JPRS ID: 10449 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050025-4
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10449
13 April 1982
West Europe Report
(FOUO 23/82)
FBI$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERViCE
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JPRS L/10449
13 April 1982
WEST EUROPE REPORT
(FOUO 23/82)
CONTENTS
TERRORISM
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMrY
'Leftist' Program of 'New Right' Viewed
(Ulrich Voelklein; STERN, 4 Mar 82) 1
ENERGY ECONOMICS
FRANCE
Energy Budget Increases 34 Percent, Domestic Coal Stressed
(REWE DE Z'ENERGIE, Dec 81) 7
ECONOMIC
ITALY
De Michelis o;; Proposed Reform of State Paxtin.ipations
(Gianni De Michelis Interview; IZ SOLE-24 ORE, 14 Feb 82) 16
SPAIN
Measures Recommended for Ailing Agricultural Sector
(CAMBIO 16, 1 Mar 82) 22
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. . .,..~n..
POL]:TICAI,
FEDERAL REPUBT,TC OF GERMANY
Gen�cher on EC, NATO, Detente, Peace Policy
(Hans-Dietrich Genscher; EUROPA-ARCHIV, 25 Jan $2) 27
; New Charges Against Kiep, Zambsdorff in Donation Sca,ndal
~ (STERN, 4 Mar 82) o 38
- I TAI,Y
Berlinguer on PCI Links With Socialist Parties
_ (Enrico Berlinguer Interview; LA 5TAMPA, 30 Mar 82) 43
Party Leaders Pr.edict Outcome of Early Elections
y (Roberto 1ipolito; IZ MONi~O, 12 Feb 82) .....,.,.,.eO..., 45
MILITARY
F'RANCE
Brief s
Ramjet Engine for Missile 50
GENERA];
FRANCE
' Two Types of Ariane 5 Cansidered To Provide Lawer Cost
- (Pierre La;ngereux; ATR ET COSMOS, 30 Jan, 6 Feb 82) 51
Payload of 4 to 4.5 Tons
Reusable First S-tage
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TERRORISt4 FEDERAL REFQBLIC OF GERMANY
ILEFI'IO-T' PROGR.AM OF 'P,1W RIGHT" PIEWF.,D
Hamburg STERN in Germaa 4 Mar 82 PP 989 1009 1039 1049 106
Article by IIlrich Voellclein: "The Red Nazis"
ffext,] On 26 September 19809 while the Munich Oktoberfest was in progreae, a
bomb exploded which killed 13 and injured 213 Aeople. It was built and detonar
ted by a rightwing extremiet. Hie name Was Gundolf Koehler; he was 21 years of
age, .
On Christmas Eve 19800 a neo-Nazi ahot and killed two cuatoms officials at the
Swisa border and then killed himself. Hie name was b'rank Schubet; he was 23.
On 20 October 1981, two rightwing radicals were killed in a shootout with
police in Munioh. Their namea were Klaus Uhl and Kurt Wolfgram. They were 24
arid 21 yeaxs old respectively.
The trail left by rightwing violence has been g+ettizig wider for some.time now.
Since 1978, 631 rightwing extremists have been aentenced to legally binding
prison terma. 40 rightwing extremists are preseatly in detentioa pending t-^ial
aad another 133 are under iavestigation. But neither the courte, the office
for the protection of the conatitutiony nnr the politiciane have ar~y idea ae
yet of wY~y the sentimental, beer-.guzzling Right decided to turn militaat.
Nor haaQ the scientific atudies commfesioned by the g+overnment been able to
shed ar~y light on the gxowth medium and the political theory peculiax to right-
wi.ng terrorism. Two years ago, for e$ample, some Fraakfurt scientists looked
- into the life hiatories of 212 militaat activista-two-th3xds of whom were
under 30. But pointing to difficult circumetances doee not soun:i connincing.
