SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE REQUEST (ARTICHOKE(Sanitized))

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-01042R000800010006-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 8, 2003
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: August 20, 1975
• Content Type: MF

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2 0 AUG 1975
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EORAI)U
VIA
CT
The Review Staff
Deputy Director for Adninistratioa
Senate Select Committee
M T1C EImmG T)
Reference is a e to the 7 August 17 verbal
_
's Ellif
-r.ot i. we Senate Select Committee
of the office of Security
certain u en s ro* the Office of Securi.tw
una tiered rile eut It e 3 which 4r. "axwe
sa.uitizad by the Office of Security is view of the need
for additional coordination within the Agency prior to
in an uusa.a.1tltei form. Thusc ocu eats were not
Z. Three copies of 4 portion of those docu nts
requested by A r. Maxwell are being ferwarde,I herewith
their reiease to taxer Senate select committee.
'forwardee to the Review Staff via a separate memorandum.
Further, two of those documents requested
dir. } axwoli are Third Agency atoriai an l1 he
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Robert . Gaabia
Director of Secur
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Distribu
rig i 2 - Adres
D/A w/o at
1 - D/Security w/o att
1 - OS Registry w/o att
I - SAG w/att
I - DD/PSI w/att
OS/PSI/SAG/ by (19 August 1975)
CL 3Y
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STATINTL
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STATINTL
FOR :
Circulation
Action
Coordination
Information
Filing v 0(
Carding fj
FORM NO. 59-93
AUG 1953
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 Approved For Release 2004/SKGREIDP83-0104 09080001000
It
SUBJECT I Transmittal of Scientific Intelligence ) e noranthn
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
t-f ,CRIt? W TDs lir. Frank 0. Wisner
Deputy Director/Plane
1. Our studies of unconventional warfare have included
for acme time the potential, agent, Iyeergio Acid Diethylamids
(LSD), which appears to be bettor adapted than known drugs
to both interrogation of prisoners and use against troops or
civilians, The Soviet Bloo has the necessary vqppliea of
or; pt from which to a ntheaiss this drug. moreover, the Bloc
is prosumably in full possesion of the pertinent information
on it since it is oozmseraially available and open literature
carries full accounts of experimental use.
2. Bo cruse we feel that the matter may be of concern to
you, we are forwarding the attached Scientific Intelligence
arandump which discusses briefly the intelligence implications
of LSD. 0/sI has in production a detailed study on this drug
that summa Izop the literature on the subject,, recounts the
results of medical exporimontation with it, and deals with its
possible synthesis and production. This study, ";trat?io
I edical Significance of X raergio Acid Diet' ylaraido (LSD)",
will soon bo available to those who have a paramount interest
in the subject.
ILLEGIB
Aaaistant Director'
xcientifie Intelligence
Copies attacheds
1 - Cornelius Roosevelt, TSS
1 - W s Gibbons,
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SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE ME/VIORANDUM
POTENTIAL NEW AGENT FOR UNCONVENTIONAL
WARFARE'
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide(LSD)
(N, N - Diethyllysergamid
.CIA/SI 101-54
5 August 1954
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE: AGENCY
OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE
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Scientific Intelligence Memorandum
POTENTIAL NEW AGENT FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
(N, N-Diethyllysergamide)
This memorandum is based on intelligence
' available as of 1 August 1954
Office of Scientific Intelligence
44OA SECRET
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CIA/SI 101-54
5 August 1954
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SECRE'T'
Allen W. Dulles, DCI, 1-
Charles P. Cabell, DDCI, 1
Robert Amory, Jr.;, DDI, 1
Frank G. Wisner. , 1
C/FI, 1
FI, 1
Willys Gibbons, C/TSS, 1
Cornelius Roosevelt, TSS, 1
Sheffield Edwards. Dir. Security, 1
AD 7
SECRET~
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POTENTIAL NEW AGENT FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
(N, N-Diethyllysergamide)
Lysergic acid dietbylamide (LSD) (N, N-diethyllysergamide), a drug
derived from ergot, is of great strategic significance as a potential
agent in unconventional warfare and in interrogatioiis.* In effective
doses, LSD is not lethal, nor does it have color, odor-or taste. Since
the effect of this drug is temporary in'contrast to the fatal nerve,
agents, there are important strategic advantages for its use in certain
operations. Possessing both a wide margin of safety and the requisite
physiological properties, it is capable of rendering whole groups of
people, including military forces, indifferent to their surroundings and
situations, interfering with planning and judgment, and even creating
apprehension, uncontrollable confusion and terror.
Of all substances now known to affect the mind, such as mescaline,
harmine and others,' LSD is by far the most potent. Very minute quantities
(upwards of 30 millionths of a gram) create serious mental confusion and
sensual disturbances, or render the mind temporarily susceptible to many
types of influences. Administration of the drug produces in an individual
such mental characteristics of schizophrenia as visual or auditory halluci-
nations and physiological reactions of dizziness, nausea, dilation of the
pupils, and lachrymation. These reactions, however, are not necessarily
obvious and only a trained observer, after giving pe.ychological tests, may
definitely ascertain that a psychogenic drug has been administered. Data,
although still very limited, are available which indicate its usefulness
for eliciting trues and accurate statements from subjects under its influence
during interrogation. It also revives memories of past experiences. In
at least one case there was complete amnesia of events during the effective
period.
To date, no antidote nor specific counteragent is available. The effect
of LSD may, however, be shortened in duration by the use of chlorpromazine,
barbiturates, or the intravenous injection of glucose. Very limited methods
of detection and identification are known, such as fluorescence, staining
and spectrophotometry. Although the mechanism of action of this drug in the
human body is not fully understood, it is nevertheless known to interfere
with=the carbohydrate metabolism and to affect the ent`ral nervous system,
certain of---the'.brain, hormones,..and other body funetiots.
4
*06I is - now completing, a detailed study of : LSD that gill- deal with
the composition of the drug, its psychogenic properties,--its development,
experimental use, and distribution. This study entitled "Strategic Medical
Significance of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)" will be made available
to those with a paramount interest in the subject.
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LSD is a partially synthesized drug and was first prepared by Sandoz
Ltd., of Switzerland in 1943. The unusually complex synthesis of the
lysergic acid fraction of the drug, attempted by many workers during the
past 20 years, has apparently not yet been accomplished by any country,
progress in the synthesis of the drug in the United States is reported to
have reached the last and most difficult stage. Completion of the syn-
thesis will facilitate the rapid solution of many problems, such as that
of an effective antidote, stability, more effective derivatives andJo=_
combinations, more accurate dosage ranges, adequate methods of specific
detection, dissemination and complete control, for which there are still
urgent strategic needs.
The basic material from which LSD is prepared is ergot and the Soviet
Bloc has an abundant supply of it. The preparation of LSD has been pub-
lished openly in considerable detail. Further, Sandoz Ltd., has made
available free samples of it for clinical testing both in this country
and in Europe. It is therefore assumed that this material is available
to the Bloc inasmuch as no effective geographic limitation is known.
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(SCE- ~~ P ~ v" _` C (A- O
ILLEGIB
t
TRANSMITTAL SLIP
STAT
kawm,r5.~
BUILDING 11
REMARKS:
FROM= -_._
BUILOI G ROOM NO;--'
1946 36-8
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SECURITY INFORMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SUBJECT Review and Preliminary Report of Experimental Wank
on the Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Dieth,rlamide
(LSD-25 )
-
PLACE ACQUIRED
(BY SOURCE)-
DATE . ACQUIRED
(BY SOURCE)
DATE (OF INFO.)
