THE TRUTH ABOUT LIE DETECTORS IN BUSINESS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000200140001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 23, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 29, 1972
• Content Type: NSPR

2 9 OCT 1972
Annrrjed For ease /03104: IA DR60-016
- r. ~, i'le
The lie detector, once used
almost entirely for govern-
ment security applications
and criminal investigations,
is being appropriated by
more and more businesses
as a routine tool for screen-
ing employes and job
applicants.
Examples of the trend
abound:
9As a result of an invento.
ry shortage a few years ago,
which amounted to $500,000
worth of diamonds and
which allegedly was the
work of insiders, Harry Win-
ston, Inc., the Fifth Avenue
jewelers, now subjects ap-
plicants to lie-detector tests
.,as a condition of employ-
ment.
On the walls of Pamida
discount department stores
in the Middle West are
signs warning employes of
the concern's use of lie-
detector tests in instances
of "theft, inventory short-
ages, dishonesty and other
irregularities."
(]At the Flying Tiger Cor-
poration, job candidates
seeking work in the com-
pany's air - cargo facilities
are given polygraph tests to
' detect; among other things,
those applicants who ne
lect
g
District Attorney's crime
to report any past claims for prevention advisory board,
workman compensation. Of agrees, noting that "the poly-
particular interest are claims graph can save innumerable
which back and neck ck to injuries, hours that otherwise would
wct be required in the checking
or check. heck. are difficult u of references."
detector 90 a sampling are chlie- Essentially, the polygraph
t' given tests periodical-
the s nothing more than an elec-
ment Fair stts s are r discount theo-
of tdepart- e trical instrument that theo-
retically measures an indi-
ent stores in upstate New vidual's emotional reactions
York and Ohio. This so- indirectly through recordings
11 called "periodic testing is ~h
in addition to those regular- of involuntary 1 ysialogi-
ly given to new employes. cat changes that occur under
_ 4 .. nit, ,. .... .....t:.. .... .....1.,
l
time polygraph specialist on
its security staff to adminis-
ter the tests.
Besides its use as a crime
deterrent, polygraph testing
is being deployed in indus-
try as a means of verifying
all kinds of information that
jab' candidates are asked to
supply on standard applica-
tion forms--drug use, alco-
holism, legitimacy of experi-
ence claims, medical history
and even the seriousness
,about a job that requires
extensive trairling.
A recent study prepared
by the American Civil Liber-
ties Union on the use of the
polygraph by private indus-
try notes reasons for its
letectors inBusmess
applicants is to use a lie de- During the real cross ex-
tector. Instead of spending - amination, the polygraph ex-
all the time and money aminer intersperses irrele-
necessary to independently vant questions: "Is your
check every detail of the name Fred?" "Is this the
applicant's background, the month of November?" "Are
employer can simply ask a you wearing black shoes?"
series of questions and veri- These serve as controls in-
fy the truthfulness of the tended to generate a base
responses. The savings be- line on the chart paper that
come greater and greater as indicate mere nervousness
increasing mobility makes it over the test itself.
harder and harder to trace Then come the important
an applicant's background." questions. For job prospects,
The report, entitled "The the line of questioning will
Use of Polygraphs as 'Lie generally follow the format
Detectors' in Private Indus- of the company's standard
try," was prepared by two application form, with some
Princeton University doctor- more sensitive questions
al candidates, Patricia Brown added: "Have you ever
and Stephen Carlson. stolen anything from a pre-
The average lie-detector vious employer?" "Do you
test costs $25, compared believe that employes are
with more than $100 for a justified in taking merchan-
background check, accord- disc that is the property of
ing to Saul D. Astor, presi- an employer?"
dent of Management Safe- For existing employes un-
guards, Inc., a consulting dergoing a routine screen-
concern that specializes in ing, the questions can take
loss prevention. "As a re- the following form: "Have
sult," he said, "polygraph you been giving any un-
examinations have become a authorized discounts to
routine part of doing busi- friends or other employes?"
ness for many corporations Are you allowing any close
of all types and sizes across
the country."
Jerome B. Shier, a mem-
ber of the Queens County
graph experts c
aim, can be The woman was particu-
interpreted by trained exam- larly disturbed by what she
iners for indications of when considered "very personal"
deception has been at- questions: "Did . you ever
tempted. steal?" "Did you ever
Testing requires that a cheat?" "Were you ever
subject be "wired up" so treated for mental illness?"
that continuous readings can "Did you get along with
be taken on changes in your family?"
blood pressure, perspiration Another woman recalled
and respiration as questions that she broke into tears
are posed. when she underwent a lie-
Before the machine is detector test prior to her
during which he is supposed a terrible experience," she
to lose his fear "if he has said. Particularly upsetting,
nothing to hide," explained she noted, was the question
Lincoln Zonn, president of a "Have you ever done any-
polygraph service concern thing that you were
that bears his name. But, if ashamed of?"
versa] testing.
"The polygraph sure scares
the hell out of the crooks,"
said Mel Mandell, author of
a book on security, "Being
Safe," "We're not certain
how it worlds, but people
who have things to hide just
don't show up to take the
exam. It really helps 'screen
out the bad apples."
Typical of this kind of re-
action by employes asked to
a secretary in a large im-
porting concern in Queens.
The company had made its
request following an inven-
tory shrinkage amounting to
$45,000 in hardware. Though
the quickesApr?1v ,
~dr
bull nsior ?11 3/fl ~:lCsz1AditD~PNgi0 6 j`r'~ '4:Ja4q r' j7
view W
t
t
f
i
eluding some businessmen
and security professionals
who believe that any re-
course to polygraph testing
should be confined to in-
stances of significant loss.
The A.C.L.U. study goes
even further and sets forth
arguments for banning the
machine outright as a per-
sonnel tool. It argues that
the process is "degrading to
human dignity," that it goes
against the notion that ""one
is innocent until proven
guilty" and that it "forces
one into a position of self-
incrimination."
The study also finds that
any adverse findings "abro-
gates" a person's rights to
confront his accuser and, fi-
nally, that the technique
represents an "illegal search
and seizure of .the subject's
thoughts, attitudes and
beliefs."
