SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT KONSHIN, M.D. - KONSHINA, V.A.
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SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
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1~011SHIN, M.D., prof.,ioktor tekhn. nauk
New transactions of the Central Scientific Research Institute of
Geodesy, Aerial Surveying. and Cartography in the field of stabi-
lizing the serial camera and determining the true flight altitude.
1Zv. vys, ucheb. zav.: geod. i aerof. no. 2:27-30 157. (MIRA 11:7)
1. TSentral'rW7 nauchno-iseledovatellskiv institat geodezii.
aerosayemki i kartografii.
(Aerial Dbotogrammetry)
1-4/13
AUTHORt Konshin, 11J.,-Doctor of Technical Sciences
TITLEs The Achievements and the Prospects of the Development of Air
Photographs and Photogrammetry in the USSR (Doetizheniya i per-
spektivy ra%vitiya aorofotoollyemki i fotogrammetrii v SSSH)
PERIODICAM Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 1957, Nr 11, pp. 24-32 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: At present air photographs are mostly taken by a.....-photograph
camera AFA TE with an objective, 18 x 18 cm in size, with focal
distances of 55, 70, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mm. The vision field
aneles of the objectives are 134, 123, 105, 66, 41, 29 degrees,
respectively. Since 1950 the RV-10 radio-altimeter is used for
determining the real flying altitude. It is an impulse type and
permits to obtain marks, corresponding to the radio-wave-radia-
tion-moments and the reception of these moments after reflection
from the-earth's surface, on the screen of the oscillographic
tube. The planimetric coordinates of the centers of projection
means
are determined according to the radio--eodetical method by
.
of a special phase-apparatus. One of the largest theoretical
works which was performed in the field of photogrammetry is the
Card 1/2 investigation of the problems on the treatment of air photographs
KONSIIIII; M. D. (-Dr. 1'ech. Sci. IJ I
"The determination oi the elements of outer orientation in the flight and the methods
--or evaluating the accuracy of the devices used," Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 1957,
Nr 12, -pp 69-7o (usSR).
report presented at the Sci. Tech. Conf. for Geodes~,, Aerilai rhoto-rRA)v and
CartouRphy, 24-28 Oct 57, in honor of 40th Anniv. October, L-%ev-~].Aion.
0 -
Organized 1:~lf Main Office for Geodesy -~-nd Cartography, floiae nEfice VSR, a-,d
,%Ii).itar-ij-'Co,-)ogr,,iohical Office and Inst. for i~ngineers of Geodesy, 'Ar ZJurvey
and Cartography, Moscow.
SOV/154-58-1-7/22
AUTHOR: Konshin, M. D., Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences
TITLE; Determining the Elevations of Ground Points by Radio Altimeter
and Statoscope as Employed Abroad (Opredeleniye vysot tochek
mestnosti s pomoshchlyu radiovysotomera i statoskope-,
primenyayemoye za rubezhom)
PERIODICAL: Izveatiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Goodeziya i aero-
fotos"yenka, 1958, Nr 1, PP 53-56 (USSR),
ABSTRACT: On the strength of a comparison of methods used in Canada
and in the USSR, the advantage of the method employed in
Canada is established as the possibility of a continuous dF3-.
termination of the ground profile. Without doubt, this is
interesting for a number of economical institutions, even
if such a profile is not very accurate. On the other hand...
in the USSR only the elevatiom of a few points identical
with the principal points of the air photographs are determin-
ed. This method permita, by means of atereoucopic netal, to
correct the reading of the radio altimeter, to evaluate and
adjust data obtained by photogrammetry as well as to ex-
Card 1/2 clude obvious error readings. ~'.11 this guarantees about
S071/154-5-6-1 -7/22
Determining the Elevations of Ground Points by Radio Altimeter ani Statoacopre
as Employed Abroad
twice the accuracy obtained abroad. On the strength of the
comparison carried out the conclusion is drawn that in Soviet
designs of radio altimeters the impulse intensity ought to
be considerably increased, whereas, for the solution of
special problems in some branches of national eoonomy) a con-
tinuous determination of the profile or rather a continuous
determination of the radio altimeter readings might be useful.
There are 4 references, 0 of which is Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut inzhenerov
kartografii
(Moscow Engineering Institute
and Cartography)
geodezii, aerofotos"yemki
of Geodesy, Aerophotography
Card 2/2
ChMnial, (VhM*lk.) I
a ro atcivi yeaks. 15S.. r 2. pp 107-109 M.5111
Nor& SMs 500 g9sel&lipts VarlIcIptea an to* scleAttlic and
teeftatcal coatereac* an dood"J" ss"ph.toffr.Py, and CIF11.
am ;KY 6*14 frost 0016110T 24 to 20. 1957. Th- fill-Ina P- A.
eOak, IN the plvary sessions of 111t. conf."Be., A. V.
1.4 of the cum. 0n$ *Soviet Goodoey,
UrIOSPOPIlf 094W 00 Flat YQV*r TOOM.- 4. S. kfk*
I&Y". V%jir.
caseriaIof the Teekals&I ?roapa. -?%~ part Ply,l y Cans...
,
She DOOMO of Ifte USSR.- Professor G. T. lic"novaIrlys 'rh*
Pr:004% 810t0 *ad VerIP0091ve DOINDIOP"At or karaphita4rraphr in
th OVIIA.- professor F. 8. 24jptow. -The Present ft.te su4 I-
6411901tst ?asks of Goadotic lostruetton in the FJv,,qR.* D~.T
2
1
ligg"86098 Topearspitteal Iblis and the ?~Adaxontxj
;.
;
, % aws Alad ways of parrectlad the lbps
. Ya.
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DOCZ-r of Sal.was 'S~ Prticlpa.i"n
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I14ternatlexal geophysical Year.w In ta* section *a #,i.
O!"t..a.by to* rall"Ise P.WO."I T. A..
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Ifuzati4ow repar-%~. an -Th# Freaeut state and VOMMIntliz.va nr
D;v:itp At or Astronodal.' 1- 1. 3h.LIII-4-r -P--- -
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.at 49ate ad for r,#v.io;..nt a! 7.... i,
LevelL.4 lostruse.t..- in %at couticia an aerophotograPI-Ic&i
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" At lk*" own- reported no -Tb. UPI- T-k- -f ?Irlh~r
I
t I., s,LaI eaw.ra..o tcqtnoor 1. D. gargatioLov on
ITh- 31.4tflostion f ;,hog.draws.truot ll.ts.~ 1.1 N. Gr~~'dean.
