SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT VIGDOROVICH, V.N. - VIGDOROVICH, V.N.

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• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
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• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

32-24-6-32/44
Method for Obtaining Exact Values of the Microhardness by ChemicalvRemoving
Solidified Surface Layers
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut tovetnykh metallov i zolota im. M. I.
Kalinina
(Moscow institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold imeni. U. I.
Kalinin)
1. Metals--Mechanical properties 2. Hardness--Determination
3. Metals--Test methods 4. Metals--Surface properties
Card 3/3

AUTHORSs Glazov, V. It., Vigdorovich, V. N. 20-118-4;~31/59
~ITLEs On the Problem of Diffusion-Free Crystallization of Metal Alloys
(K voprosu o bezdiffuzionnoy kristallizataii metallicheskikh
splavov)
PERIODICALs Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1958, Vol. 118, Nr 5, PP. 924-927
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: A. A. Popov (Ref. 12) on the basis of the theory of diffusion-
-free transformations (References 9,10,11).developped ideas on
a possibility in principle of the diffusion-free crystallization
of alloys. Based on these ideas the present paper investigates
the simultaneous influence of the cooling speed and the composit-
ion of the alloy on the degree of the ramification of the dendrite
fcrms during the growth of the crystals. Two possible types of
interaction between the components are taken into consideration
here. Then it is briefly reported on the behaviour of the alloys
during an undercooling. The dependence of the degree of ramifi-
cation of the dendrites of the cooling speed in the crystalli-
zation has a maximum which corresponds to the critical cooling
Card 1/3 speed for a given alloy. The modification of composition of the

On the Problem of Diffusion-Free Crystallization of Metal Alloys 20-115~.5-pj/59
alloy in a given cooling speed has an influence on the rami-
fication of the dendrite forms of the growth of the crystals of
the following kind: An amplification of the content of the
second component in all crystallizing alloys lowers the degree
of undercooling of the crystallizing alloys of different compo-
sition. In the alloys of undercritical cooling speed an ampli-
fication of the content of the second component must lower the
ramification of the dendrites as a consequence of the lowered
degree of underoooling. The peak of the curve representing the
dependence of the degree of ramification of the dendrites on the
cooling speed in an amplification of the content of the second
component in the alloy must move towards a higher cooling speed.
Then the increase of the temperature stability of the developping
solid solution is discussed. The most important conclusion from
the present paper is the following: The microheterogeneity of
the crystals of the solid solution of two-phase alloys must have
a maximum at certain medium cooling speeds (which correspond to
the critical cooling speeds). This final conclusion is of import-
ance for the development of processes for the crystallization of
heat-resisting alloys. There are 3 figures and 21 references,
20 of which are Soviet..
Card 2/3

On the Problem of Diffusion-Free Crystallization of Metal Alloys 20-118-5-21/59
ASSOCIATION: Institut metallurgii im. A. A. Baykova Akademii aauk jj52
(Institute for Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov of the AS USSR)
Moskovakiy institut tsvetnykh metallov i zolota im. M. I.
Kalinins. (Moacow Institute for Nonferrous Metals and Gold imeni
M. I. Kalinin)
PRESENTED: August 20, 1957, by G. V. Kurdyumov, Member, Academy of Sciences,
USSR
SUBMITTED: August 14, 1957
Card 3/3

mUT HUR lligdorovirh V. 11 o -"1./ 6 7
The '.on.-truction of Conodes in Two-Plase Domaina of the
z1ha3p ding-rams of Metal Systems by Means of the 111icrohard-
ness ~-'t:thod (rostroyeniye konnod v dvukhfttznykh oblastyakh
diagramm sostoyaniya metallichenkikh sistem metodom mli:r.~-
'Uverdosti)
~12AIODTCAL! Doklaay Akademil naak 195d, V01- 120, iTr 5, OP-*'027-;r-50
( U I)
AB.^;TRACT-1 The detc-rmination of the position of the conodes is one of
the. Ynost com-plicated and tiresome operations in pkycico-
chomical analyses. 4 good knowledge of the chemical compo-
sition of the individual phases is indispensable and its
deterxin~*ticn repre!!ents the zain difficulty. However, thiv
problem car, be solved if the mentioned method ic used The
prevlou2 Papers (:,efs 1, 2) chowed thLt the experilnenttliy
constructed microhardness isothermal lines depend mainly on
the orientation of the croes-sectf'ons to be invei~tigated
w-~th respect to thp conodes. It _i-- the object oA'.' the prenent
uomiLunic!Ation to prove the possibility of use mentioned 1-n
Card 1/ 4 tne t, _i T lc~. The majority of solid binary solutiont; of meTal

V" 2Q -I .-"J-,)- ~,y /6 f
The ConstruciJon of ~~,jnadc-2 In Tvvo-,'ha3e Domains a0 the Phace izigrv::-,~-, of
Metal ~iystems by Rano oi' trie 'Acrohardness ,:ettiod
6ystt~ml~ -xhibit F,n Increase of microiardriens proport-ionti to
the t~,,3r,.,,t!titrFi.tJ.on of' the solution. ri an iWpnti!~al deP f, r,4
V It .:J'uf1.J ful, f I a PY 3v 1 (At i.on;~ I ;,'.i -. I a
may b-~- for tZle detpLmlw~tjon Of tpe peoition of tfle
CCnOde.7- :,nO 01" `t,111? Lei-In tic fe-_,',iirei ij~' the con.iugat~d
points, o,' iiip cer,odr? mu.,;L,hovever, be iwed
!wince R Of SC,111(1 001UL-i0n,; JP~alj 11.1%le -~11 q_,'u',Lr-xV
mi~rol-,arankis- mothod of geomet;-.i.k,
is trirt- mcist arp P__`Ixon 411
JIN1,1 tlv~ r-iouitioit o' tho conode~3 -ri the -,,ezirin
oflll,~! )hire
at 5! .Lnd a,;(,. ni~ dr, a have., to ~,e as i A 1 rt I
0. fol~ovd t r
dat-: 1) The C(m.!j:~on of tho Iticro,vtrdnen~- w' ,ho
t ;,-or tile .-.ncent2-.-,t.'on in tna
sys~-cm hor, to b~- krovin. 2) The r-lmmon 'jQjUJ.1z1`t7 nf tRe
.10.MLontmLp at toviver--Atim-1 at -.Mch the cosit-mn h~-
'IS tQ be dE~,:.7mlned munt bf, investigated:
z o- d P. t , m u s L b :! w., -~. j 1 :4 b I e o n t 11 p m i c r a h a r d n -3 ~ ii oh P :j od
soitAtior. 4n the! t 0-pha-.te rcgion for wfuich the positioa of
C,1VI1 2/4 the Conodes in i.. eatig~_-tvd- 4) -I.roording to the known rv:?asured

T~'Ie Oor -!,,ruc r. ion of' hazr~ -:~O=Itins nf th,- na r!~~ m
a 1 -e by Yoqns o!* th- 1.'wicrohp--Jru!rs~ li.~thod
micrch-irdncso ,r-,!Uil Of *,~il id solution in th,2
reeion a lino i-.,' the v-.,uvL of
linen) ure dr.1-1-mn. i1hviovily tho iirvaticii of all izoscler-,c
, 3-component I-Vatern '-'ilL e P,-Lr')i-' -1
lineo in thp (!onc~rrOng 6 f-
This elope io tu bt, determined ahove rli. ~-'igore 2 '- the
conetructior, of the crnodeB nA 50 ) 0 accordin,, to 'rh,~ knrwn
variation of the jricroh!;,rdnprq in the svs,''r-m c,.,)pvoi-it-inium
and at 85`0 for ConQej--AjjUMjj-
U=. .'.'he iSo~:cloric line is
drat.r. ~ip to th;i inersection with the corrpapondIng
iRothf-vir-tI '."ht- point af internection reprpsent:.- tl,.e
point of the concentration trIangle which corresponus to a
sol id v olu t ion o C highest concen trat ioa,.t he micro hurdnc s -; rnr~
tft,~*rvfc-~.- the concontrat-Lon -,*7 Th!sh ~:, ar+~ th,~- Z:ame
those of a nolid ,olution of a chosen allay in th'.
dom-tin.i Then ttie direction of' ono ol thp conod-i may 0, fl~-
tf~rmiv~ed at th~ givi-n temper:~'ure. '-'^-r t~:is Ixrro~.p tna pine
irt,~rr,,,(-.tion of the iSOECIerin line is connptntsld titl. ~he
pointfor tne microherdness of' tha :3olid solutlcn
rard 3/4 -lil. triese poirta are indirated b.~ small

The Con:ttruc:tion jy.* in Tvc;-~Ihpze F)ornt;iu, of
"4..inq of thp "
M'OtEXI Ypt~~M-I b y " I 1.1crohardriess Vothol
f Tirit,r:! ql-e ~, figur~ts in-nd ref'.-!r(,n,-P2
T (~Tf k C; v i n t it, t,:v,_.tn_ykh neV,Ilov i zoln,4 -i-.
r.,,,j Vetfilo and Gc"!. ir:-n,
if fAl I TTX i'j
Wo b r tia r -,9')[;. by Qt-nbt7r,
a! 28, 9~,il
1. Metals--Phase studies 2. Metals--Mechanical properties
3. Hardness--Determination
rd 4 /.4

9(4) SOV/26-59-7-4/55
AUTHOR: Vigdorovich, V.N.
TITLE: New Methods of Producing Semiconductors
PERIODICAL: Priroda, 1959, Nr 7, pp 27-32 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The article discusses several new methods to produce
semiconductors by fractional crystallization. It names
the following crystallization methods: 1) the method
of regularly-directed crystallization; 2) the method
of obtaining semiconductor specimens of variable com-
osition by drawing them out of the molten mass
Chokhrallskiyls method); 3) the method of zonal smelt-
t
ing (considered.best). The following scientists are
cited for early research in this field: I.V. Obrei-
mov, L.V. Shubnikov, P.L. Kapitsa, V. de-Gaaz, V.I.
Likhtman, and B.M. Maslennikov. V.D. Kuznetsov, whose
monograph "Kristall i kristallizatsiya" (Crystals
and CrystallizatioZ Gostekhteoretizdat, was published
Card 112 in 1954 is also mentioned. There are 3 diagra~Ls and
V*"

SOV/26-519-7-4/55
I
!I New Methods of Producing Semiconductors
5 references, 2 of which are American and 3 Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut tsvetnykh metallov i zolota Laeni
M.I. Kalinina (Moscow Institute of Non-Ferrous Lietals
and Gold Imeni M.I. Kalinin) L"I
Card 2/2

YAL I T SEV, Mikhail Vasillyevich; DOBATKIN, V.I.,, prof., doktor
tekhn. nauk, retsenzent; ALITMAN, M.B., doktor tekhn.
nauk, retsenzent; VIGDOROVICH, Mi., red.
- ...
-
(Mod#"ying the structure of metals and alloys) Modifi-
tsircAranie struktury netallov i splavov. Moskva, Izd-
VO IlYletallurgiis,2" 1964. 212 p. (MIRA 17:6)

