JPRS ID: 10699 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/10699
~9~ July 1982
USSR Re ort
p
AGRICULTURE ~
CFOUO 9/82)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFO~MATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10699
. 29 July 1982
USSR REPORT
AGRICULTURE
(FOUO 9/82)
CONTENTS
' LI~IESTOCK FEED PROCUREMENT
New Interfarm Organizations For Feed Pr~~duction
(KORMOPROIZVODSTVO, Apr 82) 1
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
CEMA Conference Discusses Agroindustrial Complex, Food Supply
(M. Bukh; VOPItOSY EKONOMIKI, Apr 82) 7
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
~ Wide Introduction of Overall Mechanization in Agriculture Urged
(Iosif Shabsayevich Barg, et. al.; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, 10
Apr 82)
_ a _ [III - USSR - 7 FOUOj
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LIVESTOCK FEED PROCUREMENT
NEW INTERFARM ORGANIZATIUNS k'OR FEED PRODUCTION
Moscow KORMOPROIZ90DSTV0 in Russian No Apr 82 pp 1-3
/Article: "To Increa.se Feed Pr~duction on the Basis of Interfarm Cooperation"/
/Text/ As noted in "Basic Directions in the Economic and Social Development of
the USSR for 1981-1985 and f~r the Period Until 1990," a fundamental improvement
in the feed base, a full satisfaction of the needs of public animal husbandry and
of livestock privately owned by citizens for feed and lending a.sectorial special-
ized nature to f eed produc*_ion are the basis for the further development of animal
husbandry and increase in its productivity.
A number of highly efficier.t, new organizational forms based on the principles of
. specialization and cooper:.tion for the purpose of providing large interfarm com-
plexes and specialized farms of kolkhozes and sovkhozes with feed have emerged in
the country's feed production in the last few yeara.
Interfarm enterpriaes for feed production. A total of 148 such enterprises oper-
ated in the country at the beginning of 1980. This form of organization of feed
~ production was most developed in the Moldavian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belorus-
sian SSR, in Bryanskaya, Voronezhskaya, Roatovskaya, Tul'skaya and Tambovskaya Ob-
lasts and in Krasnodarskiy Kray in the RSFSR. �
- More than 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land, including 670,000 hectares of
arable Xand, were assigned to interfarm enterprises for feed production. In 1980
they produced 217,000 tons of hay, 1.7 million tons of silage, 662,000 tons of hay-
lage, 190,000 tons of fodder root cropa, 3 million tons of green feed and 880,000
tons of grain. A total of 2.7 million tons of fodder units were obtained. Fur-
thermore, these enterprises provided great help to kolkhozes and sovkhozes in the
procurement and pr~cessing of feed and in its transportation from f ields to farms.
Practice has shown that under the conditions of interfarm cooperation land areas
are utilized more eff iciently. In 1980 these enterpriaes gathered an average of
39 quintals of hay of perennial grass, 247 quintals of fodder root crops, 28 quin-
tals of grain and 253 qujntals of the green mass of perennial grass per hectare.
In the Moldavian SSR such enterprises were established in every rayon. A total of
- 210,000 hectares of land areas were asaigned to them. In 1980 they accounted for
more than one-half of the total amount of hay, aiiage and fodder root crops pro-
cured by the republic's kolkhoz-cooperative sector.
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The Yur�yevskoye Interfarm Enterprise for Feed Production organized by kolkhozes
in Chimishliyskiy Rayon in the Moldavian SSR in 1975 attained good production indi-
- cators. A total of 19 percent of the rayon's fodder land was assigned to this en-
. terprise, which produces more than 27 per~ent of the feed procured in the rayon.
In 1980 a total of 52.4 quintals of fodder units per hectare weYe gathered there,
which was 11.1 quintals more than the average on the rayon's kolkhozes. The enter-
prise fully provides the Chimiahliy skiy Interfarm Animal Husbandry Complex with
feed. Owing to the increase in the productivity of land areas transferred to the
interfarm enterprise, animal husband~y indicatora are improving. For example, dur-
- ing the lOth Five-Year Plan, as compared with the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the gross
production of milk in the ra~on increased by 41 percent and of beef, by 71 percent.
