SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT SPIVAK, G.L. - SPIVAK, G.V.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001652720010-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 25, 2000
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

RATNER, N.A.,, prof -; GLEZER, G.A.; SFIV - G.L.
Use of ismelin (guanethidine) in hypertension. Terap.arkhe
no.8:102-109 162. (KM 15:12)
1. Iz Instituta teral3ii (dir. - deystvitellnyy chlen AM SSSR
v ik AMN SSSR.
prof. A.L. Myasn ov)
(GUANETHIDINE) (HYPERTENSIM)

GLEZER, G.A.; SPIVAK, G.L. (Moscow)
Comparison of general and renal hemodynamics in h3TertMS1On*
Terap. arkh. 34 no.lOt26-31 0162: (MIU 17-4)
1. Iz Institute. terapii ( dir. - deystvitelinyy chlen AMN SSSR
prof. A.L. Myasnikov) AMN S~SR.

4111MANGELISK.T.Y, K.V.; SPIVAK, G.V.
.A.Boguslavskii's classical paper on the theory of currents
o
S
bounded by a space charge. Ist. I metod. est. nauk no.32257-
269 165. (MIRA 18:12)

C.-Md '~ed Sci "I'~:ncriw-ice of the use of sy-..-i-,
of
~a-,yo-in in l6he vilho-pin,- cough -~'XA&KC for the prew,-~tion ;P"~
1959. 15 pp 2'Kh~-r1kov o dirF~t) . -900 00-
1-20)

�)~FA4,-G.V,.;,NIKOLENKO, V.F.; CHERNOMORDIK, A.B.; KARAKASH, R.I.
Studies on the antihicrobial effects of certain antibiotics on the
whooping cough baci-Uus. Antibiotiki 6 no-4:350-352 Ap 161.
(MIRA 14:5)
1. Dnepropetrovskiy nauchno-issledoiratellskiy institut epidemiologii,
mikrobiolo i i gigiyeiiy imeni N.F.Gamalei.
(AONiTIBIUrICS) (MIOPHILUS PERTUSSIS)

OBERNOMORDIK, A.B.; SPIVAK, G.V.; NIKOLENKO, V.P.
Sensitivity of pertussal bacteria to erythromycin,,monomy
(,.,jjjn and
biomycin. Lab. delo 7 no.12:40-42 D 16-1. 14:11)
1. Dnepropetrovskiy Ins .titut epiden-iologii, mikrobiologii I
gigiyeny. (IIE14OPHILUS PERTUS.91S) (ANTIBIOT ICS)

NIKOLENKO, V.F.; SPIVAK, G.V.,- KARAKASH, R.I.; LEVINA, G.V.
Effect of antibiotics on the rate of elimination of the disease
pathogen from patients with whooping cough. Vop.okh.mat.i det. 7
no.4:44-46 AP 162. (MIRA 15:11)
1. 1z Dnepropetrovskogo nauchno-issledovatellskogo instituta
epidemiologii, mikrobiologii i gigiyeny.
(WHOOPING COUGH) (ANTIBIOTICS)

L 38900-66 E,jT (I
ACC NRt AF6029724 SOURCE CODE: UR/0109/66/011/005/09~6/0967
AUTHOR: Zernov. D. V.; Timofe-yev. F. V ; Fursov. V. S.; Migulin. V..L.; Snivak. G.. V.1.
Spas3kiv, S. I.; Nilander- R. k.; GrozdoXqr. S. D ; Shemaye . A. X.; SolntseV.-G-.-3-"1-1-
Kuzovnikov. A. A.; Zaytsey, A.A.; Vasil*nya. H. Yap; Mitsuk. V. Te.; Dubinina,
12, M.; Zheludeva- Q. Ap
ORG: none
TITLE: INikolay Aleksandrovich Kaptsov!
SOURCE: Radiotekhnika i elektronika, v. 11, no. 5, 1966, 966-967
TOPIC TAGS: electric engineering personnel, magnetron, klystron, corona discharge,
gas conduction, gas discharge plasma
ABSTRACT: N. A. Kaptsov passed raw 10 February 2966. go was a student
Of the fa== P. N. lAbedev, and perrarmd naM fumdamentWa Investigations
~in the development of modern electronics, He was the creatm and leader of
the chair of electronics of Moscow State Mdversity. He developed the am- i
.cept of phase grouping of electmane His Idaas we the basis for the develop-1
zent of the w=trcZQ laystran ;'He developed the cawept =TUining the
phenomenon offoorana discharge. He also developed ideas camated vith
A-
formation of gas conduction and phen== In a gassous-discharge p2sme
Xapt3ov served for years as the head of the'ftsica 2abcratca7 and aca-
matant to the Moscow Electron- Tube Mgt Neva3thoanthwof 1=11011-
books, incIndin NPIWacal. Phenowma In Vaa=n and In Gamp ~Vhl& Wo
translated Into foreign languages; he also created and tavgbt
electronics courses. [JPRS: 36,5011
SUB CODE: 05p 09 / SUBM DATE: none
C.'d 1/1/"/-j00

1. 36`)'A:3-66 ri ix, (r- ju
ACC NRI AP6015759 (4) /V SOURCE CCDE UR/0048/66/030/005/0761/0763
AUTTIOR: Sp ivak. G. V.; Saparin, G. V.
ORG: Physics Departmentl Moscow State Univcr.~Jty'jm. hIN.Lomonosov (Pi7irhe,'Iciv
fnkul'tet Moskovskogo Uosudnrstvennogo universiteta)
TITLE: Investigation of p-n junction by means of a scanning microscope with electron
and ion bombardment of the semiconductor specimen /Twport, Fif'th All-Union'Conference.
on Electron Microscopy hold in Sumy 6-8 July 1965T
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya, Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 761-763
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscope, ion microscope, silicon diode, pn junction, second-
ary electron emission
ABSTRACT'-"~ Back biased p-n junctions in silicorl/11ave been observed with an,ion scann-
ing microscope, and the results have been compared with the results of similar observ
tions with an electron scanning microscope. The use of ion scanning was undertaken
because the secondary electrons due to ion bombardment have much lower energies than
those due to electron bombardment, and are accordingly much more sensitive to field
irregulnrities at the surface of the specimen. The ions were produced in a cold cath-
ode glow discharge in air. The optical system was designed to produce a 1 P diameter
scanning beam at the specimen, but the actual diameter of the scanning spot turned out[-

-1 ) J
ACC NRt AP6015759
to be 10-15 ji; this is ascribed to scattering of the ions by the residual gas in the
instrument and to velocity straggling of the ions. The ion beam was caused to scan
the specimen by two pairs of deflecting plates, which were synthronized with the de-
flecting coils of a kinescope. The secondary electrons from the specimen were collec
ed by a 15 W electrode, and the resulting signal was displayed on the kinescope. The
silicon p-n junction appeared on the kinescope as a narrow dark region with a light
border, or as a narrow light region with a dark border, depending on whether the n or
the p region of the crystal was inclined toward the collector. The contrast of the
image of the p-n junction increased with increasing back bias. At high bias potentiau
the contrast of the ion scanning microscope image was about the same as that of the
electron scanning microscope image, but at low bias potentials the contrast of the
ion scanning image was greater than that of the electron scanning image. Orle. art.
has: 4 figures.
SUB CODE: 20/ SUEN DA73: 00/ ORIG OF: 002/ OM IMF: 006

L 36426-66 Ewr(i) IJP(c
ACC NRt AP6015762 /V) SOURCE CODE: UR/0048/66/b3O/OO5/0769/0773
AU711OR: Spivak, G. V.; Sedov, K.K.; Dyukov, V.G.; Tsvetko va, L. I.
rr
0,
.J: Physics Department, Moscow State University im. M.V.Lomonosov (rizicheskiy
fnICLIl'tet Mookovskogo gosudarstvennogo universite~ia)
TITLE: A two-electrode immersion objective with a magnetic field at the cathode
fReport, Fifth All-Union Conference on'Electron Microscopy held in Sumy 6-8 July 1960/
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 769-773
TOPIC TAGS: el ctron microscope, electron field, magnetic field, electromagnetic lens
ABSTMICT: Vie authors discuss an immersion objective employing both electric and mag-
netic fields. A section of the lens showing-lines of force and equipotentials is pre-
sented in the figure. In this lens the magnetic pole pieces serve also as electrodes,
and the object is fastened to the cathode (the "N" pole piece in the figure). If the
pole pieces are not saturated, the electric and magnetic lines of force coincide.
This condition is not necessary for focusing, but it greatly simplifies the calcula-
tions. Conditions for focusing are derived. There is a sequence of focusing condi-
tions, in each of which the electron completes a different integral number of Larmor
revolutions while traveling from the cathode to the image plane. The aberrations of
the lens are not discussed and no formula is given for the magnification. A microscop%_
1/2

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SOURCE COPE!, UR/0048/66/030/005/0781/0783
AUTHOR, Spivak, G. V.; Luklynnov, A. Ye.
ORG: Ph sics Depnrtment, Moscow state UnLyersity_Ag. M. V. Lamonosov (Fizif-heskiy
fakulitet Moskovnkogo rosudarstvonnogo universiteta)--
TITLE:,,,Observation of p-n junctions.under pulsed conditions by means of an.clectron
mirror-~'m~icroscope /Report, Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron Microscopy held in
Sumy 6-8 J~ily 1-9657
0
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 781-783
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscope, stroboscope, silicon diode, junction diode
A13STILACT: p-n,4unctions produced by diffusing aluminum to a depth of 100 microns -into
n-type-silico4#oped with phosphorus were observed under pulsed conditions with a stro.-
boscopic electron mirror microscope. A dingram of the setup is shown in the figure.
An 0.2 A/cm2 forward bins wag applied to the silicon diode and 3.5 V rectangular pulsed
of 2.2 microsec duration were applied in the backward -direction. The electron gun of
the microscope was normally blocked; it was unblocked by pulses of 0. 1 microsec dura-
tion synchronized with the pulses on the diode in order to achieve a stroboscopic
effect. The pulse frequency was 200 kHz. Photographs of the junction recorded at
different stages of the back biasing process are presented. The junction is clearly

L 36559-66 EWTtl) W
ljpkc)
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ACC MR, AP6015767 f _4 JV I
076-5
DR: UR/064-BA676-3 5/6787767so I
of
AUTHOR: Saparin, G. V.; Spivak, G. V.
ORG: Physics Department, Moscow State University im. M.V.Lomonosov (Fizi6heskiy
fnkulltet Moskovskogo gosudarstvcnnogo universiteta)
TITLE: Observation of the process of surface charging of d electrics by means of a
scanning electron microscope /Report, Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron Micro-
scopy held In Sumy 6-8 July f~57
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5. 1966, 787-788 and
inserts
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscopy, surface charge, teflon, mica, plastic
ABSTRACT: The build up of surface charge on teflon, mica, and plastic surfaces was
observed with a scanning electron microscope. The surface of the specimen became neg
tively charged as a result of the presence of the scanning beam. This surface charge
was allowed to build up repeatedly until breakdown occurred while a motion picture
record was made of the image on the kinescope., Thus it was possible to observe the
full complex dynamics of the process. A number of frames from the motion picture
record are presented. It.was noticed that the surface charge tended to move prefer-
entially along artificial scratches on the surface of the specimen. It was hypothe-
sized that certain rope-like structures observed on some of the micrographs represent