Countless young people conae from broken families aad have trouble at hoirs, at
work, at school and with their girl friende-but they still do not turn to
violence.
-Which is the reason wY~y Andreae von Schoeler (b'DP), the parliamentary atate
secretary in the interior ministry, calla theae fizidinga somt3what vague. "The
desire for simple solutions for difficult political problems," he says, "/may/
facilitate a deci.sion in favor of rightwiag extremism, its simplistic program
of action and its unequivocal stand on who the ezempr is.)'
~
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T'he state secr.ata.ry1 s i.ni;erpre talk, ion is supported by various public opinion
Polls,
TYie Sinus In.Etitute o.f Hnidelberg found that 37 percent of the adult popula-
tiou haxbored "undemocrai:ic thinking" and "aui:horitasian attitudes and 13 per-
cent of thos., ousess an "`idealogically complete" rightwing ex-
a of vo~tu~ ~~e ~
txeraist view of the warld,, A1.mos c 50 percent of theae even said they "would
cperate waderground" if need bo.
F'rankfuri; socio.logiat Klaus Sachatzq polled 857 your-9 people in the Greater
I'rank{'tLrt axea. pne aut of four fac�o�red lifting the ban an national socialist
propaTancia. 22.8 Percant of those question.ed felt tYiat '�moet of our soci3l
pr.oblems cou7.d be solved by e:r.+.erminating those 1a:nwil].ing to work, the crimi-
nals and thEi irssane d' Just aUout ha.l.f of the young people between the ages of
12 and 20 raised the deiuaazda "Uest-rcy commnuzism4" and. "Put asan end to the mur-
derisks :`teds
Iionetr.elesss the iiit;e.riox minis-t.ry in i.ta "Heport on. Internal Security" last
i'a11 ccuid, d.i.scern "no unifui-n idaiogy" of the extreme right; nor do those
, �
~~:spoalszble for pro.~. v,, ~c. uiig the consi:itia.tion., Heriber+; FieJ.]mbroich, the agency s
vine presiderit, told S`.P.EM1: ":l carulot detoct a.nything like a political theory
o� th:. Ra.eht,90
(I'his ini;erpretata.on comes frow ari exuer.'4y uut it is incorrect, Over the past
15 ye=sy a poJ.itical theox-j oY the New Right ha,s indPed evolved upen which
the mi.litant camp followexs of the s.ovement--the bomb builders and military
spc:ctsmen, the gun fetishists aaad Hit].er lover3-have corae to rely. A.nd this
rig-itwing theary oxi,ginated on the left.
The ideology goes by the name of "people's socialist" and "anti-imperialist"
as well as "national-revalutionazy" and "ecological." Their primazy article of
faith is "Qihno-plul-aliam" (i;he social Darwinist doctrine of the diveraity and
the intelleci,-ua.l and cul'Cura.7- or.der of pxiority among the racea). Their slogan
is "liberatian nationalism" aignifying withdrawal fxam the alliances and oppo-
sition to the superpowers.
one of the leaders of the rirlitwy.ng terroriet acene, 52 year-old F`ri?dhelm
Busse, head of the "People'a Soaial.ist Mc,v'ement of Germany" which was i;3nned
at long ].ast by the interior minlstry ixi ..aauaxvr is fond of using such slo-
grans. Busse9 to whose group Frank Schubert, Klaus Uhl and Kurt Wolfgram# the
"dead heroes of the movement#" belonged, is la.a:rd� at work prnmoting the "fisst
radi.cal-democratic, anti.-imperialiat atate on Germ~.~n soil." For this goal,
"we must be prepased to die. Thexe is a storm bxeaking until at last the Rcich
will be born again."
A light wind was already springing up in the sixties. At that time, a ftamburg
engineering student named Lothas Penz put out "JUNGES FORtIM," a hectographed
pamphlet. The publication, which later urged its readers to support the NPD,
was concerned with eetablisYiing the "intollectual foundations of a new na-
tionali3m and socialismd" This "third way" toward a"new middle ground" be-
tween communism and fascism was directed toward the "national rebirth of Ger-
mar~y, towasd "organic" non-popular, non-Mazxist social.ism and au "organic
world order."