In the Belorussian SSR interfarm en terprises f or feed productian carried out the
entire set of amelioratian operations an the land assigned to them. This enabled
them to gather an average of 25.2 quintals of fodder units per hectaxe in 1980,
- which was almost five times as ~uch as thc amount obtained by kolkhozes and sov-
khozes an this land before the organ ization of these enterprises.
The Ola Interfarm Enterprise in Zhlobinskiy Rayon, Gomel'akaya Obla~t, organized
by six farms in the rayon in 1975 operates eff iciently. A total of 2,300 hectares
of land, of which about 2,000 hectares were peat bogs and water-logged sections,
were assigned to it. Before the establishment of this enterprise this land was
hardly used. Even if a negligible amount of feed was pr_ocured there, owing to the
great expenditure of manual labor, it was very expensive f or farms. The enterprise
~arried out work on the drainage and cultivation of soil on the entire area as-
signed to it, as a result of which the productivity of land increased almoat six-
fold. In 1980 a total of 34.4 quintals of fodder units per hectare were gathered
there.
' A total of 16 interfarm enterprises for feed production now operate in the repub-
lic. The Maydan Enterprise in Khoynikskiy Rayon and the Pripyat' Enterprise in Mo-
zyrskiy Rayon, Gomel'skaya Oblast, and others have attained good economic produc-
tion indicators for a number of years. Another 101 enterprises are to be organized
by tY~e end of the f ive-year plan, which will make it possible to produce up to 2.9
million tons of fodder units, or 13 percent of the total volume of their procure-
ment in the republic, in these types of interfarm formations alone.
Many feed producing interfarm enterprises in the RSFSR attain high indicators.
The Poyma Interfarm Enterprise, wh ich makes use of more than 7,OC~0 hectares of
flood plain land, has operated in Suvorovskiy Rayon, Tul'skaya ilblast, for 6 years.
In 1980 the enterprise procured on this land 72 percent of the silage, 67 percent
� of the hay and 84 percent of the grass meal obtained in the rayon. During the pe-
riod of the enterprise's activity f eed production in the rayon increased by 23 per-
cent, which had a certain effect an the growth of livestock products. Throughout
ttie rayon during the indicated period the production of milk increased by 32 per-
cent and of ineat, by 34 percent.
The Donskoye Interfarm Enterprise f or Feed Production was organized on the flood
plain land of nine kolkhozes in Rossoshanskiy Rayon, Voronezhskaya Oblast, in 1978.
Mure than 4,000 hectares of land areas were asaigned to this enterprise. The en-
terprise together with member farms carried out amelioration operations on this
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land, which made it possible to eharply raiae its productivity. In 1980 the en-
terprise procured 11,000 tons of hay, 75 percent of which was of the f irst and sec-
ond category, and transferred them to cooperative member farms.
Interfarm enterpY�ises for the use of flood plain land were also established in Ros-
tovskaya, Bryanskaya, Kaluzhskaya, Gor'kovekaya and a number of other oblasta in
the RSFSR.
Interfarm plante and shops for the production of mixed feed and feed mixtures.
There were 555 such enterprises in the country at the beginning of 1981. They be- .
came widespread in the Ukrainian SSR, the Moldavian SSR, Krasnodarskiy and Stavro-
pol'skiy Krays and Rostovskaya, Kurganskaya, Penzenskaya and other oblasts in the
RSFSR. In 1980 they produced about 10 million tons of mixed feed and f eed mixtures
and in 1981, more than 11 million tona.
A whole network of interfarm enterprises f.or the production of mixed f eed and high-
grade feed mixtures was establiahed in ~he Ukrainian SSR. A total of 6,000 kol-
khozes and 55G sovkhozes took part in their organization. In 1980 all the repub-
lic's interfarm enterprises produced 7.3 million tons of mixed feed and feed mix-
tures. In Vinnitskaya Oblaet alone during the lOth Five-lear Plan the production
capacities of interfarm mixed feed planta increased more than fourfold and the
average annual production of mixed feed totaled 359,000 tons, as compared to 77,000
tons during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The output of mixed feed at interfarm plants
is to be increased to 1 millian tons in the oblast by the end of 1985. 1'his means
that the grain allocated for feed for livestock will be processed into mixed feed
and high-grade feed mixtures.
The Gulyaypole Interfarm Mixed Feed Plant in Zaporozhskaya Oblast built with the
contributions of 15 farms in the rayon has operated since 1972. The plant annually
produces 20 to 25 percent more output than envisaged by the technical and economic
substantiation. Far example, in 1980 a total of 30,400 tans of mixed f eed, whose
_ production cost was 85.4 rubles, was produced there.