ACC NR: AP6015767
regions of high potential gradient. To test this hypothesis the specimen was so
shifted after having been scanned, that the region busequently scanned included a
portion of the previously scanned region as well as fresh surface. The appearance Of
the rope-like structures along the boundary between the previously scanned and the
fresh regions and the subsequent motion of these structures is regarded as confirming
the hypothesis.~
SUB CCKM 20/ SUER( DATE: 00/ ORIG REF: 001/ OrH REF: 002

L 371'1'0-66 L.J W/T/E'Jl~ (t ~4ETi iji-(c) JD/W
AC-C NR: APGO15769 A~ NJ SOURCE CODE: Ul?/0048/66/030/005/07'-3/0798
AUTHOR: Spivak, G. V.; Pavlyuchenko, 0. P.; Petrov, V. 1. j,
OWj: Physics Department, Moscow State University im. M.V.Lomonosov (Fizicheskiy
fakulltet Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta)
TITLE: Electron microscopic observation of domain structure dynamics in magnetic
films rRei,ortp Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron Micros opy held in Smy 6-8
juiy 179657
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 793-798
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscope, ferromagnetic film, magnetic domain structure,
stroboscope
ABSTRACT: Alterations in the domain st~r`ucture of\ferromagnetic films during rapid
magnetization switching have been observed with a stroboscopic electron microsc Pe.
The present paper is devoted to a brief discuss4,on of the technique. A cross section
diagram of the electron transmission microscopel6ployed in the investigations is
shown in the figure. The magnetizing unit was similar to that of E.Fuchs and W.Liesk
(Optik, 19, 307 (1962)); it was supplied with alternating current, and the windings
were made to form pnrL of a resonant circuit in order to increase the magnetizing
field. Only four of the windings were employed because full compensation of the motion
1/3

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Crosa section of the stroboscopic electron transmission
microscope. 1 - electron gun; 2 - gnto; 3 condenser
jog Ell lens; 4 - shield; 5 - magnetizing unit; 6 specimen
holder; 7 - isolating pulse transformer.
of the image was not required with stroboscopic opera-
tion. The microscope was operated ordinarily in the de-
focused condition. The electron beam was normally cut
off by a 50 V potential applied to the gating electrode
2, and was turned on by a 60 V 0.5 microsec strobe pulse.
The high cut off voltage was found to be necessary to
7 prevent transmission during the off phase of the cycle
of a low current of exceptionally high energy electrons,
which led to considerable deterioration of the image.
It was found that the stability of the domain structure
from cycle to cycle that is requisite for stroboscopic
observation obtains only at low switching fields, where-
in the switching takes place by reveraible domain wall
displacement. The sharpness of the stroboscopic photo-
graphs depended strongly on the duty factor, the requir-
ed exposure becoming excessive at low duty factors. By
reducing the magnification, operating the microscope in,
2/3

3
AGC NR. APG015769
the focused condition, increasing the accelerating potential to 60 h-V, and increas,ing
the pulse current to 1 mA, it was possible to record at a duty factor of 2.5 x 10-j
with in exposure only an order of magnitude longer than is required with normal opera-'
tion under static conditions. Several photographs of the domain structures of Perm-
alloy films are presented, which illustrate the re--;(jlution achieved and show the me-.
tions of the domain walls during a portion of the magnetization cycle. It is con-
eluded that a stroboscopic electron transmission microscope can be employed to in-
vestignte the variations of the domain structure of thin ferromagnetic films during
magnetization switching under conditions when the processes involved are reversible,
and that the sharpness of the image depends on the stroboscopic duty factor and on
the stability of the domain configurations from cycle to cycle. Orig. art. has: 6
f igttres .
SUB C(DE: 20/ SUBM DATE: 00/ ORIG REF: 001/ OM REF: 005
Card 3/30T

F_aT k 1 lip(c )
ACC NRt A P6015771 ( 4, /V SOURCE CODE: UK/0048/66/q30/005/0803/0807
AUMIOR: . Spivak, G. V.; Luk'Yanov, A. Ye.
ORG: Physics Department, Moscow State University im. M.V.Lomonosov (Fizichekiy
falculttet Moskovskogo, gos,~d_arstvennogo universiteta)
TITLE: Observation and measurement of the alternating magnetic field of an acoustic
recording head by means of an electron mirror microscope rReport, Fifth All-Union
Conference on Electron Microscopy hold in Sumy 6-8 July 1796571---.,
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, $03-807
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscope, stroboscope, magnetic field, electron reflection,
tape recorder
ABSTRACT: The,alternatinfr magnetic field in the gap of the recording head of a
of Yauza-5" tape recorder was observed with the aid of a stroboscopic electron mirror
microscope. With the aid of measurements of the type described in this paper it is
possible to measure the frequency and resonance characteristics of recording heads. A
diagram of the apparatus is given in the figure. Provision was made to excite the re- -
cording head with direct current as well as with alternating current at audio frequen-
cies up to 30 kHz. A negative potential was 'applied to the recording head to assure
reflection of the electron beam. The electron gun was biased beyond cutoff and the

/ETT11"I";~;
L W1_66. EWT.(1)/EWT(m)/EWP(e)/EWP(t) Glq/WH/Jt
~ACC N& AP6015790 (14M SOURCE MOk." UlVO048/66/030/005/087VW80
_~AUTIIOR: Luklyinov, A. Ye& Spivak,.G. V., Itildiaylin, V. V.
'0:ZZG: Physics Department. Moscow State Universitv Im. bl.V.Lomonosov (Fizich'eskiy
1fakul 'tot Aloskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universitota)
1 :~-l
!TITLE: Cathode sputtering of dielect
rics in a high frequency field /Feport, Twelfth
;All-Union Conference on the Physical Bases of Cathode Electronics held ,in Leningrad
j22-26 October 1965/
SOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Scriya fizicheskayn, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 877-030
TOPIC TAGS: cathode sputtering, dielectric material, quartz, calcium compound, sulfide
11F, ole t c field
.1 ex is
A_".;T.~IICT: Thin fi. ms, of quartz ind calcium sulfide were obtained by cathode sputter-
ing in a high frequency field. The sputtering took place in n glass tube containing
aeon or argon at a pressure of the order of 0.01 mm 11G, in which a 0.1 to 5 A hot
cathodo are discharge was maintained. A 100 to 500 Oe longitudinal magnetic field was
e)-,i--)1oycd to stabilize the ire. An up to 3 JW alternating potential difference at a
.1'req,,iency between 2 and 12 M1z was applied between the holder of the sputtered dielec-
,,-,-ic and the substrate holder. Difficulties with parasitic oscillations and overheat-
.ing of the sample, leading to undesired thermal ,deposition, were experienced when
t c-,CL 1/2

L 36~-5614,6 F"'J'T(i til', L 1j--1 (C) jrVii-t!
ACC NRt A1'60_iU77~ SC)URCr C(DF.: UlVO04816610301005103131081C)
AUT11OR- Spivak, G.V.; Pavlyuchenko, O.P.; Luklyanov, A-Ye.
ORG: Physics Dcpnrtment,__L1Q!~.q9y_ State University im. M.V.Lomonosov (Fizichaskiy
fakul'tet Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta)
TITLE: Imaging of magnetic microfields in an electron mirror microgeope /Report,
Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron Microscopy held in Sumy 6-8 July fk57/
SOURCE! AN SSSR. Izvestlya. Seriya fizicheskayn, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 813-816
TOPIC TAGS: electron microscopy, electron reflection, magnetic domain structure,
electric field, magnetic field
ABSTRACT: The imn,"ring of ferromagnetic domain structures by means of an e1lectron
mirror/micro ITias been investigated with magnetic plumbite and cobnl single cry-
stalslAnd with an artificial sample consisting of a stack of 0.1 mm'Th-ick ferromagnet-
ic sheets separated by equally thick copper sheets. Vrrxen the ferromagnetic sheets in
the artificial sample were magnetized in alternate directions to represent Bloch walli
the electron images of the edges of the sheets were wedge-shaped with alternate wedge!
opening in opposite directions. This is ascribed to a shift of the image due to the
action of the magnetic field at the surface of the specimen an the imaging electrons,
the shift being a linear functtion of distance from the optic axis. Analogous spike-

L 36561-66
ACC NR: AP601~773
like images were obtained of the domnin walls on the (0001) face of the cobalt crystal
In this case, however, the boundaries of the spikes were not straight lines but very
complex sinuous curves. This is ascribed to the influence of electric microfields at
the surface of the specimen, and it is concluded that to record magnetic domain struc-
ture with the mirror microscope one must take measures to avoid the presence of such
fields. The sensitivity of the electron mirror microscope to domain walls was found
to be dependent on the orientation of the walls with respect to the optic axis, the
sensitivity being greatest when the walls are oriented radially. The similarity of
the electron micrographs to the actual domain structure as well as the anisotropy of
the sensitivity is illustrated by comparison of electron micrographs of the surface
,of a magnetic plumbite crystal with photomicrographs of the corresponding powder pat-
terns. Orig. art. has:_6 figures.
SUB CODE: 20/ SUEM DATE: Oo/ ORIG REP: 004/ OM REF: 001
Card 21211JI-1,7