5(2), 18(4)t 10(7) :;OV/713-4-7-26/44
AUTHORS: Glazov, V. M., Viedorovich, Y. H., Forollkov, G. A.
TITLE: Investigation of the Interaction Between Aluminum and Niobium
(Issledovani.ye vzaimodeystviya alyuminiya s niobiyem)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal neorgan1choakoy khimii, 1959, Vol 4, fir 7,
pp 1620-1624 03SR)
.ABSTRACT: Although Al-Nb- alloys have been known for a long time, the
phase diagram has been little investivated. Because of the
great difference in the melting temperatures of the two metals,
Nb was dissolved in liquid aluminum overheated up to 1500-i6ooo.
As a results of the analysis carried out in the chemical
laboratory of the Institute
,,mentioned first under the heading
of Association, the initial alloy contained 10.1p Nb. Alloys
with a niobium content of between 0.04 and 5 weieht;"O' 11b were
produced, An investiGation of the macrostructure of the alloys
showed that, with an addition of more than 0-15 weights Nb,
the-size of the grain is considerably reduced (Fig 1). This
point of the diagram corresponds to the beginning of the
separation of primary crystals of the crmpound NbAl 3' Investi-
Card 1/3 gation of microstructure showed the existence of NbA13-crystals

SOY/78-4-7-26/44
Investigation of the Interaction Between Aluminum and Niobium
in the alloys which were homogenized at 6400 and containing
more than 0.25 weight% fib, and that the quantity of tthese
crystals increases with Increan4ng Ilb-content (Fie 2). An
inirestigation of misrohardTlez3fl ~Fic 3a) showed a temperature-
dependent limited solubility of 11b in Al (Fig 3b, Table 2),
which amounts to 0.22 scieht;'42 at 6680 and to 0.08 weieht%
at 200. Thermal analysis zhowed a thermal effect at 666-50 in
the case of all alloys beginninf; with 0.20 weight-A lit and. more,
which indicates a non-variant Pharacter of the conversion, The
Al-corner of the phase diagram Al-lib is shown by figure 5-
At 66s-50 peritectic equilibrium is established:
L + NbAl3 _~a. The behavior of the Al-Ilb-alloys Droves a
far-reaching analogy of the chemical behaviors of niobium
and tantalum. There are 5 figure3, 1 table, and 4 references,
3 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut moluallurgii im. A. A. Baykova Akadcmil nauk SSSR
(Institute for Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov of the Acadomy of
Sciences, USSR) Moskovskiy inatitut tavetnykh metalloy i
Card 2/3 zolota im. It. I. Kalinina (Moscow Institute for Non-ferrous

SOV/78-4-7-26/44
InvestiCation of the Intoraction Between Aluminum and Niobium
Metals and Gold imeni It. 1. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: April 14, 1958
Card 3/3

-L 22626-6, i:WT ENR It "KIP t /~-IWP 4 1 F (C ) j D
C C E S S 10 N R 1 Z D 0 0 G 6 0 8 9
'2 T r'~ Q rL) r1 i 5 C t) v
T 1 TLE T C U F C 0 f CaBCAde-1 1 z Z
SOURCF.:' Ali S 5 S R e a u y a i S c r n o v e d e 1 n Q . 0
1964, 69-96
TOPIC TAGSt aluminum, high purity aluminum, zt)ne refining, mu'rll-
stage zone refining, cascade, zoic refining
ABS7RACT: Specimens of 99.997 and 99.961. R.!~re Al, and A! contamin-
ated with Fe, Cu, or S i (to stu~iy beravior of impurities) were zone
refined by the s a - c a I e d c a s c a d c- " me t h o d to eetermine Lne effect of
n rn cc c c o o, o t i on 7, on t 1) v 4 and -r 11 t v of tNe final )roducc.
e n Z o n e 5 0 Tn m
z -
in tne start~n.~ ;,a r L c
middle part (L, 5'- t0 j n '.(t e
part (L3 30 mo) 4n analogous dis triburlort patLern was ouoBervec,
Card

L 22626-65
ACCESSION NR: AP5001612
for Fe and Si. For the second stage refining, composite ingots vere
used consisting of three. Ll, two L or four L3. After second
2t
stage refining with.10 asser t h e v-. p 14 ri t v c o n t e n L e, e c r L a s c dov
the sons itivitv of ii t- rr i I Tie
e rC it o T-' ef,IS
r.C rM I
L r
.2 ~in
C AS A
1! tl u p u ri I yaumi n un. 3 r1
art nas b f ;z, --i r a a a n2 t a b ~ e s
ASSOCIATIONt none
SUBM17TED; 12Dec63 E 'N C T- 00 SUB CODE: mm
No RzF SOVt 007 OTHER. uOull ATD PRESS.. 3172
2/2

5W,18M
AUTHORSt
TITLE:
Vigdorovich, V. N., Nashel'skiy, A.Ya. SOV/78-4-9-17/44
The Investigation of the Interaction Between Lead and Calcium
PERIODICALs Zhurnal neorganicbeskoy khimii, 1959, Vol 4, Hr 0, pp 2034-2038
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: No publications have appeared on the system of Pb-Ca alloys since
1933. Only the alloys in the interval pure lead - Pb 3Ca compound
are of industrial interest (anti-friotion, cabol, accumulator
alloys etc.). The authors investigated the character of the non-
variant transition and solubility of Ca in solid lead at various
temperatures in a series of alloys containing 0.10 to 0.01 wt%
Ca. The Ca content was determined according to a method by
To. A. MOBhnikova (Ref 7). As the Ca addition produces only a
slight change in melting point, the method of zone melting#
originally proposed for the system Al - Mn by D. A. Petrov and
A. A. Bukhanova (Refs 8, 9, Fig 2) was applied: a melting zone,
produced by a high frequency inductor, was led over a 70 mm long
sample of the alloy at a rate of 0-175 mm/min. This zone melting
Card 1/3 process was carried out in a vacuum. Microsection surfaces were

The Investigation of the Interaction Between SOV/78-4-9-17/44
Lead and Calcium
then prepared and examined microscopically. The micro-hardness
was also determined (Fig 4), and proved to be constant with the
exception of the initial (lower hardness) and the terminal
sector (greater hardness). The calcium content of the initial
sector had been lowered by the zone melting process, and that
of the terminal sector raised (Fig 3). Thermal analysis
according to Kurnakov (Fig 5) gave a euteotio Point at 326 .10
at a calcium content of approximately 0.08 wt % . The solubility
of Ca was determined for the temperatures 50, 150, 200t 250
and 3000 by examining the micro structure and the micro
hardness (Fig 6). The maximum saturation was found at 0.07 wt %Ca.
Card 2/3

The Investigation of the Interaction Between SOV/-18-4-9-17/44
Lead and Calcium
A new variant of the phase diagram Fb - Ca is therefore
proposed (Fig 7)9 which deviates from the data given by
E. E. Schumacher and G. M. Bouton (Ref 5). There are 7 figures
and 15 references, 9 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONt Krasnoyarskiy inatitut tsvetnykh metallov im. M. I. Kalinina
(Krasnoyarsk Institute for Nonferrous MetalB Imeni M. I.
Kalinin)
SUBMITTEDs May 19P 1958
Card 3/3

KRESTOVNIKOV, A.N.-, VIGD2_4q_LpqH15La%
Experiments demonstrating the basic laws of chemical reaction
velocities. KhI._j.v sbkole 14 no-3:72-74 My-Je '59.
(AM 12:9)
1. Institut tavatTqkh astallov i zolota im. lalinina, g.9oskva.
(Chemistry--Experiments) (Chemistry--Study nnd teaching)
(Chemical reaction, Rate of)

GIAZOV. T.M. VIGDOROVICH, T.N.
Colloidal state of a solid Solution in two-phase alloys of
metallic systems. Koll.shur. 21 no.ltlB-24 Ja-1F 159.
(MIRA 1215)
1. Institut metallurgit AN SSSR im. A.A.Baykova i Moskovskiy
Inatitut tovetnykh uet&llov i solota in. X.I.Winina.
(Solutions, Solid)

5W SOV169-21-4-6122
AUTHGRs Vigdorovich, V.N.,and Glazov, V.-M.

TITLEs kinetic Study of the Transition of the Crystals of Two-Phase
Binary Solid Solution Alloys From the Colloidal to the True
Homo~~,eneous State
PERIODICAL: Kolloidnyy zhurnal, 1959, Vol XXI, Nr 4, PP 405-412 (USSR)
ABSTRA,CTt This is an experimental study of the transition of two-
phase systems of binary solid solution alloys from a hetero-
geneous to a homogeneous state. The authors investigated the
systems copper-titanium and copper-zirconium, in the crys-
tals of which the intermetallic compounds Cu Ti and Cu Zr
appear as a heterogenizing element. The authArsi invesli-
E;ation is divided into three parts comprising: 1) study
of the kinetics of homogenizationj 2) determination of a
constant relation between the energy of activation of the
transiticn and the heat of solution of the second phase;

Card 1/ and 3) an appreciation of the mec~-.anism of the transi-,ion pro-
4 cess on the basis of 'the obtained results. The authors star-

20V/69-21-4-6/22
Finetie Study of the Transition of the Cr,stals of Two-Phase Binary :;olid
Solution Alloys From the Colloidal to the True Homogeneous Stat.e
ted from the assumption that tho mentioned intermetall-.4c com-
pounds(oecond ph'ase) conoiderablir affect the hardnes.-, of the
crystals of the solid solution. Thu me,-L,;urinr, of the hard-
ness of the crystals t1horefore, servod as the basis of the in-
vestiGation of the kinetico of the tzansition. The exp,.~ri-
mants aere carried out at tomporatureo of 010, 625' 8009
700 and 600 0C and with shorter (grapho 1 and 2) and prolonoed
.-riods. Only pro"onir
(up to 600 hours)tempering p., ~ ,,ed tempering
at temperatures of 850t 825 and 8000 C r~~sulted/througli the
obtaining of stable values for the hardnezs of the crystals,
i.e. the olimination of the second pha3e, in a true homoCeni-
zation of the solid solution (graph 3). Graph 4 sho;-.-s -he de-
pendence of the hardness of the crystals on the time of tem-
pering at various temperatures in a generalized form. As to
the latter, the authors assume two periods, one qualified as
agjregational and the other as kinetic with reference to the
Card 2/4 hardness of the crystals. The first is characterized by a re-

SOV169-21-4-6122
Kinetic Study of the Transition of the Crystals of Two-Phase Binary ';olid
Solution Alloys From the Colloidal to the True Homogeneous State
laxing of the inner stresses in the layers which surround
the particles of the colloid solution of the second phase
and by a dissolving process of the loan resistant particles
of the second phase. The second period in characterized by
diffusion processes, as a result of which the boundaries be-
tween the phases in the crystals of the solid solution dis-
appear. On the basis of an equation obtained for the rate of
diffusion, the authors found exact values for the energy of
activation of the transition of the concerned systems from
a heterogeneous to a homogeneous state. These values are
147-500 and 261-300 cal/gram atom for the system copper-
titanium and copper - zirconium.respectively. Table 2 and the
following equation show the close relations between the energy
of activation of the systems and the heat of solution of the
re3pective second components (Ti and Zr). The first is direc-
tly proportional to the second. On the basis of the obtained
results, the authors conclude that in the heterogenized crystals
Card 3/4 two processes can be observeds the levelling of chemical hetero-