(a)
diethylamine (LSD`-25) upon an.i.mal& and poisibl y` huffs.
doing extensive-. research on the phys..ological effects. of,--lysergic acid
OF THE UNITED STATES. WITHIN THE MEANING OF TITLE 10, SECTIONS 79%
AND 714, or THE U.S. CODE. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR REVE-
LATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR RECEIPT BY AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
TED.
OF TH1) REPORT IS PROHIS I
RODUCTION
EREP
PROHIBITED WY LAW. TH
Oat 53
Oct 53
CD NO.
00/C N0.
DAS N0.
OCI NO.`
DATE DISTR. i" NDV V
NO. OF PAGES 6
NO. OF ENCLS.
I
SUPP. T
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THIS Is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION REPORT
US citizen, professor of pharmaeognosy at a major US university.
He is well known in the field of pharmacognosy through many publications
appearing in US scientific journals. ? His present- duti es include supervision
of all development thid. research connected with the medi.ciralplant gardens
maintained by his university. His work with the production of ergot and its
alkaloids through natural means and by 6yn.thessis is recognized throughout the
scientific world,
(b) . US citizen, professor of pharmacology and executive officer of the School of
Pharmacology at the Medical School of a major US university.
He holds, a PhD in pharmacology and a degree of Doctor of Medicine. He, is
pharmacognosy and pharmacology have worked together on this project which is about
two thirds completed. Following is our combined preliminary report on the Swiss*
controlled material;
conduct-extensive experiments. In addition to the LSD-25 we were given a cash
grant by Sandoz to partially support our research work. Our departments of
(LSD-25-) by. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, a diviiion-of Sandoz Chemical Works Ltd, to
On 23 Jan 53 we 'were furnished an amplequantity of d-lysergic aaid diethyl.emide
'-Lysergic acid diethylamide is a partially synthetic derivative of the ergot
alkaloids obtained from the fungus Claviceps purpurea 'which grows ' as a contaminate
on the fruit of rye.. Lysergic acid diethylamide belongs to the ergonovine group
of these alkaloids and is obtained as a condensation product of d-lysergic acid ..
with diethylamide.. It has the following structural formula:
' S-T PAGE FOR SLjlr~' T & ARIA CODES
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SECURITY INFORMATION
kIARMY NAVY AIR r
3-01 04 QOO80DO10006-8
This report is for the use within the USA of the Intelligence components of the ments or
Agencies indicated above. It is not to be transmitted overseas without the eonr rrenee of the
originating office through the Assistant Director of the Office of Collection and Dissemination, CIA.
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Lysergic acid diethylamide was fi'rst synthesized in 1938 by Stoll and Hoffman (1).
Lysergic acid diethylamide is known by the code number LSD-25. It is soluble in.,
distilled water but dissolves best when four parts by weight of tartaric acid to
one part of LSD are used. The material used in these experiments consisted of lea
ampules each cc containing x.10 milligrams of LSD-25. This preparation was
indicated for oral administration but in the animal experimentation the solution
was administered parenterally, usually intravenously.
"Description of the Action of LSD-25 on Humans
'Rinkel et al (2) described four effects of LSD-25 on humans. These are as follows:
Phase 1, prodomal phase,- the period between the administration of the drug
and the height of the reaction, lasting about 1 hour.
Phase 2, the height of the reaction occurring 1 to 5 hours-after the drug
has been given.
Phase 3, the period from the height of the reaction for several hours
a. Those referrable to the autonomic nervous system and comprising
slightly increased blood pressure and heart rate, slight '
vasodilatation, nausea and occasional vomiting, slightly increased
salivation, perspiration and lacrimation, dilatation of pupils,
mydriasis,a slight increase in blood sugar, a slight and temporary
increase in total white count. All of these symptoms were variable
and all were not observed in any one subject. Indeed, some
individuals responded in opposite and unpredictable ways. In
general it may be considered that LSD-25 produces autonomic
instability(3).. a _.
b. Motor symptoms were those oaf- ataxia which was general]l y= slight)_ lack
of precision in movements, slight incoordination and unsteadiness
and occasional faulty speech in articulation. There was occasional
facial clonism with clamping of the jaws, trismus and forced
laughter. In some cases with high doses there was produced catatonia
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observable after-the administration' of.. the drug'may be. divided' into',-t r
Phase'.#,:- the after-effects lasting from one to . several days Signs
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The majority of
Sensory perceptions are disturbed. Either by distortion or by hallucinations. Colors
seem brighter and shadows more intense. In the dark there are hallucinations which
generally consists of flashes of light, line patches of color or complex geometrical
figures. There. is false. interpretation of noises, taste is usually lost, although some-
times there is a metallic or bitter taste experienced. There is a feeling of strangeness
and distortion of certain parts of the body. There is a feeling of depersonalization,
and there is the impression of looking at one's self from a distance, of having lost
control of one's real self, as if having changed and become more or less unreal and out
off from the rest of the world. The acute effects generally.wear off in six to eight
hours but in most cases there'is a more or less unusual-mental - condition persisting for
the following day or for the following week. Sometimes the euphoria lasts for several
days and there are periods of dreaminess alternated, with depression. Beaker (4) and
Rinkel et al (2) state that there are two main types of psychiatric effects of LSD-25
Mania, expansive reaction with psychomotor excitement, euphoria.
and less frequently depression.
-conditions with lack of-facial expression and preservation of
body -Posture, (3 )._ In human subjects the- mental effects are
generally marked. Consciousness is maintained although occasionally
disturbed:. There is a feeling of- intoxication. Judgment and
memory are not usually- impaired:- The.' subject' to usually aware of
his condition iud the fact-that-_be:is- eXperiencing effects due to-
the administration-of the drug. Spatial orientation remains good.
There is disturbance at time judgment., Attention and'concentration
are reduced. There is some incoherence of ideas and the faculty of
expression is decreased. Euphoria is evident by disordered activity.
Occasionally shown by manic behavior with unmotivated attacks of
laughter. Occasionally the euphoria is passive, apathetic and
hebephrenia.. There may be tears, resentment, aggressiveness or
passive withdrawal into indifference. Sometimes there are suicidal
ideas. There is sometimes associated anxiety and paranoid trends.
A schizophrenic reaction with slowing of mental processes,
inhibitions,
autism, depersonalization and hallucinations.
subjects present a mixture of these two extreme types.
"Pharmacological. Effects on -Animals- = s.
Original'; observations on_I,SD2j were made iI miTe. These aanimals showei xditatory_ei 'ect5
of the drug and are most marked, in-'wa].tzing`_`mice ( ). n the dog there'--are evidences
J
of autonomic effects as..seen..in salivation Higher,doses
produeecl motor, rigidity. in
rabbits there is evidence of motor excitement in medium doses. It has been reported,---
that LSD-25 resembles ergonovine in that it produces contraction of the rabbit uterus
It has been reported to have no blocking action to adrenalin in contrast to ergotamine.
"EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
."Description of Effects'of LSD-25 'in Animals
Rabbit administered 60 gamma per. kilogram intravenously showed after the lapse of three'
to five minutes augmented placing reflexes and a slightly increased vigor of the righting
reflex. This effect lasted from 10 to 15 minutes after which there was loss of the
placing reflexes and loss of the righting reflex.-. There was dilatation of the pupil and
loss of the response to light._ Cats administered 50 to 100 gamma per kilogram showed----=?
increased alertness and appeared,to-freeze in attention-to-small movements of objects.:;.-.
Later there was a, tendency for the animal to retire into dark corners where it remaIned
immobile.. There was dilatation of the pupil and absence of reaction to light. The entire
duration of. the effect was'about one hour after which the animal appeared to be normal.