L 36338-66 EWT(m)/T/WP(e)/94P(t)/FTI IJP(c) JD
ACC NRs -NINW1577,55 SOURCE CODE: UR/00,18/66/U30/005/0323/0828
(AIN)
AU111OR: olialunnnov, V. V.; Spivak, G. V.
W,G: PhYsIcs Department, Moscmi State Ullivei.sity in. M.V.Lomonnsov (Fizicho-kiv
fakill'tet Moskovskogo gostidarstvennogo universiteta)
TITI~: Obserwntion of the domain structure of thin ferroelectric fi4lm by means of a
transmission electrmi microscope /-Report, Fifth All-Union Conference on Electron
Microscopy held in Sumy 6-8 July Y9657
SOUICE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskayn, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 823-828
TOPIC TAGS: elcctron microscopy, bariLm titanate, ferroelectric effect, electric
domain structurc5 cryst;;I, electron microscope/UnIV-100 electron
microscope 0
AMW~-~ACT: The ~b.'rroelectric domain structure of a bariunt titanate single cryst 1 film
was observed w t i UEMV-100 electron microscope. TWe__Y1lm_i_va_s__obtained by etching a
sill;je cry __ Vtiti' hot o'thophosphoric acid until its thickness was 0.2-0.4 mm. The
filial stnge of the etching was nccomplished with the specimen floating on the surface
(if I-lie, acid. Mirn the required thickness was reached, the specimen was lifted on a
copp(-r riticrogrid ind wished with water, ethyl alcohol, and again with water. In the
i.dcroscopc the electron beam traversed the film normally to its surface and the re-
with diffei-ent polarizations (domains) were made evident on the image with the
position of the aperture it was possble
-iid of an off-axis aperture. By altering the
Carcl 1/2
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L 363291A. EWTW/T IJP(c)
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SOURCE CODE:
ATYJ1O,(: Spivak, G.V. Saparin, G.V.; Stepanov, S.S.
01"~G: none
UJ1/0048/66/030/005/0fl,.',,,~, .rjIJ3
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2-1
Observntion by means of a scamiing electron microscope of Lp-n Junctions sub-
Jucted to n small alternating bins IR-eport, Twelfth All-Union Conference held in
~Leninurnd 22-26 October 19657
iSOURCE: AN SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizichoskayn, v. 30, no. 5, 1966, 881-883
;TOPIC TAGS-- Ablectron microscopy, silicon diode, pn junction, amplitude modulation,
!electron beaxd,~resonant amplifier.
1AMT.b%CT: A modified technique was employed to observe the p-n junction of a diffused
'-silicon diode with an electron scanning microscope. A small ac bias (1070 Hz) was
Iripplied to the diode and the usual wide bond video amplifier was replaced by a band
ippss ninpliiier tuned to the bias frequency and having a pass band of about 2 Hz. The
iz~ilicon diode was so mounted that the probe bennt (I micron in diameter at the object)
mioved perpendicularly to the junction. Oscilloscope traces of the signal developed
!$during a single passage of the scanning beam (scanning time, 10 see) are presented, as
1well as two-dimensional images recorded with a resolution of 60 lines and a scanning
Itime of 3 see/line (180 sec/frame). Images of the unbiased and dc biased diode re-
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ACC NRz AP6015791
acorded with a resolution of 300 lines and a scanning rate of 50 frame/sec, using the
jeonvention.-il video amplifier, are presented for comparison. The position of the junC--
tiorts was clearly marked on the oscilloscope trace when the bias potential was only
0.01 V, and it was very prominent when the bias was 0.05 V. When the bias potential
was very low the oscilloscope record of the junction was asymmetric; this is discussed
briefly. On the two-dimensional images of the ac biased diode (bias potentials 0.025
nixi 0.25 V) the junction appeared as two bright bnnds some 25 microns apart separated
,by n darker region. Other details of those images are ascribed to geometric features
!of the crystal surface. It is concluded that the use of supplementary modulation of
!the video signal together with a resonant amplifier increased the sensitivity to micro-
fields of the scanning microscope by two or three orders of magnitude. Orig. art. has:
4 figures.
i
SUB CCDE: 20/ SUIN DATE: 00/ ORIG REF: 003/ OM PJW: 008
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o
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l
t
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m
an
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.
os f-60

described in Y&Iob Is =saw" the vwiatim in the
oleatrami ou'rent due to the woneval of the Mg.
space obwgo by the post tovi#* MW Obareetorletles 0
of t1w simmemotor be" ben studled and the results
or* presented graphicallye Nil.
.3
20 z
CLASWICAIMS
'87
dw I I.,. a A wo
zoo
400
Joe*
too., SO.Law
U A, 11
0
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o
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I V 01; is it it cl
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it
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00
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if is it a Is n 22 It a J. H x it ip
f.-A L L AA 44 (C M Et
U
Y.
Tb* between nism. argon end nivitury
A. A. ZAltir v mul (;. v--spivols,
Firmil. 44a. 141. R. S. S. 2. 111421jus (;crutAn
U.
1mvioslu-slatwist cvwdss~ of Ve, A and
on W were dctd. to lit (l.t*' O'l awl U.Nx, m'p~ The
scat ilwileitse tit the cord, with the loam of the da~. 1,4
"Iftibly Rolwas, C. .4. as. 12=11). All
An tied filin of 0 and of COj incredisell the cord.; argon
used no change. Its list lelop. interval 2(M 6713'x~
i, sri~cfy.. hw N'Q and A were corset. I'lie clipti. daw do
I *give Willi thr Ilu,wy .,f flaule (C. A. A.
I, 01811Vftled that it 0114114MV161 of dittil Willi . sigos-.4
auluni-invi'li. flinn) o6mlst inovisle much odogunslosto Ili
,.tf-t fpcol "I if],- liotential Curve, tile rectintwal
I ion (it the X&* atolul Willi tile alools of the whil, the
111 131 JhV ol"Jill AUT(ACr, tile d6tribution of the IL~kssNij
4 filln. vtv. Allru S. Smith
I Ct"iUM"VION
n' fit) P
0
0 0 0;0 0 0 0
-00
-00
to 0
go 9.
coo
Zoo
t'so 0
0
0 0 0
0 0

W-W W-W _Wm_W__W_V _111PI
10 0 : 0 0 0 0 111 0 If 6 a 0 1 000-
03 21 25 A V a A: 11 11 1) 13 WISMUNNO&I u is a a C 0
A 0 S t 1, V LJJ~~ AA. 0 CC w EL
00 too
of
-00
~f esciftd Vo- as dw pwomeg in the
mdm 46 Ow Sim 161whap. H. Reikhrud.4
- xsk-
and G 28~
(19m)(isi Sowidox" 10. 121 -11
'he courn. of ructastabir atmn. in
Or d6ch-V tube lwa& varied by itimmiusting thr di-
Ole Atmor tube Completely nor in pat witb an outoi& Ne lanip
0 /tAbigbillotcoWtY. Tbeelkextaftworkwilimmichw4echicra,
0 1 teriaks d tbe cd awtamable alocru in purr Xv
so and Ne milied so amicufAw"detd. Thetoncit,
id nwt&Mabk aforns varies in differrut parts ,4 the jut,*.
00 witb the uax. mak-n. in the net. slow and in the ttanwim
0 --i- In the Farudaw dark qimav. F. 0. Wiiir
00 0
0 c0 0
:0 see
00: zoo
00 Jr see
ZOO
!see
zoo
A I a - S L A ITALLUItGKAL ILITERAT10111 CIL&SIVICATIGN tie 0
wee
bill.
.1, cot -a.. Ab
w V JA An I I a cm 0 a 6 1 IF 0 11 a a 3 9
U-SA, ;-Till V - 'I- _* , 'a 4, a, a
I. al . . . ja J -1 U
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 4D 0 9 V 0 0 411 0 0 0 0 0 0 41
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o
Is
It 14 It It 21 0 1 It
la Is 14 if 4' it
.11, r a x S I m v It A I if as %1 14, It I~q o
I.v 0!iVf-%
:4111 The study of Plasma by the method of 1641~tu'r'it~c. -00
by the nuWaletic field- G. %'. sipival, E, %f.
rildo Relkh- -00
00 .4 H.U. acad. iti. [j. -H. .,i. math
-S-L, phyi. 1938, So. 1. 179 illon Engiol, pill, 0
04 if, 'ot-thod ran Ite Appil"if Imah to fit,. tti,iv if pr--- -00
;o file loldi'lullwd and 11) till- '111.1v if the -00
nowflit-tA by tilt "lagnt-tic field proper in tile dist-liarge.
00 #1! Ill tilt IIA'.ii of tilt adctillatc livilmduallou uf the theory of .00
dillmrit conditions. lb, c,%i,tcnv 4 '- eff--t~ i, vtah-li
00 1 li,fied which are prudut-vil fly the migaetic held and which
aic rmtfeird by the probes. The ifirt-cc riTt-vt of theict ton
09 X! 4 tile magnetic field oil the pla,ma owt eau- a chmige of
so a 1 the p,itenttal at agiven lioiat u( the plasum.a chanst, tit the
00 -nen. III the efectrms tntt it)ti,, a vhAnt;v oif lite v:v~ I ron
I'llip. athl tile 111C211 Vtl~tj;y of tilt: 10:1" Ltn't .1 ~IUIIXC of
Go int, tutwimn of the distrit,ution tit lite clc~troxi~ and still- :7 -.00
"-1wattli: to their vel(Kititi. I,h"c i, At- ill (lie 111-tsilla AS
the rilect of the action of the imign~tiv Allil ill thC CIL-C.
IwIds hear Ilse piolic ill the trgs ... t o( tilt- ow.tti hi-c p4thof
lite vlv,-tr.na. Thk whi'll lji~loti~ tile prol.
Ol,traetcti~tws om"It 14) tile uction of t1- 111.64:"Ile fit-1.1
sit the of (lie prolve within lite inean lr(-c
1.6th of (tic electroni, .Vaq mudird in Errors -if
-.11t, AuthorIt giving inci,fro'et lilt 1-1 PFUIA I joll of ille r'%jiling
;if the probes in a magnetic field art, lionited imit. Now
references.
umt CLASSIVICA1101-
A S ..S L A atTALLUNGKoL LITINAT
.3.0,
01
VIILIl
T------- An I a 04 a 9 is 0 'j a G 3 11 Ono
v 10 IS' It It at KL* n 1 114
- I ,
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00 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 of 0
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1 S
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00
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00
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a JIM a a a a a a a WtV V 9 IF V V
I ka 11 tj I) 'A 11 4 41 N Id h A it x A 10 )1 V u M a Is
J 1,
I AA wit a IV (t a 41
2
,
1
P 'j I I
j -1 L A P.
_
_
JIM. Infivieswee Go Misaftede WAMAd ca Jime j4pilquadal jursidiefte in
3
a
IK- Ks&chru" ~d 0- SPivsk. (A-AWy) do
I'Acad. des Scitmet, U.S.S.R.- 1":-Pp: 177-179. IOU. In EsWiA_
Theauthon have previously suggested a quantitative method forthedWy
of lilasins ljy utdising the dMurbanom of the discharge by an extersial _0401
"ingnrik- field fwv Alotract 4317 (19W)J. Measuroments, were made of -0 0
the I%)tV1jj1Al Kradient In atWni. using a cylindricAl tul* with an uside -00
katbode. The tube length was about I ni. and its duuDeter 4 cm. A wnW
.00
notic field was supplied by means of a losig wDlevoid fitted round the tube.
Curves are given for the voltage gradients with diKhaW currents ranging
06
from 40 to 40() mA and fields frown Oto 130puss. Similar curmareahiew .
given for fig vapour at temp-ratures between W and 74' C. While gor .40
show a generAl ri4e with increased fields, in the caw of Hg
argon the curves
-00
vapiur a maximurn gradicnit is found at field values of 20 to 30 gauss. the
oterpoess of fall beyond this maximum being greater the lower the tem.
peraturt. An increaue of losim due to elastic collisions with gas atoms
may be expmted from the apparent increase of pressure. but them is also
a marked decrease of the coefficient of electron diffusion towards the walls
of the discharge tube. Whille the former may result in an increase of the
gradivrit, the latter may act in theoplxxtite sense. MorcoverthenWnetic
held jnAv rhAngr t lie invia,.4t ic energy lowm of rlcvtron,~ Ittlorsnotwirem
pfiesible to account fully for the results obtAilittl until aquantitsitivc theory
of plasma in a inagnetic, field i4 clevrkm~l A. W.
&is IL& .(TALLtr(,bcAL 1.11tRAT601 CLAWFKAM- Z -7
S
9-6
It is
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

lwwwvwwww
64090411069940000040049
I loss to '.011,11,11410 Av X*410 41 RA) 40 a
L L-a-L-A-A-A-,
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6
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w
an w Wkb dim
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ad

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wintim cvrwW with tbr adearbed gn
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A
h
H
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e t
e
ps.
rutia al IAWW a - 7% w 1 1) b". For A the fmkx
b"AJIMANOW! .
-
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lorjwAMll4vWdbdAW,
Campo"" clift d *I "ft4w km an BWWU to the
accomoadatlaiB.Calft. al.deftal I -W. a. Hem
too
1110 0