C
al t. at 0 -.1
a .1. Posr.pal.41 omit alto the prob-i
t:pocralinical deciphering of aerial photognpos. In th- :-1 h
an cartagrupny coven% F. A. "-.roott. opok* an -The F-MAI --.,
T
Pro% Ifee if 1"o"' 11021 Cartoomphy." I-r.f .... r Y. - P, la w,i
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TITM Cbro.1416 (Kbroalm) III
M10DICALS INVOGILYS WYOohtxb mohlbuyuh saw.'samig. 90.40SLYS L
&*00roses-70"s, IV56, Or 2. VP 110-11t (USas)
AMNACT. ftla :j, a report an the dolibstationa hold from April 23 to 2a
bi t1bo eadillearm "A deportimmat hooda of the technical S.;.r-
violas of gandotisel asilwitles of the Central Administrative
of 0"4007 mad Carto#npaw of the mn assa (Departmo.t Or the
Interior of %he am). Opening speech &.6 report bY tn* Xsed of
ONK (MMMAN >-Admilaiatration of Gsa4say and Cartography). I..
a the 540 Tessa of the GUGS W.
4.ASW on -th Respect to tat
Topegropbleol and Coodetic Work of Importance to
oo'"I. Nash as the Analysis of %be Accuracy of
Newourments Is Triamalatlans of the 2nd and )rd Classes. and
%be Applicallom of optical #&Ad* finders tn Geodetic work.- U.
0. uepf."kly, Candidate Of Technical sciences, reported a..
*90441 ROOSIS8 Of tn~ Otudy Of Cantors and 3*&r1z# Points Within
the territory at the USIR.- Engineer F. 1. P,rmev, "Now re.
dett"I Imstrameato for Topographical Phofcarapho." Vnelaws;
4.-J6 jawrilov, -The Technical planning of So. GoOd"Leal 6.4
qo;w~pslc Ourveyn.- legi.... p. V. Traitakly, -iterking ?*Let.
far she Preparation Of Surv'16-' 9ndLft"r 1. V. 11_~lows -lan.
'It'as" 84th*44 for the D-t*Mi1M1ttQft of peach .44 94Lght lk,k-
"-' EMLSO&T 3- 1- Ufa" '00 the Overall "operations for
:
."A OWOtO8r0Ph6-' A- D. Xisprado., -Th. Checking of Star".
SOPOWMPhical Oarwaye Is the AZp.Mosca
reasor. Doctor of To"".1 ......... !Th,~
Owlst OTIONAstIDA Le the Pb-tOmetri.al Preparation of Aerial
aft*t*gftPks tad ImPrcv-g*ntm LA tn# AOG,rocf of Ster2omco#Lc
a. A. grojbtanit." CandId.t, of
9410041004 'SOMO RO1Mrk4 0. the T. Is.
MLVWY. Candidate of Technical Sato-O, On X.Pro.t.6 the
pkatoeftpula qualtty or 40,161 1,110S.S.- t.41A..r X..h1a. Can-
Ore park in Field-ftriltionlad in the 3*v.ra-kavk*i-AGP. "
11. S. VF4j1ov1 son In* Prwo.at St.&* of Technical Inst,al.
far 44~0&9%ic 10?k.- Farths~r. the setting dealt .1th tn.
Visaged retionallsation or tn@ net g-AraphLe-e-dotto t an
alq.e (Guag 1m). Li-ely 41.4 ... Ion. follo.od the lact~r... 0.
&Or" 20 %%a hand of the AGP 114 the aIll.bn1.1,r,
C4r4 940 011101 1 1 (goes" &Ainmerin, ja.tit~to of C..d.sy, her.-
motomrsess, end Cartadrephr) "c4sn*4 ease qjsottons r~j*tjn,
10 the OOJ'k at the INGMates of Coons., (L*c"re 6, P.
UbO%9v, professor. Doolor Of Tockslael 3.1faces).
LUTMON, ow, W. D., Coadidt. of Technical 441O.C..
bellem
TITLAs 341"Al LO see Technical C*Sf*r*&C* Of the VIICA I K (ft.ch.,-
:
Iok"I 41"4-06 konforentelys 91104 1 9) It
rzaraZIC&I.8 SET as tire vyefbtkh 00hobayeh 5411a4dely. Goodagly& I
asevrotoo"You". 1950, or 2. pp (U".R)
AD5?BAC?, or ToohnVeak spoke
I'lotorticils in Cartographic Projoc-
Ittass., 4441
C a taa~ - Qf
T.chntc4L EcL.aces. re-
4
'
lphoring roe the Airplane and
M
edrophica D:0
Pon ad
CartooraplLing Inaccessible
54111,00 ter of A
r1 l
fh
tographs L
o
:o
sfttoas!l A.3. ol:t %it a" As lot t, PoK- Po- -The Belief
;
o
fieprO440sto n Of Plan" on Topographital maps (5.210
I . 10 000 000) " .I khter. Professor, Doc-or of Geograph-
I 361oftoom. dealt with the bo.LC doodraphto tructor* of
ed
l
betatatica aad the consequent cartographicill peculiarities of
the sleet a.
9ftLoe.r To. U. F-kltste- reported a. to. ca.f.r.mcv~ halt in %a.
UZI,, 19 (Nowcoo mastmeorl.na Institute of C@O4~vay. Aero-
Card 1/~ phatostarmy. alos Corto4mphy) true N" 6 to 10, Too partial-
Mass diso"sed woriou. qw6stlows to relation otth the design
of geodetical and ~artograp"Ical Inatrumento. nor. than 300
Iodated trom easy universities and sclentirto xnatt&ation..
"'II as 62 reor"onta'I.4's or different *#*Reif* In
Mitered. Kirov, Sverdlovsk, end other cities, p~rttaipat*4 to
said :Oafor so
08hn.
the Do f the GiGg. _&2
:.
