JPRS ID: 10249 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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JPRS L/ 10249
. 11 January 1982
. U~SR Re ort
p
AGRICULTURE
(FOUO 1 /82)
Fg~$ FOREIGN E3ROADCAST INFORNiATION SERVICE
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JpRS L/10249
11 January 1982
~ USSR REPORT
;r
AGRICULTURE
(FOUO 1/82)
CONTENTS
RE(~IONAL DEVELC~PMENT
Estoni.an Official Interviewed on Food Program Goals
- (Gustav Tonspoeg Interview; SOTSIAI~ISTLIK POLI~UMAJANDUS,
: OCt 81~ .......................,~.......................ts ~
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
Conference on APK Problems IIighligts Priority Objectives
(V. Balabanov; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Oct 81) 8
TII,ZING AND CROPPING TECHNOLOGY
_ Problems of Microfertilizers in USSR Crop Farming Discussed
(B. A. Yagodin; AGROKHIMIYA, Oct 81) 12
_ a _ [III - USSR - 7 EOTJO]
F(1R nFFTrTeT. T1CF l1NT.V
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EST(?NIAN OrFICIAL INTERVIEWED ON FOOD PROGRAM GOA?,S
Tallinn SOTSIALISTLIK POLLUM,AJANDUS in Estonian '.'~0 19, Oct 81 pp 722-724
[Interview with Gustav Tonspoeg, ESSR first deputy chairman of Council of
Ministers, chairman of ESSR Gosplan; passa~es enclosed in slantlines printed
in boidface]
(Text] [Question] /Our national economy, including agriculture, has been
directed in a planned fashion. Why then do we now need a special food program?/
~Ans~oer] There are several requirements for a food program. True, plans for
social and economic developm~nt assibn tasks ~o agriculture by five year aud
- annual periods, they also dete~ine resources to ~e in~ested in agriculture.
Nationa]. ?conomic plans also assign tasks for those branches of production
that are directly connected with agriculture /or influence its development/.
But the tasks of the various branches of the agrarian-industrial complex have
to date not been coordinated, t~iey had to be accommodated to each other later,
through special agreements, even though by far not alI ~.asks were fiJ.led in a
timely fashion. It happens that a branch of tne national economy supplying agri-
culture meets its goals by the end of the five-year period, but that a large
part of the production required by agri~ulture reaches the farmers only in the
last years of the five-year p~riod. The supplier has met his goals, but the
farmer has not yet been able to use these resources. This has been the case
with machinery, minPral fertilizers, and other supplies. Also, the farmer will
get no production out of a facility received from the builders at the end of a
- year.
- Goal-oriented complex programs constitute a method for planning in which the
productive tasks of the various branches are coordinated in time and space, at
the same time the connections have been worked out in. greater detail and /with
- an eye on the longer perspective/. The need to establish a food program as a
perspective plan derives di~ec~ly from the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress.
The congress noted that the potential of the USSR national economy is sufficienr.
to completely satisfy the people's food needs if comprehensive measures are taken.
iThe aim of the food ~,rogram is prpcisely the meeting of the people's needs as
rapidly as possible./
The aims of agrarian production far 1985 and 1990 were more precisely outlined
at the 26th CPSU Congress; the goals fixed should be considered minimums. They
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have to be considered a minimum program since their attainment does not y�et
guarantee the complete satisfaction ~f the people's needs~
The goal of the task is to guarantee meeting these goals and establishing ways
to exceed *_he plans. This is the base for the central idea of the Central Com-
mittee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministe~s directiv~ regarding agra-
- rian planning and perfecting of the economic mechanisms--stimulation. and re-
wards are tied to /exceeding/ plans and previously achieved levels of production.
In other words, comprehensive plans are designed to secure a division of organi-
- zational work and resources tha*_ will establ~sh favorable outlooks.not only for
' meeting goals but also for exceeding them,
~
' For example, during the llth Five-Year Plan we have to produce an average of
11-13 percent more agricultural products than during the previous period. At
the same time the tasks for supply and division of prodvction have already been
determined.
Agrarian products of our republic, primaril~ dairy products, are also used in
the other federal republics. This is quite natural, since first, the immediate
surroundings of million-cities (such as Leningrad) cannot produce enough food,
- and secondly the intensity of our dairy industry is greatly dependent on re-

~ sources imported from other federal republics. Accordirg to plans we receive
many resources from other areas--machines, mineral fertilizers, concentrated
' feed, oil products, et~--since we either do not have them or we produce them
in insufficient quantity. On the other hand, we export products that we pro-
ducP in greater quantity. Both the imported productive resources as wsll as the
exported meat and dairy products have been fixed not in relative quantities,
but in specific amounts in the plans. These quantities must be met without
question. Only if we are able to mQbilize all of our resosrces and meet each
year the /state procurement quotas/ will we be able to meet.the tasks of deliv-
ery into the all-union fund and at the same time provide our own inhabitants
c~ith animal products in a quantity approximating tl-ie physiological requirements.