"OV/63-21-4-6/22'
.j
Kinetic Study of the Transition of the Crysta12 of Two-Phitse Binary '~`olid
Solution Alloys From the Colloidal to the True Homogeneous State
geneity by diffusion and the appearance of a new heterclfgoncity
due to the varying solubility of the second component in t1he
layers which surround particles of different size. Bet?. these
processes lead to the dissolving of the smaller, and the growth
of the larger particles. In this way the tran3ition of hetero-
geneous crystals of the solid solution to a homogeneous state
is accomplished by maximum diffusion,~l distribution of the
atoms of the second component through dissolving and settling
processes. There are 6 graphs, 2 tables and 10 "oviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tsvetnykh metallov imeni M.I.Kalinina (Institute of
Non-Ferrous Metals imeni M.I.Kalinin)
Institut metallurgii Ali SSSR imeni AA.Baykova, 1,1,oskva
(Institute of Iletallurgy of the AS US1JR imeni A.A. Ba~-kov,
moscow)
SUBMITTED: 29 11,1arch, 1958
Card 4/4

GIAZOV, V.M.; VIGDDROVICH. V.H.
, - - - - - - -- - - -imilskylilmkm
Applying the method of microhardness for plotting conodes in
two-phase areas of three-component phase diagrams. Zav. lab. 25 no-1:
57-62 '59. (MIRA 12:1)
I.Institut metallurgit imeni A.A. Daykova AN SSSR i Moskovskiv
institut tsve~nykh metallov 1, zolota iment M.I. Kalinina.
(Nonferrous metals--Metallography-)

EMSTOTNIKOV, A.N.;., VIGMQRQY~ql~, V.N.
Contribution to the theory of the formtion of solid solutions
of metal systems [with sulamry in Inglish]. Zhur. fiz. khim,
33 no-1:78-82 Ja 159. (nU 12:3)
1;Institut tovetnykh metallev i solota im. K.I. Xalinina.
(Solutions. Solid)

05810
5(4), 18(7) SOV/76-33-10-8/45
AUTH.QRS: Glazov, V. M., _!~&dqpoxichv V.-N. ~
TITLE: A Contribution~b the Investigation of the Kinetics of Dissocia-
tion and Formatign of Intermetallic Compounds in Melts by the
Method of Viscosity Measurement
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal fizicheskoy khimii, 19599 Vol 33, Itr 10, pp 2164-2168
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: The formation and dissociation of intermetallic compounds have
not yet been investigated since there are no methods available
for determining the concentration of the substancesduring the
reaction. For this purpose it is, however, possible to use'the
measurement of the melt viscosity. The applicability of the
viscosity method is.examplified by investigating the kinetics
of chemical reactions of the first, second, third, and n-th
order under negleotion cf the chemical reactions occurring in
the solution. On the basis of the Arrhenius equation (1) some
theoretical conditions are discussed, and the authors refer to
publications by Kendall, Monroe,and Wright (Refs 41 5) and D. A.
Pospekhov (Ref 6), eto. Purthei, corresponding equations are
derived for the four afore-ment1oned reaction orders. Experi-
ments were made with the help of the formation of aluminum
Card 1/2 antimonide. Viscosity was, checked at 10909 1120, 1150 and

05810
BOV/76-33-10-6/45
A Contribution to the Investigation of the Kinetics of Dissociation and
Formation of Intermetallic Compounds in Melts by the Method of Viscosity
Measiwement
1200 C as a function of time. Interpretation of the resultant
data has shown that the reaction under discussion was of second
order and could be represented by Al + Sb ---*-AlSb. Furtherp
the authors calculated the constant of reaction rate for the
afore-mentioned temperatures (Table ) and found that the de-
pendence of the logarithm of the constant on the reciprocal
temperature value corresponded to the above Arrhanius equation.
The resultant activation energy of aluminum antimonide formation
amounts to 91,500 + 200 oal/mol. Thera are 1 table and 8
references, 4 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Akademiya nauk SSSR,Institut metallurgii im. A. A. Bayk:ova.
Institut tavetnykh metallov i zolota im. M. I. Kalinina
(Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Metallurgy imeni
A. A. Baykov~"Institute for Nonferrous Metals and Gold imeni
M. 1. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: March 12, 1958
Card 2/2

8/180/60/000/01/005/027
E071/E135
AUTHORS: Vigdorovich, V.N., Ivleva, V.S. and Kroll, L.Ya.
TITLE: On the Purificatio of Antimony by the Method of Zonal
Reerystallization\i
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR,Otdeleniye tekhnicheskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1960,11r 1, pp 44-49 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The results are given of an evaluation and classification
of admixtures present in antimony from the point of view
of the nature of their interaction with antimony.
Furthermore, the results are reported of qualitative and
quantitative analyses of the admixtures present in the
starting and purified product. On the basis of analysis
of available equilibrium diagrams characterising the
interaction of antimony with corresponding admixtures,
the latter were classified according to the ease with
which they can be removed by zonal recrystallization.
Admixtures of elements, the solubility of which in
Card antimony in the solid state is low, are classified as
1/3 easily removable. Admixtures of elements which are
better soluble in solid antimony are considered as being

S/180/60/000/01/005/027
E071/E!35
On the Purification of Antimony by the Methodof Zonal
Recrystallization
difficult to remove and classified according to their
partition coefficients (Fig 2). The behaviour of
admixtures in antimony during zonal recrystallization
was experimentally tested at various speeds of the
melting zone: 4, 2 and 1 mm/min during 3, 5, 8, 10,15
and 20 passes. The width of the melting zone was
2 to 3 am, the length of ingots 300 mm. The ingots were
kept in graphite boats in an atmosphere of argon. The
contents of As, Fe, Si, S and P were determined
chemically; of other elements spectroscopically. A
specially developed method combinin chemical enrichment
followed by spectrosoopic analysis &o details given)
was used for the determination of Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, In,
Al and Cd. The method of radioactive analysis was used
for Nil, Co, Tl, As (the method was developed by
A.I. Kulak, Ref.13) and Mn, Se, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, P and Cr
(the method was developed by E.Ye. Rakovskiy and
Card Yu.V. Yakovlev). Flame photometry was used for the
2/3 determination of Na, K and Ca. The method of radioactive
isotopes was used for iron due to the fact that sovie of

S/180/60/000/01/005/027
E071/E135
On the Purification of Antimony by the Method of Zonal
Recrystallization
the reagents used in the analyses were contaminated by
this element. The data on the conditions of the
starting antimony and the purified product are given in
Table 1 and Fig 3. The most objective method of
determining the purity of the metal is by measuring its
residual electrical resistance at temperatures of
liquid helium and hydrogen. The experimental results
are shown in Table 2. These confirmed that a high
Card purity antimony was obtained.
3/3 There are 3 figures, 2 tables and 13 references, of which
7 are Soviet, 5 English and 1 German.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tsvetnykh metallov
(Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals)
Gosudarstvennyy nauchno-Issleffo-vatellskiy i
proyektnyy institut redkometallicheskoy
romyshlennosti (Giredmet)
ate Scientific Research and Design Institute of the
M
Rare Metals Industry (Giredmet))
SUBMITTED: July 5, 1959

VIDDOROVICIIP V.N.; GLAZOVI V.H.; GIAGOLEVA, N.N.
p
Investigating the aolu*Mty of chromium, molybdonump and
tungsten in alumimm 4 the microbardness method. Izv.vya.uchob.
zav.j tsvet.mato 3 no*2tl43-146 160* OWA .1514)
.1. Krasnoyarskiy institut tovetnykh metallov, kafedra fizichookoy
khimii i kafedra metallovedeniyao
(Nonferrous metals--Tooting) (Solubility)

VIGDOROVIGH, V.N.j VOLIPYANt A. Yo.
]Preparation of high purity'nonferrouo petals by the method of
zonal melting. Izv. vyo. Ucheb. zav.; taret. met. 3 no.3:125-
135 t60. (MIRA 14:3)
:L.-Xramoyarskiy institut tiTetafth metAllov. Rekomendovans,
nauchno-takhnichaskim Bovet6fn prbblemnoy laboratorii chistykh
metallovt metanicheskikh soyedinWy i poluprovodnikovykh
materialov.
(Nonferrous metals-H~tallurgy)

82627,
s/18o/6o/ooo/oo4/0l6/027
E193/Z483
AUTHORSs V*jr4orovich, V.N.~ ~rapukhinq V.V. and
Chernomordin, I.F. (Moscow)
TITLE& Preparation of High Purity Aluminiu Yly the Zone
Melting Technique
PERIODICALs Izvestiya Akademli nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye tekhnichaskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1960, No.4, PP-99-105
TEXTs In the first chapter of the present paper its authors deal
with the theoretical aspects of zone refining of aluminium, discuss
the characteristics of the systems formed by aluminium and other
metals and classify these metals according to the magnitude of the
'distribution coefficient, K , by which the behaviour of a given
impurity during zone refining is determined. In the next
chapters, the results of experimental work carried out on
aluminium grade AVOOO are reported. The ingotso 580 mm long,
with trapezoid cross section (height - 18 mm, basee - 16 and 20 mm),
placed in a graphite boat,, were refined in vacuum of 7.5 x 10-5 mm Hg,
The length of the molten zone was 25 to 30 mm, the experimentally
determined optimum rate of transfer and number of passes being
0.526 to 1.25 mm/min and 12 to 15 respectively. Particular
Card 1/3

82621
s/l8o/6o/ooo/oo4/oi6/027
E193/E483
Preparation of High Purity Aluminium by the Zone Melting Technique
attention was paid to the purity of graphite and the temperature
of the molten zone was maintained at 750% to minimize the risk
of aluminiuctreacting with graphite. The impurity content in
the zone-refined material was determined by spectrographic
analysis (Fe, Cug Si), colorimetric analysis (Fev Cu, S!, Mg and
Zn) and by the radio-active tracer technique (Cu, W, Mn, Na).
The degree of purity attained was, in general, quite satisfactory.
Thus, for instance, the Fe and Si contents were reduced by 3 and
4 areas of magnitude respectively; however, the decrease in the
Fe, Cu and MS content was considerably lower. The degree of
purity of the zone-refined aluminium was also determined by
measuring its electrical resistivity P. at 4.2*K which was found
to be 3-5 x 10-10 ohms cm against 4.0 x 10-9 ohms cm of the starting
material. Having determined an empirical relationship
P 0 = 6.5 x lo-7 C, where C is the total impurity content, the
present authors calculated that, as a result of the zone refining.-
C of aluminium was reduced from 6.65 x 1o-3 to 5.04 x 10-4%
The mechanical properties of the zone-refined metal were
Card 2/3

82621
s/180/60/000/004/016/027
E193/9483
Preparation of High Purity Aluminium by the Zone Melting Technique
U.T.S. - 2.8 to 2.6 kg/mm2, elongation 6 = 72 to 84% and
Brinell bardness HB - 6.6 to 6.4 kg/mm2,. as compared with
U.T.S. - 5.0 to 3.8 kg/mm2, 6 a 45 to 52% and HB = 10 to 15 kg/mm2
of the starting material. The zone.-refined aluminium, when us,td
in the manufacture of silicon power rectifiers, was found to improve
their characteristics. There are 4 figures, 4 tables and
17 referencess 12 Soviet, 3 English and 2 German.
SUBMITTED& July 10, 1959
Card 3/3