CLAIWICATION use
PITALLUNGIC&L LITIMATWE
XIONI SIVIVI a Sao" 00"Ing
- lee

O04v got 41
*%"*off till ac 441 M
144*80 -1 INIG&O 7L

w
I a ado 0 6 1 w a 9 3 1
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b 0 0-4,04 0*0 0 0 0 0 a 0
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o- w-
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1 It It .
1A M~MW tt"
a L --f k ft I & L a 4 It it v 1, 'A n OL 0 Lt
)09
JV67. DM~ 0 ~XAWWMW Is rMM01- -QAW*Mb-
med M. makh"Mm '). of smi. and TAwsv, Physics, U.S.S.R. & 2~
r:, AA usine two PnA
pip, jo?-17a. IM. in Rmsmim,-A nwtb we Aw dsbr-
Ox *1111 U81641 OVION' It Willd MW Of
initiation of the drift of ejectimms In plain"
discharp currimists. Tbe. ciscuit was minw4jed to time mcwtivv to MOW
D. S.
chanitem ad tife probe CWMDL
j
a 41
it
Pat
u 0 1-0) $At 4459a 4 flit 0 9 do 4J, I I
it .4 1`9 it It
0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ke 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a a
a
coo
too
jX04
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-~ - w- W-mr-m-W !4-_
as; 0*000000000.
7 T T w4 wy 1 9 10 11 1) is 4 IS 16 11 m IT I a n At Is AV It M U M 111 9 U N 0 W 61 Q 11 'A 6M0
OOA~s I -ML 10.11 -A t 4 t LI
A m~ ?..0_9001011
-00
i-00
-so
60 00
oo mu ONK4 in plum. 1. Bot)114 ILIM, V.
pt. read. Aced. 86. U-N-8-8- 1039, 2&- 100
*IYAK. (CO-
along tLe .00
'247-244).-he chappe in ehmim conen.
radius of a ylindriaLl aistch-P tube has b' 8tuded 6040
fcw A, No, &M HgvapDuT. and the *room pd. of the '~00
Hall ~ffecj has bom dAermined. A crossed Magnetic
field deviatm t6 sokirst dkGbWP tOw-d' the `11 of 400
0
0013 the tube kmpbm's law, although a !oak -00
001,
=.Wyy i:t the heavy Hg
0.0 field lum effeek an .00
The Hall effect (6crst&tpp~ with increasing current -
C. R. H. 000
0 ~02-lr
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000
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the exp"Im"fal data Impt bta ultum
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Al.-IL& .1TAMACKAL LITINATU&I CLASSWICATIOM fz* Coo,
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pl,,,. Of S dW-90 In J.
maptic field. F_
, 1, it.) 4. 21146(l'" 1) - . .
(V 9. 167
0 0 S~l - - - - m I to CL I
S. 11e, 't of I
h-I)IL Jaw got t Ic V, I Im vititent AUII
ou of 11kv v C"
-It, it,, dharibut! 11W Ate f,-(
0 radius Of LIM 41m,halt" " I
~sfrorn 10,3t0 1.0 TUTU. TheloUsAut
.,d A at ptcs=rc tube.
ed. alorig the "S Of the
'I'vitansac "On F. If. Rattimann
00
see
it
too
iii see
WALLUAKKAL LITINATtAt CLASSIFICATKII
see
C.g IL43,14.4; aw 4.1 %%t
. I . U An I S 9 f.W a 0 a I IF a I a a 3 1
U A* 0 it fit 4; R 21 PC ct r9 it x 42 A, I a
0 Ole 0 a 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 6 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 6 0 0
0 Ole go 090 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 411 0 a 0 0 0 0 see*@* 00,000

sr
11 It is 16 lp )a it
V
)ID Da
'
is is va?t'jull Wu 1, A ji u a x
I
A Is p 9',I
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.
-
~A, k A9f - I A ,
1.6 66
4t .. 1, #-- t J__L,
11[
"I At- JaDtz)

took Lo a CUWGUG add.
of deg#"
rod
Jf
U
.
_ a
P
,vA.
l field OR (Ots-Cirv-
Aw
.1h.wisid HAAR vfl
11614111,11 tlkp
111"but", is' $gig vAtw. I

is Axi.11V
,,I jell. J charl"S tuttidrA i's *1 i !
tits, futw-
of av. ekctm, 91109y- Ask-
I Amt.

00
0
00

400

A i I L A
S ties
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7111 V-1r 'I A
14 .1114 q n rx 4W
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 0

SPIVAK. 0.V., redaktor
[Special laboratory manual in physic@] Spetsiallnyi fisichesirii
praktikam. Pod red. G.V,.Spivak. Koskva. Go@. izd-vo takhniko-teorot.
lit-ry, 1945. : (MLBW 9: 1~)
1. Moscow. Universitst. Fizichesidy fakalltat.
(Physics--Laboratory manuals)

SPIVAK, G.V., Prof.
Professor of Physico-Nathematical Sciences
On "Production of Electronic Images"
Soviet Source: P: Tekhnika Molodezhi, Moscow, July 1946.
Abstracted in USAF 11TReasure Island" Feport No. 13048, on file in Lib. of Congress, lir
Informatic-n Div.

SPIVAK, G. Vs
ectron-Oplical Ffferf Djuing, Devel ",.I "t I'la -led
Ff n s I
sma
(III TOIq'ian.) G. v B. I, f9m
Zhurnal Tek-kinlrea lJournal DI Iechnical-
Phy5:iv.,;). v- IS. Mar. 191s, p. 279-288.
Firin~z potential, firing times, and di4position andr
movement of electrons betwpen the rathode, and
aunde in ;I long tube were investivitted. 8 ref.
A S A -S L AMETALLURGICAL LITERATURE I

\ILA b, E. A., and Spivak, G. V. Ott finding the dlstrlbua-
tion functloa for Aw"SWUM systems In the presence
of transfer phenomenc Aka& Nauk SSSR. Zhurnal
Eksper. Teoret. Fiz. 18, 539-547 (1948). (Russian)
The kinetic equaticn for'nonu-niform gas!M afound by~
maximizing the entropy under the constraints that the
number of particles, the energy, the mcimentump the angular
momentum and the currents of these quantities have pre.
scribed values. The collision terms are obtained by assuming_
a single constant relaxation time. L. Tisza.

SOurcet Mathematical Revievs, Vol 10 Not

Cn
CD
(Ndarib, E. A. d 81ft'ak) G. V. A
aria.. _general method c!
pea~ormmg Wu afliRg~ ~Ma
lZ j~ 'W Qt 6tee dy
T ~=s~~! n a
~a state. . Doldady:Akad -4
NaM S.) 59, 463 -60
(Russian)
(1948).
In the introduction-tohis "Statistical Thermodynamics"
[Cawnbrid '~kitv'.Press, 1946; -these Rev. 7, 54-01~
ge Univer J,
Ie (ia iiratiib~"I-
,the i energy'is,,therefore, simply that,it
jh~od najjj~~ of'ihe
is a constant of the'motion ... 4be one that always erdsts, and,
in general.: the only.,one, Ille generalization to the CZ-51~1
that there'are otheisbesides (momenta, moments of momez~
turn) is obvious-,:kilias,6cc4sionally. been contem lated but
in te trial.' as sed, to astrophysi6, 1', t1aermbdlynarhiCS
rres -oppq a
it has, hlither.to-'6t~i6cluired, an~ I Mpo Irtance."' The paper.
under review iiJiii,,j~xplicit lormulation of: thin obNious
gerieralization~ Th ,i~'~Munction e-xpres'sed in a general forin
te to -Boltzmann Fenni-Dirac or:Bos~
appro pria
Einstein statistics,tsl",remalized,subject tb the two usual
scalar conditioni'.%~~constancy of. the ~number of -particles,
& th in Ve
and of the energv.o . e byste ), plus five additional ctor
: of linear momentur n,
c~oaditions (consta~ argu)ar rnornen-
turn, and of tbe'Auies of energy, linear an d angular inoneri-
turn). The dis fun'tion isthus' expresseO i r
tn. C 11 terms
~t of seventeen Lagrangian undetermined multipliers, which
are to be found;,~~,. uub~titutiw into the above vp.,venteen -
!equations of condftiom,The general result is shown to redum
j,
tq.previoiu-J~.pu6,li~h~d,iesults in4our spV1CW cases.
G M. Volkoff Mkn~pqiqver '13 C
vie,
--1 VVI
::Z

SPIVAK, G. V.
USSR/ Electronics
Fields, Electromagnetic
Electrons - Measurements Feb 1948
"on the Kinetics of Electrons and XLectromagnetic Fields" Te. A. Vaynrib
G. V. S-oivak, 3112 PP -
"Dok Akad Nauk SSSR, Nova Ser" Vol LIX, No 4
Describes action of magnetig-flild on functions of distribution of electrons
in gas-discharging plasma, and compares linearized function of distribution
with functions calculated from the kinetic e4iation. Submitted by Academician
A. A. Lebedev, 15 Nov 1947.
PA 43/43T15

T"A 7?T17
Lam/liectranice Apr 1948 -
Particles, Charged
"On the Second Boundary Case of KLectranic Optics,"
G. V. Spivak and R. A. Lukatekaya, Phys Faculty)
Moscow State U imeni M. V. Lamonosov, 4 pp
"Dok Ak Nauk SSM" Vol LI, No 3
-Discusses two problems: (1) experimental method for
obtaining qualitative representations for determined
situations and at atmospheric pressu re, and (2) In-
terpretation of mechanism which causes dispersion of
charged particles, guaranteeing their movement in
accordance vith-external forces for a given situation.
Submitted by Acad A. A. Lebedev 19 Feb 1948.

C~
14
1!9
i~ll
T f)

USSR/Physics Plasma May 50
Electrons
"Fornation of Plasma Under the Action of Electri-
cal Impulse," G. V.. Spivak, Ye. L. Stolyarova,
Phys Faculty, Moscow State U imeni Lomonosov
Zhur Tekh Fiz" Vol XX, No 5, PP 501-515
Describes development of plasma under influence of
single pulse during spark-over (rupture) of long-
discharge gap for low pressures, from oscillo-
graphic studies. Investigates influence of field
of "Ironclad~' magnetic lens on time and plasma
164T46
USSR/Physics - Plasma May 50
(Coutd)
formation. Establishes that magnetic field de-
creases statistical time of lag and time for nat-
ural (proper) plasma to be set up. Submitted
18 mar 49.
164T46

gi
Etching mptals by oaic bom"rdm~ni.
-
TT
. N. Kibardina (TvT. 77r0
Monosov S ludw.-Wov"
.j an
'
co
f
X Is
ya A810d, Uetir n ke 4sev, 17"t,
Od'
*
Fis
-114
luk
Uk
S
S
R
1951
108-44
is
l
4
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
cuss
on.
.
;
'
2
IrgI95
).-Etching of Ni, Cu,
anii Al for electron micros
was done by bombardmen
COPY t with pos, ions. Recrystn.-I
was
carried out in air at 1100 * for 0 hrs. for M, and at 500
4
for 2 hrs. for Cu and Al. Ti Ing -4
ic. Cu was cleanc&by dipp
'
in coned
Th
HN%
Ni
l
b
.
.
e
was c
eaned.
y making It the
r
anode in coned. HNO~ with it Ph cathode - Chem. etching',.
of NUwas done with a 1:1 mixt. of 70~a HNO, and lyc

