastics,..'
are generally used for testing rubber, are suitable 9
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Mechanical Testing of Pldstics- 4- Abrasion 5/191/60/000/009/007/010
of Plastics B013/.B055
Both machines employ velocities of 0.3 m/sec. The load can be varied'from,'1..:-::.
0-3 to 5 - 10 kg. These machines were used for preliminary studies on the
abrasion of smooth surfaces and for detailed studies on the abrasion of~
plastics by emery paper and wire gauze (Table 2). The, following results
were found: Abrasion of polymer materials occurs in two ways:.by,cuts
produced by sharp-edged surfaces (abrasive abrasion) and by elastic
deformation and subsequent tearing by frictional force (frictional
abrasion). The first process is accompanied by lengthwise striation of
the test surface, and the second by transverse striation. Both these
processes are involved in the abrasion of polymer materials. Their ratio
depends on the elasticity of the materialand the resistance of the
surface to abrasion. The share of the frictional component is all the
~higher (Table 3), the more elastic the material and the blunter the
edges of the abrasive grain are. In contrast to rubber the abrasion of
I stics by emery paper in the machine by Grasseli doe;'net involve
, a
p
stabilization of the emer y paper. Tests using emery paper should be
performed in the machine by Shopper, since here sliding is always over
the unused emery paper surface. The Grasseli machine is suitable for
testing with the wire gauze. In abrasion of plastics (and wood) bj emery,
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Mechanical Testing of Plastics. 4. Abrasion S/191/60/000/009/007/010
of Plastics B013/BO55
per the effect of load on the abrasion is described by
a
p
-K P- K P/H, where P load and,H-- hardness of the material. A
v
1 2
sim ilar expression was previously derived for the abrasion of metals and
ubber. In theabrasion of pla ties (and metals or wood) by wire gauze the
r 8
a
load exerts a stronger influence: v K P K (P/H)", where a I .A
similar formula was found for-rubber. A comparative estimation of the
esistance to wear of plastics can be based on equal load, but, also on
r
e by e ratio of. the.
qual compression (which is,determi the ratio P/H). Th
abrasion values in these cases varies for different materials. The results,-~,
obtained in laboratory test.s may be applied in practice,,provided the
ratio of~the abrasive and frictional-components during abrasion is equal.
rom-the,
The share of the frictional component (!.?,f>.-O) can be determined-f
test, e~g. from f - a/3,8. The mechanism of abrasion of any chosen sample:
or product is determined by,external conditions (roughness, lubrication,-.,
velocity, load, temperature) and by the elasticity of thematerial, owing,'
to its effect on f.~ This~can be applied for the simulation of practica1
use and for laboratory tests..These experiments were carried out in
collaboration with the TsNII MPS (Head of the Laboratory: Jh..M.Biliq
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Mechanical Testing of Plastics- 5. Testing of S/191 o/000/009/co-'V010
/6
Heat:Resistance
B013/,BO55
plasts, softening was observed to be a-linear function of the- load
(Refs-15,17).,Various thermosetting materials exhibited the same
dependence (Figs.2 and 3). It was shown that the softening point drops
with increasing load according to T T - bP, where T softening point
0 0
without load, and-b change in'heat.resistance per unit load. Since T is
0
a characteristic load-independent vitrification point of the material, it
must correspond to the vitrification Ipoint determined by any method
u
affec e both
n by other factors, e.g., dilatometrically. This is the cas
with-thermosetting.plastics (Fig-4) and thermoplasts. These data show that
the dilatometric method may be recommended for testing heat resistance. It
must, however, be noted that its lower sensitivity renders it less.
effective than the method of thermomechanical curves. The most complete
characterization of the heat resistance requires determination.of T and b.
0
For this, tests at 2 3 different- loads, at the minimum, are,necessary,.,
Industrial methods generally apply only one and.the same load (P = const)
for testing different types of materials. This results in more or less
fortuitous test results which are high for hard materials and low for softie....'.
materials. In rapid quality control it is advisable to test heat resistance Z~j
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510201601135100210121036
30 B019/BO77
AUTHORS- Ratner, S. B.
TITLES The~Grinding Mechanism of:Polymerization and the Similarity
Criteria
PERIODICALS Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 196o,.vol, 135,.No. 2,
pp. 294 297
TEXT: The author starts out with a definition of abrasive and friction
grindin .~These types of grinding depend very much on the elastic and
9
plas,tic properties of the material. Resin is mentioned as 6 typical
160
grinding agent.when cutting is done mainly through friction. The cutting,
action of the grain'is partly responsible for abrasive grinding. The
results of tests are compiled in Table 1 from which itmay be seen that
the effect of friction grinding decreases with decreasing-elasticity of
the material, and as.the roughnewof the material increases, the effect
d
of abrasive grinding increases too. A similarity criterion,is develop
e' ter'stics. of.thematerial. If v is the
t
o stimate the cutting charaG, I
Volume of the cut and r- the distance.of the stripes-found Vy B-.V.Grbzin,,
~x
:d'ard,. 1/2