824h2
S/149/60/000/004/005/009
AUTHORS: KrMukhin, V.V., Vigdorovich, V.N.
TITLE: Operating Conditions of a Heater on a Zone Recrystallization Furnace
PERIODICAL: Izvestlya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy, Tsvetnaya metallurglya,
ig6o, No. 4, pp. 122-130
TEXT: The basic condition to ensure the effective distribution of Impurities
of an ingot subJected to zone recrystallization, is the constant length of the
molten zone during the whole process. This factor is the basic criterion for main-
taining the constant molten of the crystallization front and the crystallization
cooling rate. Therefore It is necessary to determine the conditions of changing
power consumption of the heater. To control the operating conditions of the heater,
the heat transfer in locally heated rods is investigated and the results obtained
are used to calculate the consumption of heat energy in zone recrystallization.
Conditions of zone recrystallization are investigated and it is established that
the highest power must be supplied -to the heater when producing the molten zone at
the initial section of the ingot. The power Is reduced when the length of the
molten zone increases until the motion of the molten-solid boundary is equal to
the motion speed of the heater. As soon as crystals begin to form behind the molten
Carl 1/.3

82U2
S/149/6o/ooo/Oo4/005/009
operating Conditions of a Heater on a Zone Recrystallization Furnace
zone, the power remains almost constant and increases slightly when the heater moves
along the ingot. When the molten zone reaches the end of the ingot the power is
reduced to ensure the oriented crystallization and then slightly increases. 7ne
established notions were employed to set up the operational conditions of heaters
in furmaaes of zone recrystallization of aluminum and antimony. The design of a
heater (shown in Fig. 3) meets the following requirements: 1) the emanated heat 41
is sufficient to malt a given section of the material subjected to zone recrystalliza-
tion, 2) the heat flow is focused in a maximum degree to obtain the shortest
possible molten zone. The heater consists of five M 626 (E1626)-alloy wire
windings (2.0 mm in diameter) mounted in foamy chamotte. The leads are made through
porcelain insulators. Three windings of water-cooled copper coil (5 mm in diameter)
are located at each side of the heater. The water flow is 2 1/min. The cooling
capacity Is 3.5 kcal/min. Air cooled condensers are used for antimony because of
its different heat conductivity. Graph 6 shows the temperature curve of Bn
aluminum ingot of 1.5 cm2 cross section. The power of the heater is 625 watt, the
molten speed is 0.526 mm/min at the center of-the ingot. The temperature of the
molten zone of 15 mm length is 7500C at its center. This amount of superheat must
ensure the satisfactory distribution of impurities in the zone. The cooling rate
of crystallization is determined from the motion speed of the heater and the
Card 2/3

82h112
3/149/60/000/004/005/0()9
Operating Conditions of a Heater on a Z,,ie Recrystallization Furnace
magnitude of the temperature gradient, which must be sufficiently high to prevent
any considerable changes in the length of the molten zone. If this length is not
constant, the distribution of impurities deviates from the regular values. Aralues
of the individual components of the total energy of the heater are given. The
established conditions ensure the uniform and regular distribution of impurities.
The theoretical (554 kcal/hr) and practical (562 kcal/hr on the average) values
of the heater power are in a satisfactory agreement and prove the correctness of
the established data. (Editor's note; Inscriptions under Figs. 6 and 7 do not
correspond to the text: Al and Sb are Interchanged). There are 4 diagrams, 5
graphs and 5 references: 4 Soviet a.-d 1 Daglish.
ASSOCIATION- Krasnoyarskiy institut tsvetnykh metallov (Krasnoyarsk Institute of
Non-&rrous Metals) Froblemnaya laboratoriya chistykh metallov,
metallicheskikh soyedineniy I poluprovodnikovykh materialov (The
Experimental Laboratory of Pure Metals, Metallic Compounds and Semi-
conductcr Materials)
SUEMITTED: July 9, 1959
Card 3/~

KRZSTOVNIKOV, A.N.; VIGDDROVICH, Y.N. I
Xquating the liquidms and solidus of ideal systems. Izv.v7s.
ucbeb.sav.; chern.mat. n0-5:5-7 160. (MIRA 13:6)
1. Krasnoyarskiy institut tevetnykh metallov.
(Phase rulo-Vad equilibrium)
Z. -

86696
S-0 0 1.4111
s/18o/6o/ooo/oO6/oo6/03O
E201/E335
AUTHORS: Vjjdorovich, V.N. and Ivleva, V.S. (Moscow)
TITLE: An Approximate--Mrthod for Graphical Determination
of the Effective Distribution Coefficients in Zone
Recrystallisation
PERIODICAL.- Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye
tekhnicheakikh nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo,
ig6o, No. 6, pp. 51 - 55
TEXT: The paper begins with a brief survey of existing
approximate methads (Ref. 1) of calculating the effective
distribution coefficient (K) in purification by zone melting.
The author.-, propose a graphical method for calculation of K
assuming perfect mixing in the molten zone, absence of
diffusion equalisation in the solid phase, and independence
of the distribution coefficient of temperature. These
assumption.9 Jead to
Card 1/")

8&96
s/18o/6o/ooo/006/006/030
E201/E335
An Approximate Method for Graphical Determination of the
Effective Distribution Coefficients in Zone Recrystallization
C = C0 11 - (1 - K)e-Kt/b 1 (4)
where C is the impurity concentration at a distance
from that end of a sample where zone recrystallisation
started, C 0 is the initial impurity concentrations b is
the length of the molten zone. The value of K can be found
by plotting
I C
x = f(K) = (6)
1 - K C0
and
y = W(K) = e-aK
(7)
Card 2/3

"6
s/18o/6o/ooo/oo6/oo6/030
E201/E335
An Approximate Method for Graphical Determination of the
Effective Distribution Coefficients in Zone Recrystallisation
(here a = ~ /b) . The point of intersection of the two
functions given by Eqn. (6) and (7) gives the value of X
the two functions are shown in Figs. I and 2, respectively.
The proposed method is illustrated by a calculation of the
distribution coefficient of silver, silicon, manganese and
chromium impurities in copper (Fig. 3 and Table 1), of copper,
silver and nickel impurities in antimony (Fig. 4a and Table 2)
and of lead, bismuth-a-nd tin impurities in antimony (Fig. 4b
and Table 3). The continuous and dashed curves in Fig. 4
denote, respectively, zone recrystallisation with and without
magnetic stirring. There are 4 figures, 3 tables and
5 references: I Soviet and 4 non-Soviet.
SUBMITTED: December 3, 1959
Card 3/3

3/026/60/000/009/010/010
A166/AO29
AUTHORi !YLLrovich, V.N., Candidate of Technical Sciences
TITIEt Pure Matter
PMODICAL Priroda, 1960, No-. 9, pp. 88 - 90
TE(T: The author discusses the problems of obtaining pure substance and
illustrates the progress which has been achieved in this field. It is now pos-
sible to oly~ain aluminum with only 0.091% impurities. More accurate purity con-
trol methods haye shown that, apart from the known impurities of iron, silicon
and copper, 99.99% aluminum also contained 15 other impurities in amounts varying
from 0.001 - 0.'0001%. Mass spectrometric analysis of aluminum obtained after
zonal rearystaUization revealed the presence of about 34 admixtures. A search
is now being made for superfine methods of measuring the purity of substance.
The original method of measuring the purity of zinc and aluminum, devised by
Yu.D. Chistyalcoy and V.B. Zermov, consisted in measuring the electrical resistance
of the metal at very low temperatures, which cancelled out the effect of resist-
ance due to temperature.
Card 1/2

j
Pure Matter
8/026/60/(>00/009/010/010
A166/AO29
ASSOCIATION: Problemnaya laboratoriya chistykh metallov, metallicheskikh soyedi-
neniy i poluprovodnikovy~h materialov (Problem Laboratory of Pure
- Metals, Metallic Compounds and Semi-Conductor Materials), Moscoo
Card 2/2

3/076/60/034/009/011/02;?
B015/B056
AUTHORS: Vigdorovich, V. IT. and Krestovnikov, A. 11.
TITLE: The Relative Position of the Lines of Phase Equilibria
in the Phase Diagram of Binary Systems I
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal fizicheskoy khimii, 1960, Vol. 34, No. 9,
pp. 1991-1995
TEXT: The rule which says that a relative mutual position of phase--
equilibrium lines is not possible if the extensions of the lines lie in
the single-phase region of the phase diagram is mentioned in publications
dealing with this subject. The present article shows that this rule is
applicable only in a number of special cases, and is thus not of general
validity. In order to provide a strictly objective proof of the rule of
the relative position of phase-equilibrium lines in the phase liagraz.,
the method of geometrical thermodynamics may be applied (Ref. 8). The
authors recommend applying this method in each individual case and, as an
example, they give the phase diagrams of a binary system of eutectic
(Fig. 1) and peritectic type (Fig. 2). (Table, values for the stable
Card 1/2

The Relative Position of the Lines of Phase S/076/60/034/009/011/022
Equilibria in the Phase Diagram of Binary B015/BO56
Systems
and metastable phase equilibria ). Tt is shown by the various types of two-
phase diagrams that the solubility in the metastable state always exceeds
that in the stable state. K. P. Bunin and F. K. Tkachenko and V. F.
Zubarev are mentioned. There are 6 figures, 1 table, and 9 references:
5 Soviet, 4 US, and 1 British.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tavetnykh metallov im. 11. 1. Kalinina
(Institute of Non-ferrouB Metals imeni M. I. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: December 20, 1958
Card 2/2

-VLGDOR-OYIQL-Y-N-,-kaud, tekhn.nauk
Pare matter. Friroda 49 no.9:88-90 S 160. (MMA 13:10)
1. Froble=aya laboratoriya ohistykh metallov, metallurgicheakikh
soyedineuiy i poluprovodnikovykh materialov, Moskva.
(Matter-Properties)

KRESTOVNIKOV, A.N.; ~LIqPqRCLUCHV-U.
Connection between the teenperature of melting of chemical
elenients with the shortest interatomic dIBtance in their
crystal Ifttices. Sbor. nauch. trud. GINTSVETMET no.33:
421-430 60. (MIRA 15:3)
(Crystal lattices) (Chemical elements-Thermal properties)

MSTOVNIKOV# Alakeandr Hikolayavich; TIGjXBE~CH,_ Vilenin Nuumovich;
k~i-d.~.ni~kx--
ARITA p A.I., retsenzent; LEVITSUY, M.V..
rateensent; BMSMA, K.G., kand.khim.nauk. retsenzent;
SAVALISKIT, S.L., starshiy prepodavatell, retsenzent; CHMOV,
A.H., redo; KURWVA, 're*I,, red.iod-va; TAYNSHTKM, Ta.B.,
takhn.red,
(Chemical thermodynamics; selected articles for pyromatallurgist63
Xhimicheskaia. tormodinamika; isbrannys glavy dlia pirometallurgov.
Moskva, Goo.nauchno-takhn.izd-vo lit-ry po charnoi i tsvetnoi
metallurgii, 1961. 280 p. (MMA 14:3)
1.,Chlon-korreapondent AN SSM (for Belyayev). 2. Kafedra obeheboy i
fisichaskoy khimii Severo-Kavkazakogo gorno-matellureichookogo insti-
tuta (for Levitskiyp Bartuava. Savallskiy).
(Thermodynamics) (Chemistry, Physical and theoreticnl)
a