'c
glacial aett- acid, or a soln. of 2 to 3 cc. Br in 100 cc. MCOH. 1
Chem. etching. of Cu was done with a 10% aq. soln.. of

(Nu.)AOS alone or in a 1:1 'Mixt. with IINO~.
chem.
etching of M was done with a 1: 1 mixt. of HCl and MeOH_ Z,
and thefilm produceddurin; achingwasremoved by usIaga.-.'
weak solo. of HN03- Replicas for electron microscopy were
prepd. by the oilde method for Ni and Al. by the siltLn
method for Cu, and by the polystyreue-silica method for-W.
Ionic bombardment done Ln a. tube filled ~rith He o~ A
was
.
underapremueotO.I. to 0.01 ram. Hg, with a discharge cur-
,
rent of 2 to 3 ma., 1.5 to 2 kv., and a cathode are of 2 sq
cm. When unrecrystd., chem. etched Al was bombarded -
for 0.5 to I hr.; the electron micrograph clearly showed the
b
d
i
f
oun
ar
es o
the mosaic blocks. Recrystd. Al showed th

,e
ti
sj
J)e
on

SPIVAX, r'. V.
USSR/Zlectricity - C&thode Sputtering JUI/Aug 51
*Electron Microscopic Study of Cathodic Diffusion
Process,* G. V. Spivak, I. N. Prilezhayeva, S. A.
Gruz, Phys Faculty, Moscow State U imeni M. V.'
Lomonosov
OIz Ak Nauk SSSR, Ser Fiz"~Vol XV, No 4, pp )+o9-411
Studie-d submicroscopic structure of alvm"m sur-
face submitted to cathodic diffusion under low air
or neon pressure. Presence of submicroscopic cones,
formed as results of destructive action of elec
treatment on weaker structural points, was found~on
aluminum surface.
195T-A6
PA 195T36

spiv~f'- a.- V.,
USSR,41stals - Aluminum, Spark TreaUent Jul/Aug 51
"Electron-Microscopic Investigation of Structural Changes in Aluminum During Elec-
troeroslon," K. A. Michurinik,, 1. N. Prilezhayeva, G. V. Spivak, Phys Faculty,
Moscow State U imeni Iomonosov
wIz Ak Nauk SSSR, SER Fizn Vol XV, No 4v Pp 418-423
Describes study of aluminum structure by electron microscope EM-100, after metal
has been treated by electric spark. Metal crystallizes after previous mixt of metallic
vapor and that of surrounding medium. Changes in grain structure possibly increase
strength of material, previously treated by electric spark.
PA 195T48

UM/Awsics Zlectron Microscope: ftl/Aug 51
"Ilectrou Microscopy. of Low Magnification'iu 1 .1
cu-2% Piesence of Gas at Atmospheric and Low.Pressures,
G. V..Spivak, R. A. Lukatsvays, Ph ys Faculty,
Moscow State U Iiaeni loomonosov----~K
"It Ak Niuk. SSSR, Ser Fiz" Vol XV) No 4.,
PP 434-442
Aut6rs refer to their previous works (cf.
:"Dok,Ak Nauk ssn,,.6o, 1948; "Vest XGU" 4, 1948)
dealing with electron OPtiCB at atm. pressure.
Here they develop subject, clarifying guidances
of ions. Qual images of metallic BUX-faces were
195T66
USSR/Physics - Electron Microscope Jul/Aug .;l
(Coutd)
,obtained in case of max approach of electrodes
and impulse voltage'. Also qual images of cold
cithodes were successfully obtained vith suita-
ble inpulse voltage source at gas pressure
-110-2 mm. Authors thank A. A. Lebedev for advice.
195T66
t;

USSRPhysics - Nickel Structure Mar 52
"Electron-Microscopic Study of Structural Changes Oc-
curring in Nickel Daring Electric Corrosion," N. G.
Khzrjalfina and G. V. Spivak, Chair of Electron Optics
"Vest Moskov 1j, Ser Fiz, Mat, i Yest Nauk" No 2,
IT 15-191'
Study changes in.nickel occurring after electric
spark treatmerft, characterized by ring-shaped Gtruc-
taral dist-ribution around the spark center. Surface
of metal 0.2 mm from ring edge underwent deformation.
X-ray study confirmed presence of fine structure.
Recelviva 2 Hav 51,
242T102

MR/Physics - Plasma Formation May 52
"Phaze fvansit-io~,s in Plasma in Process of Formation,"
G. V, S-Pivak an6 Ye. L. Stolyarova, Chair of Electron
Optic!~
"Ifest Mosko-,.r T.T, Ser Piz, IvIlat, i Yest Nauk" No 3,
pp 31-39
Frese.n~..s simp-Lified theory of transition of unstable
gas-ficussed beam -Ilo plasma, which is considered as
second pImse of plasma formation. Study of ion ki-
x1pnics in formation of plasma yields law for estab-
lishment. of cceff of ambipolar diffusion of ions an-J
electrons. Received 3 Dec 51.
242Tlo4
'J'3)

USSR/Electronics - Electron OptICS Jun 52
"Reflection of Filaments and Other Metali"Lic Sur-
faces by an Emissive Electron Microscope of
High Resolving Power," G. V. Spivak and 1. S.
Zheluaev, Chair of Electron Optics
"Vest Moskov U, Ser Fiz, Mat, i Yest Nauk" No
pp 29-31
Author studies with aid of emissive electron
microscope the migration of thorium. on the sur-
face of tungsten and observes the structure of
threads of metals with high melting point. Con-
siders the performance of the instrument satis-
factory. Received 14 Dec 51. 242T51

C~. V.
USSR/Physics - Electron Optics Feb 53
"The Influence of Impulse Supply !Jpon the Resolu-
tion of the immersion Objective,ft--G. V. Spivak and
,--Ye. M. Dubinin' --'.'Chair of Electron Optics
Vest Moskov U, Ser Fiz-Mat i Yest Nauk, No pp 27-33
Purpose here is to experimentally realize, on the
one hand, an actual model of an immersion objective
which is supplied short rectangular voltage im-
pulses, and to evaluate, on the other hand, the in-
fluence of the form of a single impulse on the re-
solving capacity of the immersion objective. Cites
269111096
related works of R. A. Lukatskaya, Yc~. L. Stolya-
rova, N. D. Morgulis, I. A. Deryugin, and A. M.
Rozenfel'd,, all writing in Iz AN SSSR, Ser Fiz for
1951. Presented 29 Sep 52.

1. SPIVAK, G. V.__, PRUL'I"ILIYE-14, I. ii. , SAVOCHKIN,-i. 0. 1.
2. USSR (6oo)
4. Metals - Pickling
7. NatLre of etching metals by means of ion bombardment. Dok1 kN SSSR No 3 1953
9. Monthl List of Russian Accessions, Library of Congress, April - 1953, Uncl.

USSR/Physics - Plasma Oct 53
IlElectron Optical Phenomena in Focussing and
Stationary Plasma in Mercury Vapors," L.I. Golik
(deceased) and G.V. Spivak, Chair of Electron Optics
Vest Mos Univ, Ser Fizikomat i Yest Nauk, No 7,
PP 117-123
.IIn their previous works (s'ee Zhur Eksi Teor Fiz,
Vol 23, 1953) at their lab the authors established
the presence of the phenomena of plasma focussing,
which occurs under the action of external and in-
tern&l electrical and magnetic fields. Their pur-
,pose here is to study the phenomena of contraction
273T97
,(necking) of stationary plasma toward the axis of
~J=Aw'try in a strong and concentrated external
=46itic field.

SPIVAK, G.V.; DUBININA, Ye.M.
Effect of impulse feed on the resolving power of an immersion objective.
Vest.Mosk.un. 8 no.2:27-33 7 f53. (MLRA 6:5)
1. Kafedra elektronnoy optiki, (Ilectron microscope)

GOLIK, L.I.; SPIVAK, G.V.
Blectron optical phenomena in forming and stationary plasma exposed to
mercury vapors. V@ -st.Mook.un. 8 no.10:117-12-3 0 '53. (Mlak 7:1)
(Blectron optics) (Quartz)

VS Z --r1 size and
-
~
ct:
Z J
S
-- -
l
o
al
,
,
c

-qiuminizp, pickling
t~y
-L n
It-he ','a+Ure of Metal by Ionic ]1o,..ibard.,acnt,11 c5p'lnk) 7. Prilez---yeva
-'acult of Physics
2 L'y 1oscow State
nd (j. I. ~'avochkina.
"ol ;6, ~;O 3, PP ~U-514
'-Phc nqture of iordu, oicklink.: was studied using Al as an electrode. in a closed tube con-
~.a ining A. fhe p:.oklirg process consisted of three stages. In tile first stage, the
surface o-" Ue met-al is clr7a-ed with no great clianges in t1he structure of th3 metal. In
the 9econd stacl-e, tbrtt ol-" ionic pickling, the su--Cace of tte iwtal becomes covered -,.dth
cubes, as in chen picklir6. In the third stage, the surface becores covered with- cones.
ionic piclclinF, of metals is related Lo Une subliination process. Presented by Acad
P. ~,,P-binaier 24 11tov 52.
26-5 T 17

(14
Nuclear Science Abst. ON THU RLSOLVING POWER OF AN ELECTRON OBJECTIVE OF THE
Vol. 7 IMMERSION TYPEj G. V. &jj& and k. H. Dubfni-,
Nov- 30, 1953 Translated from Doklady Aka._ F&A S-S&I. so 673-
Piwaief 5(1953). 3p. Nam on doo. i Ye. M Dublidna. W-tr-
57; D-8"73)
The resolving &wer of an immersion-type electron
m1croseoL* is improved by applying a square-wave voltege
pulse to the cathode objective. By choosing the w141kb
of tbo applied pulse to be of-the am order as the
build-up time requited for sperkovert vatages or 5-to
7 time that of the d--c can can be applied witbout
break-downo Several factors influencing break4lma
and ac, analysis of the method we also discussed.
(K. S.