On this last point, John
Enell, vice president for re-
search of the American Man-
agement Association, zeroes"
in on the, uneasiness over
th
e use of the polygraph.
friends or relatives through
your register?" "Have you "People may feel uneomfort?
deliberately rung up any able about going through the
merchandise in an amount process even if they are not
lower than the regular crooks, because no one can
price?" be sure of what they may re-
How a subject responds machinetheEpresence
rybodyof hthe
as.
can determine his fate re-. something tucked away in
tinued his initial or his con- their background that they
timed employment. are not proud of and wish
One female employe of to leave unexposed," he said.
Harry Winston, the jewelers, There is, on the other
who had been tested follow- .hand, an abundance of docu-
ing the shrinkage in diamond mentation showing that the
inventory, said that she lie detector has been effec-
minded taking the test. But, tive in checking internal
she added, "the test was crime and stemming business
probably necessary, so I was loss, even though this may
willing to do it." not be justification for uni-
STATINTL
o Vc' a mge
ways
res o
many rnc
.Y ;
rvrduais, ill-
amount of information com- r 1 _ _.
ing from a large number of C Qiz .
 Approved For Release b "~`/ 4gjo''-~t& 61
STATINTL agency, W06fy_ director Adm.
z^~r
U i.; U L~;i "J.: L:.i
In 1969, at 39, Marchetti looked
like a comer---dressing a bit less
establishment than the pin-stripe
CIA dons, and sometimes playing
the professional Italian, which
was strange, seeing that his
ancestors were German-speaking
Tyrole-ans, only Italian by sur-
And living to tell about it, more or less
By Henry Allen
You'll never ... there's no way.
. . . you have to be in it to
understand.
Victor Marchetti, poor 'boy
from a Pennsylvania mining town,
former bright young mart of the
Central intelligence Agency exec-
utive suite, understands. He
spent 14 years with the CIA. Now,
he's fighting an agency suit to
censor anything else he writes
about intellJ ,once. His novel, The
Rope Dancer, startled old agency
friends with its bitterness, and his
article in The Nation attacked the
whole showout there in Langley.
But he still understands-that's
something you never lose. He
understood, per hips, on the very
moment it all began, one spring
night in 1955, vwhen he walked
into a hotel room in University
Park, Pa. and met the man with
two fingers missing from his ci? a-
rette 11 arid, one of those old Gas
spook types, magnificently diffi-
dent, the right schools, the right
scars--the recruiter.
Trying to make you understand,
Marchetti tells you:
"On the way down in the eleva-
tor, afterwards, he put his arm
around my shoulders and he said,
'Marchetti, you're the kind of guy
we're looking for. You're not just
one of these cofiet e boys. You've Z~l knocked around-Paris, the Army
"If that guy had given me a gun
and told me to go assassinate
Khrushchev, I would have left for
Moscow right from the hotel
lobby."
But finally, this former bright
young man, this spoilt priest of
the curia of American intelligence
-finally Marchetti shrugs and
tells you: "You'll never . . .
there's no way ... you have to be
in it ..."
One afternoon in 1k'69, Mar-
despair of a man who has lost his
faith. It was over.
He had just sat across the desk
from Richard Helms, director of
the CIA, for the last time, had told
him no, he wasn't moving to an-
other job, but yes, he was work-
ing on a spy novel.
it came out in 1971. It was about
a poor boy from a Pennsylvania
mining town who makes it all the
way Lip to executive assistant to
the deputy director of the Na-
tional Intelligence Agency, and
then, for no apparent reason,
starts selling the Soviets every
secret he can xe rox, photograph
or tape-record.
Helms had noted Marchetti's
steady rise from a year of clandes-
tine field work to the analysis
desks of the Intelligence Directo-
rate, to a slot on the national esti-
mates staff, which measures mili-
tary and political potentials of
other countries; then up to the
executive Stiite to be the "token
dago" as Marchetti puts it, of the
14 men who attended morning
coffee every weekday at 9. They
were all "spooks," Marchetti re-
calls, meaning that the inner cii-
de that runs the CIA is not com-
posed of the sort of tidy intellec-
tuals who could spend 20 years
stLrd-ing Kurdish newspapers
down in the directorate, but of
the guys who savor the spook
game for the game's sake--ev-
erything from locking the type-
writer ribbons up at night to run-
ning airlines in, say, South Amer-
Ica; everything from "termination
with extreme preiudice," which is
what the CIA calls assassination,
to the toppling of a pt.rticularly
aggravating Middle Eastern re-
gime.
Marchetti was executive assist-
ant to the number-two man in the
chctti drovr~~lF ~1~i~i1 1fF~ 1- O' gig,
he was crying with the spastic Style
name--but still promising. "I
never thought of Vic as naive,"
says an associate from those days.
"Vic was smart. Smart and ... I
can't think of the right word ... it
isn't 'devious'..."
Perhaps he only needed a little
seasoning. Perhaps he could have
risen very high if, like most men
in very high places, he learned to
relish working not only on the
strengths of his convictions or his
cynicisms, but on pure animal
survival instinct.
Anyhow, Helms had seen it
happen to a lot of bright young
men. He had seen there go stale,
get nervous, get bitter or compla-
cent. Sometimes they quit, like
Marchetti. Sometimes they built
little bureaucratic fiefdoms for
themselves. Sometimes they just
waited out their pension time.
It was the kind of sea change
that's an occupational hazard in
any outfit that demands loyalty
bordering on infatuation-the
Marine Corps, for instance, or
some Ivy League collees-the
kind of organizations whose min-
ions purse their lips and nod their
heads every so often and vow that
they're "going to write a book
about it Someday."
So Marchetti wrote his book
about it.
"Listen, I'm no Daniel Ells-
borg,"he says n6w. "I never loved
anything in my life so much as the
CIA. I was going to be one of
these guys who fret special dis-
pensations to keep working past
retirement age. I wanted to die
with my boots on."
(Between discreet "no com-
ments," a former supervisor of
Marchetti let slip a surprised/"Oh,
really?" when Marchetti'senthu-
siasm was quoted to him.)
f,Tfh80-01601 R000200140001-7
section of i irce Washington
continued
 Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 F X040001-7
WINCHESTER, VA.