[Question] /There is probably no need to comment on the main aim of the program,
a better food supply. But doPS each worker see his part in meeting that goal,
will that aim not be too remote for the enterprises?/
[Answer] After meeting the main aim it must be ascertained what =actors influ-
ence reaching the programs. In the formulation of the first draft of the food
program we determined the relations and proportiens between the various branches
of agriculture and between it and related branches of the national economy. For
- example, dairy production depends primarily on feeds. /But feed production/ is
in itself a complex problem, including the structure, culture, growing areas and
their structure, all involved in meeting basic protein needs with local feeds.
_ In establishing the food grogram we teok into account several a?ternatives, with
the most favorable one--i.e. one that permits us to produce more animal products
in various field distribution configurations--to be sel2cted later. These alter-
natives must still be weighed. Uf course, it was also determined how much feed
� in both tons as well as feed units and feed components would be necessary to
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produce the planned amounts of ineat and milk. The proportions o= various feed
ir.ems (protein) and the volumes of the various kinds of feed are determined by
the structure of animal products production.
All this coo~dination is no easy task. When our task is to supply a certain
= number of tons of ineat, then we can meet the plan with either beef or nork.
We need different kinds of feed to produce either kind of ineat. Pork can be
= produced with a relatively smaller number of feed units, but a push of pork
raising is dependent on imported concentrated feed, and, moreover, it malces
more acute the shortage of protein and vitamin additives. Feed production,
however, does not depend only on the proportion of various kinds of ineat, but
- a~sc /on the requirements for a rational use of lan~/ and simply on opportuni-
ti~s--the suitability of soils to raise this or another crop, the need for crop
rotation, etc. A reckoning of all this within our republic is a momentous task
whic:h we are attempting to solve with the food program. /The rational develop-
ment of feed production is, indeed, a subprogram of the food program./
/A second important subprogram includes grain production./ This involves those
grain products that are used for immediate hum,an consumption. In issues 7, 8
and 13 of SOTSIALISTLIK POLLUMAJANDUS this same topic has been thoroughly dis-
cussed and I nPed not restate what has been said there.
A third subprogram encompasses the /efficiency/ of agrarian production. This
is prima-ily concerned with the effici.ent use of capital investments. Let me
explain: We determined thP structure of grain productian on the basis of the
needs of animal husbandry, Che needs of grain productien in turn influer:ce
greatly the need and structure of capital investments. We followed the same
path in developing the food program.
A change in the structure of capital investments is reflected in plans for the
next 5 years. For example, expenditures for melioration have been reduced.
These funds will be primarily used to build barns and storage facilities, so as
to reduc:e wastage, but especially for rural housing, so .as to slow the migration
of the rural population to the towns.
Here we aZso surveyed measures to assure that the total volume of products from
/individual landholding/ not diminish. Probably the production of some items
- (such as milk) will decrease, but one must assure that the general volume of
small production remain at least on the current level, and increa~e, if at all
. possible. We have planned for many incentives, distributed among state capital
investments, indj.vidual resources, and the sale of tools and other necesary
items.
(Quest~on] /In the drafting of the food program some disproportions that hinder
normal de~elopment of production have become apparent. The basic gnals were
fixed befare the food program. Are the tasks included in them still realistic?/
" [Answer] Although the current year was one of very intensive work I can assure
you that the /tempo of growth planned for the ~urrent five-year period is realis-
tic/. I,et us look at some facts--in 1976 we produced 1,?40,00~ tons of milk in
our republic, 1,040,000 in 1979. In 1980 it was 1,090,000 and tihis year's goal
~
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i is 1,155,000 tons, or only 15,000 tons more than 5 years ago. Next year, h~w-
~ ever, the volume to be procured increases only by a few thousand tons. This
_ year the rains did not let us make sufficient hay and in places the suil did
not support machines and animals, so that one can fear that milk production
, might be somewhst less than the plan for this year. But still, we cannot sa}
that the procurement tasks for this five-year period would be unrealistic, un-
achievable. The Fact that milk praduction has decreased due to the conver-
gence of several factors out of the control of the farmer does not represent
a pattern, but only an exception to the rule.
Our main task then is to compile a program that would permit the meeting and
~ surpassing oi ~oals in the near future. Por this puLpose we must direct our
- eff~;rts correctly and plac~ resources so as to increase production. First off,
this meant that land, naterial r.esources, money, and labor be utilized consider-
ably better.
How much production should increase I cannot state in numbers, ~ince that pro-
gram has not yet been finalized.