Dogs administered 50 to 100 gamma per kilogram showed incoordination in walking and
evidence of excitement. This was followed by paralysis and dragging of the hind-limbs on
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walking but the animal preferred to remain immobile string at some object or corner
of the room. These effects lasted one half; to one hour after which there was complete
'recovery of walking and running movements.,
"Action of- -25 0n Spinal Reflex Paavays
transected at the level of.the medulla by means of a sharp scalpel. The wound was
packed with a pledget of cotton to control bleeding. The frog was suspended from a
stand by means of a hook through the lower jaw and allowed to hang free. Stimulation
was applied to one or the other of the lower limbs by means of an electrode consisting
of two parallel brass rods, 3 mm, in diameter separated 5 mm apart. The frog?s foot
was placed between the electrodes and stimulated for one second with varying voltages
from a Harvard inductorium. The endpoint, or threshold voltage, was recorded as a point
at which a reflexing response occurred in the leg efficient to withdraw it from between
the electrodes. This was recorded in 'stimulation units' each unit representing a 1 cm
gap between the primary and secondary cause of the inductorium. The higher the nu irieal
value of the stimulation units (SU) the lower the actual voltage. Between the application
of test stimuli the.frog's foot-and leg was immersed in a 'beaker of normal saline. After
a control period.of 30 to 60 minutes during which the threshold-voltage as measured by-
the stimulating units was determi4ed. ':ze solution of LSD-25 was introduced into the
anterior lymph sac. Results of these experiments are given in Table 1. N
"Ipsilatoral Responses in Frogs. Large Rana'Pipien frogs verb used. The spinal cord was
"Table 1. Ipsilateral flexion response of frogs with cord tray-section belCW the medulla.
Dose Duration of Mean. threshold Mean threshold
8.
"Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6
.7
8
9
10
11
.12
13
1-
15
100.... . =30
100 = 75 : 75
100 90 90
200 4+5 60
200 105:-- - 105:;.
200- 120 120
11
11
11.5
11.5
13
15
12
15
12
11
13
13
15.5
13.5
R
9
11
1.1
13.5
1.2
11.5
10
12.5
9
10.5
12
12
15 -
1.1.5
12
16'.
+5 +2
+2 +0.5
.$.1 -0.5
...2.0 .-0.5
i.1.0 -0.5
45.0 +3.5
+2.0 0
42.5 -1.0
.13 .
10
x.2.0 -2.0
10
10
1.? .~1.0 ..
31.5
10
.) ..3.5.`43.0
1.2
10
2.4 +3.0__
1. .
10.5
= 2 0;
12
18.5
`41.0 -3.0'
17
11 .
4 .2.5 0 .
'Threshold voltages are recorded in 'stimulation units' (SU)
**Positive number are indicative of a higher threshold; negative figures indicate lowered
threshold.
"The general results may be summarized as follows s
The threshold voltage required for evoking ipsilateral flexion---
responses was in most cases higher after instillation of.L LSD-25-.,
In some cases with higher doses there was complete abolition of,
response=to the stimulus.-,regardlessof the increase in voltage
b. The preparation studied represents essentially a three-neuron reflex
pathway.. LSD-25 appears to act directly upon the neurons at the
synapse. Its effect is characteristic of blocking or retarding
conduction at this point.
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in gammas eax. in minutes before LSD* After LSD*
R L R_~ D
5
15
30
5
45
60
5
15
15
5
60
60
25
120
135
25 ?
120
120.
25
30
30
25
90
, 90
50
180
180
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This indicates that the quantity of LSD-25,requi.red to produce equivalent effects of
ergotoxin is approximately six to seven times greater.
approximately comparable- to that produced by' 3 gsmara of ergotoxin ethanosulfate -;
one-strip; 20 gamma of LSD-25 produced.a depression of the'6pineph4ne contraction'
emooth muscle was depressed in -the same -way .asit is depressed by, ergotoxin On
and?20 gamma or LSD-25 were added `td. the--50-ml. bath -the :epinephrine 'response of the
uniform response to :.standard.
:amiount--of.epinephrih.e quantitips -of 4, 5, 10, 15,
the LSD-25 epinephrine antagonism' vas studied. After the determination of a
"Using isolated rabbit uterus strips maintained in a standard smooth muscle bath
"SU 4MARY
a. Lysergic acid diethylemide produces evidences of autonomic effects
and motor effects in intact rabbits, cats, and dogs.
b. It produces blocking of spinal synaptic transmission in frogs and
cats. There is no effect at the' myoneural juncture.
a. It is capable of diminishing the epinephf?ine effect on isolated
rabbit ? uterus .
a. These experiments in frogs leave the possibility. of inaction at
the myoneural juncture which will be
experiment.
"Effect of LSD-92 on the Spinal Cat-Flexor Response.
considered in the following
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"A decapitate cat preparation was used in the following experiments. The eat was
anesthetized with ether. The trachea was. cannulated, the common carotid arteries
were isolated and ligated anteriorly and posteriorly and sectioned between the
ligations. Using a 30 amp cautery the muscle structures and other tissues were
divided exposing the spinal column at level C2 or C3, A heavy cord or wire was
then tied around the exposed bony spinal column and wouni tightly to reduce
hemorrhage by compressing the vertebral arteries. The spinal column and cord was
then out through anterior to the ligature. As soon as possible after this cord
section artifice.1 respiration was begun. A blood pressure was recorded from one
of the common carotid arteries. A venous crnnula for the administration of the
drug was introduced into the right femoral vein. The left femoral nerve was exposed
and sectioned and the tendenous insertion of the left tibialis anterior muscle was
isolated and connected to a recording lever. The left sciatic nerve was exposed.
The nerve to the ham string muscles was sectioned and arranged for satimulatio..
The muscle twitch was recorded after the bone of the left leg was exposed and pinned
securely. Warm saline packs were used to protect the exposed nerve structures.
between the application of stimulations. Ii this preparation it is possible to..
elicit muscle contractions as the result'.of stimulation at two points. The stimulation
may be applied to the nerve leading directly to the muscle in which case the effect
of the agent on the myondural Juncture may be tested; or the stimulation may be
applied to the sciatic nerve in which case the pathway traverses the spinal cord.
It was possible to show that the LSD-25 did not affect transmission to the muscle
through the myoneural jungture, the threshold stimulils remaining constant after
the administration of the drug. The LSD-25 did affect transmission through the
spinal cord synaptic junctures, diminishing the conduction and eventually blocking
this pathway entirely. It was not possible to secure recovery of the preparation
and restoration of the pathways and it is believed that the effect of the agent
extendr beyond the life of 'the decapitate preparation.
10. "Symphatholytic Effects of LW..25
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Rinkel, M De Short, H J Hyde, H W and Solomonr, H 0, Amer Jr Psyehiat, 108 572, 1952
De Shone; H J Rinkel, M and Solomon, H C Psychiat. Quart-26:
Becker, A M Wien Z Nervenhk, 2: 402, 191+9.
Rothlin, E and Cerletti, A Rely Physiol, 10: 319, 1952."
- end
614.4 29M
644.oi 29M
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SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY.
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY UKfSw.tzerland
SUBJECT Experimental Psychoses and Other Mental
Abnormalities Produced by Drugs
PLACE ACQUIRED
(BY SOURCE)
DATE ACQUIRED
(BY SOURCE) 11 Aug 51 to Sep 53
DATE (OF INFO.) Sep 53
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES. WITHIN THE MEANING OF TITLE 10. SECTIONS 793
AND 194. OF THE U.S. CODE. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION DR REVE.