5/180/61/000/002/004/012
9071/E435
AUTHORSs Vigdorovich, V.N. , Ivleva, V.S. and Krol I , L.U. (Moscow)
TITLEt On the Interaction of Admixtures During Zonal
Recrystallization of Antimony
PZRIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdoleniye takhnichoskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1961, No.2, PP-72-76
TZXT3 The problem of interaction of admixtures during
purification of materials by recrystallIzation methods has been
little studied* Therefore, the authors investigated the
interaction of admixtures in the range of concentrations of 10-2
to 10-5 wt.% during zonal recrystallization of antimony. Two
kinds of antimony, non-purified and purified by zonal
recrystallization, were used for the experiment. Into the
purified antimony additions of tin and bismuth, in the form of
4 to 3% alloys, were made. Samples were analysed for admixtures
of copper, silver, nickel, iron, lead, tin, bismuth and arsenic by
the spectroscopic method. The experiments were carried out in
boats from purified graphite 300 mm long. The length of the
Card 1/8

S/180/61/000/002/004/012
On the Interaction ... 9071/9435
molten zone was about 30 mm. The process of zonal
recrystallization was carried out in an argon atmosphere at a
velocity of 2 mm/min. The distribution of admixtures of tin and
bismuth was studied after 10 and 20 passes. The initial content
(wt.%) of admixtures is given in table I and the distribution of
tin and bismuth along the length of the ingots (about 300 9)
after zonal recrystallIzation is plotted in the figure. Although
ingots with identical contents of tin and bismuth were not
obtained (due to difficulties in precise alloying) yet the
relative positions of the distribution curves indicate that the
purification of ingot I containing about 0.2% of admixtures was
more difficult than that of ingots 2 and 3 containing less
admixtures (about 0.005%). Effective coefficients K of the
distribution of tin and bismuth were calculated (Table 2). The
calculation was done on the basis of analytical results obtained
for the part of the ingot situated about 30 mm from the starting
end (e about 10% of the total length of the ingots). This
part of the ingots was not affected by the dirty ends. After
10 passes there was no substantial difference in the effective
distribution coefficients for tin in pare and contaminatod
Card 2/8

S/180/61/000/002/004/012
On the Interaction ... 9071/E435
antimony, however, the difference appeared after 20 passes.
In the case of bismuth, the difference in the effective
distribution coefficients in pure and contaminated antimony was
established after 10 passeal after 20 passes the removal of
bismuth from the pure ingot was so effective that its content was
beyond the sensitivity of the analytical method used (6 x 1o-5% ),
therefore the distribution coefficient was only roughly evaluated.
It was established In a previous experimental work (Ref.6) on the
purification of antimony from admixtures that lead, tin, bismuths
and arsenic represent a group of admixtures which are the most
difficult to remove. The results obtained in the present work
confirmed this conclusion but they also indicated that the removal
of tin and particularly bismuth in more difficult in the presence
of other admixtures. In the discussion of results the following
alternative explanations of the above phenomenon are offered':
a) Assuming a statistically uniform distribution of admixture
the mean distance between atoms of admixtures in the is ure Mal
would be about 3 to 4 and In the pure metal 300 to 350 1. Thus
in the first case the distances between atoms of the main
admixture (Sn or Bi) are similar or larger than distances between
Card 3/8

s/180/61/000/002/004/012
On the Interaction ... 3071/E435
atoms of other admixtures. They are also similar to the
distances of inter-atomic interaction. Apparently such a ratio
of concentrations in beneficial (at least from kinetic
considerations) for the appearance of interaction between the main
and other admixtures. In the second case the mean distance
between atoms of the main admixture is many times smaller than
mean distances between other admixtures. Such a ratio of
concentrations has less influence on the behaviour of the main
admixture during tonal recrystallization. However, it in pointed
out that changes of conditions of interaction of admixtures in the
diffusion layer are difficult to evaluate. It is possible that
during zonal recrystallization an accumulation of admixtures at
the crystallization front takes place, whereupon the interaction
between the main and other admixtures in this layer may appear
earlier than it would be expected on the assumption of their
uniform distribution.
b) The experimental data can also be explained on the basis of
ideas on the peculiar conditions of crystallization acting in the
immediate neighbourhood of the solidification front (Ref.8i
Chalmers , B., J.Metals, 1954, v.6, S.1, No-5, pp-519-533).
Card 4/8

s/18o/61/ooo/002/004/012
On the Interaction E071/E435
It is possible that in the case of crystallization of impure
antimony the conditions are more favourable for a more pronounced
influence of concentration supercooling and, consequently,
conditions for diffusionless crystallization acts are formed,
causing irregularities in the solidification front and enclosures
of th; melt. This should lead to a deterioration in the effect
of recrystallization separation, i.e. to-values of the
effective distribution coefficient closer to unity. B.A.Kolachev
is mentioned for his contribution in this field. There are -
1 figure, 3 tables and 8 referenceal 5 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tavetnykh metallov im. Kalinina "Giredmet"
(Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals imeni Kalinin,
"Giredmet")
SUBMITTED,: June 24, 196o
Card_3/8_.

S/180/61/000/002/004/012
On the Interaction ... E071/E433
Fi gure. The distribution of admixtures Sn (Fig.a) and BI (Fig.b)
during zonal.recrystallization, of antimony.
Fig.a - after 10 passes (o - for ingot 1, for ingot 2)
after 20 passes 66 - for ingot 1, A - for ingot 2)
FiZ.b - aft er 10 passes (a - for ingot 1, [3 - for ingot 3)
after 20 passes (x ~ for Ingot 1, 17 - for Ingot 3)
broken lines indicate the
corresponding levels of the -CP
starting concentrations of DOLI
Sn and Bi, in ingots.
C;IUMOI< ingot
Ile-
Card_.6/8

s/i8o/61/000/002/Oo4/012
On the Interaction E071/E435
Table 1. Content of admixtures in ingots of antimony used for
zonal recrystallization.
I - ingot No.
2 - Wt.% of,admixtures

rQ6AUqa I
COAtPAIAHHC iipmmeceA R CAUTUX Cypbmu, npeAHA3HA4e"HmX AAN 30H"OA

%
Of nu
-
-

C
Ag
,,I Fe
DI
Hn As
t 3.2-t0-2 3.4 1()-: 2.3-10-1 7.10:1 .3 0
1 10-2

7
2 2.4-
l()-: t.3-M-1

2
9.0,10-
1
3.0:10-
1,7.10-4
6.10
1 :,0-,
:
1 .
7.0 JO- 5.0-10-41
: .
3
8.0-10-4
4.0-10-6
1.6-10-1
6.10-4
8.10-4 . -4
2.0 10 -1
1.4-S0
.10
5.0

Card -7/8.~.

s/18o/6i/000/002/004/012
On.the Interaction E071/E435
Table 2. Effective coefficients of distribution K of
admixtures during zonal rocrystallization of antimony
(for each admixture:* top value - after 10 passes, bottom value
after 20 passes) 2
1 admixtures PacnpeAen"wo K nPmmtceA nPm
2 K in ingots 3011MOR VCPCKPffC'rRA.M1f38tAHH CYPI.MM*
3 change in K, K
Hut K. I'#
Sn 9 1.7
0.60 O'S 16.7
0.70 0.60
BI 10.501 - 1j: 431 10.3
0.65 - 0 401 6-2.5
JUR Xa)KAOA npimeco 9epx111tR
vpoqKa ripmueof -ripH 10 rFPOXQABX
30HU, HHMN901-nPil
Card

22977
J-1-1 Do I D Is I /'I S'Ll, Q 0 s/i8o/61/000/003/005/012
9193/E183
AUTHORS: Darvoyd, T.I., Vigdorovich, V.N., and Iordanakaya,N.A.
TITIEs Purification of thallium by the crystallization methods
PERIODICALt Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye tekhnicheskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivol 1961, No.3, PP. 55-62
TEXT: Growing demand for high purity thallium in the
semiconductor, atomic energy, and optical industries prompted the
present author to undertake a systematic study of refining of this
metal by the zone melting and crystal pulling techniques. The
possibilities of these techniques were first evaluated on the basis
of the analysis of the Tl-rich ends of the constitution diagrams of
the relevant binary alloy systems. The results of this analysis
are presented in Fig.2. Metals with a relatively high solid
solubility in Tl are grouped in the left-hand side of the diagram
showing their position in the periodic table of the elements;
those whose solid solubility in T1 in extremely low are grouped on
the right-hand side. Where possible, the distribution coefficients
K were determined from the appropriate constitution diagrams and
these are quoted under the symbol of the given metal; the numbered
Card 1/9

222977
s/i8o/61/000/003/003/012
E193/E183
Purification of thallium by the crystallization methods
arrows indicate groups of metals which (1) form with T1 systems of
relatively simple type, (2) are insoluble in liquid TI, and
(3) are characterized by K > 1. It was inferred from the results
of this analysis that most of the impurities likely to be present
in thallium (with the exception of metals that are close neighbours
of thallium in the periodic table) should be capable of being
removed by the crystallization methods, the object of the
experimental work carried out by the present author being to check
this prediction. The experiments were conducted on Tl specimens
with known impurity content, some of which had been preliminarily
refined by the alkaline or electrolytic methods The crystal
pulling experiments were conducted in vacuum (,;-4 mm Hg); both
the crucible and the crystal were rotated (in opposite directions)
at 25 and 50 revs/min respectively, the rate of crystal pulling
varying between o.4 and 2 mm/min. The zone refining tests were
carried out in O-free, dry nitrogen on bars 150-180 rn- long and
weighing 20-30 or 150 g. The width of the molten zone was
approximately 15 mm, the rates of zone traverse employed being
Card 2/9

22977
s/i8o/61/000/003/005/012
E193/E183
Purification of thallium by the crystallization methods
0-5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm/min. Electromagnetic stirring was used in some
experiments and the distribution of impurities in the refined bars
was determined after 5, 10 and 20 passes; depending on the type of
impurity, chemical, spectrographic and radioactive tracer
techniques of analysis were used. In the analysis of the results
obtained, the behaviour of Cu, Ag, Zn, Sn, Fe, Ni, Mn, S, and Pb
is discussed. Some of the typical results are reproduced
graphically. Thus, in Fig.4 the Cu concentration (C x 104 Wt.%)
in the zone refined bar of Tl is plotted against the distance (in
of the bar length, 1) from the starting end. The four curves
relate to bars, examined after 10 (curves 1 and 3) and 20 (curves 2
and 4) passes and refined at the zone traverse rates of 1.0
(curves 1 and 2) or 0.5 (curves 3 and 4) mm/min, the initial Cu
content being shown by the broken line - Fig.6 shows the
distribution of sulphur in a bar obtained by the crystal pulling
technique (pulling rate 0.5 mm/min); here, the S concentration
(c x io3 wt.%) Is plotted against the distance from the starting
end, measured as the ratio, g, of the weight of the analysed to the
Card 3/ 9