STAR
su 2 0 137Z
E - 14,934
Can Detector Lie?
Lie detectors frequently are
resorted to in weeding out
suspects in major crimes. Are
such tests dependable?
What the lie detector measures
is emotional responses to
questions, and some of the worst
people have no guilt or shame to
be measured.. When the CIA some
years ago was reportedte'depend--.-
on lie datector tests in evaluating
job applicants, one expert said it
was misled.
. One of the things the CIA was
interested in was the sex life of
potential employees.
bad job risks, for example,
because of their susceptibility to
blackmail. But, said the expert,
the homosexual doesn't feel guilty
about his sex life and may ac-
tually be proud of it. Others, with
no deep feelings about anything,
can similarly get by with flying
colors.
That left the normal, all-
American type of virile young
man, who was embarrassed by
questions. That led to official
suspicion and ultimate rejection
of the very people who would have
been best on the job.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 R000200140001-7
 Approved For Release 200470410 3CGA9RDP80-016
~t i rf~` t
0 l
t., t t r3 k li N'-21
2 SEP 1972
IN"
t;:;tr ~. a . } t!~ ? b~+~-s r~ c~3 -t ~3 4'~ ~~~t
3 ~ r}~
i rr
S
~
L r f to
i o p ft
1 Y f; ; u' ?L ti t e r 1
C1)In11 G xile as j s He Was 111voly din .
BY JACK No L$O
Tirn 5trt1 Writer
IM?ITAMI'----Two suspects Perez added, however,
in the J)emocratic Nation- that he would consult an
al Committee b u h h ill g. attorney before deciding
case who arranger1 for the whether to go ahead with
processing of. film--alle- the test.
.redly of Democratic doc- He told a reporter: "Only %tments at a photo shop a stupid person would
here have been as>oeiat~?d take film like that to a
in anti-Castro tictivities commercial shop to, be
with an employe of the developed and printed.
STATINTL
thorities.
Richardson said he had
never talked. to Barker or
Sturgis or to any of their
representatives before or
since the June 10 transac-
tion.
Ile also disclosed that on
the play he saw the news
photos he went to the FBI
nffirn in Miami and tall:erl
th
ith
ct ctUCxi~ a>vu4
e
b C employe, Jenaro w
T
is pretty sn~;u?t., too smart transaction.
Perez, 3G, told newsmen to (10 it." I I e said that two or tierce
and a state attorney's in-. % c(zs later two aunts
vestirator that Bernard L. The lanky Cuban said he 7
Barker and Frank Sturgis had been involved ill anti(' went to the shop to ques-
were ton; time acquain.. Castro activities, since 19Y) tion him again about the
t:tnces of his. Like him and was employed by the description of an unidenti-
i.'ney are Cuban-born Mi- CIA. in 1961 and.1f)6;:i. lied man he said had ac-
an.ians who have worked Richardson, meanwhile,, conlpanicd Barker and
in the past. with the Cen- insisted in all interview Sturgis to the. shop after
tral Intelligence Agency that. both Barker and Stur- the film h.a d been.
and they were all involved gis were in his shop ' a processed.
i.n anti i',astro activities, wv e e k before t h e y and Richardson said that al-
I)enirs Testimony there other suspects, all though one agent told him
But Perez denied sworn wearing surgical gloves, that he might be called to
testimony by the operator were caught while trying testify. in Washington on
of the photo ;:hop, Michael . to bur, the Democratic of- the case, he had heard
Richardson, that Barker ' rites in Washington. Be nothing further from the
and Sturgis went to the said he had never met the federal government on the
shop on June 10 and ar- suspects but recognized ? matter. A federal grand
ranged for Richardson to them from news 'photo- Jury, in Washington cur-
process 38 closeup shots of graphs after their arrest.. rently is investigating the
1) e ni o c ratic corninmittee The film he processed, case.
documents. ` he said,' showed two pairs T h e Miami, H e r a 1 d,
Perez, like Richardson, of hands wearing surgical meanwhile, reported that
gave sworn testimony he- gloves... and holding cloc- in the early stages of the
hind closed doors to Mar-.. unients bearing, Democrat- politically sensitive case,
tin Dardis, chief investiga- be National .Committee let- without, a n y direction
tor for State Atty. Richard terheads f r o in . Washington, t h e
E. Gerstein. Richardson, a. Republi_ M'alai office of the FBI
In the hallway after- can, said: "I didn't know rail a full investigation."
wards,', I?ardis indicated can, ter there was any- But in - July,- the Herald
whoth
dissatisfaction with Per- thing illegal about it at the added, "the' Justice De-
ez's answers and discussed time, but when I saw the partment in Washington
the possibility of giving photos and the news story cooled the Miami FBI in-
him a, polygraph test. Dar- I put' everything togeth- vestigation, a s s i g n i n g
' "dis said Richardson had, e1 .1 leads to be pursued on a
willingly taken such a test Shakedown Charge request basis only."
and "passed it with flying Richardson emphatically
colors denied ?a charge by Henry
Perez, smiling at a re- B, Rothhlatt, a New York'
porter standing nearby, a t t o r n e y, representing
?said, "I will take the lie de- Barker and Sturgis, that
tector test but I Will tell Ile had tried to "shake'
APOINSV ;ftpe ' (O~ " 20 G310 f li~1RP'P80-01601 R000200140001-7
ICIN for ro tat i g a )out c
to do it." film transaction with au-
 tnt; m_LJ_UVU hnttEUhu STATINTL
20 August 1972
1 ,-RDP80-01M
'Once the glamour tool of murder
mysteries, the lie detector is moving into
every phase of American life.
Lincoln Zonn, the-first-man in history sition he holds in, the s me Massachu-,
to make a million dollars with a lie detec- setts bank to this day: Investment coun-
And that could present problems - , COI IN DANGAAF,D, a lierald'staIf 'iritcr, once challenged a po-
lygraph-and lost.
even -for._an l:?conest Abe
_.__.._.._-_ ~.-. ,.. .__.. , 'I'lte president, a man with a quick eye
B yCC)lin lard for profit, agreed. The next day he moved
the teller from his window post to the Po-
.
.