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SOURCE US citizen who is on the faculty of the medical school at a. major
US university.
He is a professor of psychiatry who has done considerable research on
the effects of various drugs on the oentral:'nervous_ .system : : Oe:.of'his.,,najor fields
of interest is research on the psychic changes brought about by dosages,
of d-lysergic acid diethylamide.
1. I have read with interest the extract from the British Medical Journal
dated 11'Aug 51 and titled."Experimental Psychoses and Other Mental
Abnormalities Produced by Drugs." The author, W Mayer-Gross, MD, FRCP,
director of Clinical Research, Crichton Royal, Dumfries, is well
qualified to discuss this subject.
Our university is conducting clinical studies on d-lysergic acid diethyl-
amide (LSD 25 ) 41ii-cDi" l w an exc.Tve product of Sandoz Ltd, a Swiss pharma
eeutieal company 1e:purpose of='=these investigations is to determin the
'human and animal pYi'rsia-logical' and psychic reactions Ito this substance
LSD-25 is a synthetic amide` prepared' from natural d-lysergic acid and diethyl-'
amide. D-lysergic acid is the basic component of the alkaloids of ergot.
Dr Mayer-Gross describes the mental reactions following dosages of mescaline,
a substance which has been.described in medical journals for many ars. It
is his opinion that the symptoms produded~b. ,5D 25. appear to }~t3 c ps~e tQ those
II , produaed^bIcm si alihe dedpit cthe; .wid9 'chem :aelidif-fo eiao@ betwe@oi#> @Stwo products,
LSD-25 is many times stronger than mescaline or than any other known sub-
stance similar in nature.
Dr Mayer-Gross sees value in the self use of LSD-25 or mescaline by psychi-
atrists as they provide a safe means for them to be temporarily transformed into
the strange'vorld of. some of the mental patients they are trying to treat.
Our research on LSD-25 has not been thorough enough to make this same statement
-- we have not used the material on human subjects. We do feel, however, that
psychic reactions from mescaline and LSD-25 are somewhat the same.
available on loan from the CIA Library is the text of W Mayer-Gross, MD, FRCP,
article entitled. "Experimental Psychoses and Other Mental Abnormalities Produced
by Drugs," dated.'ll Aug 51J
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY. USSR
SUBJECT Soviet Organic Chemist: I Rapoport
PLACE ACQUIRED
(BY SOURCE)
DATE ACQUIRED Aug 53 and earlier
(BY SOURCE)
DATE (OF INFO.) Aug 53
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES. WITHIN THE MEANING DF TITLE 18. SECTIONS 793
AND 794. OF THE U.S. CODE. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR REVE-
LATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR RECEIPT BY AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS
PROHIBITED BY LAW. THE REPRODUCTION OF THIS REPORT 15 PROHIBITED,
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SOURCE Naturalized US citizen of Russian birth, a chemist and fluent. in the Russian
language.
He holds BS, MS and SoD degrees in chemistry from US universities of high stand-
ing and is currently teaching chemistry and doing original research in organic
chemistry at a US polytechnic-institute, He was formerly a research chemist for
two large US industrial corporations-. For the past several years he has been
translating and digesting articles of scientific interest appearing in Soviet
publications. He is a long-time source whose great number of reports have been,
practically without exception, of intelligence interest and have received high
evaluations.
Interest has been expressed in your comments on the work of I
Rapoport dealing with mutations. Can you sup y a, p l name, a list
of his publications and his present position?
- I am not surprised at, the ? interest mdhifested ' in: Rapopcrt'w! woA... As I. have
stated; his'work:on mutatio s may beextremely significant from a BW standpoint.?
. Unfortunately, my knowledge of Rapoport is confined_.tothemeagre information,
given in Soviet scientific journals.-- Such Journals rarely give the full names
of an author but merely list a patronymic and one or more initials. Moreover,
the listings are not always uniform or consistent. In the following list of
publications the patronymic "Rapoport" is sometimes preceded merely by the
initial "I". At other times, it is preceded by the initials "I A". I am
unable to state whether "I Rapoport" and "I A Rapoport" are one and the same
individual.
The following is a list of all publications attributed to "Rapoport" which I
have seen in Soviet scientific literature:
L Shtern and I Rapoport, Compt rend sec biol USSR, 97,366-8 (1927)
Concerning-the_mechanism'of passage of various substances from the blood
into the "OerebrnBpii nal, fluid,I i r3
L Shtern, I Rapoport and L Kremlev, Compt, rend sec biol USSR, 97.,61+4-5 (1927)
Effect of thyroidectomy and castration on the function of the hemato-
encephalic barrier.
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I A Rapoport, Bull biol med exptl, URSS?7,415-17 (1939) - Specific morphoses
Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow.
in Drosophila induced by chemical compounds.
I A Rapoport, Bumazhnaya Prom 18, No 7, 34-8 (1940) iontan wax, its
I A Rapoport, Compt rend acad sci, URSS 27, 1033-6 (1940) - Effect of thy-
monucleic and nucleic acids and of some of their compopents on mutations.
disturb the symtnetry,in the organism.
I A Rapoport, Compt reridacad sci, URSS,.27, 369-72 (1940) -xSubstances'which
properties and use in the paper industry.
I A Rapoport, Sbornik Dikhloretan, 92-5 (1939)
1 1
Regeneration of oils from
I A Rapoport, Sbornik Dikhloretan, 96-9 (1939)- Degreasing metallic shavings.
wiping materials.
I A Rapoport, Sbornik Dikhloretan, 52-91 (1939) - Use of dichloroethane in
.extraction processes. .
Extracting wool-spinning waste with dichloroethane.
I A Rapoport, J Chem Ind USSR, 18 No 22, 8-10 (1941) - Extraction of,
Ukrainian brown coal.
I A Rapoport, Sherstnyanoe Delo, 19, No 5, 12-13 (1939); also 18, 20-2 (1939).
action, of mutational factors,
I A Rapoport, J Gen tiol USSR,.1+., 65-72 (1943) Oxidation and mechanism of
I A Rapoport, J Gen Biol USSR 8, 359-79 (1947)- Chemical reactions with the
protein amino groups in gene structure.
I A Rapoport, Compt rend acad?sci URSS'54, 65-7 (1946) - Carbonyl compounds
and the chemical mechanism of mutations.,
I A Rapoport, Byull, eksptl Biol Med 23, 198-201 (1947) - Derivatives of
of, diethyl sulfate and dimethyl sulfate.
..I A Rapoport, Doklady Vsesoyuz, Akad Sel'sko-Khoz, Nauk in V I Lenina, 12,
No 10, 12-15 (1947) - Inheritance changes taking place under the influence
carbaminic,acid and mutation..
I A Rapoport, Dokiady`Akad Nauk. SSSR, 60, .469-72 (1948)-- Action "of, ethylene;
oxide,. glycidol ;and glycols on gene, mutations
molecules.
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I A Rapoport, ~ Dokiady Akad Nauk SSSR, - 59, _1183w;6 ~194:8) ' - Alkylation of gene:: .
I A Rapoport,.Doklady .rkad Nauk SSSR, 61,?713-15 (1948) - Mutations under.
the influence of unsaturated aldehydes.
I A Rapoport, Am Naturalist, 81, 30-7_(1947).- Synthesis of gene products
in equimolar quantities.
I have no information concerning Rapoport's present connection or position.
I know only that, he was, at one time, connected with the Institute of Organic
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'LSD-25 has the potential of being an aid in the treatment of mental
patients.
