PEOPLES OF EASTERN INDONESIA

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Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP85-00671R000200070001-4
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RIPPUB
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K
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198
Document Creation Date: 
November 17, 2016
Document Release Date: 
July 27, 1998
Sequence Number: 
1
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Publication Date: 
February 1, 1965
Content Type: 
REPORT
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Research Report No. 5 February 1965 lease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 RETIRED FILE JOB95-0O4c7LR BOXo FOLDER Q1 a.. DESENSITIZED PEOPLES OF EASTERN INDONESIA 25X1A8a lease 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R0002000;001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Research Report No. 5 February 1965 PEOPLES OF EASTERN INDONESIA 25X1A8a Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction. II. General Factors in Eastern Indonesia. . A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Racial Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . C. Attitudes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Village and. Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Advice to Foreign Visitors. . . . . . . . . III. Lesser Sundas and Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Bali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Ethnic Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . c. Attitudes toward Outsiders. . . . . . d.. Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? e, Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? f. Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . h. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. Caste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j, Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? . a. Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? 5. The Bali Agas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Tenganan . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? 6. Advice to Foreign Visitors. . . . . . . . 3 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 9 11 14 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 20 21 21 24 26 26 29 29 32 32 34 B, Lombok Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 a, Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 38 b. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2. Villages and. Houses . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3. Language and Literacy . . . . . . . . . . 38 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Page C. Sumbawa Island . x , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1. People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Characteristics , , , . . . . . , , . b. Languages ... , , , , , , , , , , , , C. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Occupations , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3. Villages , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 4. Organization , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , a. Extra-Village , . , , , , . , , . b. Inter-Village . . . , . . . . . . . . c. Widening Horizons , , , , , , d. Civil Organization, , , , , , , , , e. The Village Union , , , , f. Junior Members of the Civil Government, , , , g. District Head. , , , , , , h. Village Organization, , i. Authority -- Two Spheres. 5. Rarak -- A Sumbawan Village , a. Houses , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , b. The Dry Season , , , . , , , , , , C. The Wet Season . . , , , , 6. Visitors. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 58 D. Flores Island , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 59 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 a. Characteristics , , , , , , , , , , , 62 b. Religion, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2. Villages and, Houses , , , , , , , , . , , 64 a. Organization, , , , , , , , , , 64 b. Land. Tenure , , , , , , , , , , , , , 66 3. Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4. Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5. Occupations , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 66 E. Sumba Island, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1. People, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 a. Characteristics . . . . . . 69 b. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 C. Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2. Villages and Houses , , , , , , , . , , , 69 3. Occupations , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 71 F. Solor and, Alor Archipelagoes, 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Solor Island., . , , , , , , , , . , , 3. Adonara Island, , . , 4. Lomblen Island., , , . . , , , , , , , , 5. Pantar Island. , , , , , , , , , , , , , 6, Alor Island , , , , , , , , , , , , , 71 71 73 73 74 74 76 Approved For Release 1999/09/24`?CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Page a. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 b. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 C. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 d. The Five-Village District . . . . . . 81 (1). The Villages. . . . . . . . . . 81 (2). Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 (3). Occupations . . . . . . . . . . 83 (4). Financial Management. . . . . . 83 (5). Hunting . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 (6). Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . 84 (7);- Growth. and Development of the Child. . . . . . 85 (8). Adolescence, Marriage and Sex . . . . . . . . 86 (9). Personality Determinants in Alorese Culture. . . 87 e. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 G. Timor Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' ? ? ' 1. Timor Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1). Organization. . . . . . . . . . (2), Characteristics . . . . . . . (3). Language and Education. . . . . b. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1). Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2). Family Life . . . . . . . . . d. Occupations . . . . . . . . ? . . . e. Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Roti Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Ndao Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Sawu Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 89 90 97 98 100 101 105 105 108 109 112 115 116 116 116 117 118 119 B. Barat Daja Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . 121 1. Wetar Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 a. People. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 b. Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Approved For Release 1999/09/24 161A-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Page 2. Romang Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3. Damar Group , 123 a. Damar Island. . . . . . . . . . . 123 b. Teun, Nila, andSerua. . , , , , , . 124 C. Banda Archipelago, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 a. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . 126 b, Cultural Factors . . . . . . . . . . 126 2. Villages and Housing . . . . . . . . . . 127 3. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 D. Kisar Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 a. Oirata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 b. Cultural Factors . . . . . . . . . . 129 3? Villages and. Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 129 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 130 E. Leti Archipelago (Leti, Moa, and Lakor) . . . . . . . . . . 130 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 132 4, Occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 F. Sermata Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 G. Babar Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . b. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 3, Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 135 135 135 135 135 136 H. Tanimbar Archipelago , , . , . , , , . , , , 136 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 3. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 138 Approved For Release 1999/09/241bIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 4. Occupations. 5. Visitors . . Page 138 138 I. Aru Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 1. General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 3. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 140 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 J. Kai (Ewab) Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . 141 1. People . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 142 2. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 143 3. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4, Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 K. Wautubela Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 2. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 L. Gorong Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 1. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 3. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 M. Ceram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 a. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . 148 b, Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 C. Language and Education . . . . . . . 150 d, Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 3. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 151 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 N. Amboina Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . b, Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Villages and Village Organization. 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 153 154 154 157 157 157 157 159 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: tIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Page 0. Manipa, Kelang, and. Boano Islands. . . . . . 159 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 P. Buru and, Ambelau Islands.-.... . . . . . . . . 159 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 a. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . 162 b. Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 C. Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 d.. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3. Villages and. Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 163 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Q. Sula Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 R. Obi Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Bat jan Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 167 167 168 168 168 T. Ternate-Tidore Group . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 1. Ternate and Tidore Islands . . . . . . . 169 a. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 b. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6. Villages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 d. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2. Other Islands of the Ternate- Ti.d.ore Group. . . . . . . . . 172 a. Mare Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 b. Moti Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 C. Makian Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 d. Kajoa Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . 173 U. Halmahera and Morotai 173 1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Approved For Release 1999/09/24V: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Page a. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 174 b. Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . 177 C. Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 d.. Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 3. Villages and Houses. . . . . . . . . . . 180 4. Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 5. Visitors . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Lombok: Ethnic Groups - 50669 39 Pulau Alor: Ethnic Groups - 50668. . . . . . . . . . 77 Timor Languages and. Indonesian Timor: Ethnic Groups- 50672 . . . . . . . . 91 Wetar: Ethnic Groups - 70670 . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Indonesia: Islands East of Java - 50671. . . . . . . (back of book) Approved For Release 1999/09/241:'CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 25X1 B1 a Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-5X1 C 1 Oc Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Figure 1. Typical Balinese wood carving. Approved For Release 1999/09/24 : CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 "Eastern Indonesia" includes all the islands of the East Indies Archipelago that lie east of the Greater Sundas (Java and the six other large islands), except Irian Barate For this study, they will be grouped. as the Lesser Sundas and. Timor and. the Moluccas.* The Southwestern Islands are treated. here as part of the Moluccas because they were once a part of the far-flung Malukan "Spice Sultanates" of Ternate and. Tid.ore 9 and whatever slight political, commercial, or sociological orientation they may have is in that direction. The islands will be treated. from Bali eastward. to Timor, then around, the Banda Sea along the double curve of the South- western Islands, and, lastly northward, through M.ol,ucca to Halmahera. (For a preview of island. groups and. island names, use the Table of Contents.) Eastern Indonesia accounts for 15 percent of the total land, area of Indonesia (some 29000 islands according to the Indonesian Government) and. 7 percent of the population, (1961 population, estimate: Lesser Sundas 59558,0009 Molucca, 79090000) Popula- tion density of the Lesser Sundas is 80 Snd. of Molucca 11 -- compared. to Java's 451 - per square kilometer, Population den- sity would. be sharply lowered (and, more representative) if Bali's 1,700,000 were excluded. Information about the peoples of these unnumbered islands is thin, spotty, and. self-contrad.i.ctoryo Anthropologists, ethnolo- gists, sociologists, and particularly statisticians are inclined to give specifics on Java and perhaps some data on the other large islands, but either avoid. mention of the eastern islands or gen- eralize irresponsibly.** Accounts of travelers (botanists, zoolo-, gists, and, collectors) have been useful, as they include a few detailed. reports on a few specific villages. * Gaps and. overlaps in the end.l ieg gnoapinks .and-,tbpoh.ymy (with numerous spelling variations) make statistics and. other data in. this area difficult to assess and apply. Place names have been coordinated. with .Board on Geographic Names spellings. ** Most disturbing is the repetition - often verbatim and with-, out acknowledgement - of statements from Wallace (1883), Webster (1898), and. other early explorers, 3 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 No attempt has been made to evaluate available information. On the contrary, details from pertinent studies have been relayed, at length and, where information is lacking or contradictory, the lack or inconsistency has not been camouflaged. Many of the smaller -m and. the interior of some of the larger -- islands are uninhabited, or inhabited, only parts of the year. Many East Indonesians have practically no contact with the out- side world. B. Racial Characteristics It is said, that 130 separate East Indonesian tribes could. be enumerated., many of them so large that they could, be called nations or "people."* Most writers escape this dilemma by using island, names (Wetarese, Kaians, etc.) even though there may be many groups -m different and, sometimes antagonistic ?m on the same island, e (Bernina and. Bruk, whose ethnic ma,p is a }na j or source for this study, often do this.) These islands form a transition zone, culturally, linguistically, and, anthropologically, from Western Indonesia (Java) to Irian Barat. From Bali to Timor the people are mainly proto-Malay, rep- resenting early immigration from southeast Asia. They are like the interior people of the large islands and, are less Mongoloid. than the coastal people who are descendants of later immigrants (d.eutero-Malay). They are shorter and. darker-skinned. with wavier hair and, stockier physique, but they do not have a slant to the eye or prominent cheek bones. Papuan traits begin to appear in the Flores and, increase, though not in regular or dependable pro- portion, as one moves eastward.. In the islands nearest Australia, the earliest people were probably Australoid m- coarse-featured, beetle-browed. and, hairy- bodied. Pre-Malay traces remain. Pure or almost pure Papuans are found, in parts of Molucca and., of course, in Irian Barat9 Four other archaic types can be found. in eastern Indonesia. (1) The Negroid, type has two branches. One, the Melanesian, is * Kennedy, The Ageless Indies. The term "tribe" is a misnomer, for in most of this area there is almost no intervillage (or tribal) relationship and. no common culture as, for instance, there is among the Dayaks of Borneo. 