[Question] /Production in the Estonian village of today is ever more dependent
on social factors. Does this echo ia the food program, and if so, how?/
[Answex] The most important component of the elements of production is the
human being. For this reason ~hA food program includes means for s~cial devel-
opment. Taking into account realities we attempt to find possible better solu-
tions for man's working and environmental conditions. /Neither medical, cul-
tural, ur environmental services of the rural inhabitant should be worse than
in the towns./ The development of servj.ces in the countryside must take into
account the social structure, demographic peculiarities, etc of the rural popu-
lation.
- The food program includes also the incorporation of /the resources of other
branches of the national economy/ in the social development of the countryside.
Apparently the resources of the other branches of the national economy should
be included in strengthening the social and productive infrastructure in the
countxyside. Also, it is high time to think how the town could better help the
country with qualified labor in seasonal work. For example, it would be good
:Lf students in urban vocational schools would be taught how to drive tractors.
Agriculture and the entire food industry is /the most important brailch of our
republic's economy/ and the food program ties the interests of the other branches
to the develop:nent of agriculture.
I cannot yet sa~ what measures should be used to further increase the interest
_ of other branches of the national econo~cy in furthering agriculture. But al-
ready initiatives in that direction have been taken by several ministries.
Several ministers have advanced the possibility Chat their enterpxises in rural
areas be placed on an 8 or 10 month pay schedule. This would enable the work-
ers to work on the farm for some months. Such measures can be included in the
food program as well and would result in raising agrarian qualifications of
lat~orers in rural p?.ants. This would also considerably reduce the shortage
of labor during peak seasons.
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One must applaud the suggestion of the ESSR Truck Transport and Highway Ministry
that it incorporate the local road maintenance into the republic's road network
and include some road~ within enterprises in the rayon road network. This would
- mean that the roads would be maintained and repaired not by enterprise labor but
with srate resources, and the enterprises could deal more with thei~� basic tasks.
Agriculture receives assistance from elsewhere as well. For example, in 2-3
years we will fully me.et the needs for peat by the kolkhoz and sovkhoz. This
in turn requires extensive revision of trucking enterprise's work schedules,
so that the peat would reach the consumer at the right time. All of this can
be coordinated within the food program.
_ Within the food program we also include the development of auxi].iary labor in
thz enterpri~ses. There are many geople who for health or other reasons cannot
work specifically in agriculture, but can do so in auxiliary branches.
The development of auxi'.iary labor would also contribute to increasing the labor
- efficiency of the rural population and would offer suitable work for women.
There are areas where we have considerably more men than women. AuxiJ.iarq labor
would help to keep the women in the countryside and would thus solve an important
social problem. At that same time, auxiliary production should in peak season be
the most important and most conver_ient source of additional labor for harvesting
or other pressing tasks. For this reas~n personnel :tn auxiliary production
should also be trained in agricultural skills.
- Incorporating the development of auxili~ry production inta the food program also
has the aim /that the production of any kind of auxiliary entarprise should meet
the needs of this republ.ic's rural and urban popula*.ion/ and not be directed to
profiteering in other federal rep ublics.
- I don't suggest that auxiliary production in a kolkhoz should be limited only to
making maltose, starch or cabbage. Surely the people in the countryside will be
able to handle more complex production that is needed by the population. The
needs of the people are ~rowing, where a simple hammer or screwdriver used to
suffice, now there is a demand for electrical hand tools. I think that the
- enterprises would be able to produce them if they would have cooperative agree-
ments with industrial plants.
The food program is concerned with working conditions and improvements in medi-
_ cal services. Sick peop~e must be well treated in the countryside also, but it
is more important that a person nat become sick, that preventive medicine be
practiced, that working conditions be improved, that each rural inhabitant be
y guaranteed a good lunch, opportunities for rest, etc, so as to reducz sick
leave which is currently excessive. Tractor operators are sick more than
others; their diseases are well known. Apparently sickness could be reduced
- if ehe operators were off.erPd invigorating activities that would improve their
- physical fitness. As far as I know not a single enterprise has bothered with
that. There is also often a failure to see that the tractor operator's health
_ i.s threatened by a dilapidar,ed driver's cabin, poor working clothes, the lack
of washup facilities, etc, etc- People do not want to see that it is wiser tfl
abandon one maintenance bay and build a decent washroom than to save on account
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ot ~n operator's working canditions. But later there are complaints about a
- lack of operators and their volatility.
But the entire fate of the food program 3epends most /directly and decisively/
~ on that very tractor driver, his remaining in the country or moving to town.