In Kurganskaya Oblast in 1976, having pooled their capital, 170 farms built 13 in-
terfarm mixed feed plants of a total production capacity of 550 tons of output per
shif t. In additiun to mixed feed, the production of additives--meat-bone snd grass
meal--was organized at plants. In 5 years the oblast's interfarm plants produced
_ more than 800,000 tons of high-grade mixed feed. The production cost of 1 ton of
this mixed feed was 67 to 75 rubles.
The advantages of cooperation in the organ ization of mixed f eed production are well
illustrated by the A1'menevskiy Mixed Feed Plant in Kurganskaya Oblast. After the
commissioning of this plant member farms liquidated 28 centers f or the grinding of
feed grain. As a result, more than 100 kolkhoz membera and sovkhoz workere were
freed for employment in other operations. The feeding of public livestock improved.
During the period of activity of this enterprise the expenditure of concentrated
feed on membeT farms was reduced by 14 percent per quintal of milk and by 11 per-
cent per quintal of beef .
Kolkhozes and sovkhozes performing produc tion functions of interfarm enterprises
for the production of livestock products with trieir own feed. About 2,500 such
farms operate~: in the country at the beginning of 1981. This f orm of cooperation
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became most widespread in the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belorussian SSR and
the Kazakh SSR. The division of labor among cooperative ~rember farms is mutually
advantageous. The h~fa~~eundertakeethe obligationssforetheefulfillm tyin itseed
production and membe
behalf of the state plan for the sale of plant products.
Practice showe that such a form of cooper~oduets ishhi hlynefficientf fSincer1974
tion and in the production of livestock p S
the Kolkhoz imeni Uritskiy in Gomel'skiy Rayon, Gomel'akaya Oblast, has performed
production functions of an interfarm .enterprise for the raiaing and fattening of
large-horned cattle with its own feed. The farm efficiently uses every hectare of
land, from which 60 to 80 quintaYs of fodder units are obtained and with irrigation,
100 to 110 quintals of fodder units. The establishment of the interfarm enterprise
for the raising and fattening of large-horned cattle with its own feed made it pos-
sible to increase beef production in the rayon 1.5-fold in the last 7 years, at the
same time, lowering labor expenditures per quintal of weight gain by 30 percent.
During the indicated period the prof itability of beef production in the rayon com-
- prised 31 percent, which was twice as high as the average in the obYast.
This positive experience in cooperation in the organization of the fattening of
livestock with the feed of enterprises approved by the board of. the USSR Ministry
of Agriculture and by the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of
Agricultural Workers has become widespread. More than 50 farms now opexate accord-
ing to ths above-mentioned principle in the Belorussian SSR. The Donguzlovskiy
Sovkhoz in Chelyabinskaya Oblast, the Kolkhoz imeni O1'minskiy In Belgorand Shau-
Oblast, the Progress and Sala sovkhozes in the othersneff icientlyiapply this prin-
kotas kolkhozes in the Lithuanian SSR and many
ciple of cooperation.
Kolkhozes and sovkhozes specialized in feed production ~ a ~roWefeedVforalarge
These farms (there are about 100 such farms in the country) g
interfarm animal husbandry complexes. Cooperative member farms fulfill in tecial-
behalf the plan for the sale of agricultural products to the state. Such ~p
ized farms exist in Voronezhskaya, Tambovskaya and Rostovakaya Oblasts~oTt~ ~le,
skiy and Krasnodarskiy Krays, the Ukrainian SSR and o~her republics.
in Tambovskaya Oblast since 1972 the Sovkhoz imeni 60-Letiya VLKSM has engaged in
= feed production for the Novolyadinskiy Interfarm Complex for the Fattening of Large-
Horned Cattle. The member farms of this interfarm enterprise undPrtook the obliga-
tians for the fulfillment in its behalf of the plans for the sale of grain, milk
and other agricultural products to the state. This enabled the aovkhoz to revise
the structure of sown areas with due regard for its specialization in the produc-
tion of fodder crops. To ensure stable harvests, agric~ltural reclamation work
ensuring an annual irrigation of more than 1,500 hectares of land was carried out
on the sovkhoz. All ~his had a positive effect on the growth of the yield of fod-
der crops. Whereas before specialization 12 to 13 quintals of fodder units per
hectare of arable land were gathered on the sovkhoz, in 1980 a total of 45 quintals
and from irrigated plots 63 quintals were obtained, which was 23 and 36 quintals
of fodder units respectiv~al ofgfodderaunits wasr7g5 rubles,rwhich was 238percent ,
production cost of 1 quin
lower than the average rayon in dicator.