-c. LSD-25, if improperly used is a dangerous material--- it creates serious
mental confusion. and makes the human mind temporarily susceptible to
suggestions. No research has been done to determine what permanent
damage could be done to the human mind.if the material was administered
over extended periods.,
d. LSD-25 could be used in the interrogations.of`unwilling subjects for the
purpose of getting them to "confess" as the material stimulates subjects-
to talk more freely'.
LSD-25, because of- its potency., could possibly be used in the-contamino-
tibn of food and water for the purpose of rendering whole groups of
and situation.
Our investigations thus far substantiate the findings of other investigators but
we have carried our research on animals much further than others working on LSD-25.
We can take no serious exception to the printed material furnished us by Sandoz
Ltd which gives a summary of extensive research on ISD-25 as of November 1952 and
"CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION:
D-lysergic acid diethylamice isa partially synthetic der.vative obtained_by
condensing D-lysergic acid, extracted from ergot of` rye, with a secondary amino.,.
diethylamine. Thus LSD-25, first prepared in 1938 by A Stoll and A Hofmann ,
L5ee notes at end of report belongs to the ergonovine group. LSD-25 is. soluble
in distilled water, a process. facilitated by adding crystalline tartaric- acid
"D-LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD-25)
In certain `respects:LSD_ resembles`ergonoyine
to that of ergonovine and ergotamine (the IUD 50 in mice of intravenous LSD-25
is 65 mg/Kg, of intravenous ergotamine 84 mg/K; and of intravenous ergonovine
25 in+ro the anaesthetized rabbit produces motor excitation. In the dog the
first apparent effects of LSD-25 'are of a vegetative nature, e g copious
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(the'` uterotonic effect` of LSD s n-'the rabbit uterus in situ is 7/lO` of:.that of '?-
ergonovine).. LSD exerts-no adrenosympq,thicolytic action (a contrast to the
alkaloids of the ergotamine and ergotoxine groups) and its toxicity is similar,
125 mg/Kg.)
However, LSD-25 may be clearly distinguished from all the other ergot alkaloids.
so far investigated in' other respects,.- The injection of,-.a small :dose :of LSD-..--
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salivation, without any significant change in affective behavior. High doses of
LSD."25, like bbulbocapnine, cause-motor rigidity in the dog and cats a condition
On the normal mouse, LSD has a
subtoxic dosage level. Mice with hereditary waltzing anomaly are more' sensitive.
to this drug.
state, but with simultaneous suppression of
waltzing movements (ROTHLIN, CERLETTI 25).
Subcutaneous doses of no,more than three percent of.the LD 50
increase the general excitatory
DELAY et al studied the effect of LSD on the electrocorticogram of the rabbit,
15
Doses of 40 mgJKg (average) injected intravenously or into the carotid artery
caused marked or even complete flattening of the tracing. The effect was
.progressive, setting in after approximately one minute and lasting one - two
hours. The effect was clear-cut even after dose8 as small as-18-2O mg/Kg. An
identical effect was noted'after massive doses (300-600 mg/Kg). There was
simultaneous marked motor hiyperexcitability.
LSD inhibited the spontaneous rhythmic activity; it did not prevent the response
to electrical stimulation, the epileptic'$pikes, the bursts of rapid spikes
produced by barbiturates or cortical trauma. Of the. vasodilator substances
investigated, nicotinic acid, dibenamine; bexamethonium,'priscol and alcohol
did not modify ;tl effect of' ISD Acetylcholine,givep intravenously,indoses_
of 20-k0 mg/K c.,"caused the reaiTearaiice of. burs.ts of_ basal. rhythm. `? Urethane' and
chloralose'did not modify the effect of ISD
"EFFECTS OF LSD ON HUMAN BEINGS:
the mental effects exerted by LSD in human beings. Hofmann discovered' these
The above mentioned animal experiments do not give any hint whatsoever as to
effects by accident and then carried out investigations on himself which were
yet been published.
reported by W Stoll Studies on the- effects of LSD 25 in normal subjects have
2 6 8 10
been carried out by W Stoll ;,_Condrau , Becker , Georgi et al , Rinkel et al
3
11 17 1;
Matkfi 3 dyer -Gross. s_.Weil'-and other; research_.workers-, whose reports have not
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 The effects-of LSD have been investigated in psychotic patients by Stoll
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De Giacono , Forrer and Goldner , Condrau , Busch and Johnson , Hoch it al Savage
27 9
and Belsanti. Rostafineki has made' some experiments with LSD in epileptic,
grouv. However, this'is not the case with the mental effects, and therefore
respond in almost the same manner to ISD and may, 'therefore, be considered as?one
As far as systemic effects are concerned, both normal and psychopathic subjects
normal and psychopathic patients have to be considered separately in this respect.
Active and maximum dosess Up, to the present, LSD has always been admin
istered orally,-generally in the morning on an. empty stomach. LSD is active in
very small doses. In certain subjects the characteristic effects are observed.
after the administration of a dose as small as 20jttg (microgram
dose of .l+0-100 / g (about -lpg/Kg body weight) is active in most cases Doses as
In general psychopathic patients show greater resistance to the systemic and
psychopathic patients
high as 500 fig (= 0.5 mg) or 6 pg,/Kg body weight, have been well. tolerated by
mental effects of LSD than do normal subjects.
Onset and duration of actiona The first, effects of an active dose of
LSD generally appear within one-half - one hour (maximum three hours), Maximum
effectiveness is reached, on :an average, after two hours and the effects persist
Delayed_effects may be. observed for`. one
one. week; .' Rinkel et all-" recognize four--phases - in
reaction- to LSD. Phase. I: the prodromal phase;-represents the period- between f
one hour. Phase II represents-the height of the reaction, occurring one-five
hours after the drug had been given. Phase III was the period from the end of
the administration of the drug and the height of the reaction. It lasts about
the height of the reaction until evening. Phase IV comprised after-effects last-.
c. Systemic effectst Distinction. may be drawn between vegetative - symptoms,.
fairly slight effects on metabolism and motor symptoms.
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 Vegetative symptoms:'
2,5,7 5,10
Giddiness. ;."empty-headedness,"
2
isolated,.cases general-malaise.._ feelin
10
shaking. ,f
Effects of LSD on:
(1)'- Cardiovascular system:
occasionally headaches
.5,1? 5
of._weakness , fatigue
tremor and
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Blood pressure8 Slightly increased, within physiological limits
10 2,5
or not modified ; less frequently slightly decreased
In.exceptional cases danger of collapse '. Two patients
developed profound circulatory depression .
x,7,8,11 10
Heart rates increased or not modified
2,3,5
decreased
Vasomotor functions: flushes of
5.
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Subjective impressional sometimes
5
discomfort
) Digestive system:
2),5,6,7,10,19
Anorexia, sometimes nausea occasionally vomiting
5,7,1 5
and. in isolated cases lyocrexia
2,5
palpitations - or precordial
tests such as" .the Takata-Ara and ? the Hi jmaA ? -.v d Borg' reactions:-
the quick test (excretion of bippuric acid following ingestion-of
.In isolated cases
sodium benzoate) or the caphalin-cholesterol flocculation test
3)+,8,27
show no,change , the Snapper test (determination of
glucoronic acid in the urine after administration of cinnamic acid).
reveal's slight, temporary disturbance of hepatic function . It
should_be noted that the Quick.-,test-and the Snapper test"are
positive in schizophrenia and mescaline intoxication . Subjects
in whom even only, a slight modification of hepatic function is
present (e g cases where there are protracted'sequelae of infectious
hepatitis) make-a very marked response-to LSD
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Usually not changed ; respiration sometimes dee:Rer and
2,3,5
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No changes in composition of urine iiuresis"sometimes increased
In isolated cases.retentIon of.i
6
the effects of LSD had worn off
2,5,6,19 2,5,6,7,1 10,19
warmth or cold , sometimes periods of shivering
No.change, in exceptional cases increased by 1?F . Feeling of
Temperature:
(8) Saliva secretion:'
(9)? Sweat secretion:
k,5,6,5,10-
Often increased
2
Often increased
(10) Lacrimal se'cretiont'
Sometimes increased
(11) Pupils:
2
Generally dilatation
reaction to ;light mydriasis less
modifications in the differential count or relative neutrophilia
Slight increase in potassium blood values, no change in calcium
3, 27 2
blood values Savage observed some tendency for anaemia to
appear during prolonged treatment (20-100 ug_daily for one month).