22977
S/180/61/000/003/005/012
Z193/Z183
Purification of thallium by the crystallization methods
total length of the bar, Curves 1, 2 and 3 relate to bars obtained
after the molten metal had been hold at the temperature for 6, 7
and 11 hours respectively. Finally, the effect of electromagnetic
stirring is illustrated in Fig.8, showing the distribution or Cu
in a zone-refined bar. Here, log C in plotted against the dintance
N 1) from the starting end of the bar, obtained with (curves 1 and
2) or without (curves 3 and 4) the application of stirring, at the
zone traverse rates of 0.5 (curves I and 3) and 1.0 (curves 2 and
4) mm/min. The initial Cu concentration is shown by the broken
line. It was concluded that in many cases the zone refining and/or
crystal pulling experiments yielded results better than'those
predicted from the theoretical considerations. This improvement in
the segregation coefficient was attributed to the effect of
secondary factors. Thus, for instance, the removal of Cd, Hg, and
S was assisted by volatilization, that of Cu and Sn by oxydation.
Iron which is insoluble in Tl cannot be separated by the methods
studied, and filtration has to be used in this case. This is quite
an effective method, an has been shown by the results of
Card 4/ 9

22977
slAo1611000100310051012
E193/EI83
Purification of thallium by the crystallization methods
experiments in which the thallium samples, containing 1.8 x 10-4
and > io-3 % Fe, were filtered through porous graphite$ After
whifh the Fe concentration was reduced to less than 5 x .10-5 and
10-1 %. The concentration of lead in thallium cannot be reduced
by the zone refining techniques, and this metal has to be removed
by other (alkaline, electrolytic) methods. The effectiveness of
zone refining of thallium is greatly increased by the application
of electromagnetic stirring.
A.A. Illinskayal I.M. Blokh, N.P. Men'shova, V.G. Goryushina,
M.A. Notkina, Ye.Ya. Biryukova, V.A# Nazarenko, B.S. Taivina,
N.K. Davidovich and L*I. Gost*va are mentioned for their
contributions,
There are 8 figures and 13 r*ferencess 10 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet.
The English language references read as followss
Rsf.6j K.D. Alexopoulos. Act& crystallogr., 1955, V-8, part 41
p.235
Ref.8: M. Hansen, Ly Anderko. Constitution of binary alloys.
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, N.Y. - Toronto - London,1958.
Card 5/ 9

22977
5/180/61/000/003/005/012
Purification of thallium by the .... E193/E183
Ref.9t J.L. Haughton, A. Prince. The constitutional diagrams of
alloyst a bibliography. The Institute of Metals, London,
1956.
ASSOCIATIONt Giredmet/In-t tavetnykh metallov im. Kalinina
(Giradmet/Inatituto of Non-ferrous Metals Imeni,
Kalinin)
SUBMITTEDt October 8, 1960
Card 6/9

VOL; ADISR, Yu,P. ; MARYGIU,
,VIGDOROVICH, 'V, V.V.
Methods of calculating the actual distribution ration in
direetional, crystallization. Izv. vys. ucheb. zav.,- tavet.
met. 4 no.3:108. -11.4 161. (MIRA 15: 1)
1. Krasnoyarskiy institut tovatnykh motallov. IToblomnaya
laboratoriya chistykh metallov metallicheskikh soyedineniy i
poj.uprovodnikovikh trAterialov.
(Matal).ography)
(Crystallization)

S.2- 01D
28866
s/i8o/ft/ooo/oo4/002/020
E073/E535
AUTHORS: VV3'-gcdiorov2-qhn, VV-N., Ivleva, V.S. and Kroll. L.Ya.
rM-o -a -CO-W-3-
TITLE: Distribution of admixtures of arsenic and selenium in
the zone refining of antimony
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye tekhnicheakikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1961, No.4, PP-29-30
TEXT: In an earlier paper (Ref.l: Izv.AN SSSR, OTN,
Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1960, No.1) the authors studied the
behaviour of numerous admixturesin zone refining of antimony. In
this paper further information is given on the behaviour of arsenic
and selenium and the influence of initial concentration on the
effectiveness of eliminating these elements during refining is
studied. The initial materia contained the following admittures
Wt Cu. Pb. Ni - 10-3 to 10-4, Ag - 10-4 to 10-5, Sn - 10- .
Fe,%-10-3, Bi - lo-5, Zn, In, Ga, Al < 10- q B 0-10-5. Arsenic
was introduced in the form of a 2% alloy. The ingots were 150 mm
long and the length of the molten zone was 15 mm. After zone
refining (10 passes at a speed of 2 mm/min), the ingot was cut
Card 1/k

Distribution of admixtures ... S/180/61/000/004/002/020
E073/E535
longitudinally into four equal parts which were then crushed in a
porcelain mortar, the powder was mixed and chemically analysed for
arsenic co tent. The selenium was introduced in the form of the
isotope Se95. The experiments were carried out on ingots 280-300 mm
long, with a molten zone of about 30 mm (10 passes at a speed of
2 mm/min). The obtained results are plotted in Figs.1 and 2. which
give the logarithm of the concentration (lg 0 of the admixed
arsenic (Fig.1) and selenium (Fig.2) along the length of the anti-
mony ingot t; the dashed lines ind icate the initial concentrations
which, in %, amounted to: I 6-io- , 2 - 8-10-21 3 - 9-ILO-3 (Fig.1)
3 :4
and I - 2.5-10 , 2 - 7.5 .10 , 3 - 4.5-10 (Fig.2). The effective
distribution coefficients were determined by an approximate
graphical method and the obtained rfsults were as follows:
a) for arsenic: concentration 6-10- % - 0.82, 8.10-2%__ 0.78 and
9.10-3 %4- 0.82; b) for sekeniumi concentration 2.5-10 3% - 0.57.
7.5-10- % - 0.52, 4.5-10--% - 0:59. The distribution coefficient
of arsenic (K = 0.8+0.1) is unfavourable from the point of view of
purifying antimony; the value calculated from the phase diagram
Card 2/4~_

28666
Distribution of admixtures s/i8o/ft/ooo/oo4/002/020
i.,'073/E535
is K 0.64. The phase diagram of selenium and antimony is of
the monotectic type and has a more fa-,rourable effective distribu-
tion coefficient (K = 0.5540-10) from the point_yf view-%f zone
refining. I.-Fithin the concentration range of 10 to 10 ,%") both
admixtures have a constant distribution coefficient as far as
could be judged from the sensitivity of the methods used.
There are 2 figures and 6 references: 3 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet.
The two English-language references zead as follows: Ref.4:
Thurmond, C.D., Struthers, J.D. J.Phys.Chem., 1953, v.57, p.831;
Hansen, M., Anderho, K. Constitution of binary alloys. N.Y.-Toronto
-London, 1958.
SM41TTED: December -1, 1960
Card VIC,
~5

32654
S/126/61/012/005/013/028
E193/E383
AUTHORS: ViSdorovich, K.N. and Marychev, V.V.
TITLE: A study of impurity distribution in aluminium
single crystals
PERIODICAL: Fizika metallov i metallovedeniye, v. 12, no. 5,
1961, 722 - 727
TEXT:; A large number (> 100) of Al single crystals were
prepared by the pulling-out technique. By varying the pulling
rate (0-5 - 15 mm/min) and the rate of rotation of the seed
crystal and crucible (1 - 100 r.p.m.), single crystals of various
shapes were obtained, 100 - 200 mm long, 20 - 5 mm in diameter
and 80 - 130 g in weight. X-ray diffraction analysis showed
that when a polycrystalline seed was used the crystal axis was
in most cases parallel to the [1111 direction; specimens
grown with the aid of single-crystal seeds had the orientation
of the seed. The distribution of Fe, Cu and Si in crystals
prepared in this manner was determined by chemical and spectro-
graphic analyses. Typical results are shown in Fig. 4,
where og C. (C being the impurity concentration) is plotted
Card l/ ;(

32654
S/126/61/012/005/013/028
A study of E193/E383
against the distance from the pure end of a crystal, grown at
a pulling-out rate of I inm/min; the broken lines show tile
concentration of each impurity in the startinc, i.,laterial
(o.ooo8o,o, Fe, 0.0080% Cu and 0.0025o' Si). From t~hc analytical
data, the effective distribution coefficients K were
calculated by the method described in Ref. 10 (the authors and
team - Izv. vuzov, Tsvetnaya metallurgiya, 1961, no. 3, 79).
These calculations ifere made for crystals prepared at various
pulling rates v , so that the equilibrium distribution
coefficients could be determined by extrapolating"I o v 0
The results are reproduced in Fig. 5, where log
is plotted against v (mm/min) for the impurity indicated by
each curve. In the next series of experiments, the distribution
of impurities along single-crystal specimens was determined by
measuring the electrical resistance PO at liquid helium
temperattLre. The results arc reproduced in Fig. 6. where
..log FOO-Clo-10) is plotted against the distance fron, the pure
Card 2/~(

326
S/126/6i 012/005/013/028
A study of .... E193/E383
and of the crystal, e-%pressed (as in Fig. 4) in terms of a
fraction of the total weight, 9 ; graphs a a,,-id b relate
to specimens with the total impurity concentration of 0.0009
and 0.0011 wt.%. respectively. Using; these results and a method
described in Ref. 10, the present nuthors cniculated tho
effective distribution coofficiantfj K . WhiCh V101-0 fOLUid to be
0.78 in the former and 0.28 in the laLter case. In the final
stage of the investigation the existence of a radial impurity
concentration gradient in single7crystal specitaens was
established by spectrographic analysis. It was found that in a
specimen with a total impurity content of 0-00250,., tlie impurity
concentration at the crystal axis was 0.00115, increasing to
0.00190,.') and 0.00280,,', at a distance of, respectively, It and 6mmfrcrnthe
axis. G.V. Indenbaum, B.M.Lipshits,A.G.Dvortsan and V.B.Zernwyy carried out the anal-
yses.1bere are 7figures and 13 references: 10 Soviet-bloc and
3 non-Soviet-bloc. The three English-languare references
mentioned are: Ref. 1: W.D. Lawsen, S. Nilsen - Preparation
of Single Crystals - Butterworths Scient. Publ., London, 1958;
Ref. 6: M. Hansen, K..Anderko - Constitution of Binary Alloys,
McGraw-H;L I Publ., N.Y.-Toronto-London, 1958;
Card'3 ~V

32654
S/126/61/012/005/013/028
A study of C193/9383
Ref. 7: L. Mondolfo - Metallography of Aluminium Alloys
Inst. of Met., London, 1943.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tsvetnyldi metallov im. M.I. Kalinina
(Institute of Non-ferrous Metals im. M.I. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: -March 3, 1961 -1
Fig. 4:
3
Card

re
1
1010
050 0
U
-9

33176
R.11 o0 s/.i8o/61/000/006/006/020
E111/E335
AUTHORS: Rozin, K.M., Vigdorovich, V.N. and Krestovnikov, A.N.
m? s c 21'r)
TITLE: ~~e ho of contintious zone recrystallization
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Otdeleniye
tekhnicheskikh nauk. Metallurgiya i toplivo,
no. G, 1961, 56 - 75
TEXT: The authors point out that existing methods of zone-
refininS are discontinuous and inefficient since "dirty" ends
are produced. Suggestions for continuous processes (Ref. 1:
W.G. Pfann J. Metals, 19511, v-7, no.2, p. 297; Ref. 2;
W.G. Pfann Zone Melting, New York-London, 1958) have
evidently not been followed by realization, probably for
taeoretical rather than practical. reasons. Other proposed
i-.tethods for improving the ordinary process by removing the
contaminated melted zone after its first passage through the
ingot (Ref. 4: Aleksandrov, B.N., Verkin, B.I., Lifshits, I.M.
and Stepanova, G.I. - FI~Zl, 1956, v-.2, no. 1, P-105; Ref. 5:
ff. Henker - Z.Erzbergbau und Metall1itittenwesen,*1960, v.13,
no. 9, p.450) do not solve the problem of intensifying the
Card I/:@ q