,,
find the missing $1,000. There were nine.. The files of Lincoln Zonn, Who founded
tellers, nine booths. and outside security, the world's largest polygraph company 15
.was good. years ago with $35, bulge with such anec-
Carefully, he hooked, each teller to a:' dotes. He has personally conducted over
polygraph and, amongst others, asked the' 35,000 testis, and taken over 200 himself.
-question, "Have you taken money from; "I've never beaten the instrument," he
any customers at this bank?" All replied says, sitting in a 'plush office where the
"No." But changes in heartbeat, respira motif is black and white. "But I've no
?t.ion pattern and perspiration level doubt some people have. The polygraph
showed the' head teller answered with dif- is designed to chow what people believe
fioulty. - not.what the truth is. Give me some-
Zonu ran- what'he calls a "peak of tell- body who honestly believes he is Napo-: .
W1011 test;" he' multiplied, in.units of five, loon, and I'll prove he is with a'lie-deter-
the amount of money alleged stolen. tor test."
At $20,000 the head teller was still ex Zonn, head of the multimillion-dollar
periencing stress with the denial.'1)ie're- company that bears his name, is'movi.ng
action remained right up to $90,000.-- into Dade County as ' the polygraph.
but stopped suddenly at $95,000. Zonn moves deeper into the American way of
called the president of the bank and, said, life, with over 2,000 of the machines now
"I thin]: you're missing somewhere be- monitoring guilty hearts and sweaty
tween $.90,000 and $95,000." paln'is across the nation.
"Impossible," said the president. "We
rttp--an audit on all accounts. All but the
tiox napt accounts that haven't been used ' V r ith pilferage levels rising everywhere
in 10 years or more . - ." like mercury: in August, department
An audit of the dormant accounts, stores from ?n T'iffany's to Kwik Chek are,
however, turned tip a shortage of $92,000.? calling on the polygraph to help screen
"There are two- things I've got to tell. employes. More and more judges are let-"you," said-Zomi to the head teller. "First, ting it through the back door of their
you failed your test. Second, the bank is court, 'if not the front,. and -banks have
missing $92,000." ,The teller reached in been using it as a matter of course for de-
;his pocket,- pulled out a slip of paper and. cades. The FBI .resorted to polygraph re-
;said, "To be exact -- $92,543." ' c-ently to track clown "news leaks" in the
Later, Zonn heard the full story. The. State Department ind, in Dade County,
teller had stolen the money and ran it up it has become a . prerequisite for employ-
to lialf-a-million dollars'an the stock ex- ment with the City of Miami, despite ve-
,change. - He agreed to pay back- all lie hement - objections from the American
owed,, plus 'interest at the highest rate,. Civil Liberties Union. In New York, poly-
making AP#"or U' 1 n E li 8V-tM ~'' F~'Ot ~ 00 40001-7
condition prose-
cuted. Continued
than confident he would selor
was mire
tor
 M CIMMIST3"20 L.~'. `i x~'UI Y
Approved For Release 2 i Y3i a (:F12RDP80-01601 RO
e re i -- v r
SOLVEIG LGGERZ
are probed annually in regard to tho most in irnate details of their lives..
Snoo
In flhe name of 'national. securii-y,' thousands of employees and app,t
+ 1)0 YOU BELIEVE in God? Do you love your
othcri, low frequently do you urinate? Do you
,lave satisfactory sex relations? Those are questions
that most people consider highly personal and
private, questions strangers have no business asking.
But they are precisely the kind of questions that will
he put to you if you happen to work for the federal
government, and answering them is part of the price
you pay for a job that promises security and regular
pr'()iiiotiOtis.
It is not generally known that Washington hires
thousands of psychologists to investigate every nook
and cranny of the. employee's thoughts and atti-
tudes. The assumption is that his answers to ques-
tions regarding attitudes on sex, religion and family
life reveal whether the individual is "normal" or
"deviate" and determine his "suitability for em-
ployment." I-fence, in the name of "national secu-
rity," thousands of employees and applicants arc
probed annually on the most intimate details of
their lives. They are asked to "be truthful with the
government" about-things they would not disclose
to their best friends. But, to ensure truthfulness,
they arc strapped to lie detectors and subjected to a
whole battery of psychological tests. Not only is such
a psyche probe humiliating. Since it strips the
person of all his secrets, it shatters his dignity.
Harnessed to a Polygraph
Recently, a young college graduate applying for a
job with the National Security Agency (NSA) was
.asked, while harnessed to a polygraph, to answer the
following among other questions: ?
When was the first-time you had sexual relations with a
woman?
Have you ever engaged in sexual activity with an animal?
When was 'the first time you had sexual intercourse with
your wife?
Did you have sexual intercourse with her before mar-
riage? How many times?
And an i8-year-old college sophomore applying for
a sumrner job as secretary was questioned on the
details of her relationship with her boyfriend. For
example: "Did he abuse you? Did he do anything
STATINTL
unnatural to you? You didn't get pregnant, did you?
There's kissing, and petting, and intercourse; and
after that, did he force you to do anything to him or
did'h do anything to you?"
Approximately 20,000 lie-detector tests are givers
annt"Tally in I9 federal agencies. The defense depart-
ment alone administers some 12,000 such tests per
year. The NSA and the CIA are exempt - from
furnishing statistics, but they are rumored to give
about g,oo0. Presumably, the results of the tests
remain confidential. But there is much evidence to
the contrary. A woman employee of the defense
department, already cleared to handle military se-
crets, was due for a promotion. But rather than take
a lie-detector test she passed up the chance, because
she had heard that the polygraph operators were
notorious gossips about their subjects' reactions to
questions on intimate sexual matters. It seems in-
deed that an applicant's or employee's results follow
him for the rest of his career. For instance, a young
Vietnam veteran, seeking a job in federal law
enforcement, was asked in the course of his test to
describe his life in Vietnam, including the names of
all of the girls with whole he had had sexual
relations. lie (lid. not take the job. Later on, how-
ever, he applied for work with the Washington
metropolitan police force - and was turned down.
Among the reasons given by' an official was the lie-
detector test lie had taken earlier. Ile then applied
to the interior department's park service, which
tested hire extensively. But again the original test
caught up with hirtl; he was asked questions based
on it. In the end he was refused a job. The
department, he was told, had "too much informa-
tion on him.