,
.
oat ter An .at
It M. a . sts, is sort% C.-M
I.Write ey"s Docent, reported *a ~Tfte Present wit4te or vro-
z's too 0
r adotesical inatruM.Atm, and D.weloquent of WeR In-
ota.~ P. T. Drobysn*v. Professor. gave a lecture on the
an" to%aston or phosc -radest rice I Instrus&mts to ta* U.-,",Il end
Z
00
6100041190 IS We field. In %be different actions qtme-
is*" reLatind to the doesen Of geodetical and pho.0frometrical
for serial ph.&.Smpny are
d.is.ameod. cc3 Y.Ila.y- and Eadl.oor (.. T. Zd.bniko,
r"O"44 On 4OQ4%ttc *t4Lafto&aQrtftg shatrwoont.. I!Ad%
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.' -.halcal Icionces. reported on optical
nLAdw finders Of greater precision, V. A. Ca.dtdal-
Of ?4chMICAI RC1*OC48o On Optical range finders at' to-dium accu-
C "d 21 mdY. NA414-or 7. 1. Andrsn... and TO. P. r,.p.,, C-d~d.- Or
Fort J." I.-Ustboamsical $clean.$, p.h. a acd.l.$Ora of
melee. fladers. Laglaomr L. V. Rabinovich ispolce on the
light pt!loy0I=Ihe manufacture of jeoe.tic.1 Inasr".."
becoms S. U. Ma.4ow and Lngineor W. E. Sayeako re;-rtod on
so. domelops.ass In the production of decd.t Joel I cmzr~..nt.
so Yet." In
'in dealt
ItIl
t
. ptloa 2
seades .4 as to. r r"0. ", near 9 . A.
.
:
h
Ing 0
ski a i-on, 414 E.gj ... r
A r ... I of th.
be of th p. I a h to
al Sir h ical Conference bold In Xlymw (Planning and
l
Pro"O'Lle
:
Card
KONSHIN, M. D.
"On Using the Elements of External Orientation in the Photogrammetric Evaluation
of Aerial Photographs, and on the Increase of the Accuracy in Stereoscopic
Measurements".
report presented at a ConfereDce Of the Cbief EngIneers and Directors of the
Technical Control of Aerial Surveying Enterprises, bloscow Central Bureau of
Surveying and Cartography, YAn. of Interior LUSR.
(Geodeziya I knrtografiya, 1958, no. 6, 77-78)
I
1 Mr. of the Staff of: TsNIIGAiK
KONSHITT . doktor tekhn.nauk, prof.. red.; KIPROZOV, S.Y., red.;
VASILITNVA, V.I.. red.1xd-va; ROMNOViL. T.V.. tekhn.red.
[Methods used In daterainivg the elements of outer orientation
in flight] Primenlasere "tody opredelenita v polete elementow
r- vneshnsgo orlentirovanfla. NoWma, Izd-vo geodes. lit-ry. 1959.
(Lonirwrad. Wentrallawl nauchna-Incledavatel'skii institut
zoodezii, aeras"emki I kartografti. (MIRA 13:2)
(Aerial Photogrannetry)
.3M Scv//154-59-2-8/22
AUTHOR: Konshin, M. D., professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences
TITLE; Sciontific Resoaroh Work in the Pield of Aerial Camera Con-
struction for Topographic Purposes (Naticlirio-isoledovatellskiye
raboty v oblasti aerofotoapparatostroyeniya dlya topografiches-
kikh tseley)
PERIODICAL; Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeiLiy. Geodeziya i aero-
fotos"yemka, 1959, Nr 2, PP 47 - 52 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The demands made on modern aerial cameras are very exacting.
They cannot be considered all at the same time. The most im-
portant among them are investigated here. The elimination
of aberration is the main problem to be solved when producix4g,
now lenoes. Aerial camoras with plates are used abroad to
eliminate the deformation of photographic material. This is
impossible and inappropriate in the USSR where an abrupt de-
crease in efficiency would be the consequence. Now as before,
aerial camera with films remains the principal type used for
topographic purposes. 0 marks, i.e. points intended to check
Card 1/11 the film deformation, must be applied to thern. The smoothness
Scientific Research Work in the Field of Aerial Camera SOV/154-59-2-01122
Construction for Topographic Purpo--es
of the film at the moment of photo,-,raphing dert!nds on the
accuracy of the platen and on the right combination of the
film with it. Either a glass plate or an appropriate differ-
ence in the air pressiLre is applied to press ti-,e film against
the plate surface. To maintain the elements of the internal
orientation constant there must be a rigid connection of the
lens with the backing frame. Under no circumstances a slotted
shutter may be used with a topographic aerial camera. A time
of exposure of up to 1:1000 see may be approprietep depending
on various factors. Different light filters must be used when
photographing objects with different spectral reflectinL~; power
and depending on the altitude from which the photoCraphs are
taken. Therefore the possibility must be provided of exchanging
the light filters in the-courso of operation. !Men photo-
graphing ground sections aith different optical exposure it
is advisable that the quantity of liGht hitting the light-
sensitive film layer be changed automatically. This may be
brought about by changing the effective lens aperture or the
Card 2/4 time of exposure. The second way is preferable. The aerial
Scientific Research Vtork in the Field of Aerial Camera .3 X,11/1 514-59-2-8/22
Construction for Topographic Purposes
camera must be fitted out with a dampin.~- device for the di-
minution of oscillations and imaL;c di3t~rtions. In topo-Praphic
aerial photoeraphs, aerial cameras must be used .,.,ith various
focal lengths. Format 18 ;o 18 -.m nced not be chan3ed. The con-
stniction of lenses with unequal angles of the entrance and exit
of projecting rays (by M. 11. Rusinov) must be considered. The
required percentaCe of lon6itudiiial overlaps in aerial photo-
graphs must be secured. This is specially impcrtant iii nountain-
ous regions. The shutter of the aerial camera must be synchro-
nized with the instruments fixing the elements of external
orientation for aerial photoGra-phy during the flight. In this
connection it is advisable to combine the shutter reloasin- with
the beginnin.- of a working cycle and to brin-g about the shutter
release electrically. At present, topographic aerial photography
must be made only with the use of arostabilizing devices. Such
devices must be subdivided into three grou,)s: 1) photoi~rvphs
with inclination aneles of about 12-151 are obtained with the
extreme value of 10 . Such devices are available in the form
of"povier L.,yroframes" (silovaya girorarna). 2)PhotoGranphn .!il-h
Card 3/4 an inclination angle of 5-7' .-vrith the i:iaximum value at 2,01.