24751
s/lgl,/61/000/007/009'010
Long-time st.rength of plastics BIOI/B215
.1pss-re.inforced plastics. The difference between
especially data on- p
short-time aT-.r) lonp-time tests is mentioned. in glass-reinfo-rced plastics,
the strer7th aftor 1000 hr averapes 2,1,1 of the short-tims,
strength, and 1/2 in non-reinferoed plastics. ?apers by A. W. Thompson
(see below), B. Puse below), a ooper (s e below) on-glass-
y (see nd R. 0. H e
reinforced epoxy resins are mentioned, Slmpl-~fication of the complicated
long-time test by extrapolation or, according to S, Goldfein.(see belo-z),-
by temperature increane according to the equation T .(20 + log r) - const (5)
is discussed. Comnarison of long-time strength and fatigue strength (by
cyclic loading) shows that in the latter case, the strength is considerably.
reduced.probably due to local heating. Under, all test conditions,
reinforced plastics generally.show.higher values than non-reinforced
plastics. A. P. Aleksindrov Tomashevskly, and a report mad
e by
Yu. S. Lazurkin at the Conference on the Strength of Polymers and Polymer
Materials, Moscow, May 16-iBo 1960, are mentioned. The authors.thank
T. N. Kryuchenko and D. I. Verizhnikova for compiling publications on
lyla s s - re 1 nf orc ed
plastics. There are 5 X igures, 3 tables, and 24 refer-
ences: .11 Soviet-bloc and 13 non-Soviet-bloc, The cost important refer-
ences to Ergliab-langunee publications read, -A-9 follows, A, I. Tbompson,
~.Ocard 2/3