Polygraph tests in the federal government are
generally administered by polygraph technicians
rather than by trained psychologists. Not vdithout
cause, it is widely believed that these technicians
enjoy a high degree of professional rapport and
share confidences with each other. As for strictly
psychological tests, the Civil Service Commission
forbids inquiries into the intimate life of employees.
But a loophole in the commission's directive permits
-----Approved For Release 2001/03/04 ClA DP60 601 ROOfi200Is40001QV a medical
M?c. I'figerz, a native of Iceland, is a Washington-based free- examination. It is rumored that government agen-
lantce writer. des frequently send employees they intend to retire
 J A HZ:NG`1'Ul~.; ' r.vS
Approved For Release 2001/03/043:IMA I P80-01601R
STATINTL
ed. lCiller" -We
-By Paul W, Valentine
roie Alddbd
Walter Lee Parman, the sad-faced cille Kitterman, at the Hi-Hat Cocktail
Minnesota drifter convicted in the mu- Lounge in the Ambassador Hotel at
tilation murder of a State Department 14th and K Streets NW, on the evening
secretary here seven years ago, now of Jan. 8, 1965.
claims he and the woman were en- After a long night of drinking and
general revelry, prosecutors said, Miss
snared in a dark tangle of secret gov- Kitterman went home and Parman
ernment missions and undercover lured Miss Cary to his Dupont Circle
work. apartment.
Parman's story-complete with ? There, when she ridiculed his sexual
names, dates, pho'he numbers and at .,_advances, a sudden uncontrollable
,/ least two verifiable CIA contacts-de- rage was triggered in Parman, prosecu-
scribes in detail a shadowy sequence of tors claimed. He ripped off the wom-
covert meetings and instructions an's clo.tiies, garrotted her with a rope,
through double and triple blinds lead- bit her savagely about the body, then
ing to his first and only assignment dumped her corpse in an alley off the
here.in early January, 1965, as a tour-. 3800 block of Garfield Street NW be-
`ier of false passports and other papers. fore fleeing to California, prosecutors
If true, the story could also set a
new' stage for Parman's continuing
claim of innocence in the death of
Shirley Ann Cary, the stout, dark
haired, 32-year-old State Department
secretary found strangled, nude and
mutilated in a Northwest alley the
m of J 9 196
morning o an: a.
When the prosecution rested, de-
fense attorneys introduced an unex
petted and dramatic "truth serum"
tape recording of Parman confessing
the murder-a trial strategy calculated
to convince the jury that Parman was,
after all, insane. Groaning and weep-
count in an intricate pattern
identical.
Parman's account b e g i n
with the summer of 1964, whe
a MMlinneapolis' aircraft part
manufacturing firm. As a mem
her of Local 1313' of the Inter
national Association of Ma
training at the . University o
Wisconsin in Madison.
There, he says he joined
rump group of five or si
"rebels" who broke from th
sessions in which they, dis-
cussed local union takeover
tactics, industrial espionage
and the theft of airplane plans.
ing under the influence of sodium pen
The leader or the rebel
The detail, elaboration and exactness tothal injected by a psychiatrist, Par- group,. he said was a man
of many of Parman's claims are bal- man described the killing in minute known to him only as "Red"
anted against what his prison psychol- detail. The jury, however, refused to. Who was, pr,isirnlnt of the
ogist calls Parman's history as an "al- find him not guilty by reason of insan-
most brilliant pathological liar." It ity and convicted him. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft
-must also - be measured against the Parman has since claimed that lie Cor `c -al in `'1 ? ,p isin, Mo.
judgment of a former high ranking faked the confession and has offered Vo ocal to?len touch
CIA professional that Parman's story to undergo another sodium pentothal therea;le r, Par?r.an said, the
"has an amateur ring to it." test to prove he can do it, "Friends calk-c+ itself the
of :Neidelber?" and
Y.et both the psychologist, Dr. Fred- - Warman has an I.Q. of 130, each, m?tuber iecerved a small
/ eric de Aboitiz, and the former CIA of- far above average. Combined gold l1pet pin); rcpllca of what
ficial, Victor L. Marchetti, say the with his keen memory, rich Parman calie,6 the ? "Heidpl-
whole thing could have happened. imagination and mastery at berg Gate" as a secret identify-
"Anything is possible -in the intelli- masking his emotions, it is pos- ins sign.
genre world," says Marchetti. sible he could fabricate to a Parman sa'd he returned to
s "Even pathological liars tell the limited extent under sodium Minneapolis a id in November, t
truth," says de Aboitiz. pentothal, his prison psycholo- 1964, received a call from Hol-i
Parman, 38, was convicted of the gist .says.) gate Y;iung, trim education as-
murder on June 16, 1966, and sen- Parman says he falsified the :sociate for IAM headquarters
-tented to life imprisonment. He is now confession at his 1966 trial be- in Washington, telling him to
at Lorton Correctional Complex 20 cause he felt it. was the only prepare :to ..'Om- to. Washing-
miles south of Washington. way he could beat the murder ton oo an unriisclosed assign-i
There were no known witnesses to charge. He says he never told ment. oung had not partici-
the murder. Police and FBI developed his-attorneys about his clande- pated it the r(eke, group meet-~
an elaborate web of circumstantial stifle relationship with Shirley ingts the pre.eding summer,
evidence-fingerprints, blood traces, Ann Cary and the circumstan- Parman, said but his name
clothing-which led to Parman's arrest ces surrounding it. because he was often mentioned as
in Los Angeles three weeks after the- feared no one would believe thous3k he were part of the ap-
?crime and his conviction 17 months. him and there might be un- paratus
after that. specified reprisals against him young to)J Parman he .
He appealed unsuccessfully to both if he went "public." wotild receive more specific
the U.S. Court of Appeals on his Washing-
ppeals and the Su- He says he now wants to take ton" assiCnme~rt from a man
preine Court in 1967 and 1968. Ile is that step. named Robert L. Gales at Min-I
continuing to attack the conviction ? His story-given to this re= nag soli; phone number 335?;
today through a form of habeas corpus porter along with many of his 1
.procedure but has no attorney and is private papers, letters and a 0811, Parman ' i'id.