Scientific Research Work in the Field of Aerial Cavera SOV/154-79-2-01/22
Construction for Topographic rurpooes
There are xio such devices as yet, WhotoGraphs vith an incli-
nation angle of about 21 with the maximum value at 51. T!i.-r,,e
are not yet available either. With radar altimeters, efficlei-Xy
must be increased, while an increase in accuracy will be 1:--rely
possible. On the condition of stabilizing the antenna of the
radar altimeterp there is the possibility of determining, with
a certain procedurep the height of points lying within the
range of aerial photography. The author calls for the elabora-
tion of an apparatus for the determination of the position
coordinates with a mean error of 1-2 m for the compilation of
maps at 1: 5000 and 1:10000; furthermorep an apparatus secu-Hng
results with a mean error of 7-8 m in a radius of about
300-350 km; finally, an apparatus for the determination of the
coordinates of the projection center vith a mean error of 1-2 m
in a radius of about 100 km.
ASSOCIATION: Tsentralinyy nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut gerdezii, aero-
fotos"yemki i kartografii (Central Scientific-Research Institute
of Geodesy, Aerial Survey and Cartography)
Card 4/4
IONSHIN, M.D.?.,. d.oktor tekhn. n&.uk prof..
Determining the elements of exterior orientation in flight.
Trudy NIIGAIX no-31:57-61 '59. (KnU 13:3)
(Aerial photogrametry)
LOMMOV, Aleksey Nikoleyevich, prof.. doktor tekhn.nauk;_.1rONSHIN, K.D. v Prof.,
red.; VASILITMA, V.L. red.lzd-va; ROKANOVA, V.V.. tekhn.r64.-
[Photographic triangulation by the use of electronic calaulating
machines) Pototriangullateita a primeneniem siektronnol vychisli-
tellnoi mashiny. Koskwa. Isd-vo goodes.lit-ry, 1960. 144 p.
(Km 14:2) -
(Aerial photogrammetry)
(Electronic calculating machines)
XONSHIN, N.D., professor, daktor teichn.nauk
Choosing the plate else of aerial photographs. IsT. vys. ucheb. sav.;
geode I aerofo no-3:63-65 860. (NIRA 13310)
1. Hookovskly Institut Inzhenervi goodesil, aerofotom*yqxId I
kartografii.
(Aerial photogra me try)
KONSHIN, M.D., yxg . do,ktor tekhn.nauk; LOBANOV, A.N., prof. doktor tekhn.
nauk,-.LAVROV, NqF., dotsent, le-and.tekhn.nauk
Ninth International Photpgrammetric,Congress and the development
of p1ho-to-grammeApy abroad. Izv.'vys. ucheb. zav.; geod. i a'brof.
i no.~6:53-68 1.60. (KM 34: 5)
(tRrial P~otogr,ammetz7-Qqngresses)
t~
KONSHINq M.D..q doktor tekhn.nauk; WBANCVj A.N.s,'doktor takhnnauk;
~,U., kand.tekhn.nauk
Ninth Inter4atiowl Phatogr~tric Cougmes. Geod. i kart.
no'. 12:3-10'D 160, (MIRA 14: 1)
(Photopmmetry-CoaMoses)
AIPTIORt
TITLE:
28992
S/53Y60/000/040/001/002
D039 D113
lonahl~Lj' II.D.
Photogrametric p~lqtting of gyro-stobiliz*d aerial photographs
PFMODICAL. Nosoov.Institut inabonerov goodoxii, sarofotos"yeaki i.karto-
7~
graf.ii, Trudro no- 409 19609 75-80
MTa The article assoribee the possibilities of facilitating the photo-
grammetrio plotting of gyro-statilized-seriil photographs. By reducing tbej
w4al angles of aarial photographog plotting cawbe slAplificUand made
more accurate, pa:~~icularly vhen using aualy~tical plotting methods. The
presently used gyro-siabilizing aieri*l c"era permits p .hoto.graphs with Mis &' a
ati&l &41*8'of 10-W with'a.throshold value of 10 to be obtainedg the zu-
tual axial angles'seldbin exceeding 15'- Such photographs he.lp- to facill-
tate several phoitogramketrio plotting processes and extend t4s opplicatin
of'variou .a M*th6dsO* I A 0:0upilling, the "P outlinop Multiplex hdrizo IAtal
sing-ihe-phot '~ljgqnometr Iicil Mkiihoa` i
pkoto-~oQntrol is-conductidg u, op ack, he
gr&p.hic'.met, -hod of iiihiketric photatriangul-alt ion; the use of gyro'-'stabilized
&or ph6t6graplis:- armit'04he pers-Piciive"iinis to be transformed--whtn
.Card 1/0,
09 2
S/537 60/00,0/,040/Q01/002
Photogramme.tric plotting... ID039 XIID)!l3
plotting the j~!otqgraphs; it also helps acoelerate the relative orientation
piocsis',"d- 41iitiiits the, exterior ~iiantation'of the uraltiplex ~Iot. fn,
multiplex hdriz7ontal photo-oontrol ising both the above-mentioned mthodep
all stages of operation remain unchangedg the sole exception beiAg-t)iat the
principal koin ,t &UA no,t,the nadir point nervas as the top point of dirso-
Aa i le of the maiA -beam is 201. the'dist hoi'bei~wein
ion' When-the a 1 agg 0 a
the principal and-nadir points when the focal length is 55P 709 1009 40
and 200 mm will be 0-3; 04; '006; 0.6 and 1.2 mm reHpeotively', -a~aCthe di-
rection'error baus~d,,-by breakiz4~ down' the relief will b6 oharacierize'd b"y'.
the .dataIgiven inItable la-.-These data.show that~ by using gyro-te.tabilising
mountep the principal poiAt'oan 'be taken as the top point.of direoti6n
sinbe on a large breakdown of a-q9ctIoM:of the photograph,, hojrizontal.pbotq-
bojitrol. would.-h&ve,,to. be" .0ondueti6d-on a multiplex machine. The-mext'step,
Is. to rectify tha,aikial photographs obtainedo The ets-reopho'blogrihmagil4c
Aod of survey~4,includee the following b s:Lc-
vLett a plotting prooesses which
are described .in details'vertical photo-control by the parallax-fres'model
method; the differeatiaSed method of spatAl,phototriangulati0i; the Ali thod
ifetting points of coAt* ol: on a stergoaster and iifiiversa). device%; the e*%W.