-7 / - ~ - -~ --_- .- - -I-

S/19 62/000/001/oo6/oo6
wear (abrasion) of plastici B1 39YBI 10
in the test with w1re cloth. Values obtained for the wear of various
plastics. rubbers, sind wood in reference to the wear of organic glass-are-
g#lcm2, V_ is
sented- In th-~ abra iv
pre s e paper test with a load of, 1-k
3 -be
~w. -T-7-10 for organic glass. This value was assumed to
3.7, mm lm,~,r
100. In the wire cloth,test, v is 1.3~io-7;this value was assumed to be,
i~ The abrasion coefficient a shows the,ext.ent-of inerease of the wear
coefficient v wi.th an increase of the standard pressure P according to
the equation v K-PaJ2). For plastics, a was in most casesj-2f since
the wear on the wire cloth.is caused not only by friction but also by the
tcutting effee~,'_ The nat-,ire of abrasion on-the wire -,loth is similar to
tha' on a smooth metal aa~-Iace. The wear resistance of plastics during
abrasion on surfaces c~-f va'rying roughness may thus be compared.. Wear may
)e Ponsidered a fatigue process off the upper material layers owing to
e 91
.,opeated deformatiolon ~~aused by th evations of the grinding body, and
r u
Oaa be determined frout the -umber n of fatigue cy lee. In theeq ation
i -to I. V~ a
V 31) (H hard;it"Hs) according Kragellskiy~ the wear i i~
invers-~-Iy propi:?rtional to n, For determining the wear, ht,~ M~.Reznikovskiy
derived -1hr e x P r e ss
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6 21 0 040 0 0
Wear ;a uruo ,on.-,, o -tLz t i,- s 30/BI 10
-e fatigue curvo~ 0,71e
o n, o t where b expresses t Ie slnpe o t, t L
gth Under. 3'Zif~-,
W,-~ h I e r a c r i n (r, to t he re I a on (0,~,
0
oun thl,~~
1. o; i d in itmo I i C~ido vu I u e o f r~, p e a t ed d y na r, c, t r e r1 ~j 0
."t of th I ir, t., eo' hc~ ~~- r - v v, 1~-Tg a 0
*.ungen e 'ill A
w i ri tr c t If r.1 r, 10 C 14 1 e P, tlie m0t(vI*u["ur of, -tft~~ 'Ae
'on a!
t i1-' tIM t. Of t. e inilti-,tl- material, Th i I t c
rod t c t 1 s, I ower .1 -e r
""o I I roprod uc I b le ~ Will ie for abrass.Lon -.%) th metal screen -u qual 7-,~ vo?
th wao found, a correl.,, t i on~l
with tine fatlc,~,ue 3trezrip
impact 5,trength exists for abrasion with sruni-Paper. Th,~- r,- are 4
ta b I e 9 , a ri,i 3 1 references-. ,24 1-'oviat -iad `7 non:-Suviet. The f our o
:fecent re~fvrcnces to Eng-i ish-language publicPtions read as folICAS
2-1 ;3
S. Kli.tenik, 7k~ar, 2, No~ 2,
S, 1~1 Ratr -r V: F Goo!
Stil,,c D - 9, It"I 'I a o s , ASTI
A S T!, 0 A STNI, S t a n d a rd i o1n, I -tic. D 1242,
Ij, 511 vy.0 E~ S t ory . 111d E n g Cho, m 20~ No 6~,)5
Oard