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PenzI little pa,mphlet wa,s of programmatic importaace for the development of
the New Right prin,arily because he surrounded himself with na,tional-socialiet
ideologues wha are still influential today. gaide from Penz, who now is 50,
there is the journalist WoZfgang Strauss, also 50 and 39 year-old Henning
Eichberg,, a historian and lecturer at Stuttgart univeraity.
Lothar Penz still believes in the "third way," As chairmaa of the neo-fascist
"solidarista," he ma,de the ca.se for the New 8ig}it to g+et on the green bandwagon
of the ecologist$ in 1978. "Our point of departure a,s a third force indepsndent
of the right arid left," he said, "is ta postulate an ecological-biological
threat to man. "
But just so that the tolitically inexperionced Greeas" dii not get swal.lowed up
by leftwing or rightwing "reactionaries," the "solidarists" were to provide
them with a realistic conception of ma,n" and an "oy.eral2 national-political
pZ,ogTm* Ii
Wolfga.ng Strausa has since joined the Independent Workers Party, a leftwing
natioualist organization with a membership of about 1,000. Ae editor-in-chief
of the REICHSARBEITERZEITUNG, he campaigns for the introduction for tho Yugo-
slav model of workers aelf-adminietration a.nd ha.s contact with nationaliet
underground groups in East and Southeast Earope. In the November 1981 iaeue of
the rightwing extremiet monthly NATION EITROPAp he came right out with it: "A
Luciferian challenge (the partition of Germ3ny) affords us an opportunity to
prove our mettle...0n1y in the direst emergency, only in the ciirect confrottta-
tion with the forces of aruiihilation do dignity and the will to live of those
condemned to extermination ariae."
Without a doubt, Henning Eichberg ia the most intelligent of the three New
Right ideologues and thue the moat dangereua politically. The Stuttgart lec-
turer was first in line for the cha,ir of military history at Muenster uaiver-
sity and has been teaching at various universities for years.
WhiZe still in school, Henning Eichberg was connected with the rightwing radi_
ca1 German Social IIrLion. As a university student, he had connections to French
na.tionalist circles and it was he who finally acquainted the New Right in nume-
rous articles with the leftwing fasciem of the brothers Strasser, with the non-
14axxist brand nf socialiam o.' Ferdinand Laealle and the struggle of the syndi-
calist Irish labor movement tu attain the national liberation of their couatry.
7.'he NPD's National Democratic IIniversity League adopted Henning Eichberg's
proposals for a univeraity reform and it was Eichberg once again who drafted
the prograin oE Action New Right, headed by Siegfried Poehlmanng the Bavariaa
NPD chaizman, tn 1972. Starting in tha,t sarae Year, he became a major influence
in NEIT~, ZEZT, a publication initially put oixt by Action New Right and subse-
quently by its splinter group, the National Revolutionary Reconstruction Orga..
n3zation.
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P^.eantimey a.t is thu magazine WIR r:'~LBST, published in KobZenz, which acts as a
sour.ding boaxd for Eichberg�s ideas,; "The fea.r of contacting each other as
bet-wc,en natj.onal revolutionar:ies axid ncn-d.ogcnai:ic commun.ists seems to have been
- par.ti.a.lly overcome by nows an artl.cle in z recent issue of this "magazine for
national identity' said. 'Natioz~.~.lists ha,we come to understand that nationalism
- in and of itself is mee-aiz7glesH a.s :Loni27 as socialist ideas are not included.
Arid corm;iu.mi.si:s can see tha.t sxci.a.i_i.t3m wi.i;Alout na,t:Lonal self-awareness tends to
degenerate ir.to arz inte.m%tzanalist u*:th without aubstance."