Card 2/ 4
28992
S/537j6O/OO0/O40/OOl/OO2
Photogrammetric plotting... D039/Dll3
line methodo topographical plotting on a stersometer and universal devices,
When using the a tereophotogramme trio methods of compiling a may originalp
orientation is much simpler if aerial photographs with small axial angles
are used. If 'such photographs are used simultaneously vith devices whiohq
during flights reoord the elements of exterior orientation# photogrammetAo
plotting will be considerably simplified. The results obtained on the eta-
~Ilization of an astophotographic 'camera are the first stop made In this
direction. "Future riseirch-on Increasing the stabilization acou .racy will
allow photogrammetric- plotting of aerial photographs..to be gFeatl*, simpli-
fiedo There are 4 tables,
ASSOCIATION: Departm9nt of Photogrammetry of the Moskovskiy institut In-
zhenerldv geodezii:,. aerofoto6"ye'mki i kartografii "(Xoiscovlft-~'
stituti -of Engineers' vf Geodesy, Aerial Photography and
Cart' ra ' ') (Abstracter's note: Name o
0g phy I asso.ctati6in was
taken from the first page of the journa.
Car.d-3/4
FIROVSKIY, Viktor Yakovlevich; XONSHIP, M.D., red.; VASILIYEVA, V.I.,
red.izd-va; ROWOVA, V.V., tekhn. red.
(Manual for operating a topographic STD-2 stereometerl Posobie po
rabote na topografiebookom stereometre STD-2, Izd*2. perer, i dop.
Moskva,, Izd-vo geod6z. lit-ry, 1961. 98 MRA*.14:13.)
(Topographical surveying)
KONSHIN, M.D.; SOKOLOVAp N.A.
Organizing ntereotopographic surveys to the scale of 1:25 000
in mountainous regions. Geod.1 kart. no.3:5-10 Mr 162.
(MIRA 15t12)
(Topographical surveying)
P .
f'I
,~~ ~14-Dq NAZLROVI, N.D.
Use of radlogoodetic RMm otationB in the production of
topnraphic mapa. Geod,i kart. no.6:37-46 -Te 162. MU 15:8)
(Radar in surveying) (Aerial photogrammetry)
XONSHIN. M.D.
Errors caused by the wedge shape of filters. Gsod.i Imrt.
no.lOt2l-28 0 162. (MM 15S12)
(Photography, Aerial-Equipment. and NuMlies)
. '4~lkt
K010HIN, M.D., doktor takhn.nauk, prof.
Evaluating the accuracy of determining the plans coordinates
of nadir points by means of radio geodetic stations of the
Central Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial
Photography, and Cartography. Trudy TSNIIGAIK no.146:57-63
162. (MIRA 15:11)
(Radar in surveying)
KONSHINJI M.D., doktor tekhn.nauk, prof.
Evaluation of the accuracy of statoi4ope readi s. Trudy
TSNIICZK no.146:101-103 162. IKIRA 15:11)
(Aneroid barometer)
KOZZHIN, M.D., doktor tekhn nauk,, prof.
Determination of the closest points in processing agrial
photographs of a mountain region. Trudy TSNIIGAIK
no.146:105-108 162. (MIRA 15:11)
(Photographic interpretation)
XONSHIN# MeDej ORIX# V*X*
Determining the angles of tilt of aerial photographs
to evaluate the quality of the flight. Trudy TSNIIGAIK
no.1-46:133-145 162. (MIRA 15:11)
(Aerial photogra=stry)
BOSOYAKOVICH, Igor' Dragomirovich; GLEBOVSKIY, Yuriy Sorgeyevich;
KONSH111, M.D., red.; KlUiOHCH121KO, F.I., red.izd-va;
tekhn. red.
(Photographic extension in the studies of geoplUsics and
anor-naliesj Fotopriviazka aerogeofizicheskikh marshrutov
i aziomalii. Moskva, Gosgeoltekhizdat, 1963. 171 p.
(Aeronautics in surveying) (WU 17:1)
(Prospecting--GeoplWsical methods)
KONSHIN, M.D.; A-PIZFMV, V.G.
PhoLogrammotria d1storsion. Good. i kart. no.2139-45 F 164
(MIRA 170;
KONSHIN, M.D.
~-, ~- 1; -
Analytic method for plotting photogrammetric nets. Geod. i kart.
no-3:3-8 Mr 164. (MIPU 17:9)
, KONSHIN, M.D.
~ ..
Goncerning the size of aerial photographs. Geod. i Art. no.107-40
Ja 165. (MIRA Igo)
I
11---~
1-11,
ACC NRt AP70056112 SOURCE CODE: UR/0413/67/000/002/0093/0093
INVENTOR:. Derviz, V. D.; Konshil,
iG. A.; Orlov, V. K. Afremov, V. G.; Zdobnikov, Ye.,T.; Zotov.
ORG: None
TITLE: A precision stereo compartLtor. Class 42, No.!190592 (announced by the Central
,Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photo raphy and Cartography
,9
(Tsentrallnyy nauchno-isoledovateitskiy-rinatitut geodezii, aerofotoo"lemki i kartog-
rafii)]~
!SOURCE: Izobreteniya, promyshlennyye obraztsy, tovarnyye znaki, no. 2, 1967, 93
!TOPIC TAGS: cartography, aerial'photograph, comparator, optic instrument
ABSTRACT: This Author's Certificate introduces: 1. A pr6cision stereo comparator for
measuring the coordinates of associated points on aerial photographs (positive trans-
parencies). The device contaiAs a stationary binocular optical system, two coordinate
gauges, each consisting of a lower carriage and an upper carriage which moves along
guides in the lower carriage, and automatic readout units based on calibrated pairs of
diffraction gratings. Measurement accuracy is improved by making the signals from the
readout unit independent of rotation of the transparedt gratings with respect to the
~reflecting ruled gratibgs. All reflecting gratings i~ the instrument are situated in
112
UDC: 528.722.6/81
_j. (Kon&Un, M.P.]; BEZGUDOVA, Zh.I. [Bezhudova, Zh.I.],
STEPANOVA, O.S., kand~ kbim. nauk
Effect of temperature on the content of three-dimensional
structures in glyptal resins. Khim. prom. [Ukr.] no.1:41-42
Ja-ktrt63 (m-rllk 17:7)
1. Odesskiy probkovo-~--Ilnoleumnyy zavod "BiltsholrikO (for Konshin).
2. Odesskiy gosudarst-vennyy univers-Itet ( for Bezgudova, Stevanova).
C,~erriistry 0.1 litor9cyclos XXIIII syrfh*~" 7-
nrrfdm -u-," ------
n
e
o
4
!