S/191/62/000/004/001/017
Improved methods of testing... B110/B138
three of them on the mechanical properties of foam and porous plastics, Elue.d
joints and microspecimens. Three permanent groups~are studying (b);
methods of testing thermoreactive materials, rheolo6ical characteristics
thermoplastics, and thermophysical properties. Three temporary groups
are studying (a); chemical, thermal, optical, atmospheric, and biological
stability, and mi-ration of plasticizers. Temporary Oroups are
studying (d); molecular weight determination, viscosity of solutionst. gaI3
and moisture permeability of films, etc. Permanent 6roups are studying
-emporary -roups,are studying Mi spectral analysisq analysis of
aldchydes in mixed polyvinyl acet,als, electrometric determination of
monomers in polymers and copolyners, detetmination of Glin organo-
siloxanes, etc. One group is studying (g);.technical requir,ements.for
resol' and novolak resins,.povider bakelilet phenol formaldehyde plastics
laminated plastics, amino-plasts, PVC, polystyrene and its copolymer
S,
polyethylene, production and conditioning of samples. A permanent wolk g
COL~mission for methods of testing plasti.cs which is to be. established
'Ari thin the.- Sovet - po sinte.ticheskim materialam na osnove vysokomolekulyarrLykh.
soyedineniy pri Goskomitete Soveta Ministrov SSSR po koordinatsii.
rabot (council for Synthetic,Materials Based on..-
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5/191/62/000/004/001/017
Improved methods of testinf-'. B110/B138
11ij;h-molecular Compounds at the Gookomitet of the Council of Ministers
USZ')'R for the.Coordination of Scientific Research) will; (1) exchange
experience on test methodsi (2) coordinate scientific work, (3)
standardize tests, (drecommend testing apparatus.for aeries production,
check proposals made by the HCQ(TY,-61) (ISO(TK-61)),.' It will consist
of the following working groups, RG-1 - terminology and definitionso
-2 - mechanical roperties, RG-3/7 production and at ndardization of
~RG p a
specimens,.RG-4 fortechnological and thermal properties, RG-5a for
physicaland chemical properties, RG-5b for analytical methods, RG-6 for
aging and chemical stability, RG-8 for dielectric~properties,.RG-q for
technical requirements, RG-10 for cellular materials. Standardization
will provide for: (1) productionprocesses, (2) good design of plants
for processing, (3) reliable qualit-~ Guides Ifor industrial production
(4) engineering characteristics, 5 appropriate research for developing
new mat~erials. The Romissiya po mekhanike polimerov Goskhimkomiteta
(the Goskhimkomitet Commission for.Polymer Mechanics) has worked out five
complex mechanical and.technological characteristics for some polymerso,
State standards are to be published in the near future.. Two
interdepartmental commissions will be established for testing plastic
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5/191 /012
-/62/000/005/001
Development of the mechanics B1 10/1101
'purpose, general mathematical theories need to~be elaborated for:
(1) strongthq.(2) elasticity, (3) plasticityj and (4) relaxation$
conaidering the molecular, supermolecular, and macroscopic, structure'of
different plastics. :The Komissiya po mckhanike polimerov Goskhimkomiteta-~LL
is
(Commission for Polymer-Ilechanics of the Goakhimkomitet compiling
records of experimental results regarding; (1) effect of~temperature
eilt
pressure on viscosity, (2) den ity, 0) elastic relaxation, (4) coeffici
s
-ernal friction, a
of ext (5) thermophysical data and (6) e-,ffect oftemper
turd on the yield curves. By 1963 it is hoped to have so compile the
(a) elastic, (b) relaxation and (c) strength properties of all rigid
plastics, for various temperatures and static and dynamic loads. SimiLlarL':
records are needed for'the behavior of thermoreactive plastics during
processing as well as for technical evaluationLof
foam plastics,v films,
id plastics. It is also necessary to wor orm
soft and emirig k out unif
methods for.evaluating the properties of plastics as regards workabilityp
-and to design suitable experimental apparatus. 11"Lo afford reliable basis'L
f o r- c al cu lating th e a t rengt h and hard ne s s , o f many. pl as t i c cons tv ru c ti onS
a theory of the mechanical behavior of plastics under complicated at resses
should be.elabor&ted by the Institutes of the Akademiya nauk (ACademy~of'~.~~'
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U916
S/191/62/000/011/011/919
B101/B1861
Lurlye, Ye. G Ratner, S. B.
,AUTHORS.,
TITLE: The role of fatigue and destruction in abrasion of
polymers,
PERIODICAL: PlaBtichoskiye, manay no 11 '1962 47-48
T EXT The lower resistance to wear occasioned by fatigue of the upper
polymer layer wa3:studied. Unfilled rubber was first rubbed with,a,metal-I
net, then covered,with 10.$L,thick terylene film and again rubbed for
20-30 hrs. The kinetics of abrasion was determined after removal ofIthe
prod
tectiva- film., Polymethyl methacrylate (PyaA) was fatigued by rubbing
against a smooth steel surface, after which the abrasion was determinjed
again. The result3 (Fig. 1) show that the upper layer of rubber fatigues
to a depth of 0.1 mm that of,PMNIA down to.about 0.01 mm. Similar results
were obtained for rubber f'illed wizh carbon black. Multiple compression
much less effective, fatigue not occurring before 2 hrs. The mechano-'
that the r ed-'-'.':~.'
chemical destruction of polyzers,isconfirmed by the fac'. ab ad
crumbs had a lower intrinsic viscosity than the initialmaterials. For....
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s/iqi/62/ooo/o1i/oi1/o1q
The role of fatigue and deutruction ... B101/BI86
?MMIL and vinyl ulas;ic,, the decraanwa in intrinsic viscosity was greater
in abrasica with metal net than with emery cl.oth. For polystyrene and.
polycarbonate,, however, the decrease in,intrin,sic vi,scosity depended an
the size of crumbs,.and the intrinsic viscosity of crumbs abraded with
fine emery cloth was lower than that of crumbs obtained with coarse,emery
cloth. Thus the degree of destruction depends not only on the fatigue
but also on the degree of crushing. Thera are 2 figuresand 1 table.,
Fig. 1. Dependence of therate. of wear on the fatigue. (1) PM."'A fatigued
by sliding over smooth Steel; (2) non-fatigued PMALA; (3) unfilled rubber
unfilled
iatigued by rubbing with metal net (with protegtive film); (4), L
rubber not fatigued. Ordinate:- wear rate*10- min 1, left-hand scale,
for curvesLi and 2, right-hand scale for curves 3 and 4; abscissa, T$ Ming
upper scale for curveSL%I and 21 lower scale for, Curves 3 and 4.:
a
C
rd 24~'-a'
b