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In Vinnitskaya Oblast the Kolkhoz imeni 21 S'yezda KPSS eff~ciently manages feed
production on an interfarm basis. This farm grows feed for the Thl'chin Inter�arm
Enterprise for the Raising and F~ttening of Large-Horned Cattle. More than one-
half of the arable land is occupied by fodder crops here. In the structure of fod-
- der crops perennial grass occupies 50 percent, corn for silage, 35 percerit and pulae
and fodder root crops, 15 percent. Such a structure with the high output of feed
per hectare makes it possible to fully meet the need of the interfarm enterprise
- for feed in tfie necessary assortment. Changing over to specialization, the kolkhoz
, began to stably gather 65 to 80 quintals of fodder units per hectare, which was 1.5
times as uuch as the average indicator in. ~1'chinskiy Rayon.
The Kolkhoz imeni Lenin in Annenakiy Rayon, Voronezhskaya Oblast, the Put' k Kommu-
nizmu Kolkhoz in Mtsenskiy Rayon, Orlovskaya Oblast and the Erken-Yurtskiy Sovkhoz
in Adyge-Khabl'skiy Rayon, Karachayevo-Cherkesskaya Autonomous Oblast. attained
high economic production indicators in feed production on a cooperative basfs.
The economic relations between member farms and interfarm enterprises are regulated
by the contracts concluded between them. This document determines the amount and
assortment of feed and the dates of its delivery by specialized farms to animal
husbandry complexes, as well as the responeibility of the parties for the fulf ill-
ment of contractual obligations by them.
At the same time, an analysis of the state of affairs shows that there are still
a number of significant shortcomings in the development of the process of organi-
zation of feed production on the basis of the principles of interfarm cooperation.
Despite tr~e definite advantages of specialization of feed production on the basis of
interfarm cooperation these opportunities are not utilized suff iciently in some re-
publics, krays and oblasts. For example, work on the organization of apecialized
feed producing interfarm enterp~rises on flood plain land is carried out at slow
rates in the Russian Federation, the Ukrainian SSR, the Ltthuanian SSR and the La.t-
vian SSR. Individual farms are unable to develop such land. Therefore, flood
plain land is not utilized eff iciently.
When feed producing interfarm enterprises are organized on flood plain land, some-
times an insuff iciently clear technical and economic substantiatian Is given, as a
result of which such enterprises develop slowly, have a weak material and technical
base and do not cope with the production program. For example, for this reason
during the 4 years of its activity.the Vytebet' Interfarm hiterprise in Khotynets-
kiy Rayon, Orlovskaya Oblast, developed only 250 out of the 3,000 hectares of flood
plain land envisaged according to the technical and economic substantiation. In
practice, the material base of this enterprice was not established. In 198(3 it
procured only 360 tons of fodder units.
Some local agricultural bodies do not pay proper attention to the development of
feed production in interfarm formations fattening livestock with their own feed.
In some cases low-fertility land and land located far away are assigned to such
farms. For example, land located at a distance of 45 to 50 km from animal husband-
ry complexes was asaigned to the Labinsk and Korenevo livestock fattening interfarm
enterprises in Rrasnodarskiy Kray. This not only hampers the organization of feed
production, but also raises the cost of feed delivery to the complexes.
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E~onomic production relations between feed prodLCing interfarm enterprises and co-
operative meIDber farms have not been ad~usted everywhere. The Podberezovskoye In-
terfarm F~iterprise in Mtsenskiy Rayo~n. ~rlovskaya Oblast, can be cited as an ex-
ample. In 1980 it turned uver 5,500 quintals of granulated grass meal to the No-(
vyy Put' Kolkhoz--a cooperative member. The knikhoz paid the enterprise 10.1 ru-
bles per quintal of granules--this without taking into account the cost of the
green mass delivered by the kolkhoz. The production of 1 quintal of grass meal re-
quired the expenditure of 6 quintals of ~hia~ maes worth (together with transport
costs) 8.2 rubles. Thus, 1 quintal of granulated f eed coat the kolkhoz 18.3 ru-
bles and 1 quintaions cannot stim~latettheede elopmenteof~feed5p oductionsonhannin-
prof itable condit
terfarm basis.