'
aad!nhftifi&
7
~L
7
-
~
-
.
-
-
---Nf
-
ri-
d
(PGY
L.l,
P-aaferova an
:3
.
,rv E
M. E. Karishin
r
Lst
'1 7. ~ ~ I
Klp-~-. ~~' I- Nt -
26. translation); d CA. 4% WA~~-
CA. 3-%. !,io:l' RclltviiI4 d
lu I ;i,;- 'Fi*. '0 1;;I~'j
e
N
M,
aOR g"or
-77 Iti -and
-S'. The vrield is 877 after 5 Lnin., 97' dier r
Stit" in 2 Ers. Lar4mr anab. of Pt)NCh trnd in ducr-case the
ic
,l
ld bcit a6:3 r,,ult frvmi 1 w' i !-I Plicl
AUTHORS: Petyunin, p. A. and Konshin, M. Ye. 79-2-43/58
TITLEs Study of the Chemistry of Heterocycles. Part 27. Synthesis and Properties
of Monohalogeno Derivatives of 9-Phenylacridine (Iasledovaniyev oblasti
khimii goterotalklov.XXVII. Sintez i Svoystva monogaloidoproizvodnykh
9-fenilakridina)
PFRIODtCAT.t Zhurnal (Ybshchey Khimli, 1957, vol 27, No 2, pp. 475-480 (U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRACTi This report is devoted to the development of a method for the derivation of
mondhalogeno derivatives of 9-phenylacridine' and a study of their properties.
It was established that the acriline cycle closes easier in halogeno-substi-
tuted 2-aminotriphanyloarbinol than in acetyl derivatives. Vxperiments
with 5-iodo-2-aminotriphenylearbinol ahowed that the new method cannot be
applied for the synthesis of iodo-derivatives of 9-phenylacridine becauxe
of the intensive dehalogenation. Good results during the halogenation of
methylanthranilate were obtained by application of the chloramide method.
It was established that N-chloracetamide offers satisfactory results
during the bromination but not during the chlorination of methylanthranilate.
card 1/2 Chlorination is smooth only during the application. of N,N-dichlorovrea.
Study of the Chemistry of Heterocycles. Part 27. 79-2-43/58
The reaction Of PhOnYl magnesium bromide with halogeno derivatives of
methylanthranilate yielded a number of hitherto unknown halogeno derive-
tives of 2-aminotriphenylcarbinol. The properties of these now Compounds
were investigated and described.
The authors also obtained a series of entirely new monohalogeno derivatives
of 9-phenylacridine and studied their properties.
There are 15 references., of which 6 are slavic
ASSOCIATTOITt The Molotov Pharmaceutical Institute
BYs
SUBMITTED. March 24, 1956
AVATLABIF.t Idbrm7 of Congmas
Card 2/2
11-I
1,011SIMIL19 '-Ye., Cand Ohara Sc4-(dis--) ":~tuely in the ficld of haloge-n-
,,I (1 6 1
cub 9--plhonylacr4d-n,-.." Pcri-,.' , ". - - 11 4-
1, r'~ I -) I ( "': i n o f .- " i Ch c r "'tu 0 - -
~ L pn
tion USSR. St-Ac U in, A.Y. 0, rl idy), 1060 co-ics (11,4~3-58, lg;'t2)
- 2 -
16
79-28-4-28/60
AUTHORS: Petyuninj F. A.
TITLE- Investigation in thq~Field of the Chemistry of the Hetero-
cycles (Issledovaniye v oblasti khimii geterotsiklov)
XXXII. Di.- and Polyhalogen Derivatives of the 9-Phenyl-
acridine Havin th Position of the Haloids in Different
Benzene ku,clei fXXXII. Di- i poligaloidoproizvodnyye
9-fenilakridina a polozheniyem galoidov v razliclinykh benz-
ollnykh yadrakh)
PERIODICALt Zhurnal Obehahoy KhiMiit1958pVol.28,?1r 4tPP-974-978(USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the previous papers ( Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, 1957,
Vol. 27, pp, 475, 1558) the authors have described the methods
of obtaining mono- and dihalogen derivatives of the 9-
-phenylacridine o-n the basis of the 2-aminotriphenylcar-
binol and its N-acyl derivatives. As 9-phenylacridine re-
presents a polynuclear heterocycle, the authors applied this
method for the synthesis of the di- and polyhalogen deri-
vatives of the 9-phenylacridine,.having the position of ,
the haloids in different benzene nuclei. The very fact that
Card 1/3 the latter never before have been described in publications
79-28-4-28/60
Investigation in the Field of the Chemi-stry of the Heterocycles. XXXII. Di-
and Polyhalogen Derivatives of the 9-Phenylacridine, Having the Position
of the Haloids in Different Benzene Nuclei
made this necessary. The initial di- and polyhalogen deri-
vati-gs of the 2-aminotriphenylearbinol were obtained from
the interaction between the bromo-p-ohloro-phenylmagnesiu-m
and the corresponding halogen-substituents of the methyl
ester of the anthran *ilia acid with satisfactory results.
Structure and properties of the compounds obtained are given
in the Table (I - V). They are crystalline substances with
weak basic properties. They do not dissolve in diluted mineral
acids and in concentrated hydrochloric acid. It must be em-
phasized that the basic properties of the halogen derivatives
of the 2-aminotripheny'Learbinol are to a high degree de-
pending on the position of the haloids. Introducing halogen
into aniline re;idue of the 2-aminotriphenylcarbinol has the
greatest effect, and less effect when introduced into
the other benzene nuclei. Prom the table it becomes evident
that the melting points of halogen derivatives of the
9-phenylacridine steadily increase with the number of halo-
Card 2/3 gen atoms. There is 1 table.
79-28-4-28/6o
Investigation in the Field of the Chemistry of the Heterocycles. XXXII. Di-
and Polyhalogen Derivatives of the 9-Phenylacridine, Having the Position
of the Raldds in Different B~nzene Nuclei
I
ASSOCIATIONs Permskiy farmatsevticheskiy institut
(Perm# Institute for Pharmacy)
SUBMITTED: April 8, 1957
Card 3/3
FETYUNIN. P.A.; KHODYREVA, MS.; KONSHIN -,-M,Ye.