J,
S/191/62/000/012/W/015
The hardening effect in plastics ... BIOI/B186
2
s
1) substance; (II) stres kg/cm ; (III),frequency, cycles/min;
RV) endurance, (a) continuous test, (b) test with a 1.5-20-hre period of
e ore. the period ofrest, cycles-10 as
r st, (V) fatigue bef 5; (VI) incre e of
endurance to' (I) after 1 year of natural aging; (2) 10-intervals of,
rest after 50,000 cycles each, Similar I re sults~were obtained. wi th cyclic
stretching vihere no loads occurred with alternating sign. The recovery
effect.reached a maximum with a certain degree of,pre -stretching (- 2%A)
and set in only aftera certain period of rest (15-20 hr Shorter inter-
vals of rest (0-5 hr) showed no recovery effect~-J,During the test, the,
temperature increase in the samples was small OOC) and could not be
the reason for the recovery effect. The restoration effect is assumed'-to
be due to physio-chemical processes and perhaps also-cro8a-linking
In practices this effect must be taken into account-,when plastics are
processed. There are 2 figures and 2 tables*
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'028/004/026/026
S/032/62,
Comprehensive record of mechanical... B 1, 1 6/B 104
(Brinell). 0) Modulus of -elasticity., (4).Long-time tensilestrength.,
Deformation. curve for stress up to 100 hr, the stress amounting.to 80 o
the Strength at short time tensile test. (5) Maximum band relative
.elongation. (6) Strength (7),Durability. (8) Fatigue strength.
(9) Impact strength. (10~ Friction coefficient-~ (11):Resistance to wear.
(12) Heat resistance. Softening point. (13) Frost resistance. Bri ttle
point for low-temperature plastics. (14) Effect of temperature on strength
Tensile strength at -30 and +600C. (100ther characteristics.- stability...~,
-fic external facto
under the action of, speci A. rs such as liquid or gaseous
media, radiation, heat. (B) Characteristics required for calculating
power constructions. (1) Characteristics to be determined by short-time
"static" tests. (2) Characteristics to be. determined under long-time
static loads, (a) Curves for the dependence of the tensile:(compressive)
u d,
strength on the effective time of constant load; or the constants
RT:
where u -c 0, are taken from Zhurkov's formula -r -c-e (if: applicable to
0
the respective material). (b) Deformation-time curves (creeping) und e3~
tension and pressure (or bending) :under constant loads eq'ual:to, 50, 70,
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S10321621028100410261026
Comprehensive record of mechanical... B116/B104
r 60, 90 ',4 of the breaking point; or.the quantities :~Xr//N log t and f-
0 A. a
(L deformation p r unit time if f(l g t) is ne rly linear).
Characteriutica to be determined under 3hort-time dynamic loads:
breaking point - deformation rate curves in semil6garithmic
coordinates,ji f(lo& v) or the quantities Acr/A log V and c, (a stress
at an ansumed unit velocity); (b) dynamic modulus of elasticity.
(4) Characteristics to be determined under dynamic loads: (a) fatigue
5 6 7
strength w-,' th 10 , 10 , 10 cycle loads; (b) logarithmic oscillation
(5) For materials subjacled to friction:
decrement during- bending.
sliding friction, coefficient for different pairs with-and without
lubrication at different velocities and loads. (6) Estimation.of the
effect of temperature on mechanical properties. This effect is
characterized by the modulus of elasticity and the breaking oint under
tension at- 50, +20, +1000C, and, if Possible, at 2000C. (73: Estimation
of the effect on the breaking point under tension by the surrounding:
mecUum most characterist-4c of.the use of the respective material.
Estimation of the spread of''data.. A similar record is being worked
r.-Card-3/4