.representing himself. written waiver of any confl- A few' days later, Gales
. Prosecutors:claimed Parman drifted dential relationship he had called Parman, told him to re-
into Wash' i y~, c psO ort to WVashi,,gton by Jan. 20,
picked uple~~ 01 R* rIPsf'isr' /iNirist~P80-U111~t(~0@ 'E~Odc
other State Department secretary, Lu- en.into.the original police ac- name.i. Dolores rre a or.
STATINTL
 SV Z.^~/S~4J P_r k
A.y r eas 0 OlA04 CIRDP$
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 STATINTL
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.-- 434,849
-NOV 1 Qie Sil
- N11.01111
V, lenbacnia once you've heard Cleve Backster's
Evidence of Primary Perception in Plant
Life." }te'1l give the free, public l e c t u r e
f,-Wednesday at 8'p.m..in McCormica Audito-
,xiuni of the Science Center on Lake Forest
College's middle campus. Backster is a con-
troversial figure in scientific circles; his cre
dentials include experience instituting a pol-
l, ygraph examination program in association
with the Central Iriteiljgcnco Agcnc!3r?d run-
Ding a school 'and research foundation for pol-
ygraph, usage. To find the middle c.arnpus,
exit from'U.S. 41 on Deerpath and drive east
to Sheridan, then south one block to' the en-
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 Approved For Release !QQJYQ04 P CI -RDP80-01601
1 1971 STATINTL
from time to time the, question is asked why
newspapers novcr seem to get anything right and
one answer, of course, is that we try, but that we
are only human. Another answer, however--and a
better one---is that in the complex and de.licat:e in-
terworkin.gs of the press and the government it
takes atileast a little cooperation by the. government
if the public is to get a .version, of events which can
properly be said to be right. As a case in point, we
would like, strictly For Your Information., to walk
you through a brief case history involving a news
story on Page One of The Washington Post, on
Sept. 3, and a subsequent article on this page on
Sept. 8, both of which asserted that. the Federal
Bureau of investigation had employed lie detector
(poly;graph) tests in an investigation of State De-
partment employees. The original story said three or
four officials were interrogated in this fashion as
part of a government-wide inquiry into a leak of
classificd information having to do with the Ameri-
can position in. the SALT negotiations. Today, in
the letters space on the opposite page, FBI Director
Hoover states categorically that both stories were
?' tit.aIly and completely untrue" and that "at no
time did the FBI use polygraphs, as alleged, in its
investigation." He takes us sharply to task for "this
inept handling of information."
Well, we have looked into the matter and it is
clear that we were wrong about the FBI's use of
He detectors. We are pleased to have this oppor-
tunity to express our regrets to Mr. Hoover and to
set the record straight. But we are not prepared to
Leave it at that, if only because the implication of
Mr. Hoover's sweeping denial ("totally and conl-
pl etely untrue") is that, the original story was en-
tircly wrong---that no polygraphs in fact were used
upon ut.ate Department employees --- and this is
clearly not the case. Nor is it quite so certain whose
handling of this information was "inept." The facts
arc, from all we can gather, that polygraph, tests
were administered to State Department officials by
employees, and with equipment belonging to an
v outside agency---presumably the Central Intelli-
gence Agency which has these instruments avail-
able for rcgulai. use in security checks of its owi'i
personnel.
in other words, we had the wrong agency, which
is an important error and one we would have been
happy to correct immediately, before it had been.,
compounded in the subsequent article on Sept. 8,
if somebody in tlce'government had chosen to speak
up. But the I'Bl was silent until Mr. Hoover's letter
arrived 1.0 days later, and Secretary of State Rogers,
who was asked about the story at a press conference~
on Sept. 3 in a half-dozen. different ways, adroitly
avoided a yes-or-no answer every time. That is to
say, he did not confirm the role of the 11BI, but'
neither did he deny it, he simply refused'to discuss
methods,-while upholding the utility of lie-detector
tests in establishing probable innocence, if not prob.,
able guilt. And that remains the State Department's
position, even in the face of Mr. Hoover's denial.
No clarification, no confirmation, no comment-
despite the fact that the original story in. The Post
had been checked with. the State Department anal
the role of the 10131 had been confirmed by an offi-
cial spokesman on those familiar anonymous, not-
for-attribution terms which government officials
resort to when they don't want to take responsibility
publicly for what they say, and which newspaper
reporters yield to when there is no other way to
attribute assertions of fact.
The result of this protracted flim-flam was, first
of all, to leave the Justice Department and the 1131'
falsely accused of administering lie detectors to
officials of another agency, and then, with Mr.
Hoover's denial, to leave the impression that no
polygraphs were used at all, and you have to ask
yourself what public interest is served by having
this sort of misinformation circulating around, gath-
ering credence. It is not an uncommon practice, of
course, for the government, when it is confronted
in print with an embarrassing and not altogether
accurate news story, to clam up completely rather
than help straighten out inaccuracies---especially
when clarification risks confirmation of that part of
the story which Is accurate, But.it is not a practice
that does much to further public knowledge. And
still less does it help the newspapers get things
right.
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 J J i :~_t'ri i\,,-&4.?,-'U.i.~.: ~..
'JI 19
Apprgtyed For Release. 200V03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601
A he President refused, August 31, to give Senator Fulbright's For-
eign Relations Committee a copy of the Pentagon's five-year foreign
military assistance plan, citing "executive privilege" as his reason.
Two days later it was reported, and then partially confirmed in Sec-
retary Rogers' press conference, that news leak's out of the State De-
partment were being investigated with lie-detector tests given to
"high-ranking" department officials. These two incidents may have
been totally unrelated, and their timing fortuitous. Or they may rep-
resent a deliberate tightening on all fronts of the administration's
treatment of "official secrets," maybe even a considered response to
the Supreme Court's Pentagon Papers decision.
The Court's ruling that no judicial decree-may constitutionally pre--
Vent the publication of it news story or copy of a government docu-
ment leaked to the press can be taken as teaching the virtue of self-
reliance.. The Court said, in essence,-that under existing statutes once
a government secret is out, the First Amendment makes it public
property and forbids its censorship or suppression.' So the sole line
of defense for official secrets is control by the executive departments
of their own personnel and confidential material.