What should be done to more successfully develop feed production on the basis of t~?e
= principles of interfarm cooperation and to lend a specialized industrial nature to
this sector? The agricultural bodies of republics, krays and oblasts should prim-
arily direct their efforts toward ar.~ accelerated development of flood plain land
and organization of specialized feed producing interfarm enterprises an it, as well
as an increase in the efficiency of utilization of land areas by farsns fattening
livestock on a cooperative basis with the use of f eed of their own production.
Flood plain land should be transferred to interfarm enterprises for feed production
for a long-term use and, at the same time, the necessary material and technical
base should be created.
It is necessary to take measures to further improve the mechanism of economic pro-
duction relations between f eed producing interfarm enterprises and cooperative mem-
ber farms, paying spec ial attention to the economic substantiatian of the account-
ing prices of products handed over by interfarm enterprises to member farms.
interfarm mixed
The experience of advanced feed producing interfarm enterprises,
feed plants and kolkhozes and sovkhozes performing production functions of inter-
farm enterprises in the fatted be moreiwidelykdisclosed and~p pularizedith the feed
of their own pro3uctian shoul
A creative utilization of the forms of interfarm cooperation that have proved their
value will give this~pns~ofsincrease inetherproduction oflfe dkandtlivestock prod-
make it a reliable
ucts during the current five-year plan.
COPYRICHT: Izdatel'stvo "Xolos", "Kormoproizvodstvo", 1982
11,439
CSO: 1824/309
,
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a

j~
AGRO-ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
CEMA CONFERENCE DISCUSSES AGROINDUSTRIAL C~LER, FOOD SUPPLY
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 4, Apr 82 pp 155-156
[Article by M. Bukh: "The Economic Mechaniem and the Food Supply of CEMA Nations"]
[Text] Urgent problems regarding an improvement in the economic mechanism within the
agroindustrial sphere of the economies of CEMA nations were examined in Septemyer
1981 in Moscow at an international conference having the theme, "The Role of the
Economic Mechanism in Improving the Food Supply of CEMA N~tions." Participating in
the conference, which was organized by IEMSS [Institute of Economics of ~h~ World
Socialist System] of the USSR Academy of Sciences, were representativea of
Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, the USSR and
Czechoslovakia. .
The speeches that were preaented resulted in a live3y discussion, the sub~ect of
which were the scientific and applied aepects of strengthen3ng the effectivenese of
the economic mechanism~in increasing production efficiency within the agroindustrial
sphere. In hia introductory speech Doctor of Economic Sciencea K. Mikul'skiq
(IEMSS of the USSR Academy of Sciences) underscored the importance of the economic
mechanism as a capitol-saving factor in achieving great final results while develop-
ing the agroindustrial sphere of the economy.
Many spPakers touched on the probleme of inethodology and planning practicea of the
APK [agroindustrial complex]. Scientific research by the economists of soci8list
countries and a generalization of the experience regarding the functioning of the
economic mechanism within the agroindustrial sphere indicate that the main directions
to be taken to improve APK planning involve a closer adherance to the p rinciple of
democratic centralism and the eli~ination of excessive regulatione in the planning
and economic work of local production links (D. Vladov, Bulgaria; M. Bukh, USSR).
Recently CEMA has realized or planned measures to atrengthen the economic basie of
planning and to include agricultural enterprises and agroindustrial associations in
planning and economic activities. Economic levers, interests and stimuli are being
utilized more actively in formulating and realizing planning decisione and specific
aims and the economic independence of enterprises is on the increase (I. Benet,
Hungary). The great role of the system of economic agreements in planning and
administrative activities within the framework of the APK was emphasized at the
conference (P. Trifonov, Bulgaria, and others).
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On a macrolevel an improvement in APK planning presupposes a transition fram the
branch to the complex interbranch principle of plan formulation and realization.