[Question] /Long-range programs inr_lude in addition to gcals, means, and limi-
tations also management structures. What would you say about that latter point?/
[:Answer] Indeed, the food program includes organizational tasks, management,
especially on the rayon and enterprise level. The current management habits in
our rayons and enterprises are not satisf~,:.tor~. Analysis shows, for example,
that a tremendous amount of time is expended in the enterprises in hauling work-
ers to the job and back. Also, much time is used to bring machinery to the
_ field. Since enterprises are large, more machines should be in the hands of
departments, so that the department would be much more mobile than now. T.he
chief agronomist should rule over special machinery, but the self-managing
department should be lord over other machinery. An increase in the ~.mportance
of departments would also decelerate urbanization and hel~ to improve the popu-
lation dispersal in the country. But an immediate profit would accrue fron the
vast reduction of shuttle runs. Currently, the main job of many people consists
of hauling other people. In addition, there is the depreciation of vehicles,
- fuel costs, etc. All of these expenditures are by far not unavoidable.
Also, I would like to stress the need to improve stimulation, it being a most
important tool.
- In an increasing measure such remuneration systeLns must be implemented that
would relate the end result of labor more to salary and bonus. Through his
remuneration each person must better realize his part iti the accomplishments
of the enterprise. Currently, the bosses often receive the bonuses, while the
actual laborer might even go without one. A manager at any level should not
receive a bonus ror individual work but rather for the final. re.sults. Such a
system must be developed. Currently we are too stuck in old habits and in mea-
suring u uantity. Today the quality evident in the rinal product must be taken
into account in an increased fashion.
- I would like to stress, the goal-oriented program hel.ps to connect the interests
- ~f agriculture and peripheral branches of the economy and to increase the inter-
est of all segments of the food complex in the final results. Of course, right
now wP do not have a mechanism for coordinating these interests. I would hope
- that it be dec~eloped soon.
[Question] /You tiave explained several aspects of the food vrogram and also
what must sti.ll be solved with the help of that document. How far has the com-
pilation of the program proceeded?/
[AnswPr] At this time the first draft of the republic's food program is between
covers. It is an extensive, voluminous job, in which many experts participated.
~dgar Tonurist, director of the Estonian Agrarian In;titute, chaired the commit-
tee i.n charge of producing the f~od program. Our well-known farniers, such as
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the chief agronomist ~f the "Edasi" kolkhoz of Parnu Rayon, Arnold Erm, the
- director of the Laatre sovkhoz of Valga Rayon, Huno Toomiste, the director of
the Turi exhibit sovkhoz, Uudo Kalamann, Leonard Kallas of the '�Vam.bola" kolk-
hoz of Viljandi Rayon, etc, made their contribution to the development of the
food program. The committee included representatives uf Gosplan, the Ministry
of Agriculture, the Ministry of Meat and Dairy Iizdustry, the Ministr~ of Food
- i'roducts, the Ministry of Procurement, the labor committee and the EPT, as
well as scholars of the Institute of Economics of the ESSR Academy of Sciences,
the Estonian Herding Institute, Estonian Agrarian Institute, and the Estonian
Academy of Agriculture.
We collected very mu.ch material, containing interesting 3nalyses and suggestions.
The extensive material was reduced and concentrated into the first draft of the
food program--consisting of two ~amphlets witt~ some 150 pages all to13.
The food program of our republic will get its final shape after all the resources
we arP to receive from the state have been ascertained.
' rlany questions cannot be solved within the borders of our republic. We do not
produce several products necessary to agriculture and it would nat be efficient
to establish such means of production locally. We also marie several suggestions
to the USSR Gosplan to improve the use of the enterprises' stimulation funds,
to increase bank credit, etc.
- The food program of our republic will become an organic part of the food pro-
~ram of the USSP, and it will become the foundation for plans for social a~d
economic development of our state. It would not be efficient to compile a foad
- program for a levei below the republic. The framework of an area or rayon is
- too small, the resources come from elsewhere and it wou13 make no sense to tie
all local questions in their detail to a gr�nd program. The goals and programs
of the enterprises are contained in thei.r five-year plan and in the measures
envisioned to meet that pl.an. The enterprises ~aust compile their five-year
plans by November, benchmark figures for that task have been in their hands
since September. These benchmark figures reflect procurement tasks and re-
sources that will be available to the P.nterprises. The enterprises must them-
selves find the most rational means to meeti their obligation to society (the
plans of sale to the state) in the best way.
I repeat--the food program of our r2public is the foundation for ~�ompiling a
food program for the USSR. The food program for the entire country should be
- finished by the end of the year, and after that some revisions must apparently
be ma~e in the food program of our republic. Then the faod program will become
a directive document, a law whose fulfillment will be demanded and checked.