Hard-nosed investigation of State Department leaks is plainly one
Way of' deferring unwanted disclosures. Secretary Rogers -- appar-
ently tutored by the. opinions of some Supreme Court Justices who
indicated, in lengthy aside:,, that they sate no constitutional diffi-
culty in after-the-fact criminal prosecutions of those who disclosed
top-secret information - asked reporters, at- his press conference,
with shocked innocence, "Is there anything wrong with investigating
a cringe when it occurs?" It seems that a New York Times article in
inid-July had given details of secret bargaining, positions taken by
US negotiators at the SALT talks, and, according to the secretary,
several executive departments then applied for an FBI investigation
to find out whether a crime was committed and who committed it."
(The Espionage Act of 1.917-used to indict Daniel Ellsberg and
much cited in the Pentagon Papers case -- makes 'it a crime to disclose
defense information which could be used "to the injury of the United
States.") Mr.- Rogers announced that he was satisfied from- the re-
sults that. there had been no violation, but, the first Times story on
the FBI's efforts reported, significantly;-that previously available State
Department officials had recently ,taken to not an-
swering newmen's telephone calls.
Could Mr. Rogers ? a former attorney general and
'l'awyer with a successful private practice - really have
been unaware that the prospect of a visit from an
FBI agent carrying a polygraph machine.would make a
foreign service officer reluctant to chat with a re-
porter even on subjects whose disclosure is not ' re-
motely criminal? Brandishing' the threat of criminal
investigation and prosecution over the heads of the
.foreign service --.a group never noted for indepeiid-
ence or daring - equals in subtlety the administration's
.>/ STATINTL
I/
I
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Gap~u
 Approved For Release 2'-0'O/0?J? CIA-RDP80-01601
3 `l.9'(:. . STATINT
By 3OI lied PENy,1:KA]':1P
LIE lit l'ECTCkS play a strange
part in several phases of American
We.
They are surfacing to national in-
forest "gain in
Washington where
it was revealed'last
w e of that they
were used by ? the
FBI to question
State Department
officials.
- The purpose was
to try' to find out
where news leaked -
about the .United
States' position in
aims bargaining with the Soviet
Union, thus in effect providing a "tip
off." -
E;yeti the "lost enthusiastic sup
porters of lie detectors .(polygraphs)
admit that they are not absolute;
that the results are based on .what
the machines show, plus their inter-
pretation by the examiner.
'T'here are instances in primary
cases where opposing results were
.presented, and in which a failure at
one examination was wiped out by
success at a subsequent one.
TE,S'.t':S have had only widely scat-
tered use in the courts and I know of
no prime case in which: such accep-
tance has been reviewed with final
approval on appeal to higher courts.
~ _11-1 1/_
ill f~.~ 1~7~
Till ~(k~3 Mill)
i7i
Most examiners freely admit that
the machines can be "fooled" by al-
cohol, drugs, spies, . aspirin or, even
too many cigarets.
Yet the instances of success,
which are generally high under ex-
pertly trained examiners, keep them
in operation' with governmental agen-
cies and with some businesses which
use them in questioning prospective
employes.'
One expert, in admitting the.pre-
'ailing margin of error, 'borrowed
from a term made famous by Fiorello
La Guardia when he was mayor of-
New York:
"When we make a mistake it usu-
ally is a honey." -
1'CLYGI.APII S within the federal
government gof off to a had start.
There were a lot of them and the
examinations were conducted by men
who, in many instances, Were at least'
immature.
Some agencies held that an opera
for had to: be at least 25 years old,
but the Metropolitan Washington Po-
lice Department was alloh; ing a 21-
year-old policeman to conduct the
tests. In the Coast Guard, the mini-
mum) age has 22. The CIA sought op,
orators 30 or older.
Educational requirements also
varied between high school graduates
and those holding college degrees.
.Salaries also covered a .vide range.
Currently in Washington t?hete
are several examples of contest be-
tween the executive and legislative
branches, with the judicial not too
far in the outfield.
Should the polygraph return to
the ddCision making rebels in a finger
pointing feshioq, conceivably a legal
ruling might give .it a tenuous, but
basic interpretation.
There is little chance of it being,
accepted with the assurance that. has
bean. won by fingerprinting, for .in- .
stance.
'1'111; PCLYGIZ4PH appeals to the
imagination of many who acccptit.A
accurate, thus creating the viewpoint
that those who refuse to submit vol-
untarily (a choice. usually is giiveli)
art; guilty of whatever form of rmsdo
ing is An q" .estion. By the same pre
cept, those who demand a test get_a
plus mark.
But informed persons often refuse
a test because they recognize fte.in'-
herent weaknesses of the process.
Says a Dade County expert:
"Much of the success or failure of.
He detection depends upon the sub-
ject who is taking the test.
"A person who is a pathological
liar, or who has been drinking, ? of
with an unbalanced or underdevel--
oiled mind, is a poor subject. '
"Persons of higher sociological
levels are better subjects; usually
conclusions reached in their cases did
more often accurate,,
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 Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160
}3AlZRL.9 V`t'
TIMES-ARGUS
L ._ 12,353
:~i..r
we know we can trust the Fill. ?
It may be too serious a subject; to la:ut;l abou
but; it's teuiblyr hard to per>ist th wrge.to smile.
First, we have'sonic news about America' s ?propo-
sals which will be r:mra.cle to the Russians at the SALT
talks being lea.kcd to the. press by an unidciiied
source.
't'hen the FBI sleuths, complete with tape record-
ers and lie detectors, invade the State' I)epa.rt-
ment, the Pentagon and even the White 1-house; to
find out who did the talking.
If ~~ e,cari't; trust the people at the. State Depart-
merit, the Pentagon and the White House, 1.1.ow do.,
may be a job for the OA.-.....lmll
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 Approved For Release 2U1rI03304 : CIA-1 QI N101
SEa11T 24 r,EIt :1..9 7.1
For some time I have been disturbed by the way the CIA has been
diverted from its original. assignment. It has become an operational and
at times policy-making arm of the government. I never thought when I
set up the CIA that it would be injected into peacetime cloak-and-
dagger operations. -?ex-President Harry S. Truman.