Chemistry of heterocycles. Part 34: Synthesis and properties of
aralkylamides of di(2-thianyl)-glycolic acid. Zhur.ob.khim. 31
no.6:1847-1849 Je 161. (NIU 14:6)
1. Permskiy farmatsevticheskiy institut.
(Thiophoneglycolic acid) (Amides)
2
108 0
~ 7 119/033/006/039/041/XX
S
ON
D228/D302-
AUTHORS: Petyuning P.A.9 Shklyayevv V.S.9 and Konshin, M.Ye.
TITLE: Synthesis of the N-alkylanilines
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal prikladney khinii, v. 33j no. 6, 1961#
1428 - 1430
TEXT: According to N.N. Vorozhtsov (Ref. 1: Osnovy sinteza prome-
zhutochnykh produktov i krasiteley (Bases of the Synthesis of In-
termediate Products and Dyes)q Gookhimizdat, 438, 3249 360t 1955),
N-alkylarylamines are beat prepared fro&the alkylation of aroma-
tic amines with alcohols and halogenoalTyls or from the alkylamina-
tion of certain benzene derivaV-es. Therefore, since anthranilic
acid is readily decarboxylized to form anilinep the authors deci-
ded to utilize it as the basis of a mothod for synthesizing N-al-
kylanilines. In this respect they note that A.F. Bekhli (Ref. 4:
Zh. org. khimii, 27, 701, 1957) also used the decarboxylation of
anthranilic acid derivatives to obtain the P-proprionitriles. The
experimental procedure qWises the following stages: Neutraliza-
Card 1/3 f
27519
8/080/60/033/006/039/041/XX
Synthe';is of the N-alkylanilines D228/D302
977p 1940; W.S. Yonesp Chas* A* 44t 3921g 1950.
ASSOCIATION: Permskiy farmatoevticheakiy inatitut (Perm Pharma-
ceutical Institute)
SUBMITTED: September 14p 1959
Card 3/3
PETYUNIN, P.A.; XONSHIN, M.Ye.
Use of urotropine in the reaction of bromomethylation of
aromatic hydrocarbons. Izv*vys~ucheb9zav*;khim.i khim.tekh,
5 no.3:505-506 162. (MIRA 15:7)
1. Permsldy farmatsevticheskiy institut, kafedra organicheskoy
i biologicheskoy Idiimii.
I (Hexamethylenotetramine)
I (Bromornethylation) (Hydrocarbons)
KONSHINP M.Ye.; PETYUNIN, P.A.
Chemistry of heterocycles. Part 36: Synthesis of 9,9-diaryl-substi-
tuted acridans. Zhur. ob. khim. 34 no.10:3429-3431 0 164.
(MIRA 17:11)
1. Permskiy farmatsevticheskiy institut i Khar1kovskiy farmatsev-
ticheskiy institut.
YEVSNM, IoG., kand. takhn. nauk; KONSHIR. U.N., inzh.
Now valve-t7ps discharger. Avtom., telem. i aviazl 3 no.4:20-23
AP .'59. (MIR& 12:5)
1.1aboratoriya Yeesoyusnoge teentrallnogo nauchno-issladovatellskogo
instituta.
(Lightning protection-Squipment and supplies)
Orobcl"n!-~'
(T C; R R
,
jul :I. U4
thr
Al"
OROBOHENKO, Ye'.V., izlzh.,. inzh.; OROBCRENKO, Te.A., inzh.
Substituto for edible fate in the manufacture of linoleum.
Masl.-zhir. promo 24 noil:31-32 158. (MIRA 11:3)
I.Odesekly tokhnologicheskly In~tItut pishchevoy i kholodillnoy pro-
myshlonnosti (for Orobehonke. Te.M. 2. Odeaskly probochno-
linoleu=yr savod "Bol'sheyle (for Konshin, Orobchanko, Te.A.)
(Idnoleum)
DANTSIN. M,I,,; XONSIUN, LIBEIST, G.A.; ROM, O.B.; KAMNSKIT,
I.T.,p nauchnyy red,; GUZP*, P(.A., red.izd-vo; PRDY.EM. L.Ta.,
tpk)=.red.; SIROT TA, Te.l., tekhn.red.
v Mw.
ELInoleum; production and use] Linoleum; proizvodetvo i primenenle.
Noskya, Gos.isd-vo lit-ry po strolt., arkhit.l stroit.materIalam,
1960, 238 p. (MM 13:5)
(Linoleum)
STEPANOVA, O.S., kand.khim.nauk; IMNSHIN,.-N.F.. (Konshy-n, N.P.];
BEZGUWVA9 Zh.I.. [Beshudcva,, Zh.I.] -
Continuous re-esteeLfication of oils* Xhim.promo [Ukr,) no.lt
6-8 Ja-Mr 164. (MIRA 17-.3)
KONSHIN, IN.P.*,;. STHMANOVA, O.S. ; VAISMAN, B.M.; GORYASHIN-A, G.I.
Determination of the readiness of mcdlfjf-,d glyftal resins,
b.LndJ-ng agent-s for hnoleum. Nauch. ezhegod, Yh4m. fak. 0d.
un. ro.2A02-112 161. (MIRA 17:8)
XMISH1,11, I il.'- 6
U Wto for cork In the production of gl~ptal linoleum.
S-Lroio mat, 10 noo916-7 S 164 (MIRA 18 -.2)
I* Odesskogo prob-ochnago-lInoleumnoga zavoda "Bull-
shevJkle
BELOUSOV, A.S., Inshener! LGILSOU41- inshener; KANTOR, 63.:
SEMKOV, V.D.; SPORTSHLOV, P. 1RITSYN. V.V.; CHIZHIKOV, Tu.N.
kandidat tekhnicheek1kh nauki
Improve the quality of hollow bore steel. Metallurg 2 no.2:21-28
7 '57. (min lo:4)
1. Zavod "Serp i molot" (for Belousov, lon'shin).2. TSentralluayu
savodskars, laboratorlys (for Kantor), 3,Starehijr kalibrovshchik
Zavoda im. Serova (for Somkov).4, Nachallnik prokatnoy laboratorii
(for Sporyshkov). 5. Rukoyoditell sortovoy grupVy TSentrallnoy
savodskoy laboratorli Zavoda "trasayy Oktyabr"(for Turitsyn).