33176
s/1806i/ooo/oWoWo2o
Method of continuous .... Elll/E335
process. Vie authors describe their method for continuous
zone rocrystallization, which both effectively separates the
caiiipounds and ha.3 a high productivity. These characteristics
are obtained by diluting the melted zone at the last section
of t.Tic separating part of the column, with simultaneous
removal of the melted zone at the end of each pass through a
special opening; in the column. The vertical coluain is topped
by a feeder supplying r.,iaterial of the initial composition to tile
receiver part of the column. Belo,.-,r this is the separatin- part
of Uic column, where the material has undergone one or more
--;urifyin~; cycles in the usual i;ianncr. This part ends in an
o Lit I et The basic equation for the region of the last fused
zone is: C = C (C IZC1) (H x ) k (2)
viliere x is the distance of the point considered from the outlet,
1-1 'the hoight of the separating part,
C the impurity concentration at point x
C-rd 2/ if C1

33176
S/18061/ooo/oWoo6/020
Method of continuous .... Elll/E335
C0 the impurity in the initial material,
k the distribution coefficient,
the length of the fused zone (length equivalent to
volume with the constant cross-sectional area assumed).
For n pames the distribution of impurities is given by:
M
(n+1) Y ~n
C k '. (1 - k)m-' (1 e, m < p) (3)
m 3. N
where p is the whole number of lengths t in the ingot,
Cn+1 is the impurity concentration in the m-th section
of the ingot after the (n+l)-th pass (m being the
serial number of the section in the direction of
(n) movement of the zone),
Ci is the average concentration in the i-th section
Card 31*q after n paa;es of the melted zone.

33170
S/180/61/000/006/oo6/020
Method of continuous .... Elll/E335
Fig. 4 shows the C/C 0 ratio as a function of x for various
values of n for the indicated values of the parameters (n is
the length of the empty "plug" in the column). The wavy nature
of the limiting curve, (i.e. the curve pertaining to high values
of n) is due to the specific nature of the continuous process.
n have the greatest effect on impurity
Variations in k and
distribution but the more efficient purification obtained by
increasing n leads to a corresponding decrease in productivity.
Even without allowing for this effect of "dirty ends" in the
ordinary process, its effectiveness is greatly exceeded by that
of the proposed continuous process (e.g. by a factor of 35 for
n = 16). The productivity W is defined by:
VPS
W = (7)
1 + ivn
where v is the crystallization velocity,
s the column cross-sectional area.
Card 4/# q

33176
s/l8o/61/ooo/oo6/oO6/020
blethod of continuous .... Elll/E335
The useful yield of purified material n is expressed by:
1
Tj + C/n (8)
The authors recommend the following procedure (purification
coefficient K2 and the ~ /(-I value associated with the yield
of purified product) for designing a continuous-zone refining
column: 1) calculate or find empirically the purification
coefficient K1 for any column with the required k and
values; 2) find H2/q, from:
H2 Hi Ig K2
- = - (9)
n2 rlllg K,
3) find t12 from the t/rj ratio; 4) find H2 (the height
Card 5/4P 7

33176
s/18o/61/000/006/006/020
Method of continuous .... Elll/E335
of the separating part) from H 2/02 5) find the receiver
height (n. + C); 6) from design considerations choose the
number of heaters t) ; 7) select, from experimental data, v
and s to determine productivity. In practice, the column
could be of many fornsixi!:~ltiding (since some inclination is
permissible) simple and complex spirals. The target of the slope
of a turn must be greater than d~2t for spirals, where d is
the diameter or vertical dimension of the cross-section. Heater
design is important and many types are possible; good control is
obtained with rotating heaters, and heat-exchangers cati be used.
The authors studied the process with naphthalene in the simplest
type of column - Fig. 8 (1 - vertical support; 2 - cantilever;
3 column; 4-6 - movable heaters; 7 - support; 8 - cable;
9 pulleys; 10 - drum; 11 - motor; 12 - reduction gear;
13 bearing; 14 - opening for removing the melted zone;
15 outlet). A magnetic clutch was incorporated, facilitating
complete automation. The transparent column (molybdenum glass)
enabled following the behaviour of the added impurities
Card 6/10 q

33176
S/18o/61/000/006/oO6/020
Method of continuous .... Elll/E335
(0.2 - 0.5 wt-0,10 alizarin, methyl-red or methylene blue). The
feeder was 30 - 80 mm in diameter, 50 - 100 nun high, the
corresponding figures for the separating part being 10 - 15
and 200 - 500 mm. The best outlet diameter was 7 - 9 nkni. The
three column heaters and those on the feeder and the tube from
tile opening 14 were controlled independently. No separation
of components occurred at crystallization velocities over
24 mm/hour; below 6 mm/hour completely colourless naphthalene,
mainly in the form of unstable single crystals, was obtained in
a single pass. The higher limit is due to bending of isotherms,
leading to a funnel-shaped crystallization front; improveinent
is possible. The cooling velocity largely determines the
approach of the transformation to equilibrium and is given by
the product of crystallization velocity and the axial tempera-
ture gradient. These conceptions are capable of extension to
any cases of crystallization. The form of tile melting front
forming the upper boundary of tile 11plug" is also closely related
to the effects considered and plays the part of a criterion of
the homogeneity of the material in the column. Longitudinal
Card 7/1P q

33176
s/l8o/6l/ooo/006/oo6/o2o
Method of continuous .... Bill/E335
temperature distribution in the region of the zone %fas measured
with a c opper-const tint an thermocouple of 30 ji diameter, Fig. 11.
There is appreciable mixing in the continuous process due to
the kinetic energy of drops falling through the "plug" from the
meltin- front. Mixing can be increased by rotation of the
column0about its own axis through 5 - 15 0, stopping it sharply.
Another feature of the process is tliat, when the crystallizati,n
front is horizontal, there will be no concentration gradient
along the front, even with a considerable axial concentration
gradient. The crystallization front was found to be little
affected oy changes in conditions, being protected by the melted
zone which acted to damp-out the effects. The authors point out
that their process is suitable for in-line use in production
processes and complete automation. Its applicability can be
extended by addition of "third components", which can alter the
distribution coefficient and by the use of several continuous
columns arranged to form a cascade. The continuous zone-
Card 8/p' 4

33176
s/18o/61/ooo/oo6/oo6/020
Method of continuous .... E111/E335
recrystallization Aothod can also be used in physicochemical
research, particularly to study reaction of components by
deteri.,iining distribution coefficients and investigation of phase
cotaposition and sequence of phase changos in the crystallization
of binary and more jo-pfie- systems.
Viere are 12 fi,3iLtres,ja5ue 5 references: 1 Soviet-bloc and
4 non-Soviet-bloc. The three English-lan_guage references
mentioned are: Refs. 1-2 (quoted in text); Ref- 3: 11. Reiss -
J. Metals, v.6, no.9, 1954, 1053-
ASSOCIATION: Institut tsvetnyl,,h metallov im. M.I. Kalinina
Institute of Non-ferrous Metals im. M.I. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED; March 16, 1961
.-ird 9/4pq

VIGDOROVICHa.V.14.1. VOLIPYANj A.Ye. (Hoe
cow)
Relation between distribution coefficients expressed through the con-
centrations of the various components. Zhur. fiz. khim. 35 no.3:643-646
Mr 161. (MIRA 14:3)
1. Institut tovetnykh metallov im. M. I.
(Phase rule and equilbrium)
(Solution(Chemistry))

26543
H 15 8/076j6l/O35/0081006/016
q1t,7300 a~z* 14 B101/B218
AUTHORS: Vigdorovichj V N. Rozinp K. M., and Kreetovnikov, A. N.
TITLE: Study of the rate (intensity) of phase transformations
PERIODICAL: ZhurnaL fizicheekoykhimii , v. 35, no. 8, 1961 , 1752-1758
TEXT: The term "rate (or intensity) of crystallization" is defined as in-
crease in crystals of the solid phase g referred to the' temperature change.
Thus, it holds for the intensity i.. _dg/dt (1). This relation may be
applied to any phase transformation taking place in a temperature interval.
The authors start from a phase transformation 0 -+ a in a pha diafram, the
heterogeneous domain of which is limited by the lines L,(t) L2 t)
~.(Fig. 1). For the portion of phase a at V and tt they derive:
g1l = bildif/allb", and g' bid'/albl. The following fundamental equation is
found for the intensity of phase transformations:
L, (IA + ~j (f) Lt, (1) L; (1) Lj (8) (2).
1LW-Lj(t)j1
Card 1/ 4

26543
8/076/61/035/008/006/016
Study of the rate (intensity) B101/3218
Here c denotes the conce tration of the second component in the melt,
Lj(t~ and L21(t).are the tlelmperature-differential quotients of the lines
that limit the heterogeneous domain. The applicability of Eq. (2) to
several special cases is 'illustratgd: a) For a phase diagram with a simple
eutectic, it holds: i - '~IcLl(t)/L~'(t)t)~3)~ For a straight liquidus:
L(t) - -kt + b Ws *nd i - kc/(b - k 5) - On the liquidus line along
the straight L(t) - -kt +,,b, it holds for the intensity furiction:
iL m k/c (6), since in th is case c.w -kt + b. Based on these equations,
the authors discuss the change of intensity which occurs with a change in
temperature of t~e melt and a change in concentration of its second phase.
It follows from Eq. (6) that for a 4 0 it holds: iL 4 co. b) In the case
of a concave course of the curve of the phase transformation, Vl(t)> 0, th3
"iso-rats lin Is W(t) in calculated which touches the line L(t) of the
phaa riu : - I
0 equilibe L~t~,j N(Z)LI(t) Ms By substituting Eq.(7)
into Eq. (3), and' bagee(VonIt _iL /Lt(t)l the authors obtain for the
minimum ilitensily on the boundary-tf the phase equilibrium:
L(t)" - [L'(t)]Z/L"(.t) (8). -For c,- constant, the changes of i are derived
Card 2/4

26543
B/076/6i/035/008/006/016
Study of the rate (intensity) ... B101/B21B
as a function of temperature. c) For a phase diagram that represents the
milibrium of two solutions, the authors write down:
L t) - a(l - Pt)/[a + (1 - a)ptj (12), where a is a parameter determining
position and shape of the curve, and P is a scale factor. If coefficient
aI corresponds to the curve L,(t)t and coefficient a2 to the curve L 2(t)'
then it holds:
P C [(Ila, (I - 01), - (0011 - alas 0PS)l (13).
(12 - di)
This function becomes discontinuous for t 0, t and a a 2' The
course of the intensity function is discussed for several values of a 1 and
a2' The analytic method developed is suggested for solving practical
tasks in connection with crystallization processes, physico-chemical
studies, material cleaning etc. There are 6 figures, and 5 references:
4 Soviet-bloc and I norx-Soviet-bloc.
ASSOCIATION: Institut tevetnykh metallov im. M. I. Kalinina, Kafedra
fizicheskoy khimii (Institute of Nonferrous Met~ls imeni
Card 3/4 M. I. Kalinin, Department of Physical Chemistry)