4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 tall and, spare-framed and has almost disappeared except in. Timor and, in the Flores zone, The second, branch, the Negri.toes, are dwarfish and. frail; traces of them are found in Timor and Alor (as well as in Sumatra and New Guinea). (2) The so-called Ved.d.oid. type are also dwarfish and frail (like the Negrito) with brown skin, wavy hair, prognathous face, and receding chin _- probably a stunted. version of Malay-Austroloid. mixture. This type is found. in Ceram, and. traces of it occur in a few other islands. (3) The Papuan type is probably a hybrid of the Mela- nesian and. Negroid races, It is characterized. by a lanky, long limbed body, dark skin, narrow and angular face, thin lips, long nose, hairy body, frizzy head-hair, and., frequently, by beards, Sometimes the nose is fleshy and. hooked. and. has been called Semitic. (4) The Alfur type is a mixture of Papuan and. proto-ioluccA*. Alfurs are common in Mblucca and. also occur in other of these islands. In addition there are Chinese, Arab, and. other foreign 'traders. Immigration -? or rather drift, for there has been no official movement of groups -- is continuous, especially of Buginese, Mak- assarese, Minahaoese, and Javanese, It is estimated. (1963) that there are 20,000 Javanese in the Moluccas alone. Eastward from Java, a gradual, but not regular, change of character from the reserved Malay to the excitable, vociferous, and. less-restrained Papuan is marked. Kennedy says in Inlands and. Peoples of the Indies that the difference is probably not biological but due to diver- gent training and, rules of behavior. In general the eastern islanders are friendly, helpful, and. courteous. In many islands they are gay, devoted 'to dancing for exhibition, and. hospitable, C. Attitudes The greatest gap in information is about the native's poli- tical attitudes. For most of the people on these tiny islands, national politics has little or no meaning. The government, both before and. after the revolution, has done little or nothing for them but has always required taxes, Since 'the village chief, acting for a native rajah, has been the collector for both gov- ernments, political change is hardly noticeable, T----Casual writers frequently use "Alfuur" to mean all those 'who have preserved their pagan beliefs, This troublesome definition is not used. he:re0 ** Tax rolls which should clarify population and, other statistics simply muddle them. Not understanding the purposes of taxes, the people misrepresent size of their family (a large family is a sym- bol of wealth), the amount of income, and, even many items that would. not affect the tax, Approved For Release 1999/09/24 :CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 On some islands nativistic movements, organized, to revive or perpetuate certain aspects of aboriginal culture (and. encouraged by the Dutch for divisive purposes), may serve as a barrier against Western culture and. the new Western-oriented. Djakarta intelligentsia. On islands where the Dutch used. severe methods, the attitude of the people toward, whites (to most Indonesians every white man. is Belanda, Dutch) is likely to be unftiend.ly.* On other islands, Dutch administration was negligible, acceptable, or even pleasant. The same seems to be true of the present Indonesian Government. But the latter has the advantage of appealing to the basic Indo- nesian feelings of most of the people, even in the remotest is- lands. "One people, one country, one language" exerts a great force when and where it is propagated. In those matters only 'the ajahs9, chiefs, and, their associ- ates are interested.; but what the leaders understand., the people understand. It is important to note that the native aristocracy as we know it today belongs to the group who chose to adapt to European masters. Such leaders became westernized were ual per- sonality. ,hated. from the ii1d.ige:nous cu.l-tuye, deve3oping a sort- But, of crucial importance, they meanwhile preserved Indonesian culture among the people and, upheld the adat (common law).