6. TSentrallnry nauchno-looledovatellskiv institut chernoy metal-
lurgii (for Chishikov).
(Tool steel) (Boring machinery)
IMUODICAL:
IABSTRACT:
22
Improving the quality of hollow drilling steel. (Uluchshit
kachestvo pustoteloy burovoy stali.)
"Metal~urgll (Metallurgist), .
1~79'Z)No. 29 pp. 21 - 279 (U.S.S.R-.)
Rods of hollow drilling steel are used in rock drilling.
In operation the rods are subjected to impact loads and also
to the corrosive action of water flowing dovm their channel.
In this symposium methods used at different metallurgical
works for the production of hollow drilling steel are described.
The first contribution is by A.S. Belousov and P.A. Konshin,
engineers at the "Serp i Molot" Works. The blank_s-U`se&__a_t---
this works for rolling hollow drilling steel consist of
U? carbon steel of square section and with a hole erilled
axially in which a core is inse:rted consisting of type B194
austanitic type steel. One of the main features in the rolling
of such blanks is the considexable difference in the strengths
of the two steels. The other main feature is the lack of
direct contact between the core and the rolls. Considerable
improvements in rolling practice ha-ve been obtained at the
works as a result of a series of investigationst blank-heating
has been improved, the number of drawing passes has been
increased, the shape of pre-finishing section has been
selected which secures the uniform distribution of relative
pass and the difference between the diarneter of the core and
the bole in the blank. At present, the drilling steel is
sappiied in len6ths up to 6.5 m,. Tests bave shown that
.ACCESSION NR: AT4019038 8/0000/63/000/000/0106/0112
AUTHOR:- Kon'shin, V. A.
TME: The angular distributions of neutrons at small distances from the mum In an
aninotropically scattering medium
SOURCE: VoproW fiziki zaahchity* reaktDvov; sbornik statey (Problems In physics of
reactor shielding; collection of articles). Moscow, Gosatomizdat, 1963, 106-112
TOPIC TAGS: nuclear reactor, reactor shielding, neutron, neutron angular distribution,
neutron scattering, anisotropio scattering, neutron propagation
ABSTRACT: The author considers the problem of neutron propagation in a
Infinite, azdactropically scattering medium. A neutron transfer equatLon Is given.
an&IVW and solved Jbr a ow in which the source is an infinite plans puming 6rough
dw origin al the ooordinoWn. The @*ad=
+
+1 an
dw 1 01 r(w + yr=pl VM-Peas 91do 4.-8jqm
1/6
ACCEMN NR: AT4019038
is solved by mom of a Pburier trawform. A'second-order Fredholm integral equilon
with dfteme~ kernel is derived In the form:
+1
3b
+
+ T+.A*
241L +rV-
+ -Ir + r4!W
+1 bM4
-T
with the solullwo'lor.the particular case of fnter~ to the author, written in -as jDrM: 77-
67m
cwj -----------
.1-ACCZSMN-NR's AT40ieo3s-'*-*----------'-
no onstam" C, 4) are determined in the article, while I (v 0) are obtained Vdth 'aa In-
Yorms Fourier trandorm:
44
+
410. Or
s I+
013M
C.'(ag) de +:
+ (Cmsv;~ISIR64 CI(G)ds+
(4
4H0
cs(41)da+
A.-M-0 - pp) k. (M61+1 $ban (L-02p)
f.
+ pl) C& (a) d46
mw fto wm of P" "Pau= ad as foUms:
ce (a) 6% ca do +
T-0
p+pp Cl o
4/6
ACCESSION NR: AT4019MB
Similar transformations may be carried out for the remaining terms. Examples of the cal-
culation of the terms are given in the article, along with a figure (on Figure I in the En-1
closure) showing the calculated results of the angular distributions of scattered radiation
Iscatt. (z is) for p 1; - 0. 5; 0; 0. 5; 1 and Z - 0. 1; 0. 5; 1. The value 16catt.1-T. JAY,
given in units q - So where 80 is the pwwor of the souros - It is clear from this figure that~
when %r0 the angular distribution of the scattered radiation is symmetrical with respect to
p "J. which indeed in to be expected for a plane isotropic source - As the distance from the 1
source increases, the peak of the angular distribution Wfte fromp- to A - 1; that is, the
neutrons fly forward. Comparison with Isotropic neutron scattering shows that in the case:
of an.anisotropically scattering medium the angular distribution peak in shifted closer to
p=1 4=01, as is to be expected. This, with tr 0. 5 the Pak maximum shift from ;&%00. 2!
(isotropic scattering to (4=0. 5 (Anisotropic scattering) "In conclusion, the author expresses
his gratitude to E. Yi. P~UW, Y. V. Orloy and V. Ya. PupW for the intered they dim-.
played In this work. 11 Orig. aft. has: 2 figures and 10 formulas.
ASSOCIATION: Now
SUBWWrM: 1~ DATZ ACQ: 27 P~W ENCIA 01
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L 2342-!66 E*dP(6)/v-W(m)/EPF(c)/E7dP(i)/FTC/EPF(n)-2/34G m)/D.T(b) IMI/WH
ACCEMION NR: AT5022114 2158/65/600/W8/0001/0018
61
AUTHORSt Kon'shin, V. A.; Hatusevich, To. S.; Regyshevskiy, V. I.
TITLEi Emergence and angular distribution of secondary nuclear particles from
planar shields effected by protons having an energy of 660 mev
SOURCE: Obninsk. Fiziko-onergetichaskiy institut. /Doklady/. no. 89 1965e Vykhod
i uglovoye raspredeleniye vtorichnykh nuklonov iz plo6kikh zashchit pod doystviyem
I protonov a energiyey 660 Hev., 1-18
TOPIC TAGS: angular distribution, ionization, fission, helium, uraniumy thorium,
bismuth, lead, shieldingj aluminum, cobalts nickels synchrocylotronj proton/
OIYaI synchrocyclotron
ABSTRACT: Measurements were made of the angular d)(stribution of secondary nuclear
particles emerging from planar layers of graphitel~densitY 34 g/cm? - 0.35 of the
nuclear path J\o(- of the primary proton)j aluminum (density 2-8 g/cm2 - 0.26 -\rx
and nickel (density 21 e/cW - 0-15 7\0( , and 92 g/a~2 - 0.66 ?%c