S/180/62/000/002/005/018
A/ E021/E635
AUTHORS; and Rozin, K.M. (Moscow)
TITLE: A met'hod of determining the effective coefficients
of distribution during zone refining
PZRIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Otdcleniye
tekhnicheskikh nauk. Metallurgiya i toplivo
no. 2, 1962, 63 - 65
TEXT: Several methods of determining the effective
coefficients of distribution during zone refining have been
proposed up to the present time. These methods take into
account the initial part of the ingot and in these sections
the real distributions obtained do not correspond to the
theoretical values. Also, these methods are not accurate
enough. In the present paper a method for determination of
the effective coefficient of distribution is proposed using the
end section of the ingot and based on a large number of
experimental determinations of the concentration along the
length of the ingot after zone refining. With a large number
of passes of the molten zone, the change in concentration of
Card l/ 4

s/i8o/62/000/002/005/018
E021/E635
A method of determining ...
impurities along the length of the ingot approaches tile so-
called limit distri bation, which obeys the exponential relation-
ship given by W. G. Pfann,e'Zone melting",New York - London, 1958):
C (x) = Ae Bx
where C - impurity concentration at the distance x from the
beginning of the ingot. Co - initial concentration B tangent of
the angle of the plot representing the function lnC(x). The
coeffi&ient of the distribution can be determined from the ratio
Ic = BX/ (e BLZ 1
where k.is the width of the molten zone. If the coefficient
B is determined experimentally the distribution coefficient k
can be calculated. It was found that the function k = BL, if
plotted in the co-ordinates lgk - BLAs only slightly curved
and within certain intervals can be considored linear.
On the
Card 2/

ViSo "-*62/000/002/005/018
E021/E635
A method of determining ...
basis of piece-wise linear approximation calculations pan
be carried out with the error being of the order of 11 - 50%.
Furthermore Ic can be determined from a graph expressing It as
a function of Bf,.The proposed method was used for quantitative
estimatio-n of the influence of preliminary filtration and
degassing on the purification of aluminium by zone melting.
After zone refining aluminium ingots subjected to filtration
showed more effective purif 'ication. The calculated valae of
the effective distribution coeffi 'cient was 0.78 in the experiment
without filtration and 0.56 in the experiment with filtration.
For degassed aliiminium the removal of impurities by
zo.ie re.Lining was somewhat worse. Experimental curves of the
distribution con:flvm that for the end part of the ingot a
linear relationship applies in accordance with Eq. (1)
The behaviour of admixtures of silicon, copper ana magnubium.
uhich was also studied.was found to be similar. The limit
Card 3/ 4

s/18o/62/000/002/005/oi8
E021/E635
a method of determing
the and
distribution is attained/faster the smaller k/the shorter the
ingoc. The described method permits determining k from results
of analysis of the end portion only,where analysis for the
impurities is simpler.
Card 4/4

VIGDOROVIC-T-,'-V.N. [Vigdorovich, V.11.1; VOLPTAN, A.E. [Vollpyan, A.Ye.]
-1, ~z~ -.- 11 -. - -
Applying tho crystallization methods to physicochemical analysis.
Analele chimie 17 no-4:113-121 O-D 162.

S/137/62,/000/006/'088/163
A160/A1Ol
AUTHORSs Krestovnikov.
TITLEt The realtion between the smelting points of chemical elements and
the shortest interatomic distance in their crystalline lattices
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, no. 6, 1962, 1 - 2, abstract
6111 ("Sb. nauchn. tr. In-t tsvetn. met. im. M. I. Kalinina", v. 33,
ig6o,.421 - 430)
TEXT: The graphical dependence of the smelting'points of elements on their
atomic number is presented. New relations between the point of smelting Tsmelt
and the shortest distance between the atoms a were found within individual groups
of a periodical'system. Four schemes of changing Tsmelt in relation to the mag-
nitude of a are proposed-. It is shown that in monovalent, and bivalent metals
(bond due to the collectivization of s electrons) the Tsmelt decreases in propor-
tion. to an increase of a. For elements of transition groups (bond due to the
excitation and.collectivization of s, p and d electrons) Tsmelt rises with in-
creasing a. Ark increase of a leads to a decrease of Tsmelt for elements with
Card 1/2

The relation between the ...
S/137/62/000/006/088/163
A160/AIOI
covalent bonds (collectivization of the pairs of s and p electrons). A raising
of a corresponds to an increase of Tsmelt for elements forming molecular lat-
tices (bond due to the van der Waals forces). Discussed are cases deviating from
the formulated schemes and with no striking differences between the various types
of bonds.
A. Babad-Zakhryapin
[Abstracter's note; Complete translation]
Card 2/2

GLAZOV, Vaailiy M-Ahaylovich; VIGDOROVICH, Vilenin Na=ovich,-
KHRUSHCHEV~ prof... d)ktor tekbn. nauk, retsenzentj
FOVIKOV, I.I.# dots., kand. tekhn. nauk, retsenzent;
ARKHANGELISKkvA, M.S., red. izd-"~ MIKWLOVA, V.V..,
tekhn. red.
Nicrohardness of metals] Mikrotverdost' metallov. Moskva,
Goo. nauchno-tekhn.izd-vo lit-ry po chernoi i tovetnoi metal-
lurgii, lc)62. 221+ p. (MM 15:2)
(Metals-Testing) (Hardness)

3/08OJ62/035/010/004/012
D204/D307
AUTHORS) V1 (I y,~qhh,., VAN. Darvoyd, T.I., Iordanskaya, N.,~.
-Imayev,
T !'j.'L I.: stu,-'y o-)7 the distribution of Ag admixtures in the
crystallization methods of the purification of
thallium
1~ 1 (,D I C 4 iL Zhurnal prikladnoy II,-hiMi*3', v. 35, no. 10, 1962,
2165-2170
T The above subject was inve.-.tigated in continuation
of carlier work conc(,rned with the study of phenomena associated
with the purification of 'I'I Zrom various metallic admixtures by
cry5talliz.-.tiori methodo, to dcternine the effectiveness of purffica-
tion in-relation to tho initial coiicentration of the impurity and
-to the rate of purification, the amounts of iig being varied' between
0.25 and 5 x 10- The '21 crystals were extracted from the melt,
contained in a graphite crucible, under a ptessur:. of 10-4 mm 11g,
aud were 100 - 200 rant long and 8 - 10 mi in diameter. The rates of
Card 1/2

,;/080
,/62/035/010/004/012
j", study of the distribution ... U204/D307
extraction, f, were m~~Oc 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 imi/min, the crucible
beine; revolved at 25 rpm and the extracting wire at 50 rpm in the
opposite direction. The metallic roils were zone -crystallized, un-
der 0 -free, dry 142, and the distributions of Ag along the rods
IWITere Ktermincd after 5 -.jasses, chemically (for ;10-3-,j Radushkevich and 1.V.
Vlasovaya assisted in these dc terminations. Z-ffective distribution
coefficients, k, (defined by 1. n C/Co (I - g)k-1, where Go is the
initial concentration of .~g and C is that at a distance g from the
point at which cryotallizatiou front was started) calculated from
data obtained '.3y these 2 methods, were in fair agreement. The re-
sults arc discussed, showing that k decreased with decreasing COI
and was lower for hialier values of f. The effect of f on k also
became greater with Clecreasing Go. In practice, complete purifica-
tiou of TI from .*Z admi:.tures, by extracting a crystal from the
melt apd zone -purif ication, is only effective When Co is low,
(4 10 *d',o' %g); the efficiency of the process may be increased by low-
erinf: the rate of crystallization, e.g. to 0.5 MM/Min. There are-
4 fi-ures and I i-.r.!)Je.
S U.3 I I 1ri .10 :-,,)r;-1 24, 1961 Card 2/2

VIGDOROVICH V N.; VOLIFIVI, A.Ye. (Moscaw)
Application of ci-Istallization methods in physicochemical
analysis. Zhur. fiz. khim. 36 no.3o.429-436 Mr 162.
(Ml RA 17: 8)
1. Institut tsvetnykh metallov imeni Kalinina.

NISELISON, L.A.; VIGDORQVICH, V.11-; SERYAKOV, G.V.
Interphase distribution of components in the low concentration
region. Zhur. fiz. khim. 36 no.4:697-702 Ap 162. (HIRA l5t6)
1. Gosudarstvennyy nauchno-isoledovatellskiy i proyektnTj institut
redkometallicheskoy promyshlennosti i Institut tsvetnykh metallov
imeni X.I.Kalinina.
(Systems (Chemistry)) (Phase rule and equilibrium)

5/02 62/144/001/023/024
B124YB101
UT E'D ii 3: ViE;dorovich, V. N., and Ijashel'skiy, A. Ya.
Slinthosis of compounds containing a volatile component
~-~IODIC_L: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Doklady, v. 144, no. 1, 1962, 182-15F
T: %n attempt is described to use directional crystallization in the
synthesis of indium phosphide frox, its elements, as an example for the
synthesis of.compounds exhibiting high dissociation pressure at their
0
:.-.eltir, Doints. Accordinc, to th
0 eoretical analyses (J. van der Boom6ard,
see belov), the quaternary point in the equilibrium diagram of the system
ccnsistin~; of the non-volatile component A (solid), the volatile comionent
3 (vapor'), the solution of B in A (liquid), and the compound AB (solid)
in i)rossure-'Uemperature-composition coordinates is found to correspond
to low.pressures (1 to 4 at) and to a low percentage of component B
(in the melt) at temperatures near the melting point of component A.
Thus, not only can the compound be synthesized, but also crystallization
can 10-ake olace from highly dilute melts at temperatures below the mel"'i
point of 'the compound when both pressure and temperature are only slightly
Card 1/3

;3/020/62/144/001/023/024
Synthesis of compounds containing a ... B124/B101
increased. Sinj;le crystals are obtained by incongruent crystal growth.
r1wo basic technicues of directional crystallization are feasible: eii,her
.L -
by buildin-up a temperature gradient (normal directional crystallization
or extraction from melt), or by building up and shiftin6 'the hi6h-
temperature zone (syntheois by zone crystallization). In the former case,
the crystallization front advanced 3 mm/hr toward hi6hor turiperature:;,
whereas in the latter case, rates up to 25 M;n/hr were obtained. Co,-.~-.C)e~
with a reoistivity 0-05 ohm-cm and a
.-ained semiconducting bars
Fail constant Rx = 300 cm,31coul were prepared. Aicrohardness values of
40'3 (with 20 a load), 372 (with 40 6 load), 348 (with 70 g load), and
2
315 k-/mm. (with 100 j; load) were obtained with mean arithmetic deviations
of 26, 10, 9-5, -And 8.5 k.-/rm2, respectively. The method described may
also be use'd for purifyinj; In? by zone recrystallization. The most
i;.~,~ortant English-language reference is: J. van der Boomgard, K. Sichol,
Ailips -Iles. Rep.,12,127 (1957).
%--rd 2/3