L~1,3367-63
ACCESSION 0 'AP3003308

formula shousthat the Increase of tesiperature my result not.QL
ty in the
idecrease of durability, but also the ~ increase, of &zubiuty are"'It. of~ S,
sharp increase of e with aim excessive 6owyeasating decreaselof as' Tbe.
experimuts In veer vith plastic to MtR1 samples at various.~An ratures sh6~ii
the justification of the theoretical analysts. The.tAmperature curve of the
wear baa 2 extremes which form adecreasing curve-up tootbe softening point
temperature. The Increase of temperature In this region results in'&,sharp

increase of durability. The increase of tigperature re not affect
any doej
the wear of the crystalline materials up, to the polymer milting.point and the
creSe
shows a sharp decrease In durabI21ty. The sharp in e in.wear during the
on
softening of plastics is followed by a sbarpehange in friction. This-fricti
sea for the amorphous materials fteLa result of.their transformation into a
increa
hiehly elastic state and decreases for crystalline materials as a result of
their melting In both cases these sharp cbmugen inthe coefficlent of
on of
can be used ae ix method of deterainati the theMostability of materi
under the conditions of vear. Orig. art., bas: 1 table,ana 8L ftgures.'r
ASSMIATION: none
~3ojA63
SUBMITTED ~00 DkM`ACQ CL
MA No REF So#.,

0
15 THER.-- 001
SUB,COUE_
~Carj'L~:

L
35941-65.
-
,
AC
CESSION NR: AT5004095
V,=:,c 441

onst
D)
-
'This - formula was veAiiedilor over- 100 lifferint. types.. of, rubbei,,,e-: Wear is relatid. :-'..~-.&

t' load during test, ng'thrcitugh. formula ~~Q. where k 'is -wear :4hen the'.Pres;
0
2

ur6 is 1 kg/cm -a6d p is.pressure~on,the a i' k 2'
In sting mate
spe men n g CM 'te
'

6*a'
"disicus's'es
I The article
ialm on sandpaper thi formula7 is* sinqjXifie s
'' '
.
I e -includes'the'
wear "f
o ~po ym- sumia i
the mechanism of the. irsRhich t on of - factors
'
~
'
. of -,the
iurface layer during friction wear, and
_,
which are responsible for: removal
-abrasive wear. Orig. art.~'has.i 4'f to 'A
igures'.4nd - 5 rm as-

ASSOCIATION: none J;.
SUB CODE: iMV
SUBMITTED: 05AUg64 EHCLo'
'
OTHER4.~
035 001~
NO REF SOV.,
,

6rd 2/2, _71'

c-4/~i-4
Was
L 35042-65 DJTWAPFWAW~(~)/
ACCESSION NR: AT5004097-.'. s/oood/64/000/000/0077/0087~,.--