Henn?.ng Eichberg has substar,t:ially contr_ibuted to f,his ra.pprochemen.t between
na,tion.a7_ist social.ists and non-dogmat:i.c leftwingers. Thus, the readers of left-
wixig mag~azines su.ch a-a BuPR.;I17NG, P.A.ED. EXTNA, FFLASTERSTFiAND, AMTHETIK UND
KOMPTJINWATTON or 11AS DA--dVAIVTI ase no 1onger stun.ned to see one of Eichberg's
- pieces in, rri.nta In last yLa:c � sdauble issue 19/20 of BEFREIUNG, Eichberg's
rightwing theories on "Nation, :Identity and klienation" covpred no less than
- 24. ga,g+es.
He did so ver.,y de�tly, employ9.ng New I,ei`k; termi.nologyo "TYz,-:~ convincing thing
a.hout new nz,i;ion.a.li.sm," as fa.r :.s ho is concernnd is that it "does away with
the l.egitasn,.,c,y of supers-tru.ct-ur.es and brings sel.f-determination down to the
peopl.esB" "In order tu uiii.te 'uhe Germaan, natian a.new9" said Eichberg, we must
"get away framthe Vudka�-Cvla head.qua.r.ters, from the citi_es, the colonies"
and the stxperpowers.
By stating demaado such as these, the Stut�tgart lecturex ha.s every right to
expeat applause f'rom among large segivents of the non-dogmatic left.
r'Iaxtin Walser, the writez, al.so wa,nts to "keep the wound that goes by the name
af C,ermany open..� I3einrich :9oQ1l we:l.coffies the "new patriotism that may ta.ke hold
a,mong the lef t and the conservatives both 3zi the FRG and the GDR." Rudolf Bahro
feels it :is time the "Germatis em-tncipated themselves from the tutela,ge of the
victors o" The sucial democ;rai: Horst Eppler caiis the peace movement "a part of
the :iational wi11 .tio:^ self--detexmination in the face of the world powera."
iieinxich Albei�tz comes out and says: "I am a Germa.n patriot," And Egon Babr
calls anyone s'deceitful or si;upid" who saqs that "the Gernan question is dead."
LEZtwing Ber,lin histori.an Petsr I3ra,ndt, the son of SPD party chairmaaz Willy
Brandt, puUlished a bouk ("R'he Loft and tho Nationa7. Question") a few months
ago whi.ch contains language nationai revolutionaary Henning Ei.chberg ma,y enjoy
read.inga "The issue of identity points us Germans to the issue of the nation,
to national identity,..We reject the image of a peaceful order for E&irope
which le-ts tkie division of Gezman,y function a: i;he prime support for a balance
between ^a.st and West."
When the writer Tngeborg Drewitz issued an appeal to r.eplace the 17th of June
holid.ay wha.ch "has become propagan.dized by day-toad.ay politics" with an all-
Gezman holiciay on 18 March--,the day when the Berliners chased the royal troops
thxough the street�s in 1848---that appeal was signed not only by Heinrich Al-
bertz aaid ecologist Holger Strohm b11t also by- former commune member Dieter Kun-
zelmann and :rightwa.ng national revolutiotLary `rlolfg-ang V'enohr.
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Traditional concepts of right and left tend to disappear altogether when the
_ subject is Poland. The rigbtwing Springer papers and the business-owned FRANK-
FfTRTER ALLG3,IEZNE feigned understa,nding for the strike demaads of "Solidaxity"
while leftwingers li.ke Wolf Biermann, sated and safe, sang songs ca,lTing for
- suicidal populax resistance.
The applause coming from the rightwing corner about this new neighborly onirit
_ ca,nnot be overheard. "In the spirit of rediscovering our national identity,^
_ the DEIITSCHE NATIONAL ZEITUNG wxote, "marV- tra.ditional contra$ts and reserva-
tiozs ase disappearingb.-not only between the right and the left but also within
the conservative camp."