Blood sugars3
In 24 subjects Mayer-Gross et al found that LSD caused a slight,
Slight- risey-within physiological limits ; less1 frequently a fall :It J:
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transitory increase in the glucose and hexosemen-ophosphate levels
n the blood.; Otherwise: carbohydrate 'metabolism? was riot affected.
LSD interrupts the break down of glycogen at the hexosemenophosphate
state. "The'intravenous injection of 33% glucose solution modified'.
LSD tends to produce amphotonia. The
rate and the dilatation of the pupils suggest
The nausea and the"periods of vasodilation suggest parasympathetic hyperactivity.
However,, it should be noted that there are great differences from indi-
vidual to individual. Some subjects respond. to LSD.with a fall in blood pressure,
3,13
bradycardia and other symptoms suggestive of sympathetic inhibition.
In general, LSD produces vegetative instability which may tend
sympathicotonia or to vagotoi(ia, depending on the individual subject.
Motor symptoms:-
LSD causes disturbances of voluntary motor functions (which are generally
incoordination.
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Ataxia: generally not pronounced, lack of precision in intentional
movements,. slight degree of.incoordination, occasionally unsteadiness of-
2 4 s 6
,
gait, ,=_ Aij. Occasionally faulty speech articulation
?, ::: :n`:_:, r: 2, 5, 2 { -,.2
slightly positive-.?_--2. Sometime s'tremor.of
the hand and twitching of the eyelids Often facial clonism,
2,5,6,7,8,10 - `
cramps of the jaws, trismus and forced laughter .. Sometimes
2,4,5 3,5,7,10
of tendon reflexes . Sometimes motor excitement
in exceptional cases athetoxic movements In certain cases high doses-
3 and perservation of body posture-.
Aggregate-of. motor: ; symptoms t.;
The most frequent motor effect of ISD may
an increase in sympathetic tenus.
(300-500 mg) produce catatonic conditions with a lack of facial expression
of muscular hyperexcitability accompanied by more or less pronounced signs of
The catatonic effect of high doses has
increase in blood pressure and heart
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be described as aslight degree
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Depression.whichmay bey; demonstrative' with. teers, resentment-,!"r.'10,14':
aggressiveness or passive with negative withdrawal into't
-even complete indifference ._-_ , some-
?5X
in five cases.
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Mental effects in normal subjects:
Consciousness, orientation*.", Consciousness generally maintained but" occasionally
slightly clouded- ; a feeling of intoxication j, often occurring in a wave.-
6 2
pattern of outbursts . In exceptional cases short periods of confusion
As a rule,. judgment and memory are not unpaired: -The subject is conscious
of his condition and does not lose sight of the-fact, that what he.is experiencing
is due to the drug ingested
Certain subjects, notice that their -
6
of self-observation and introspection are increased
Spatial orientation remains'good.' The notion of duration of time is
.2,5,6,8,10,11
.often disturbed, time seeming to pass too quickly or-too slowly
Ideation: may be accelerated, accompanied sometimes by incoherence, and "running
away" of,ideas in other cases ideation is slowed down and the faculty of
2,8;16:
expression inhibited . Often a tendency to preoccupation with one idea.
2,5,6,8,11
Attention and,concentration are reduced
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-Affectivity and behavior: Several types of reactions may be.observed:
(1)' Marked euphoria made evident by disordered activity, manic behavior,
more or less unmotivated attack of laughter, or even involuntary
2,5,6,10,1+,17
Less frequently the euphoria rs
8,10,17,
passive, apathic and,hebephrenio
self, autism, apathyand
2,6
times suicidal ideas
2;5,17
"(3) Alternate phases of euphoria and depression
2k
In addition to these effects, there is sometimes associated anxiety
paranoid trends , or the fear that the abnormal state will persist,or will be
2,5,6
noted'by a third party
In general,--under the effect of LSD en enhancement of the previous
-.._.. C
affective state whether constitutional or temporary may be , observed . The
2,8,10-.
euphoric reaction seems, however, most.frequent
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 Behavior is controlled by affectivity.,In cases -of hypomanic euphoria,
the. disordered activity is often accompanied by logorrhoea nd loss of inhibition;
the, subject cannot prevent hiinsel#' from'-saying what he thinks
affective'contacts. On the other hand.,
often all affective contact is suppressed and the apathy may even develop into-
6,1c
a state of stupor
2
- Sedative effects on sexuality
Sensory perceptions2 Disturbances of. perception are frequent and sometimes very
pronounced. Either the object perceived is distorted or there are hallucinations
'generally of an elementary nature:
Vision: Often the objects appear distorted,'perspective is incorrect, distances
are overestimated, colors seem brighter, shadows very intense and contours very
2, 5,'6, 8,11,11+ -
clear-cut_ Less frequently the`outline of the object seen is less
6
distinct and colors are dull
Certain subjects qxperience hallucinations especially if they are in the
dark and their eyee are closed.. These hallucinations generally consist of
flashes of light, lines, patches of color, sometimes more complex geometrical
figures, objects, flowers and animals In exceptional cases the
visual hallucinations-are provoked by auditory stimuli
affected. Food?--and cigarettes
2,58,10_,}- ---
Sometimes metallic or bitter taste In rare cases olfactory
11
hallucinations, e g garlic odor
seem_,tastelese
2,5,6,8,10,11,19
Hearings Often hyperacusia and false_ interpretationof noises. -,
Less frequently - .true`..s,uditory hallucination-A- e g sound- of a bell:y
Frequently distortion, hypoesthesia and paresthesia: things feel
-206
different . In isolated cases true tactile hallucinations, e g sensation of
Touchy
10
being wet from urine
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General bodily feelings! Feeling of,strangeness or distortion of--certain parts
2,5, ,8,10,14
of the bodyQdT - - ! the sub jeet?has the impression that his head is,
enormous, that, one limb is excessively long or separated from the body, that
his nose is not in its right place, that his arm "no longer belongs to him"
or that his body weight has decreased or increased.
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Personality: In certain subjects LSD produces a-feeling of depersonalization or of
2,5,6,10
split personality of a clearly schizophrenic-nature , Impression of looking
at one's self from a distance, g of, havin lost control'of. one's real self, of having
changed and become more or less unreal and cut off from the rest of,the world. _s_.R
These phenomena are generally associated with the cenestheticdisorders 'as well as
with autism, withdrawal and indifference. These personality disorders are less
frequent in subjects who make a manic euphoric or depressive response to LSD.
10,13 -
Psychological tests: Rinkel ' ` carried out Rorschach's test on five subjects
under the influence of LSD. The results of the test confirmed the clinical
observations` of the effect of LSD in each of the five individuals:. autism,
negativism, weakening of powers of logical reasoning, anxiety, depression, and
aggressiveness. Another test ("concrete-abstract thinking") consisting of noting
reminiscent of those of schizophrenic patients, (predominance of-concrete re-
sponses; abstract responsescduld.be obtained with effort but were characterized
by overgeneralized and tangential thinking).