'AUTHOR: Klitehik, G.-S.;__Ratner.'_L A4~ V
s B.
'
~

'
c wear*,of r a r:.ag
~a np t: metal, A uz
Characteristi ub~'
TITLE: a

oye-soves ch' u
SOURCE- :Nauchno-tokfinichesk h an e,Po`1friktsionno'mu iznos rezin
Me%c Pe%w , iqF;i , rriktsionnyy iznos, rezin (FrictiMal,wea; of "Mer) sbornIx
statey.~ Moscow, Izd-vo Khimiya, 19641 '77-87,
J
TOPIC TAGS, rubber, rubber research,~:rubbdr-proverties, mechanicai:~orkingifmetal:
~gauze, wear resistance, friction

o develo better:methods for testi g,
-ABSTRACTi 4The purpose of tbid,wor was
basilc'-~ type*$' -of,.interacti cut-!.
rubber. In the use of rubber,, ons are. obsepve
f ti
ting and.slippage. The jormer,iake~~ place auiinj the, running 6 resAnd rubb
soles.. on a gravel'r6ad while,,t6 'se con d lnt~ira,ction occurs wh~ e are run on.
-gauze -which
pUleys., Metal is'. a matet;ial subjects b~r-to 1~6th~~-*k~es of wear.'

Gauze - is durable -over 'long periods, of - time and ib~ addition 4t jmrmits ~.teatifi
f
-
nst--
swollen and lubricateA,. rubber: samples i The
residti.pf te
stsjor,wear d
~g
.
l
.
_
io'n*.of the:itibbe nd- de-,!~.
metal gauze are, much. more jdependent on the 66*osit r~a -the"
S
gree of vulcanization than the~results of tests an sandpaper'. A'correlation-_~
Card

L 23583-65

NR: AP4049383,11

partial recoVery of the reaistance~:tol atigue"iaoften noted., Orig." art*
ham
-tao ea.
figures and 3 .

ASSOCIATION:~.~,NIIFM; Moscoir .

SUMnTTED: AlSe~62 ENCL.-
~NO RMSOV: -016 j

-
~T
'
?

I
T
?
Card 2/2

L C6231-67_____._c~:"',T(,,n)AjP(j) IJP(C)
.P~ZEX~_' - - ___ ---.
'~Cc NR, 'AP6030659 SOURCE CODE: UR/0020/66/169/006/1370/~Ppli
AWHOR: Lur',,,*
Ye. G.; Ratner, S. B. f~a te n, R. S*
ORG: State Scientific Research Institute of Plastics (Gosudarstvennyy nauchno-issle-
ins ti tuf-plim-ficheskikh mass) Oro
TIITLE: The e ffe ct of the mechanism of plasticizing on* the wear of polyvinYl_chlori4.'.
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Doklady', v. 169, no. 6, 1966, 1370-1372
TOPIC TAGS: polyvinyl chloride, plasticizer, abrasion, chemical bonding
P0STRACT: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the mecha
nism of plasticizing on the mechanical properties of polymers. Three systems were.in-
(a) polyvinyl chloride + 45% dioctylphthalate; (b) polyvinyl chloriae +
+ 25% dioctylphthalate; (c) polyvinyl chloride + 25%.polyester.plasticizer. The ob-
tained-polymemwere subjected to abrasion on a dise.grinder.against a metal grid.-The
temperature during experiments,varied within.20-1000C. Destruction of Polyli~ersoedurin.
abrasion is described by the-following equation:,
U,- Ap,
x
160 P17 WT
where T ii the intensity of wear, pr~is the force per unit area of the specimen VO ~is
UDC: 541.60
Card 1/3

L 06231-67
[ACC NRI AP6030659
the energy of-activatio n for the breakage of bonds and 10 and X are constants. The
data obtained for the above three systems are shown in figure 1. It can be seen that
V is a linear func tion of p - The extrapolation of V r cur V,
r
es for all polymers produces a single y-intercept, correspond
h ing -to UO = 36 kcal/mol. This value Is very close to the ene
gy of activation for the breakage of the chemical bond durin
9
thermal destruction of polyvinyl. chloride. Thus-, UO is dete
mined strictly by the.strength of the chemical.bondand does~':,
not change with the change in the type of plasticizer which~~
ZO - affects only the magnitude and -the distribution of intermolec-
ular,bonds in the'polymer. The values of I are
determine
from the slope of U-p curves, and are diff erent for each of
r
the three considered systems. Increases in the amount of plas
tici
zer increas"
A. From equation (1), 1-approaches 10 as
'
r