- Gerd -Klaus Ka,ltenbrurmer, the conserrrative publiaher of the Herder series "Ini-
tiative,1' is plea.sed. "The return of young conservatives and young aocialiats
to the idea of being Germans," he says, "is one of the most fascinating signs
of the past few yeaxs."
Martin Mussguug, the NPD chairma,n, extends the right-left arc all the way tr
the Greens: "A person who thinks in ecological terms automatically ta.kes a
position on the right,..If some pexspicaceous leftwingers view the green wave
as pos5.ng the threat of a rightwixig trend in the final analysis, there is no
reason ior us to disrnzte them. Onward, na,tional democrata."
The NPD has been pursuing the green line since its 12th pasty congress in 1978.
Oren now its prograin eti11 calle for "giving priority to ecology in favor of
the economy;" for beiag "against nuclear power; " "�or na,tional unity, " and for
"an envi.ronment-conacious eoonom6r as part of a true-to-life eystem of order of
the collaborative popular commuuity." With this woolly program which is neither
able nor willing to hide its Nazi origins, the NPD does not atand alone.
At the "envixonmental coordination conference" in I,ahnP"'ein in 1978, me77.Jers of
the Green Action for the Future, headed by former C nl member Herbert Gruhl, met
with Georg Otto, the former secretary--pneral ci the Greena. But the 1.iet of
participa,nts also included young national democrai;s from the NPD; the "Associa-
tion of Pro-Constitution Forces," founded by Erwin Schoenborn, an old Nazi, and
Ur M 0 Bruker, a member of the "scientific advi.sory council" of the raciat
"Societ-I for Anthropology, Etiagenics a,nd Ethology. �
Given a11 these incestuous green-brown relationshipa, it is not at a11 surpris-
irg to find Baldur SpxinAma+'+ng a Schleswig-Holstein farnier-ecologist aud one
of the cuJ.t figures of the IIx-Greens, referring to the old Nazi Thies Cbriato-
phersen (the author of the "Lie of Auschwitz," a book baaned to protect young
people) a "fine, up�ta,ndimg man."
Now this closes the cixcle that reaches from new, old and green rightwingera
a.].1 the way to the rightwing er.trem3et terrorist scene around Busse's "People's
Socialist Movement of Germa:~y" and the bomb throwers of the Manfred Roeder
clique now standing trial at Stammheirn. The circle has closed more quickly than
the pxotectors of the constitution suspected. By now, Thies Chriatophersen and
the New Right ideologues Penz, Strause and Eichberg hsve become tried-and-true
fellow combatants of the likes of Frwin Schoenborn and F'riedhelm Busse, having
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rvn Vl'Y'lI.lAL v.,a: ��1i.A
gone thxough ma=j enga.gements together. 5'or his part, Busse has given his acti-
vist associate 'rJaltex I{er.el leave to work on Schoeaborn's monthly GRUIIJE KOR-
RMPOND'rNZ, And that particulax pu.blication included this statement: "Either
the world will go national. socia.list, which is to say green, or it will descend
into cha,os,1�
CUPYR:CGHT: 1982 Grtmer Jahr AG & Co~
9478
cso: 3103/374
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ENERGY ECONOMICS FRANCE
ENERGY BUDGET INCREASES 34 PERCENT, DOMESTIC COAL STRESSED
Paris 1tEWE UE L'ENEFGIE in French Na 340, Dec 81 pp 657-660
[Text] The Industry Ministry's Energy Budget
We are coming back, here, to the Energy section of the budget of the Ministry
of Industry as it wa_s presented in the ministry's information letter.
The ministry's budget aims at meeting several objectives:
[a.] Support of domestic coal production.
[b.] Emphasis on the energy saving policy.
[c.] Asstirance of development of new energies.
Tlie total funds amount to 6,563 million francs, or a 34-percent increase,
to which are added 455 million f_rancs in special tax levies and 545 million
francs in contribution to the hydrocarbon support fund.