Rimmel did'not employ these. tests in persons who made a manic depressive
response to LSD. In an alcoholic, a Rorschach's test carried out just after the
subsidence of the LSD effects showed profound changes over the previous tests .
13
Matkfi studied the effects of LSD on himself*He made a series of
drawings supposed to - represent the -same person _eiphentest' =).- chile' under -the th
influence of 'LSD and found -that- his strokei
the drawing became larger, and even went- off the paper 'In"spite of all his
efforts, he could not coordinate his drawing with what he saw, whether it was.
normal or not. When the height of the LSD effect was reached, he made a drawing
Electroencophalogram: EEG tracings have been taken, as yet.. in only about 15
10,13 4 10,13
cases. - There- have been slightor no changes:.. Rinkel:....v. found,, in.general-,_-.-_
an increase in alpha rhythm of one-three waves per second, but in one very .
relaxed subject the alpha rhythm was slowed by two waves per second. - In eight--. -
cases out of nine he noted a pronounced increase in muscle activity.
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every case a more or less unusual mental status persists
In the evening. after 'the"experiment, euphoria, logorrioea, difficulty of
concentration and sometimes great fatigue are noted. The'subjects generally-
sleep well, but'the following morning certain of them complain of a "hangover,"
similar to that produced by excessive amounts of alcohol. However, by this time
2
most subjects have returned to their normal status . Sometimes the euphoria lasts
several days
.Less frequently.a depressive state is observed.. This may last several
6,8
days One subject exhibited periods of dreaminess (with feelings of strange-
.
ness, of "deja vu" and'disturbed general bodily-feelings), alternating with phases
6 -- -
of depression -,after a single dose' of 18D. These delayed effects often occurred
13
Aggregate. of psychic effects Fin normal subjects: .The symptoms-produced by LSD`
have been considered by W Stoll as the expression of"anacute exogenic psychosis,
analogous to those produced-by alcohol; opium, cocaine, hashish, mescaline and the,
23
amphetamines (however, all these substances are only active in far higher doses ).
There is'no uniform reaction .to ISD. Two main types may be distinguished
a schizophrenic reaction with slowing of mental processes, inhibitions;
autism, depersonalization and hallucinations:
The majority-of subjects present a mixture of these.two extreme types.
6
Becker attributes the manic response to,the action of LSD on the sphere of
intention and the schizophrenic reaction to the action of LSD on the sphere of,
affect.
In general,. #: feuds-to-reinforce pre-existing: tendencies,. producing a,r4
caricature of the subject : the cyclothymic patient often becomes euphoric and
5
6-
expansive while the schizoid becomes a true schizophrene . Thus LSD reveals latent
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tendencies-and its effect may be considered,'to a certain degree, as.a personality
'2,5,6
LSD makes it possible for the psychiatrist to study in himself some of
the mental symptoms which he is called upon to analyze and. treat in his patients.
This experience is often instructive -.
2,6
LSD 25 and Mescaline: The first workers to carry, out research were struck by the.
analogy between the 'intoxication' produced.by LSD and mescaline delirium, although
the active doses of these two products are quite different (mescaline at least 0.2
Various
that of LSD
8'
g a c. LSD generally less
been found when comparing
animals. The lethal dose
., ?u_ ..._---~- ------- -- -- - _.-_ ____ _--_-- -- _ - 8,11
comparative studies carried out on the same subjects have shown
L'S'D produces, above fall else, manic depressive or hebephrenic symptoms
In other words,-an expansive or foolish euphoria of periodic depression predominates
lessness, stupor, personality, disturbances or hallucinationsare predominant.
With'mescaline; on the other Land, catatonic symptoms such as rest-
while the hallucinations and depersonalization are fairly slight.
LSD and mescaline do not exert.the'same actions on nervous centers in lower animals.
According-to-Witt' -these two substances have opposite effects. on the behavior of
spiders "(as ' determined. by web' pattern _and purposefu1ndso: oft--the
19
Mescaline produces fairly important changes in hepatic function demonstrable
increase in anxiety occurred frequently with- mescaline-1
usual laboratory
than 0.0001 g 100 mg). An analogous relationship has
the toxicity of the two substances 'in cold-blooded
of mescaline, in tadpoles, is 100-1000 times greater than
tests, whereas LSD produces'a much slighter change which is
only made evident.by an ultrasensitive test
8
e. Effects of LSD,25 on psychopathic patients: Generally psychopathic
2,3,5
patients are much less sensitive to LSD than normal subjects . The vegetative
and motor effects often appear only after the administration,of very high doses,
e g tvo-three mg/Kg. Mental effects- are generally less marked and difficult to
evaluate in patients who have, in any case, similar symptoms before treatment
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and in whom there may be very great spontaneous variations in effect . It is
also possible that-the negative attitude and the tendency towards dissimulation-
However, in 'practically every case there are certain behavior changes
- which are generally accentuated if the dosage of ISD is increased
With regard to psychomotor affects, LSD generally produces, sometimes
even in stuporous schizophrenics, an increase in activity and verbal expression
4, 5, ?
which may, especially in manic patients, develop as far as pronounced
After very high doses (30p-500 mg) De'Giacomo observed in five cases
out of 12 (3-schizophrenics, 2.olig?phrenics) a preliminary phase of excitement
followed-,by typical catatonia,' during which the, patient's face remained in-
expressive while he-maintained the same posture for several minutes. This phase
lasted up to two hours.
As far as affect is concerned, the previous status
depressive patiento become still more depressed, manic patients
5,27 euphoric . In the majority of cases, however, the'euphoric
2,11.,9,27 19
Of the 21 schizophrenic patients reported by Hoch
a predominantly=- anxious reaction: (totsl of `22 : patients)
The improvement in verbal activity and in-. affect often-facilitate $.a
2,', 7
contact with the patient". Patients become more accessible , and
memories hidden in the subconscious may be brought to the surface, particularly-
still more'
effect predominates
seven exhibited
7
in cases of psychoneurosis
The hallucinatory phenomena due to LSD seem to be less frequent and much
2,x+,5,7
less varied in psychopathic patients than in normal subjects, . The
5'
patient's spontaneous hallucinations may be. activated In one case of chronic
alcohol. 1ntoxieationfrith previous ~ episodes of hallucinosis l0O/ng LSD produced =spa
extremely vivid hallucinations resembling the alcoholic delirium that the patient
had experienced in the past In this case, the shock'effect produced by this
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experience seemed to exert a favorable action on the later evolution. 'In'other
2,.9.
and those provoked by the drug-
intensified in some schizophrenic patients ..
distinction between the-usual hallucinations
Depersonalization in psychopathic
5,9
only been mentioned in a few cases Catatonic
19
and paranoid features'were
Possibilities of using LSD-25 in psychiatry: The effects described-above make it `?
possible to visualize, the diagnostic and therapeutic use of-LSD.
Personality test: Subjects response to LSD with euphoria
manifestations, etc dependson their latent tendency. In psychopathic patients
patient. The intoxication of LSD thus makes it possible in many cases to deter-
LSD enhances the pre-existing conditions and inclines to give 'a caricature of the
- mine the deep-seated tendencies of the subject and may be used, in'this respect,-
2,5,6
as a personality test
and Johnson-have confirmed that analysis under the influence of LSD is not
hampered by speech difficulties, such as frequently occur during barbiturate
7
analysis by improving contact.and facilitating the recall of memories. Busch
Psychoanalysis; In many cases.L$D makes the patient more accessible to psycho-
narco-analysis nor by the confusion which hampers analysis. during insulin shock
or immediately after electroshock. In patients reacting to LSD with heightened'
anxietyj--tpntact`was rendered more difficutt_
'Effect oft- 'shock'.:.. The sometimes extremely --pronounced_ mental :effects--of LSD,`
usual dosage, is generally too slight to produce a useful shock effect . As an
26
of the patient . In psychopathic patients the action of LSD, at least in the
5
6
particularly in-normal individuals,-may produce-a-feelinglof hiatus- in -the life :
exception, one case of alcoholic' psychosis described by Benedetti must be
mentioned, in which the extremely vivid hallucinations produced by the LSD seemed
to exert a favorable psychic effect.