COPYRIGHT: Kurjastus "Perioodika," "Sotc:ialistlik Polluma~andus" 1981
~ 9240
CSO: 1815/~0
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rUK vrrit,trw uoc vivLi
- AGRO-J~,CONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
CONFERENCE ON APK pROBLEMS HIGHLIGHTS PRIORITY UBJECTIVES
Moacow VOPKOSY EK~NOMIKI in Russian No 10, Oct 81 pp 155-157
[Article by V. Balabanov: "Conference of the Scientifi.c Council fo~ Economic,
Social and Legal Proble~ns af the USSR APK"J
~Text] 3'he first conference of the Scientiffc Conference for Economic, Social and
Legal Problems of the USSR APK ~Agroindustrial CompZex], which convened from 25 to
27 May 1981, was devoted to discussing the methods to be employed for carrying out
the tasks of the ~ood program.
The principal report, entitl~d "Development and Implementation of the Food Program
in Light of the Decisioc?s ~ianded Down During the 26th CPSU Congxess," was delivered
by thE chairman of the s~ientific council, VASKhNIL [All-Union P.cademy of
Agric-iltural Sciences imeni V.I. Lenin] Academician V. Tikhenov. Having taken note
of the achievements realized in cieveloping the country's a$rarian economy, he
descrxbed the principal trends in the development of agriculture as a central
element in the developmEnt of the �ood complex.
At the present time, there are 43 million individuals working wiChln the APK
- structure, the bulk of the annual net product being prQduced exceeds 167 billion
rubles (more than 41 percent of the annual nationaY income) and the valuz of the
surplus product created in branches of the A PK amounts to 95 billion rubles (47
percent of the annual mass of surplus product created in the country). In examining
the dynamics of production by five-year periods, it can be seen that agriculture ia
developing in a rather dynamic manner. Nevertheless, irregularities in the
,~oiumes of production occur from year to year and this brings about corresponding
phenomena in the processing industry of the APK. The level of development of the
- logistical base for bianches of the APK infrastructure and t:ze procesging industr~
is clearly inadequate. As a result, losses in the production of ag-:icultural
raw materials are increasing and the consumption level for certain typea of food
goods is increasing at a slower rate thsn their production volumes.
The principal trends for further develapment of the APK ~aere revealed in the
report and they are reflected in the food program as developed: scienCific-
technical progress and improvements in the structure of agr~industrial production;
improvements in the economic mechanism and stable Economic orientation of all
branches of the APK towards maximization of the final reaults. These trends are
considered to be of a priority nature with regard to capital investmenk policy
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both during the current five-year period and in the future. In the opinion of
V~ Tikhonov, greater importance is attached to the second trend under modern
conditions. Further improvements i:~ the structure of agroindustrial production
assumes first of all the development of the production apT~aratus of those branches
engaged in the pro~urement, transporting, storage anc~ processing of agricultural
products and also delivering the final products to the consume~. According to
computations cited in the report, the implementation ot the program for the
accelerated devalopment of the menti~ned branches will make it possible to increase
considerably the yield of final product obtained from each unit of agricultural
output pra3uced and particularly by reducing and preventing losses in such output
during the "post-agricultural stage."
The speaker singled out the following pr.iority trends in the sphere of changes ic~
the structure of agricultural production:
l. Itegulation of the logistical bsse for agriculture and the establishment of
optimum pr^^~rtions among its component parts.
2. Improvements in the structure of the grain economy (absolute a~d relative
increase :.r. new energy-saturated and high protein grain crops, with stabilization
and evan a slight re~uci.ic: rhe nrnd~.:~tiun of bread grain).
Imprrn~ements in the structure of animal husbandry, based mainZy u~on the
development of such branches as meat poultry raising and swine raisin~ and also
upon the accelerated development of beef cattle husbandry as a reZatively
independent branch. In taking note of the need for ~developing feed production and
- converting it over to an industrial basis, V. Tikhonov emphasized that the solving
of the feed problem is definitely dependent upon the str~icture of animal husbandry.
4. Improvements in zhe regional structure of agricultural prod~ction. This trend
is based upon the principle of forming spec.ialized zones for the production of the
principal marketable products.
It is assumed that the program for distributing agricul~ural production by zones
should be coordinated with rhe tasks for bringing the production of the principal
marketable products closer to the areas where they ~re consi:med and to those
regions possess{ng the m~st favorable objective natural-climati~c and soil
conditions for the cultivation of the particular type of product. Such a
distribution program for agricultural production wil~l require appropri~te
development of the road~transport system, the st~rehouse economy, the processing
industry vnd installaticns of the social infzastructure in the specialized.regions.
In this regard, special attention must be given to the erection of wholesale bases
for the storage of raw materials and to the development of the processing indu~try
- in the regions of concentrated production for ~ach type of product.
_ 5. Im~rovements in the structure ~f capital investments in agriculture. In thA
opinion of the speaker, the investment policies a~med at developing agriculture
must single out and substantiate trends which wfll bring about a real reduction in
' the periads for the repayment of capital invostments, by means of surplus product
- created in agriculture.