Support of Domestic Cual Production
The government's primary objectives find expression in a sizable increase
in the subsidy grantedto the National Coal Board, which increases from 3.99
to 5.96 billion 1982 f.rancs, or +29 percent.
This grant will make it possible te have production increase from 18.7 billion
metric tons to 19.2 billion.
The future of our domestic coal production for decades involves an increase
in the nation`s coal inventory. Ten million francs will be allocated to this
program in 1982.
Finally, i,_ will be necessary to develop technologies for using coal, including
gasification methods.
- The return of coal in industry entails a considerable, long-term outlay: 66
million francs will be released for tn:is purpose, or +47 percent, in compari-
son with 1981.
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Emphasis on the Policy of R.ational UEe of Energy
The priority attached to this action was reaffirmed by Parliament at the time
of the debate on energy.
These actions find expressiun in the considerable increase in the funds of
the Agency for Energy Saving.
Ttiese allocalions will amouilt to 1 billion f.rancs in 1982, compared with 628
million francs in 1981, or +59 percent.
This budgetary outlay is supplemented by important tax measures also included
in the budget bi_]_l. T.ax deductions for energy saving work by individuals
will amount eo 8,000 frares per household, plus 1,000 francs for a dependent
child.
Finally, the government will set up several new measures in 1982:
[a.] Establishment of an energy savings account for indi_viduals.
[b.] Extension of the inter.ventions by i:he National Housing Improvement Agency
tu energy savi.ng.
[c.] Development of incentive mechanisms involving lease credit aeencies
and projects heavy in investments like conversion to coal or heating networks.
Development of Production of. New Energies
7.he aids allocated to geothermal energy will inc;.ease by 41 percent in 1982,
reaching 85 million francs. Ploreaver, the funds of the 5olar Er,ergy Commis-
sion wi11 increase by 49 percent in program authorizations.
Energy Saving: Agency's Report
The 31st meeting ofi.the Board of Directors of the Agency for En.ergy Saving,
which met under the chairmanship of-Poulit, head of bhe Agency f or Energ}'
Saving, made. a certain number of inigortant decisions in the field of pr.omotion
of energies to replace oil.
_ An important part of those decisions were made wi_thin the framework 3f the
recent procedures established by the agency and whose first report can thus
Ue drawn up at this time.
- I. In the Residential and Services Sector
a. Promotion of new technologies: demonstration operations.
Coal:
The Agency for Energy Saving [EfEE] is giving increased importance to the pro-
blems raised by reconversion to coal by taking an interest in medium-sized
heating plants, especially in low-cost housing heating plants.
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Thus, the 31st meeting of the Board of Directors of the AEE decided to grant
a subsidy of 2,775,165 francs for the second part of an operation demonstrating
- conJersi.on of 5 existing heating plants in HLM [low-cost housing] buildings.
These heating plants are located at Soisy, Pierrelaye, Coudekerque, Longwy-
Haut and Tourcoing.
This use of coal will make it possible to eliminate 2,714 metric tons of oil
for a total investment of 14,268,078 francs.
Electric Heat Pumps:
f In additi.on, the agency is financing a campaign of ineasures involving over
600 HLM buildirigs equipped with electric heat pumps for a total of 800,000
f.rancs.
This operation is preparing for action promoting heat pumps to replace boilers
in apartment buildings, intended.for supplementing, in the neAr 5uture., the
Perche 1 operation initiated jointly with EDF [French Electric Company.]. It
must be pointed out that the Perche 1 operation involves 20,000 housing units
and is to be carried out in 1981 and 1982.
b. Investments among large energy consumers (over 5,000 TEP [metric tons
- of petroleum equivalent]).