USSR/Physics - Electron Optics 21 Sep 53
"Electron-Optical Method of Reproduction of Object
with Magnetic Heterogeneities,'!. G.V. Spivak,',,.N.G.
Kanavina;,.- -,.I.N. Chernyshev an&,~j,'I.S. Sbitkovai" Nos-
cow State U
DAN SSSR, Vol 92, No 3, PP 541-543
Describe a method for observing objects which con-
tain unhomogeneorus magnetic fields that are loca-
ted on, the cathode of an emissive electron mi~ro-
scope. The observed unevenness of magnetization
of the cathodic surface contributes to the fdima-
tion and to the contrast of the electron image.
Suggested method may also be applied for study of
static and dynamic processes of magnetization.
Presented by Acad P.A. Rebinder 21 Jul 53.
26ft93

USSRIP~y's'lcis'- Electron optical study FD-1139
Card 1/1 Pub. 129-3/23
Author : Dombrovskaya, T. N.; Dubinina, Ye. M.; and Spivak, G. V.
Title : Electron optical method for studying the local emisslc~u of an oxide
cathode
Periodical : Vest. Mosk. un., Ser. fizikomat. i yest. nauk, 9, No 7, 25-32, Oct 1954
Abstract : The purpose of the author is to work out a qualitative method for
studying the distribution of the local emission from an oxide cathode
in an impulse regime on the basis of measurements for the current at
various points in the plane of representation (image) of the microscope.,
namely according to the magnitude of brightness of the screen illumIna-
tion. He concludes that the method of photometry of cathode image can
be used to determine quantitatively this distribution. The curves of
photometry show that the actual emission surface of an oxide cathode in
an unstationary regime is much less than in a stationary regime, which
may be partially explained by the diffusion of barium over the surface
of the cathode Seven references (e.g. N. D. Morgulis, 1936-1951; V. L
Milyutin, 1949; A, M, Rozenfelld, 1951; 1. S. Zheludev, 1952; L A.
Deryugin, 1951).
Institution : Chair of Electron Optics
Submitted : February 16, 1954

-W~
1 5- /- ~// 1e, 6-- , -, -,

SPIVAK, G. V., Prof. and DOITBROVSKIY., T. 11.
"Electron Optical Method of StAdying the Dynamics of TherrPA1 Processes in
Opaque Media," a paperdelJvered at the Section of Radipphpics, Physics Faculty,
Conference on Radiophysics, Moscow State U. 10-14 May 55, Vest. Mosk. U., Ser.
Fiz-Mat. i Yest. Nauk, No.6, 1955
sum goo, 26 Apr 56

USSR/Physics - Electron-optical study of emission
Card 1/1 Pub. 153-12/21
FD-24o8
Authol- Prilezhayeva, I. N.; Livshits, V. V.; and Spivak, G. V.
Title Electron-optical study of nonstationary emission of oxide cathode in a
vacuum and in a gas
Periodical Zhur. tekh. fiz. 25, 97-107, Jan 1955
Abstract The task of the authors in the present work is the electron-optical and
oscillographic study in the case of pulse supply of the emission of the
oxide cathode in a vacuum and in a gas. They employed an arrangement of
immersion objective which would ensure during considerable emission ob-
taining of a qualitative image of the cathode; they observed pictures
of the emission disrupted at large loads by processes of distrotion, poi-
soning of the cathode, and its subsequent establishment. They thank
R. A. Lukatskaya. Fifteen references: e.g. T. N. Dombrovskaya, Ye. M.
Dubinina, G. V. Spivak, Vestnik MGU (Herald of Moscow State University),
No 10, 1954, and No 2, 1953; L. N. Zingerman, Trudy Instituta fiz. A-1-1
USSR (Works 6f the Institute of Physics, Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR),,
No 2, 1952.
Institution:
Submitted June 15, 1954

gluses by ionle bombardaienL C7",
\4-tchinx destruction a
-
LAZARRVA
SFtvAx A
AND L
VOUsdy hkmt
1
KRojr
V
.
.
.
.
-
.
,
Ionic bombardment vvas carried ut- In a gas
electrodetube. The glass was more" less covered with arn4tal
cathude (Ni strip;). The destruction of bnrate glam was stuqlcd
t
h
a
d Co
l
r
l
t
i
b
lim
f
ph
a
n
u
c
e
cc
roa m
croscope
y means o
ograp
y'
pI
with chemical destruction. . Action by SO/o I-IF for,3 day& and
bornbardnient for 30 to 40 br.~ using current density. of S"to 7
ma./cm.1, 2SW Volts. and pressure of 10-3 unn. Ilg, r suited
in cellular etching. lutcasive destruttion occurred for 4000, to
5" volts and a current density of 5 to. 10 ma./cm.l. - During

ments the current d=sity, near the
etching by ionic bombard
threshold of destruction has less effect than the voltage which
determin the speed of Oc ions,

SPIVAK. G.V.. KAHATIMA, N.G., SBITNIKOVA. I.S.. DO)MOVSKATA. T.N.
Blectron optical method of mapping the domains of ferrowguetic
materials. Dokl. AN SM 105 no.4:706-708 D '55. (au 9: 3)
1. Mookovskly gosudarstyeanyy universitst imeni N.V. Lomonosova.
Fredstavleno akademikom N.A. Leontovichem.
(Ferromagastism)

SP-I VAK..G.V., PRIUCHAINVA, I.N., AZOVTSEV, V.K.
Magnetic contrast in the electron mirror and observations on
ferromagnetic domains. Dokl. AN SSW 105 no-5:965-967 D 155.
N12A 9:3)
1. Koskovskiy gosudarstveanyy uaiversitet imeal H.V. Lomonosova.
Predstavlano akademikom M.A. Leontovichem.
(Ferromagnotism) (Ilectron optics)

VA
SPIVAK, Go V., KAKAVINA, No Go, SHITMX0VA, I. So, PRILEYAYEJ I. No)
DOMBOVSKAYA., To No, AZOVTSEV, V. K., (Mscow)
"On the Direct Visualization of the Domains of a Ferromagnetic by Means of
an Electron Microscope with Secondary Emission and an Ble4ron Mrror," a paper
submitted at the International Conference on Physics of Magnetic Phenomena, Sverdlovsk,
23-31 May 56.

SPIVAK, G.V.; TURASOVA, V.Ts.; PRUEZRAYNVA, I.N.; PRAVDINA, Ye.K.
Processes on metal surfaces in cathode sputtering. Izv.AN SSSR.Ser.fiz.
20 no.10:1184-1189 0 156* (MIaA 10:1)
1. Ylzicheskiy fakulltet Moskovskogo gosudaretvannogo uviversiteta ime-
ni M.Lomonosova.
(39lectron tubes) (Thermionic emission)

VL55R/ Physics
Card 1/3.
Authors I
Title
Periodical t
Abstract I
Institution
Presented by:
F V)9 KI C7-, V.
Pub. 22 - 10/43
Spivak, G., V., and flombrowkaya, T. IN.
An electronir option.1, method of -,Lurlying the dynamics of thermal processes
In nontr;insparenL media
D,k. Ab :;~":;R 106/1, -19-111, Jan 1, 1956
An eJ t-c L ronic Cal MethiXI of studying the dynamics of thermal processes---..;.-
in a winLransparent medin is dus'cribed and -in electrorde-opLical device',:
constructr-d for W;Ls purpo!;v, 1:; basically, the device, opL-rates,-.,-:
on tile P"incil4v that thit density of electrons oil an object used as a
cathodf,, is friodul:tLed b., Lhe Ideal irtagnetic field. One USSR reference
(1953). 'Dr:lv4rw,-,; ill1u;tT..'ition-1.
Moscow ;t-af-v Univ-rsity imt'-til. I.I. V. Lomonosov
Acwk.uticiarl A. V. :)',1mI,nikov' Junc 11~, I'M

120-12~-29/37
AUTHOR: S ivak G V., Yurasova, V. Ye., Kushnir, F. F~
rile ay
TITLE: Installation for metal etching by means of Ion Bombardment
(-~'Uktanovka dlya Travleniya Metallov Ionnoy Bombard-
irovkoy (UIT-1)).
PERIODIOAL: Pribory i Tekhnika -~Eksperimenta, 195?, No. 2,
pp. 106 - 110 (USSR).
ABSTRACT: Cathode sputtering has lately been widely applied to
structure investigation of metals, alloys and dielectrics
(Ref. 1). Its advantages compared with chemical plating
have been discussed in Reference 2. Technical details of
such installations have been described in References 3
and 4. In the present article the authors give the
description of the UIT-1 (Y#r-1) installation, thought to
be much more efficient than the existing ones, mainly
because of the avgilability of necessary conditions for
plating at high temperatures. Similarly to the installation
described in Reference 5, the UIT-1 (YRF-1) permits
accelerated sputtering of a particular sample under forced
regimes at high potentials and, similarly to that described
in Reference 4, permits evaporation in a gaseous stream.
Compared with other types, UIT-1 (Y47-1) has the following
Card 113 ad-i-antages. It permits simultaneous sputtering of three

4 120-2-29/3?
Installation for rVietal t,;tching by Means of Ion Bombardment.
samples (as compared with one in the installation described
in References 3 and 4~, this enables napid evaluation of
the best conditions for ion plating. A special arrange-
ment for inserting the heated sample is provided, enabling
the temperature to be monitored. The tem-oerature may be
varied between 100 and 700 C. It is also possible to
plate already plated samples with deposits of quartz or
metal without introducing air under the bell-jar thus
preventing oxidisation of samples. The general view of
the installation is given in Figure 1. It consists of a
vacuum system (Fig. 2) and power supplies (Fig. 3). The
apparatus for simultaneous plating of three samples is
shown in Figure 4. Their shape may be arbitrary, with
the maximum dimension of the surface to be plated of
20 x 20mm. For accelerated etching at temperatures near
room temperature a special insert is provided at the apex
of the glass bell-jar (Fig. 6). It is stressed that UIT-1
(YkIT-1) assures good control of the etching and plating
processes and a swift change fror, one operation to another,
e.g. the deposition of quartz or metal films on to a sample
may begin one minute after the finish of sputtering;
Card 2/3 changing of sputtered samples takes no more than 15 minutes.

I.-UTHORS: -Spivak, G. V., Kanavina, N. G., Sbitnikova, I. S. 48-8-21/25
Prilezh-a-yev-a, I. N., Dombrovskaya, T. N., Azovtsev, V. K.,
TITLE: The Direct Observation of Domas of Ferromagnetica on the Occasion
of the Application of the Double-Emission Electron Microscope and
the Electron Mirror (0 neposredstvennom nablyudenii domenov fer-
romagnetika pri pomoshchi vtorichno-emissionnogo elektronnogo
mikroskopa i elektronnogo zerkala)
PERIODICAL: Izvestika AN SSSR, Ser.Fiz., 1957, Vol. 21, Nr 8, pp. 1177-1162
(USSR)
ABSIRACT: Already in 1947 L. Germer proved that the electron beam gliding
along the cobalt monocrystal enters into cooperation with doma
fields, but the was not able to obtain a doma image because the
electron beam used by him for this purpose was not suitable.Also
the results obtained by the research work carried out by Marston
and his collaborators are here described as interesting, but also
in this case doma images were not obtained. In contrast to the
works mentioned, a method is suggested here, according to which
it is possible to obtain doma images of ferromagnetica by the
application of the electron beam, and also the process of magnet-
ization can be observed on the surface of the sample. This paper
is based upon the idea that it is possible to produce an electron
Card 1/37 optical contrast, and that, hereby, it is possible to study magn-

The Direct Observation of Domas of Ferromagnetica on the Occasion 48-8-21/25
6f the Application of the Double-Emission Electron Microscope and the Electron
Mirror.
etic non-uniformity with success. The interaction of a uniform
electron current with a gliding surface containing the magnetic
electric lens causes modulation according to the density of the
electron beam. By the further application of an electrostatic or
magnetic lens (macrolens) the image of the gliding surface or a
nearby surface is obtained, where the effect produced by the lo-
cal magnetic field is the most effective.
The paper is divided in the further coarse into 5 chapters en-
titled: The Co-operation between micro- and macrolenses; proper-
ties of the electron beam which are of essential importance for
observing the micro-relief; the visualization of domas by means
of double electron emission: visualization of domas by means of
electron mirrors; visualization of magnetic microstructure by the
modulation method. In conclusion it is said that the here recom-
mended methods are of abstract character and permit an indirect
treatment of theproblems in question, so that it is to be re-
commended that research work be carried out according to the di-
rect electro-optical methods in order that more exact knowledge
be obtained in this field. There are 6 figures and 9 references,
6 of which are Slavic.
Card 214