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s.,.. ~
A portion of the report was devoted to the problems concerned with improving the
economic mechanism. Here, in the opinion of the speaker, a great role ia to be
played by more extensive use of contractual arrangemente among branches,
associations, enterprises and regions. These contracts, which are organically
combined with the planned economy syster~, must prcvide for mutual economic
advantages for each of the partners and also for their mutual resp~nsib~lity for
' the accurate fulfillment of obligations.
In examining the problems concerned with price formation, V. Tikhonov emphasized the
- need for employing uniform principles in the formation of prices for all products of
APK branches, which ser.ve as objects for inter-branch exchange.
A considerable amount ot attention was given in the report to organizing tY:e system
of economic incentives for enterprises, aubunits and economic workers at all levels.
This svstem, according to the sreaker, must meet the following requirements: at
all levels the incentives work in a unidirectional manner; they are well defined and
operate automatically when a definite goal is achieved; the amount of incentive is
proportional to the result (goal) achieved and it has no limitation with the
exception of the degree to which the goal was achieved. Kolkhoz and sovkhoz
practice over a period of many years has shown that these requ,'.tements are.met by a
- collective form of wages and maCerial incentives known as the job contract plus
_ bonus system with periodic advances.
- In conclusion= the speaker discussed the course of work on "Proposals by the USSR
- Academy of Sciences on Developing the Country's Food Pro~ram."
Doctor of Laws M. Kozyr' (head of a section on legal problems A,sociated with the
development of the APK), in his report, noted that legal influence an the
~evelopment of the APK is associated with furthe�: improvements in that legislation
which defines the legal status of agricultural and agroindustrial enterprises and
ass~ciations and the legal status of organs of control; with the regulation of
= legally acceptable activity, the shortcomings of which are explained to a considerable
degree by the illegal imposition, upon agricultural enterprises and associations,
of tasks not called for in the state plans for the economic and social development
- of the USSR and the union republics. In addi*_ion to planning, an important role in
the economic mechanism of the APK is played by an economic contract. A considerable
expansion has taken place in the number of contractual arrangements among
~ agricultural enterprises and it is expected that this trer.d will continue in the
future. For it is precisely an economic cantract that establishes the equality of
the parties and their mutual property responsibility for failure to meet the
obligations and it can become an effective economic-legal instrument and an organic
component part of ineasures aimed at restoring the principle of equivalence in
comtnodity-monetary exchange and in evaluating the level of services of various
echeloris of the agroindustrial complex. An important condition for improving
contractual relationships between agricultural enterprises and associations with
other A PK partners is that of establishing efficient legal control over them, as is
- being done in industry based upon statutes approved by the USSR Council of Ministers.
Information on the operational plan of the scientific council was furnished by
scientist and secretary of the council, V. Balabanov.
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Candidate of Economic Sciences L. Nikiforov (head of a section on social problems
_ associated with development of the APK), in his report, singled o:~t a number of
problems concerned with obtaining the resources required for the socio-economic
development of the rural areas (financing, materials and so forth). The spe.aker
discussed the role played by the rural areas in solving the food problem, i:~ the
- production of consumer goods and in obtaining additional resources. In his opinion,
an improved attitude towards the regions, not only the administrative-territorial
but also the economic-organizational units, will ensure the complete utilization and
development of the p~tential existing in the regions. Am~ng the conditions which
determine the complex development of a territory, L. Nikiforov singled out the
~ following: the solving of a number of national economic problems by local economic
organs; the development of all-round special purpose programs for the development of
a territory or branch; taking into accoui~t the peculiarities of regions from the
standpoint of the kolkhozes and sovkhozes located within them (in those areas where
sovkhozes predominate, state funds are inveated for development of the social
infrastructure).
1'he speakers during the conference unanimously agreed that the agroindustrial
complex requires a single control, since it is of an interbranch nature; only a
- special organization, one that has been given extensive rights, can provide this
- single control.
- Candidate of economic sciences and deputy head of a department at USSR Gosplan
N. Smetanin discussed the preparation of the food plan by USSR Gosplan. Information
on the work of the Food Goods Committee of the USSR Academy of S~iences was provided
to the conference by scientist and secretary of the committee, Candidate of
Economic Sciences M. Polyakov. The deputy chairman of the VASKhNIL council, Doctor
of Economic Sciences I. Kurtsev, delivered a report on the work of the VASKhNIL
Council for Econom~c Relationships Between Agriculture and 6ther Branches of the
- Agroindustrial Complex.