** At the present time the old. ruling class is having difficulty fitting into the new political structure where the old, system of class and privilege has disappeared. The Djakarta government often assigns non-local, Western-educated. administrators who have not developed. any administrative judgment and who have no idea how to deal *i.th non-Western-oriented peoples to administrative posts, For the native non-leaders the highly valued family life has always been an authoritarian village structure, and the state, if considered. at all, was imagined as an extended. family with a Big Father. The present administration. blurred that image, Sukarno, however, is so representative of the Indonesian ethnos, summing * Sometimes the Dutch policy of non-interference broke down. In Timor and Bali, for instance, military operations took the form of punitive expeditions. In the second and. third. decades of the 20th century, Dutch authority was harshly imposed on Sumba, Lombok, Flores, Timor, and Ceram. ** Soemardjan, Selo (or Selosumardjan), "So:me Social and Cultural Implications of Indonesia's Unplanned. and. Planned Development, Review of politics, 1963. - 6 - Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 up their virtues as well as their shortcomings, that he is usually received. as an even Grander Father. As time goes on9 he has become more "sultan-like". Efforts are being made to spread, his name, his picture, his military glory, and. his ambitions for the Indone- sian peoples, but there is no indication that this propaganda has reached, many, or any, of the smaller islands. D. Languages There are somewhat more than 200 languages spoken in these islands. Little study has been done on them, and, they are not satisfactorily classified., although various groupings have been made. Probably the most useful here, since it is tied. to areas rather than technical linguistics, is a division into five sub- groups' - (1) Bali-Sumbawan9 spoken by Balinese, Sasaks9 and. Bod.has, and, peoples of western Sumbawa; (2) Bima, spoken in eastern Sum? bawa9 Sumba; and western Flores; (3) the Sula-Batjan Group; (4) Ambon-Timor, which includes all the languages of otudca except; (5) South Halmaheran9 a Papuan language spoken in south Halmahera and, small nearby islands. Some of these languages are written; and, in a few places 'they are used, to teach reading and. writing-.-. The Ambon'Timor languages are strongly influenced. by Papuan. Malay, or Bahasa Indonesia, is 'the trade language of most of these islands. (Since Sukarno regards it as a prime unifying device, it is being spread. as fast as slender means and, slight attention can manage.) In Portuguese Timor the native Tetum language is the official language. The few Europeans there speak Portuguese. No pidgin is spoken in Eastern Ind.onesia:o E. Education Information about education on specific islands is not avail- able.* Mission schools continue to operate and. are planning -to widen their operations, Modkherj i ("Problems of Education in Southeast Asia".. Eastern World., 1962) reports that Indonesia has raised, literacy from * The Statist.'cal Pocketbook of Indonesia (Bire Pusat Statistic, Djakarta, 196?T reports for Nusa Tenggara: 2,042 schools, 99100 teachers, 3359000 pupils in primary schools, 12,500 pupils in gen- eral secondary schools, and. 154 libraries with 67,000 books. Mal- uca.and Irian Barat as reported. together have: 570 schools, 19800 teachers, 68,000 pupils in primary schools,,A .560in general secon- dary schools, and. 223 libraries with 22,000 books. No clue is given as to location or type of school, Approved For Release 1999/09/14: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 Approved For Release 1999/09/24: CIA-RDP85-00671 R000200070001-4 6,4 percent to 66 percent in ten years. He says the colonial education policy was to create a small class of "colonial elites" -- not to provide incentive for or growth of nationalism, but to insure a steady supply of low-paid., white-collar workers for gov- ernment and, semi-government establishments. Help given to outer- island, education by the Djakarta government is inspired, by polit- ical expediency and. is for that reason spotty. Results of education have not always been satisfactory. Kennedy says that here, "Where life depends upon tradition, Europ- eanized, education tends to disinherit the young from the tradi- tions and. put nothing in its place," The conversation of a recent American visitor with Pandi, artist and, member of the Bali confirms' this dilemma. He said, We are creating the first juvenile delin quents Indonesia has ever known. When a boy gets the kind of ed- ucation we are giving him, he is not willing to go back to his village and help with the farming. He expects a white-collar -- preferably a Government -- job. We don't have the jobs. He is not prepared, for such jobs. We must change the character of our education or manage to create jobs for our educated, youth," The costume for men, is sometimes a loin-cloth but usually is a sarong, sometimes worn with a shoulder or upper-body piece and. some- times not. Western shirts are often seen on men of the larger towns or villages, "Malay shorts" are common for boys and. are often worn by men of shore villages. The men wear a headgear, mostly on special occasions, Women wear kains (lengths of cloth wrapped. as skirts) and usually something above the waist, such as a kobaja (a jacket- blouse) or a cloth wrapped. underarms, Both men and women carry a small wallet for their betel, money, and other valuables. Jewelry -- earrings, rings, necklaces, and sometimes anklets and feather decorations - are worn for special occasions by both men and, women. Tatooing is practiced, in nearly every island. except Bali and Lombok. In some of the islands of Molucca, scars are burned, or cut into the flesh, In the Kais, the Babars, and. Tanimbar, hair is often bleached, with lime. G. Weapons In most of these islands the bow is the important weapon. (Exceptions: Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Sawu, eastern Wetar, Buru, and Sula, and. some of the smaller Southwestern Island.8