AUTHOR SPIVAK G.Vt, DOMBROVSKAYA T.N., SEDOV N.N. PA - 2652
TITLE The examination of the domain structure of a ferromagnetic by
means of photoelectrons. (Nablyudeniye domenney st-.uktury ferro-
magnetika pri pomoshchi fotoelectronov.- Russian.)
PERIODICAL Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1957, Vol 113, Nr 1, PP 78 - 81
(USSR).
RECEIVED: 5/1957 Reviewed: 6/1957
ABSTRACT The present work describes an electron-optical method for
forming an image of the structure of the domain of a ferre-
magnetic by means of photeelectrons focussed by a magnetic
optical system. By the application of this method an image which
is qualitatively satisfactory and has a good effect of contrast
is obtained the magnetic microfields of the polycrystalline and
the menoorystalline surfaces of the ferromagnetic crystals.
The present work is based upon the following main idea:
The fields of the domains can be made directly visible by putting
the electron bundle into interaction with a cathode electron lens
CLn the cathode plans of which the mavnetic fields to be
investigated, the magnetic "micrelenses", are introduced).
These "microlensesof produce a chromatic and a spherical aberration
of the immersion optial system and hereby the "micrelenses" are
made visible on the fluorenscence screen. The method facilitates
CARD 1/2

20-5-23/60
AUTHM SPIVAK,G.V., KROKEMA,A.I., YAVORSKAYA,T.V., DURASOVAX.A.
ITLE-
Etching of Dielectrics by Ionic Bombardment. (Travleniye dielektri-
kov ionnoy bombardirovkoy, Russian)
PERIODICAL Doklady AkademJ-1i Nauk SSSR, 1957, Vol 1%, Nr 5, PP 1001-1003
(U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRACT: The following is shown by the present paper: On the occasion of the
'hombardment of the surface of a dielectric by means of gasions
geom-etrioally. regular etching figures may form which reflect the
crystal structure of the object. Bombardment with positive ions was
carriei out in a low pressure discharge. The action of neon ions
upon crystalline and amorphous dielectrics was investigated.
Reference is made to some previous works dealing with this subject.
When the cathode was constructed, the fact vas taken into account
that cathode spattering is proportional to the density of the ion
f-lum, and -that +here is less depositing of metal at those points
whare current density is greater. If, therefore, a greater current
den-9-ity is produced on the surface of the dielectric than at
neighboring points of the metal, the dielectric is not powdered
with metal. This happens in the case of a periodic development of
the potential being caused, so that indentations correspond to the
domains of the dielectric to be spattered. The crystalline di-
elenti-ics used were quartz, Iceland spar, rock salt, and seignette
Card !/~'

20-5-23/60
Etching of Dielectrics by Ionic Bombardment.
salt. Besides, al3o the amorphous dielectrica amber and plexiglass
t".-re etched. Etching with ions took place on the occasion of differ-
ent kinds of discharge. For amber and plexiglass the method of ion.
etching must be selected with particular care; I = 2 - 2,5 ma/cm,
V = 1,5 kV and t = 2 - 3 hours. The surfaces of the amber and the
plexiglass were uniformly destroyed and the figures of destruction
had no geometrical pattern. On the occasion of the etching of gaartz
rrith ions in the Z.--section. distinctly marked triangles were ob-
tained. Of all dielectrics, quartz is the most difficult to investi-
gate. With a weak ion bombardment no figures at all are formed, and
in the case of a heavy bombardment the same figures are obtained as
in glass. 11(hen rook salt is etched (surface ~1001 ) cubes are
formed. The etching figures thus obtained can be used for deter-
mining the symmetry of the crystal. This method is simpler and
often more reliable than that employed in connection with other pro-
ces3es. (With 3 Illustrations).
ASSOCIATION-. Mo3cow State University "M.V.IjW1ONOSO1P1 (Moskovskiy gosudarst-
vennyy uni-7ersitet 1m.M.V.Lomonosova
PRESENTED BYt A.V.SHUBNT-KOV~ Member of the Academy, on 24.1-1957
SUBMITTED: 7.1-11957
AVAILABLE2 L.'brary of Congres~~
C a r

'PIV,
AY, G V. , IGTIAS, E. and ZHOLUDYEV, V. S.
S
Electron 1_,boratory of Lomonosov University, Moscow.
"Electron tot Optical Observation and Electron Microscopy of Ferro-Electrical
Domain Structu~_,es. "
veport presented at 4th Intl. Conference on Electron Microscopj, Berlin GFR,
10 - 17 Sep 1958.

sov/10Q-3-8-15/18
AUTEORS: ~ubinina, Ye - LU. , Sbi~,nil~ova, 1. S
Pryamkova, I.A. and Vinogradov, D.P.
",ITIE: Development of the kIcthods of Electron Microscopy for
the Observation Df the Microgeop-letry and the Emission
Centres of Thermionic Cathodes (Razvitiye zetodov elek-
tronnoy mikroslcopii dl_va n1ablyudeniya mikror-eometrii J
tsentrov emissii t--rmokatodov)
PERIODICAL: Radio t ekh1-_1ika. i Elektronika, 1958, Vol 3, nr 8,
pp 1077 - 108]4 + 1 plate ~USSR)
ABSTRACT: The article reports the results of the observotions of
the electron-iiiicroscopy pictures of the disti:ibution of
the emission in a number of thermionic cathodes such as
an oxide cathode, an L-cathode or an iffpre.-nated cathode.
The observations wexe carried out at magnifications
ranginE.- from 150 - 4 000. Durin,,--;, the investi-atioas, ilf~-'
C)
was found that the space charge has a si2;nificant -effect
on the formation of electron-microscopic images, in
particular, -,.rhen employing the secondary-electron emission
technioue. The space charge produces a decelerating
C3
field whose effect can be intej~preted by neans of tvio
space-charge lenses. The fir,.:3t type of lens is a miacro-
Cardl/4 lens and is produced b7 the in that part of-he
.D

sov/109-3-8-19/18
Development of the filetho~ls of Electron Yicroscopy for the
Obse)~v,-.tion of t-he Llicro-eonetry and tLe Emis-cion Centres of
IT1j ermi o ni cCati-iodes
cathode from i-.,-hich the emission cur-,~ent is not conducted
away. The second len5 is a micro-lens and its effect
becomes significant in the individual emission centres.
The effect of the space charge is illustrated by the
photographs of Fij~urc-., I.. Photograph !a was,obtained at
a current density (at Ghe screen) of
4 x 10-8 A/cm2 -,,;hile Pho'Lor-ra-.,h lb was ~5~',en at a
2
density of 1.4 x 10-7 Alcm in both cases, -the anode
voltage was 10 kV. PhotoCraph Ic was done at the current
density of 1.4 x 10-Y A/CM2 -bu"- the cathode vias removed
from the focusing electrode by a distance of 75 ~,- Frox
Ghese Dictures, it" follo,.~is that the space charge result.s
in a chanse of the locus length of the system. It was
also found during the investigations that the contrast
in the photographs is denendent on- the micro-,eometry
of the investigat--ed surfaces. The contrast is-further
de-
pendent on the difference in the secondary emission
coefficients of various Darts of the cathoda and on the
Card2/4

SOV/109-3-8-15/18
Dz-velopment of the Methods of Electron. Ilicroscony for the Observation
f the flicrogeometry and the Emission Centres o! Therril-ionic U.?thodes
L
o
Card3/4
local electric fields at 'the cathode surface. The investi-
E;ation of the relationship between the microgeoutry of a
cathode and its emission pattern (see picture) was effected
by moans of the FD1Id'/5-tYP-. microscope which was fitted with
a special adaptor unit. The pictures obtained by this means
are shown in the -DhotoGraphs of ffigures 2, 3 aad 4. The
.L 0
photographs of Figure 2 Give the patterns of an oxide
cathode having comparatively large non-uniformi-ties at the
surface; Photograph 2a refers to a cold cathode, while 2b
is for a heated, activ~,ted cathode. Figure 3a shovs the
secondary-emission pattern of an L-cr-thode, while Figure
3~'bEives the thermal-emission pattern of the same cathode.
Wigure 4a shows the :pattern of a pressed c,-th.ode, taken
by means of the secondary emission. FiC_ure 4c- sho-us the
same cathode but at an incr--ased teniDerature, 7hile 4b cor-
responds' tothe toorerature at which 'Uhe thermal emission
coff-mences. Fii~ure 4-d represents the thermal-p-mission
pattern of the pressed cathode. All 'he investigations
were carried out at a pressure of 10-~ m-n_H-. For the
C_
purpose of obtainin- maEnifications of the ordinr of 5) 000
C, - - -

SOY/109-3-8-15/18
Development of the Mcthads of El( '~-ctron Microscooy for the Observ_ntuio-n
of the hlicroSeometry and the Emission Gentres of Thermionnic Cathodes
up to 4 000, a stroboscoPic, electrostatic electron micro-
scope ( ty.-e BSM-50) was used. By means of this instrument,
the -ouls-.: emission picture of an L-cathode '-as obtained.
The resulting photoc- aph is sh,37,,!n in FiFure 5. The authors
,-,,.r
ex U U
press 'heir gratitude to M.A. Bruk for valuable advice.
There are 5 figures aad 8 references, 7 of which are Soviet
ASSOCIATIOV: Fizicheskiy fakulltet and 1 French.
hiloskovsko5~,o ~~osudarstvenno,-o universiteta. im.
M.V. Lomonosova ( Physics Department, Ylo.scovi..l State
University im-eni M.V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: January 29, 1953
1. Electron microscopy 2. Cathodes (Electron tubes)--Pbysical
Gard 41/4 properties 3. Thermionic emission--Analysis 4. Electron
microscopes--Performance

6OV/120-58-5-20/32
AUTHORS: Sbitni-111-ova , !.3., Dubinina,Ye.3MI., Spivak, G.V., Fetisov, D.V.
1-
TITLE: An Attachment to the EE11-75 Emission~ microscope for
Uhe Visualisation of Surfaces, Using Secondary Electron
C3
Emission (Pristavka k emissionnomu elektronnomu mi-kroskopu
EEM-75 dlya vizualizatsii poverl--hnostey pri pomoshchi
vtorichnoy elektronnoy emissii)
PERIODICAL: Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta, 1958, Nr 5, Pp 78-82
and 2 plates (USSR)
AB,-)'TRA,',','T: A descri-ot-ion is -iven of an zittachment to the EEDd-?5
microscope. Using secondary and thermionic emission
both the micro-Scometry and the euission pattern of thermal
cathodes may be visualised. This means that it is possible
to compare the distribution of centres of electron emission
with micro--eometry of active thermal cathodes. The surface
of -thermal cathodes is irradiated by an electron beam from
an- electron gun which directs the beam at an angle to the
Q~ C3
sui-face. The angle between the o~
1-j ptical axes of the electron
,--un and the microscoD n 0.
-e may be varied betwee 85 and 45 This
"7
, 0 ~7' 1/ 3

3OV/120-58-5-20/32
An Attaciraent to the EEMI-75 Emission Electron ilicrosco-pe for the
C3 -ron Emission
Visuali-sation of Surfacesl Usin Secondary Elect
adjustment may be used to choose the best conditions of
irT. adiation corresponding to the best contrast of the image
1.) U
for different depths within the surface microstructure. A
sectional drawin- throu-11 the entire instrument is shown in
C3 CD
Fis.l, in which 1 is the electron gun, 2 is a mechanism
CD
for adjusbing the angle of the irradiation by the primary
I 1~ are centerin- devices for the beam
beam, ? 7 1 U 9 5 is
a table for inuminating diaphragms, 6, are observat-
ion windows, 0 is a bellows, 9 is a mechanism for ad-
justing the anc-le 10 is the base, 11 is the cathode,
0 0
12 is the focussin- electrode, 13 is the anode, 14 is
CD
'Ghe anode cap, and 15 is a ceramic insulator. The results
obtained with this attachment are shown in Figs-3-7. Fi-.3
shows the ima-e of an oxide cathode with secondary (a) and
thermionic (b3 emission. A similar pair of images of an
L-cathode is shown in Fig.4 while Fig f
CD ..5 sh-ows an image o
CD

SOV/120-58-5-20/32
An At-tachment to the EEI'J-75 Emission Electron lifficroscope for the
Visualisation of Surfaces, Using Secondary Electz-on Emission
this cathode with the secondary and thermionic emission
ima:~-es combined. There are 7 figures and 13 referenc--!s;
C) C3 -
of the refere.aces are Soviet, 1 French and 3 German.
A.'1330ClAT10N :Fi-,,,icheskiy fakullbet i-AGU (Dei)t. of Physics, I.Aoscow
State University)
S-
UBLITTED: October 10, 195?.