More than 20 individuals, representatives of tre USSR Academy of Sciences,
scientific research organizations, VUZ's and planning and branch institutes,
participated in the debates over the reports rendered.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1981
7026
CSO: 1824/0/5
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E'UK urr~lc;lal., u5~ unLx
TILLING AND CROPPING Z'ECHNOLOGY
lIDC 631.81.095.337
PROBLEMS OF MICROFSRTILIZE RS IN USSR C ROP FARMING DISCUSSBD
t~scow AGRCIKHIMIYA in Russian No 10, Oct 81 pp Z46-1S3
- [Article by B.A. Yagodin: "Problem of Micro~ertilizers in USSR Farming"]
[Text] The intensive use of chemical processes, through mineral fertilizer
applications, produces no less than one half of the increase in cropping power
obtained. In view of the increaeing inveatmenta in agricultural production, extreme
importance is attached to achieving high agronomic and scoaomic effectiveness from
the u~e of mineral fertilizera and also to diaplaying concern for the quality of
the agricultural output. In solving the problems aseociated with furthor raising
~ the cropping power of cropa, while simultaneously raising the cropping power of the
crops, special importance is attacb,d to enauring that the plants are provided ~ith
- all of the required elements of mineral nutrition and i.n the correct and scientifically
sound manner. In those instances whsn the planta are eupplied with adequate amounte
of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, growth in the yielda obtained may be limited not only by the
potential of a particular variety, the intensity of illumination or the amount of
mot~ture, but also and quite often by a deficit of individual microelaments.
A deficit of microele~ienta in the aoil often p~ringe about a reduction in yield and
a deterioration in the quality of the crop, a number of plant diseaeea and quite
often it can result in the deatruction of the planta. The uae of appropriate
microfertilizers not only eliminates the poaeibility of diseases, but in addition
it enaures higher and better quality yields for the planta.
The theoretical principles underlying the uae of microelements, which are highly
developed at the present time, became universally recognized only when the presence
of microelements in varioua fermentation complexes wa8 e8tab11shed.
The positive effect generated by microelementa is conditioned by the fact that they
participate in the reduction-oxidation processes and in carbohydrate and nitrogen
exchangea and they rai~e the resiatance of planta to dia~asea and unfavorable
environmental conditions. Under the influ~ncs of micsoelements, the chlorophyll
content in leaves increassa, the photosyntheais ptoceas ia improved and the
asaimilating activity of a plant is int~naified. A tremendous role ia played by
the ability of many microelements to create an infinite nwnber of o~mpounds having
organic aubstances. A majority of the microelmments result in ~he appearance and
unfolding of a r.umber of biological proceasea. Quite often they are active centera
- for ferraents and vitamins [1, 2a. F~r example, molybdenum ie a part of two
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ferments: nitrate refluctase and nitrogenaee, participating accordingly in a
tranafer of electrona during the proceas of nitrata reatoration and the fixation of
molecular oxygen of the atmosphere [3-5). Copper, a part of many ferments
- (citrochromoxidasey polyphenoloxidase, Ranthineoxidase and others), participates in
the transfer of ~lectrons in reduction-oxidation react~.ions, during the oxidation of
an entire series of campoundd, in the photosynthesis process and in nitrogen,
auxin and nuclein exchanges. The role pla~ed by copper in photosynthesis is obviously
not limited to its inclusion itt ~he structure of plastocyanine or low-molecular
copper-containing protein, localized in chloroplasts, and Which participates in the
transporting of electrona I and II by photochemical systema [6]. In all probability,
copper also participates in the r~action associated with the seperation of oxygen.
Ttse functions of zinc in the metabolism of plants are very diverse. Owing to its
incluaion in carbonic anhydrase, malatdehydrogenase, alkali phosphatase and or.,her
- ferments, zinc participatea in the reduction-oxidation reactiona of respiration,
in nuclein and auxin exchanges and in regulating tha eyathesis of ATF [adenosine
triphosphate]. Zinc influencea the synthesis of auxins tbrough its participation in
the synthrsis of tryptophan [ 1] .
Manganese participates in a number of reduction-oxidation processes of photosynthesis
and reapiration, in the b~osynthesis of RNK [ribonucleaee],DNR [deoxyribonuclease]
and indolylacetic acid, in the reduction of hydroxyl~aine to ammonia and in the
nydrolysis and tranafer of groups in a carbohpdrate exchange and it ia included in
the structure of some dehydrogenasea, Hydroxylamine reductases and
glutaminetransferases.
In addition t~ the importance attached to etudying the role played by microelements
in various fermentation syeta~s, it should be noted that it would be wrong to reduce
their role to merely participating in the fermentation processea. Succeases
achieved in the field of molecular biology have underscored the one-sided and
limited nature of such an approach. Mtcroelements are capable of forming complexes
containing nucleic acids and of influencing the phyaical properties, atructure and
physiological functions of riboee [1]. Some well known facts concerning the role
played by microelementa are not linited only to their fermen~ation activity. For
example, boron is not included in the structure of any feranents and yet the
physiological role played by thia microelement is conaiderable. As is ~Cnown, it i.s
absolutely requtred for many planta and it participatea in the exchange of auxina
and phenol compounda [1]. Observations are available attesting to the need for
- boron during the initial stagea of phosphorus absorption by pulae planta.