Treatment of depression: The euphoric effect of LSD may be of use in the
ment of certain depressive states. However, one should not be too optimistic
since, as a general rule, LSD tends rather to reinforce a pre-existing depression.
- -
5
Condrau carried out trial treatment with daily-doses of. LSD in five depressive
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patients. Only in two; of them did he observe a slight improvement in"affect. This
result is not sufficient to be considered atherapeu:tic success. 'Savage gave
25X1 A
five schizoid patients with severe depressive reaction became free of
depression, and four patients suffering from schizophrenic reaction with depression
showed no change or became worse. The improvement obtained with LSD treatment.
was not greater than that obtained without LSD in comparable cases..
f "REFERENCES
Hely. Chim Acta 26: 94+4, 1943-
a) Lysergsaure-diathylamid, einPhantastikum aus
der Mutterkorngruppe,
Schweis, Arch Neurol Psych. 60: 279, 1947.
rAvailable on loan from CIA L ibrari
b) Psychischo Wirkung eines Mutterkornstoffee in
ungewohnlichschwacher Dosierung
Schweiz med Wschr 9: 110,:l9k9
Stoll, A Partialsynthese von Alkaloiden vom Typus
Hofmann, A . des Ergobasins
"De Giacomo, .t1;: Catatonie toxique `.experimentale?
Congres._international.de Psychiatric
Acta Neurol (Ital) 6: No 1, 1953
Goldner, R D acid die'thylamide.(LSD 25)
Forrer, G R Experimental physiological'studies with lysergic
Becker, A M
Arch Neurol (Am)_ L: 581, 1951
LAvailable on loan from CIA Library)
Klinische E.rfahrungen an Geisteskranken mit
Lysergsaurs-Diathylamid
Acts psych _neurol scand 24t 9, 1949.
[Available on loan from CIA Library
Zur Psychopathologie der Lysergsaurediathylamid
Wien, Z Nerveahk.. 2: 11.02, 1949. LAvailable on
loan in CIA Library is English translation of
summary]
25X1. SECRETII
Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of psychosis: Theoretical interest in
A detailed study-of its mechanism of action may enlighten us as to the patho-
2,5,8,10
genesis-of psychoses - The possibility of a 'psychiatrist studying in
a substance such'as,ISD-25 which in infinitesimal doses is capable of reproducing
a whole series of symptoms characteristic of e-ndogenic psychoses may, be noted.
himself some mental symptoms is also of interest:_
Approved or a ease
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 Busch, A K
Johnson, W.C
#""' SECRET
Rostafinski, M
10. Rinkel, M
De Shcn , H J
Hyde, K W
Solomon, H C
12. Witt, P N
13. De Shon, H J
Rinkel, M.
Solomon, H C
14. Delay, J
Pichot,:P
15. Delay, J
Lhermitte, F
Verdeaux, G_
.
VerdLau t, J -..,
17. Mayer-Gross, W
McAdam, W
Walker, J W
18. Buscaino, G A
19. Hoch, P H
.Cattell ., J P
Penns, H H
20. Hoch,.PS__._
Cattell, J P
Pennes, H, H
00100
23
- 16
LSD-25 as an, aid in psychotherapy`(Preliminary
report. of a ,new drug)
Die Nw System llt_ _2k1, 1950.
Psychophysische Korrelationen- VIII Modell ver
ruche zum Schizophrenieproblem Lysergsaure
diathylamid and Mezcali'n ..
Schweiz med Wschr 81z 817.& 837, 1951.
Comamach doswiadezalnych'u chorych na padaczke-:
(Experimentally produced hallucinations in
epileptic patients)
Reczu psychjatr (pol) 38: 109, 1950. -
Experimental Schizophrenia-like Symptoms, abstract of
Read before the American Psychiatric Association
Amer J Psychiat 108:- 572, 1952.
Lvailable on loan from CIA Library]
Mezcalin- and Lysergsaurediathylamid-Rausch.
Selbat_versuche'mit besonderer_Berucksichtigung
Dissertation Basle 1951. -. ,
LAvailable on loan from CIA Library)
d-lysergsaure-diathylamid (LSD-25)*in' Spinnentest,
Experientia 1a 310, 1951?__
Mental changes experimentally produced by LSD
(d-lysergic acid'diethylamide Tartrate).
Psychiatric Quart 26Z 33, 1952.
Diethylamide de_1'acide'd-lysergique et
psychiques de,l'ergotisme
C R Soc Biol 145: 1609, 1951.
troubles
Modifications de 1'electrocortisogramme du lapin
par=la diethylamide de-1'acide d-lysergique
( LSD,-25 )
Revue Neurelogique 862 i'81,, 1952.:-5
Versich einer pzycho-pathologischen Analyse der
ISD-Wirkung
Dies Freiburg .i Br 1951.
Psychological and biological effects of lysergic
acid-diethylamide
Nature 168: 827, 1951..
Studio quantitativo dell apettro di flu-orescenza -
dell dietilamide dell'acido lisergico
Ricerca scientifica-21t 519, 1951.
Effects of mescaline and-lysergic acid (d-LSD-25)
Am J. Psychiat 1081 ?-579, 1952
Effects of drugs-
Am J Psychiat 1082 585, 1952.
Approved For Release 2004/03/11 : CIA-RDP83-01042R000800010006-8
25X1A
paper "
X11
 25X1
Influence of organic phosphates_ on tuberculin
,sensitivity in B C G infected guinea pigs..
Relation to. Cortisone, desensitizption
`
Lancet 262:
950, 1952'
SECRET a or Release - -
80001
-17-
21. Mayer-Gross, W Lysergsaure-Diathylamid und. Kohlehydratstoff-
McAdam, W wechsel
Walker, J. Norvenarst 2 t' 30, 1952
23. Blickenstorfer, E
24. Savage, C
Zum atiologischen Problem der Psychosen vom
akuten exogenen Reaktionstypus Lysergsaure
diathylr'riid, ein psychisch.wirkeamer toxischer.
Spurenstoff
Arch f Psychiatrie;b Etschr Neuroi 188: 226, 1952.
available on loan from CIA Libra
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-2 - A clinical-
psychological study,
Ad J Psychiat. 108t 896, 1952.
25. Rothlin, E
Gerletti, A
Uber einige pharmakologieche Untersuchungen
an Mausen mit congenitalar Drehsucht'
elv Physiol. Acts 10: 319, 1952.
Available on loan from CIA Library]
Beispiel einer, etrukturanalytiachen and
pharmakodynamischen Untersuchung an einem
' Fall-von Alkoholhalluzinoso, Charakterneurose`
and Psychoreaktiver Halluzinose
Z f Psychotherapic u: med Psychol. 1: 176, 1951
ELAvailable on loan from CIA Library]
dalla dietilamido dell-'acido lisergico in
schizofrenici a frenastenici
Acta. Neurol (ltal) 1: 310, 1952."
27. Deleanti, R. Modificiazioni Neuro-psico-biochi miche indotte
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