Only in such a way will it be possible to achieve a coordination of branch and inter-
branch questions. The development of an overall program for APK elaboration and
individual subprograms will enable us to correctly rsubstantiate the volume of
capital investments and material, financial and lator reaources (I. Karlyuk, USSR;
E. Divila, Czechoslovakya). The development of a f~ood program in the USSR can serve
as an example for creating an overall complex APK program. The most important thing
in improving the economic mechanism of the APK is the orientation of all links toward
the final results and the stimulation of links according to the degree to which they
have satisfied demand and effectively used reaources (V. Mozhin, E. Krylatykh, USSR).
It was noted at the conference that the most important factor in developing and
realizing a f ood program is solving the social problems of the village (L.
Nikiforov, USSR).
Several of the reports and speeches touched upon questions conceraing the organiza-
tional-administrative structure of the APK. E. Divila (Czechoslovakia) noted that
in some countries an organizational-administrative unification of the second and
third spheres of the APL has been effected by creating single ministries of agri-
culture and the processing industry. He noted, however, that in Czechoslovakia for
example, the effectiveness of such a ministry was inadequate. In the USSR a
promising organizational form for the developing APK, especially in the Baltic
States, is the rayon agroindustrial association (RAPO). RAPO's are being formed in
all regions of the Estonian SSR. In an organizational sense the RAPO unifies all
agricultural, agricultural service and processing enterprises. A RAPO council
serves in the administrative function (E. Khyayal, USSR).
At the conference a question was raised concerning the place of private enterprises
within the structure of the APK. It was emphasized that as f ar as organization was
concerned they had to become an integral part of the country's APK by means of
Pfficient specilization (B. Tompa, Hungary) � The speech of the administrative ctisir-
man of Tsentrosoyuz [Central Union of Consumers' So.cieties, USSR], A. Smirnov, noted
that organizational consumer cooperation is an integral part of the country's APK.
The attention of the conference participants was also directed toward the fact that
the organizational formulation of the APK on both a macro and a micro level cannot
- be effective (or even possible) without the institutionalization of the corresponding
legal norms and statutes (M. Koayr', USSR).
The effective use of all economic factors (cost as well as non-cost) and the
strengthening of cost accounting on this basis are the most important conditions for
the growth and increased effectiveness of the APK. At the conference a great deal
of attention was given to discussin g the problems of price formulation. To a
significant degree because of the imperfections in prices, cost accounting within the
systems of APK's of some CEMA count ries has not yet become an operable method of
effective production planning and management�ricesemustpreflectstheninfluence~ofoving
APK price f ormulations were made. Planning p
objective factors on expenses and p ublic costs (I. Kukinov, USSR). A. Kalnynysh
(USSR) discussed the necessity of raising the validity of procurement prices, of
developing a singleeme~icesl~andfof establishinggprocurementppriceamonttheibasisnd
industrial wholesal p ~
of the normative levels of profit.
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The problem of :reproducing natural resources provoked a great deal of discussion
(M. Lemeshev, USSR). Most of the conference's participants agreed that it is
essential to establish active economic incentives to reproduce natural resources
(paqments for the use of such resources).
In consideration of the importance of further improving the administrative
mechanism as well as of the controversial nature of several of the questions raiaed,
the participants in the conference decided that it would be expedient to continue
the discussion and to det�ote the next conference in one of the CEMA member nations
to the same theme.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1582.
8228
CSO: 1824/321
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~GRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
WIDE INTRODUCTION OF OVET~LL MECHANIZATION IN AGRICULTURE URGED
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 4, Apr 82 pp 93-101
/Article by Iosif Shabsayevich Barg, chief economist of the All-Union Scientiflc
Research Institute of Economics of Agric~ilture; Vladimir Mikhaylovich Logachev,
candidate of economic sciences, scientific secretary of the Scientific Council of
the State Committee for Science and Technology on the problem "Organizaticm and
Economics of Scientific and Technical Investigations and Developments;" ar:d Leonid
~ Vasil'yevich Lozhkin, candidate of economic sciences, manager of a sector of the
All-Union Scientif ic Research Institute of Economics o� Agriculture: "Eff iciency
~f Overall Mechanizatian in Agriculture"/
~ /Text% 3'ne rise in the people's well-being and elimination of the differences in
the standard of living and way of life of the rural and urban populatic,n result
from the change in the nature of labor in agricultural production and its trans-
formation into industrial-type labur. The accelerated development of equipment
and improvement in the technology and organization of productian taking place under
present conditions are connected with the industrialization of agriculture and its
transfer to a modern industrial basis.