It is known that co~alt is not included in the atructure of nitrog~nase, a fern?ent
which carriea out the reduction of molecular nitrogeno However, the participation
of cobalt in the nitrogen fixation procese hae been borne out by numeroua
obaervations. Cobalt also participatee in protain, nucleic and energy exchaingea
- [2].
The use of microfertilizers, by improving the balance in mfneral nouriehment for
the planta, serve8 ta increase considerably the size of the yields, it impraves the
- quglity of the producta and it raiaes the reaiatance of planta againat diseasea,
low and high temperaturea and drought coaditiona [7-9].
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lVl\ VL'L'1ViC1L UJL' VL'ILJL
Since the middle of our century, agrochemistry has taken a new and great step
forarard coincidental with gre~ter etnphasis being placed upcn the practical '
orientation of studies conducted in the field of microelements.
However, many examplea can be found of insufficient attention being given to the
uae of microelements in agricultural practice. Ttiis includes the rotting of beet
hearta, rosetting of fruit, a number of grain crop diaeases aad cobalt deficiency
in animalso In addition to cau~ing shortfalls and spollage in agric:ultural
products, failure to devote proper attention to micraele?uents can also aerve to
lower the ef�iciency of people and shorten their life apan, as a result of poor
- nutrition.
It beara mentinning tharc it will be impoaeible to further intensify agricultural
production in the future if use is not made of microfertilizare. This is baeed upon
= the fa~t that: 1) a f~rther increase in the use of mineral macrofertilizera lesds
to an increase in the requirements for microelements; 2) high yielda require the
availability of new and very efficient plant varietiea; in turn and in order to
take advantage of the high potantial and guaranteas for stable yields; ~ne new
varietiee should be provided with all of the required nutrients, inclu~iing micro-
fertilizers; 3) the uae of highly concentrated nitrogen, phosphoFUa and potassium
fertilizers, owing to the improved purification and absence of impurities in their
microelements, increasea the agricultural requirementa for microfertilizera; 4)
extremely high dosages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potasaium produce an unfavorable
ion balance in the aoil aolution for the microelements ahd thus their absorption
capability deterioratea.
It bears mentioning that during thia modern atage in the study of microelements,
the reaearchers are devoting greater attention to those microelementg which were
not studied earlier from an agronomic or physiological atandpoint: iodine, lithium,
_ ammonia, vanadium, titanium, selenium, silicon, rubidium, bromine and fluotcineo It
is hoped that in the near future the reaearchera will establfah the need for and the
s~~cific role to be played by the new microelements in the vital activities of
plants.
Mareover, we are of the opinion that special attention ahould be given to revealing
the primary action of a particu2ar microelemer.t, such that we do not becane
entangled in a uraltiplicity of aubsequent reactions. We believe that a stage has
arrived in the atudy of microelements wherein thorough theoretical stuclies that are
based upon a detailed knowledge of a particular physiological process are ~ustified,
together with agrochemical works concerned with optimizing the system of mineral
nutrition.
An important problem associated with the theory and practical use of microelements
ie that of determining the requirementa for Chem of varioue crganiams. For example,
pulse pZants contain conaiderably more molybdenum and accumulate 2-10 times more
iron than do cereal grain crops [3, 10]. Pulae planta requ�re cobalt fertilizera
to a greater degree than do other crops [2, 11]. The different requirements for
microelementa among varioua planta, microorganiama and animals require thorough
atudy. Thia ia especially important in light of the use of microelement
supplementary feedings in poultry and animal husbandry and subsequent use of
organic fertilizera, with soluti~na being found for the problems o� a balance in
elements and environmental protectioa.
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One cri.*_erion for the degree to which plants should be supplied with u~icroelements,
and hence the need for applying the appropriate microfertilizers, is th~ir content
in the soil. In the process, th~e most important consideration here ia not the
- overall (gross) quantities of individual microelements in the soil, but rather their
availability in mobile forms. Indeed, these foxms determine to a certain degree the
accessibility of the microelements for the planta. The quantity of microelements in
mobile form quite often amounts to 10-15 percent of their overall content in the
soil for Cu, Mo, Co and Zn and 2-4 percent for B. In rdd~tion, in ~rder to
evaluata correctly the degree ts~ which the planta are ~upplied with microelements
from the soil, one must neceasarily take into account such rather complicated
phenomena as their synergism and antagonism.
The important role play~a ~y microelementa in raising the productivity of crops and
the AVAr :