The Agency for Energy Saving is granting large consumers a direct subsidy
for making investments making it possible to replace oil. Thus, subsidies have been granted to three operations pertaining to incinera-
- tion of household garbage with recovery of heat in the urban community of
- Bordeaux, use of geothermal energy at Acheres and drawing off of steam at
the EDF powerplant in Vitry.
The following table giVes the status of this procedure to date:
, Free Energies at the Source
Number of Number of Heat TEP Investments Subsidies
Source operations housing units replaced (francs) (francs)
Household 7 14,015 42,047 166,947,000 18,756,000
garbage
Industrial 2 5,126 15,380 90,918,000 7,840,000
thermal xefuse
Geothermal il 10,018 30,056 290,000,000 11,993,000
ener g}*
I'irewood 2 542 1,627 7,000,000 651,000
Commercial Energy
Coal 4 20,566 61,700 143,110,000 12,677,500
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FOR C1FFICiAi, USE ONL.Y
Free Energies at the Souxce
c. Scattered consumers (less than 5,000 TEP).
The agency's operata.ons are appli.caUle Uoth to large energy consumers and
to small and medium-sized consumers.
With regard to operations pertaining to small and medium-sized consumers,
the agency has set up networks of qualified pro:EessionaZ men (research com-
pa.ni.es or offices) grouped by federa_ted agencies. They receive financial
aid from tlze agency to ericourage and manage netwruks and for training pro-
fessional men.
These networks consist of arouud 13 federated agencies in addition to 2,000
installers which give the final consumer a 400-franc subsidy per ton of oil
replaced and 200 francs in the case o'L coal (conimsrcial energy) at the time
tlte ;ob is perfarmecl.
The objective estab:l.isiled in agreeir,ent with these federated agencies is ambi-
tious: 90,000 metric tous of oi1 replaced. by the end of 1981 and 170,000
tons iri 982.
Il. In rhe Zndustry Sector
The palicy of incenri_ve for ieconversien.t:o coal in industry assumed by the
pub].ic authoriL:ies has made it gossible to replace almost 1.5 million metric
tons oF lzydrocarbons ancl it 1-:as found expression in the impl.ementation of
investmenL's amounling fi.o around 800 million f.rancs.
By itself, the cement sector has made it possible to replace 900,000 metric
tons oE oil, at the cost of an invest:ment outlay of 540 million francs.
In the other ind.u.strial sectors, the recent performance of operations for
returning to ccal has led to a total investment amount of 240 million francs,
corresponding to a replacemen.i: of. 230,000 metric tons of oi1 equivalent in
the form af hydrocarbons.
Fina11y, it should be stated r..l,a.t the steelmalcing sector has also partici-
pated in the national effort to reconvert to coal by using coke as a replace-
ment .for fuel oil, without the need for any special investments. The replace-
ment of hydrocarbons thus achieved is on the order to 300,000 TEP.
Research on Ener.gy Saving in Transportation: the VIRAPES Project
The ViRAGES (Industrial Research Vehicle Improving Energy Management and
Safety) project was developed by Renault Industrial Vehicles in conjunction
with the Ministry of Transportation through a technical committee sponsored
by the IRI [expansion unknown; possibly Industrial Relations Institute].
This work was also followed up on by the Ministry of Industry and the DGEMP
[General Directorate of Energy and Raw Material].
11
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- Tl,;_s 1 ru lecr pro-ides for an overall summary leading to a complete rethinking
0f t-he desibn of the top of the line vehicle (38-ton tractor), aiming most
p�rt:icul.ar'! jT at the following:
[a.1 Improvement of fuel consumption.
!'b. j 1*nprovemeut of safety.
(.c.; Rc,duction of sound emission.
[d. ] F.c:incrion of polluting emissions.
ie.] !mprovement of the driver's working conditions.
Fuel Consu,iption Improvement Objectives
Techr.ical solutions aiming at this improvement will pertain to the following:
ja.] Lnrprovenent of performance of the power unit.
[b.] Reduction of power absorbed by the auxiliaries.
[c.] I