OTHING has happened since that pronouncement by
the agency's creator in December 1963 to remove or
reduce the cause for concern over the CIA's deverop-
mont. As currently organized, supervised, structured and
led, it may be that the CIA has outlived its usefulness.
Conceivably
its very existence causes the President and the
,
J National Security Council to rely too much on 'clandestine
operations. Possibly its reputation; regardless of the facts, is
now so bad that as a foreign policy instrument the agency
has become counter-productive. Unfortunately the issue of
.its efficiency, as measured by its performance in preventing
past intelligence failures and consequent foreign policy
fiascos, is always avoided on grounds of "secrecy". So.
American taxpayers provide upwards of $7b0,000,000 a
year for the CIA without knowing how the money is spent or
to what extent the CIA fulfils or exceeds its authorized
intelligence functions.
The gathering of intelligence is a necessary and legitimate
activity in time of peace as well as in war. But it does raise
a very real problem of the proper place and control of
agents who are required, or authorized on their own
recognizance', to commit acts of espionage. In a democracy
es
l
d
h
u
e va
t
it also poses the dilemma of secret activities an
of a free society. Secrecy is obviously essential for espionage
but it can be - and has been -- perverted to hide intelligence
activities even ? from those with the constitutional re-
sponsibility to sanction them. A common rationalization is,
the phrase "If the Ambassador/Secretary/Presid.ent doesn't.
know he won't have to lie to cover up." The prolonged birth
of the CIA was marked by a reluctance on the part of
politicians and others to face these difficulties, and the
agency as it carne to exist still bears the marks of this
indecision.
What we need to do is to examine how the U.S. gathers
its intelligence, and consider how effective its instruments
of Newspaper
be supervised i
Intelligence Ag,
The time is to
supervisory role
Central Intollig
War. Under thi;
CIA admin'rstra
of inquiry by i'
and specificalll
requiring discli
titles, salaries
CIA; (ii) expe
tions on cxpei
the Director's
without adver
Government <
the Governmc
for staff abroa(
their families
1949 Central I
Director a lice
With so mt
is soon by ma
Stine. coups,
in Guatemala
Mossa.degh i
the Cuban I
failure). The
President Ker
28, 1961, vv
heralded - y
Because the
agency s- m... _
representative of the unending gamuhry c mu life human aspect of espionage-and secret operations. At this
level the stakes are lower and the "struggle" frequently takes
bizarre and even ludicrous twists. For, as Alexander Foote
noted in his flattclbook for Spies, the average agent's "re;il
difficulties are concerned with. the practice of his. trade. The
setting up of his transmitters, the obtaining of funds, and
the arrangement of his rendezvous. The irritating administra-
tive details occupy a disproportionate portion of his waking
life."
As an example of the administrative hazards, one day in
1960 a technical administrative employee of the CIA
stationed at its quasi-secret headquarters in Japan flew to
Singapore to conduct a reliability test of a local recruit. On
arrival he checked into one of Singapore's older hotels to
receive the would-be spy and his CIA recruiter. Contact was
made. The recruit was instructed in what a lie detector test
does and was wired up, and the technician, plugged. the
machine into the room's electrical outlet. Thereupon it
blew out all the hotel's lights. The ensuing confusion and
darkness did not cover. a getaway -by the trio. They were
discovered, arrested, and jailed as American spies.
By itself the incident sounds like a sequence from an old
Peters Sellers movie, however, its consequences were not
nearly so funny. In performing this routine mission the
CIA set off a two-stage international incident between
England-.and the United States, caused the Secretary of
State to write a letter of apology to a foreign chief of state,
made the U.S. Ambassador to Singapore look like ' the
proverbial cuckold, the final outcome being a situation
wherein the United States Government lied in public -
are ana what room more, is lur IruljJiuvur iuii1. wci y rj a a qlr
ment agenAppmVr?C#~F-orrr-iRellea1sel2001/~~/P4 ~lpIA ~~F'18&-u0 601 R000200140001=7
CIA's Director, acknowledged before the American ociLt
 57:1J:.I.111~ UA, riA_? l i-1ki
5 JUN 7971
Approved For Release 20Q1/03/04:&X'-V 9-016
. security-type federal agencies "` " " " "
(NSA? CIA, etc.) still employ "lie was asked to provide
lie detector tests for job candi- the names of any girls with
states. -whom lie had had sexual rela-
Yesterday, Sen. Sane Ervin, tions and when .whether he
D -N C ., tlhe. Constitutional had ever tried marijuana .. .
Rights subcommittee c 11 a i r- whether he dated very much.
man, pelt in a bill to ban. the "lie was told there was
detectors --- "20th Century nothing in the results of his
wvitchcraft" - for both private test to disqualify him. He de-
and.. federal employment pur sided, on his own, not to take
-hoses. the job. -
:"Ordeal by lie detector", he later he applied with the
told the senate, "should take
Metropolitan Police Force and
its place in the historical junk was turned down. The depart-
heap beside the ancient or- ment did not e and a staunch defend-
er of individual liberties,' de-
clared in a speech here that the
lie-detector, or polygraph, is
"one of the most pernisious of all
the. pseudo-scientific instruments
of the Twentieth Century sooth-
sayers."
Ile said that the machines,
whicli measure an individual's in-
voluntary responses to questions,
"are an unconstitutional means
of obtaining the products of
men's minds for employment per-
oses." -
IIe'cl all It Wholly
- "I intend to introduce a bill to
ban the use of the lie-detector
on applicants and employees of
the federal government, and its
use' on applicants and employees
of private busineses engaged in
interstate connerce," Ervin told"
a People's Forum on Privacy
'sponsored by the AFL-CIO 'Ma.ri-
tinle Trades Department and the
Transportation 7natitete: _
Aides to Ervin's subcommittee'
cited a 1965 House study as per-
haps'the only definitive word on
how extensive is the government's
use of polygraphs. That study.
revealed that both the' Central
Intelligence Agency and the Na-
tional Security Agency use poly-.
graphs to screen job applicants.
But the Army was clt