~ ; IV'
A UTHOR: Ruznetsov, V.Ye. SOV-26-58-11/9/49
TITLE: Investigations of the Magnetic Structure ofC Ferromagnetics
(Issledovaniya. magnitnoy struktury ferromagnetikov). _'n All-
Union Conference in Krasnoyarsk (Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye
v Krasnoyarske).
PERIODICAL: Priroda, 1958, Hr 11, pp 53-55 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In June 1958 an All-Union meeting on the magnetic structure
of ferromagnetics was convoked by the Institut fiziki
AN SSSR (Institute of Physics of the AS USSR) and the Komis-
siya po magnetizmu OtdeLl-ndya fiziko-matematicheskikh nauk
AN SSSR (Commission for Magnetism of the Department of Phy-
sico-Mathematical Sciences of AS USSR) in Krasnoyarsk~ The
meeting was attended by representatives of scientific insti-
tutions of many principal cities of the USSR. A total of
32 papers were read. Ya.S. Shur of the Institut fiziki me-
tallov AN SSSR (Institute of the Physics of Metals,
AS USSR) in Sverdlovsk summarized the magnetic structure of
ferromagnetics. %G.V. Spivak of the Moskovskiy gosudarstven-
nyy universitet (Moscow State University) told of present
and future electron-optical methods of study of the domain
structure of ferromagnetics. L.V. Kirenskiy and M.K. Sav-
chenko of the Institute of Physics of the AS USSR in Kras-
noyarsk presented new data on the spatial distribution of
Card the domain structure in samples of transformer iron. A.I.

240) SOV/2o- 12:- 1 - 14 /44
AUTHIORS: 13pivak, G. V., lt~rae, E. , Zheludev P I. S.

TITLE: of the Domain Structure of Ferroelectrics,
On the Pecu
llade Apparent by Electron Microscope Visualization (0b
osobennostyakh domennoy struktury segnetoelektrikov,
vyyavlyayemykh pri elektronnomikroskopicheskoy vizualizatsii),
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1958, Vol 122, ITr 1~ PP 54-57
(USSR)
If the extraordinarily important r6le of the domains of the
ferroelectrics for the rinderstanding of their physical
properties and of the nature itself of the ferroelectrical
phenomena is taken into account, the application of electron
microscopy for the purpose of completing the laws concerning
the orientation of the domains (of the characteristic features
of their boundaries and of their dimensions) offer many pos-
sibilities. Accordin,- to the authors' investigations, the
domain structure of the ferroelectrics may be visualized by
7)eans of a translucent microscope according to the method
of the imprints. These imprints must reproduce the fine struc-
Card 1/14 ture of the electric field. This was possible because of the

SOV/2o-1 22-1 -141/44
On the Peculiarities of the Domain Structure of Perroelectrics, Mlade Ap-
parent' b~r Electron Microscope Visualization
exiStence of a -natural raised profile (rellyef) of the ferro-
electric poly-domain crystal. This raised profile of the
ourface is caused by mechanical tensions on the boundaries
of the domains which, in turn, are caused by the interaction
of their electric dipoles. The use of a translucent electron
microecope and of colloid and coal imprints permitted the
detection of the domain structure on crystals of barium ti-
tanate and potassium sodium tartrate enlarged 25 000-fold.
The domain structure of the ferroelectrics may be observed
on imprints taken immediately from non-processed crystals
and from etched crystals. The authors etched crystals of
BaTiO3 in concentrated hydrochloric acid for 5 - 10 minutes.
The processing of the samples is described in a few lines.
'i'he authors then describe the results of the preliminary in-
vestigation of the domain structure by means of an optical
nicroscope. '.ccording to the electron microscopic investiga-
tion, the domain structure of the natural (not etched ) faces
of RaTiO3 is sufficient for the taking of very qualitative
.1drd 2/4 imprints. This natural profile is caused by spontaneous de-

SOV/2o-122-1-14/44
On the Peculiarities of the Domain Structure of Ferroelectrics, 11.1--de Ap-
parent by Electron IMicroscope Visualization
formations (which are connected with e lectr ostric t ion phenomena) of
the domains. A figure shows a typical picture of the domain
structure of BaTiO in 1000-fold enlargement. With an 8000-
fold enlargement, he authors detected details of the shape
of a single domain. in the case of &11 greater enlargements
(25 000-fold) the details of the boundary between the domains
and some details of the structure of the individual domains
may be discerned. The domains detected by electron micro-
scopical investigation are smaller by one order of magnitude
than the optically observed domains. This subdomain structure
is very interesting for the detection of some properties of
the ferroelectrics. The results of this paper concern single
crystals of BaTiO 3and potassium sodium tartrate. The authors
thar~CY. I. Osokina and T. F. Filippova for their help and
V. A. Timofeyeva who placed the single crystals of BaTiO 3
at the authors' disposal. There are 4 figures and 7 references,
Card 3/4 4 of which are Soviet.

AUTHORS, -vak_ G.V.
E_ Spi
Sf--U.'_'tIL"(-0
TITIE; "d i C rc' I i - "P ' '-~.H ~ n -he. Surf o
Singl,~, Gr-ystal cf Bari;.um- Titarnare (Itlik-ro-rel4yef i
domewiayn sr-ruktura na pover'kzhnos~i mon-akristala
titana-~a ba_,,_iYa)
PE R 10 D I 10~ A L, KT - -~', s I[-, a 1.71 - oa f J-1-y aIQ5)9, Vol LL, 11171- 1 , p_ -p 121- 123
.i_ Iplate ~USSR)
ABSTRACT-. The st rLPa,,:e etrut~ture of a sinSle crystal of EaT'O h--s
3
been studied above and belo-,,,, the CtLrie Doint b-7 oDtical
reflection microscopy and by stereo-electron Mlcroscopy~
Surfar;e diefo-rmations of tWo z;'VPas Were found; 1) elastic
at-.ove the Curie -oinr and 2) ine-1--astic,
inin~- ab,,~-.re t.-h- Curi~ ~oz_nt, =ade jr
il - - ZI
various wys behaved dif f e reent 17Y I s --- tlon _-i cro sc o
stereopairs urere measured photograrametrica!17 =-d gave
a value of 600 1 for the ae-pth of the relies be-nds in a
quas-i -eiastic ~' exam-)Ie. in ann in~la.~tic speed-men
the ~orresr)ondinz_ deDth was 2 000 A, The form of the
reli-eff -,uavss a-z-Deared rectangular, The relief seems to
Oa r -.111.1, 2

Microrelief and Domain Structuxe on the Surface o'L a sin-Fle crysr--!
of Barium Tita-nate
be due to strains arising from the tetragonality of the
unit cell of BaTiO 3 Wa = 1.01. at 210 C) on
polarisation -and there is some possibility that it could
be used for estimating the polarisation.
There are 4 figures and 8 references, 3 of which arre
Soviet and English.
ASSOCIATION: liloskovskiy -osudarstverinyy universitet imnenii.
0
M.V. Lomonosova (Moscow State University imeni
hI.V, Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: August 10, 1958
Card 2/2

SOV/70-4-1-24/26
AUTHORS: Spivak., G.V.., I-ras, E., Pryam-ko-,ra, I.A. and
Zhelude-V, i,S.
TITILE - Observations of the Domain Structure of Barium Titanate by
Means of an Eleotron Mirror (0 nablyudenii domennoy
struktu-ry titanata bariya pri Domoshchi elektronnogo
zerkala)
PERIODICAL-. Kristallografi-ya, 1959, Vol 4, Nr 1, pp 125
+ I P'Late (USSR)
ABSTRACT: It has been shown that it is possible to obtain by means
of an aiectron mirror a qualit-ative representation of
the domain structure of a ferroelectric with a magnifi-
CD
n,ation of up to several hundred times. The mechanism of
image formation d-iffers'from that in optical polarisation
microscopy. Earlier devices (Ref 2) used a magnetic
field for the I'magnet-ic contrast effect" but this caused
instability. An electron beam from a gun is accelerated
by 20 kV and passes through a hole in a fluorescent
screen to the specimen where it is reflected, The system
is roughly analogous to that of an ordinary microscope
Cardl/2 with incident illumination supplied through the eyepiece.

SOY/?0-4-1-24/26
Observations of the Domain Structure of Barium Tiltanate by Means of
an Electron Mirror
Examples are reproduced of images from BaTio3 single
crystals at 800X and 150X and a resolution of about
200 lines/mm. was achieved. The reflection of the slow
electrons is due to the fringing field between the
domains, There are 5 figures and 10 references, 6 of
which are Soviet, 3 English and 1 French.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet i-meni
M.V. Lomonosova (Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomcnosov)
SUBMITTED: August 10, 1958
Card 2/2

66702
24,2120 sov/log-4-8-22/3
AUTHORS: Granovskiy, V.L., Luk0yanov, S.Yu., SpivN, G.V. and
Sirotonko, I.G.
TITLE; Report on the Second All-Union Conference on Gas
Electronics
PERIODICAL: Radiotekhnika i elektronika, 1959, Vol 4, Nr 0,
pp 1339 - 1358 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The conferences was organised by the Ac.Sc.USSR, the
Ministry of Higher Education and Moscow State University.
It was opened by the chairman of the organising committee,
M.A. Leontovich, Academician. During the plenary sessions
of the conference, a number of survey papers were delivered.
L.A. Artsimovich read a paper on "Production of Ultra-high
Temperatures In Plasma".
A survey of the optical method of measurements was given
in the papers by V.A. Fabrikant and S.E. Frish.
S. Brown of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
gave a survey of the high-frequency methods of the investi-
gation of stationary and non-stationary plasma (see p 1244
in this issue of the journal).
Cardl/15 N.V. Fedorenko read a paper entitled "Ionisation and
Inelastic Scattering During Atomic Collisions".