--I'0
roaches 0. The bbtained
data show, however, that
a
pp

1
Fi at some finite temperature. At these temperatures$ polymer's
g.
Effect of specific cease to exist as solids. The authors thank S. 1-Kovaleva

~
th and V. G. Gorbunova fortheir help in carrying out the experi-,..
e,
pressure Pr on ments. Presented by Academician V. A. Kargin on 16 December~
effective energy of 1965. Orig. art.1has, 2 figures.,
U. 1--polyvinyl chlori de + 45% dioctylphthalate; II--polyvinyl chloride + 25%.dioctyll-,
2/3
Card

AC'. A I "I(XI? 619 FOURCE CODE: UR/0191/67/000/003/0064/0067
AUT HOR: Fttncr, S. B~
ORG none
T 1-1 W,: Influence. of composition on the wear resistance of a plastic
Plasticheskiye massy, no.. 1, 19672 6.4-67
TOPIC TAGIL ar resistance, abr S dud-
plastic, mechanical property, we asive, hardnes
tility,jriction coefficient, tal orientation
L/ A-)
10STRACT: The effect of composition on the wear resistance of aplastic was studied.'
iWear was related qualitatively, to friction, strength, and'ductility, Two:types Of
wear were analyzed: ordinary wear due to, repeated surface. deformation, and abrasive,,,~,
wear due to microcutting,of the surface. Equations were given for both types of wear,.
7ne tepperature dependence of :friction and wear were given for a- vinyl plastic rub4ed
-giv-
j'acrors steel. The wear rate of Polyethylene and epoxy, abraded on a grating,,waS
en as a function of temperatum. The wear of Vinyl and epoxy went through a maximirn,',"'
Y ene,-,
at 400C and increased sharply above 600C, while the abrasive wear rate of polyeth I n
only rose sharply above 1200C. Micrographs were shclvm of the abraded ~surfaces of, rul>-'.
Jber-resin composites for rubber contents.of 20, 30, and 50%. , Transverse. ridges on.~~
wear
surfaces itensified as.the rubber content.increased. Mechanical properties. and"
UDC: 678.01:539.538
L~s-rLI/2

1- ACC r4 R AP70 02 659
rates on both carborundum paper and metal grates were presented for a series of poly
=,ides, polyphenols, halogen polymers, and other plastics. The wear resistance was
4 -directly: related to flac , wher H is the Brinell hardness, a Is the, st ngth, c is,
If e re
the mlative elongation to.fracture, and f is the coefficient of friction at a load
2
of L ~g/cn . The abrasive wear rate of rubber-resin mixtures was a minimimi at 401~
i ribber for abrasion,~on a grating, and at 60'a rubber for wear on carborundwn paper.
Mechanical properties of AS salt-caprolactim mixtureswere given as functions of the
caprolactam content The best wear endurance occurred at 10-25% caprolactam, cor-,
responding, to the highest strength and hardness. Orientationwas induced in polypro-
ides by stretching, and the wear rates in the orientedand un-
pylene and some polyam
oriented coiWitions were compared. The wear rate of oriented plastics was higiner
and.increased linearly after 300% elongation as a function.of deformation, irrespec-~
tive of the t-jpe of material. Orig.. art. has: 6figures, I table, 3 formulas.
SUB CODE: IIJ
SUBM DATE, none/ ORIG REF: 0,11
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liver glycogen which persisted up to the 12th in*tion. -09
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which indicated a claw relationship to the trietalxAte roe
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zoo
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9 1,e. tows inOnsifive lit 11, M. C see
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