An overall mechanization of ~roduction processes and a rational utilization of e-
quipment are important conditions for the fulf illment of the tasks of attaining a
dynamic development and increase in the eff ic i~ncy of all agricultural production
sectors set in "Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the
USSR for 1981-1985 and for the Period Unti.l 1990." A successful solution of the
problems of social and economic development of agriculture is possible only through
a wide introductian of new technologies and machine systems.
A machine system implies a technological Pet flf machines interconnected in their
- basic type sizes and productivity in succeasively performed processes and opera-
tions. A machine syatem as the nucleus of an overall mechanization of agricultural
production ensures a prompt high-quality perf ar:aance of the necessary operatians in
plant growing and animal husbandry on the basis of progressive and advanced technol-
ogy with the lowest exgenditures of labor and means of production per unit of output.
At the same time, technology becomes the main connecting link in the combination of
sc ience with production. A machine system includes a minimal number of types and
brands of tractors and other agricultural machines and imp].e~::nts designed for their
maximum utilization dur.ing the year.
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The efforts of scientific institutions and deaign organizations are directed toward
an increase in the power saturation of tractore, in the speed and width of cut of
~ units, in the carrying capacity of harvesting machines and in the loading capacity
of ineans of transportation. There is a scientific search for the development of
fundamentally new machines with active working elements and with the use of hydro-
dynamic and aerodynamic, not only mechanicaly princiTlea in designs. Work an tha
unific~r_ian o~ machinery and equipment is also carried out. The development o~
combined machines performing several operations per pass has great prospects.
. The introduction of the achievements of scientific and technical progress and the
intensificatian of agriculture are inseparably connected with the growing cansump-
tion of electric power in production processes, which advances the task of devel-
. opment of improved electric appli.ances and electrif ied and automated machinery and
equipment, of their introduction into agricultural production and of an increase
~ in the reliability of electric supply for agriculture.
The development of power saturated tractors was a ma,jor contribution of science to
an increase in the eff iciency of agricultural production. This opened up great
possibilitieG for the growth of labor productivity and the performance of f ield
work at the best agrotechnical time. The new equipment makes it possible to in-
crease operating speeds to 10 or 15 km per hour and to raise the productivity of
units 1.5- to 2-fold.
Much attention is paid to the equipment of agriculture with modern agricultural
combines. Work has begun on the modernization of the Niva and Kolos grain harvest-
ing combines, elimination of their structural shortcomings and increase in their
carrying capacity to 6.5 and 9 kg oi grain per second (in existing combines, 5 to
7 kg of grain per second) . The Sibiryak combine has been modernized. For the pur-
- puse of the development of feed production the capacities of plants u~anufacturing
equipmen'- for fihe procurement and processing of feed are being expanded and the
Froduction of self-propelled and trailed fodder harvesting combines, highly effi-
cient mowers, mincers, roller pickup preasers, milking installations and other ma-
chines is being increased.
The further mechanization of agriculture will be carxied out through the develop-
ment and introduction of advanced, new technologies a1d the retooling of the.sec-
tor on the basis of the use of machine systems. The ~~~itput of more productive, new
agricultural tractors with a service life of 6,000 houYS until major repaira and
with improved working conditians of machine operators is envisaged. Their utili-
zation will m3kc ii possible to increase the productivity of machine and tractor
units 1.5- to 1.8-fr,id as compared with e:~isting models. For the purpose of an
overall equipment of kolkhozes and sovkhozes with modern machinery, at the same
time, work on th:: development of the necessary set of agricultur~l machines for
these tractors is carried out.
New technological processes of grain production with the use of highly productive
combines with a carrying capacity of 10 to 12 kg grain per second, as well as
mechanization equipment f or the nongrain part of the har~vest, are being developed.
The use of these machines will ceatribute to a rise in the standard of farming and
increase in the gross output of grain, while labcr expenditures will decrease to
two-thirds or one-half.
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Plans are made for the development of new technological processes and technical
facilities in sugar beet and cotton growing and in potato and vegetable production,
whose introductl.on will make it possible to reduce labor expenditures on the pro-
duction of products and to raise their gross output and quality.
Highly efficient technological processes, sets of machinery and equipment a~.d Flans
for buildings and installations envisaging an overall mechanization and automation
_ of production processes are being developed i^. animal hu~bandry. This will make it
possible to lower labor expenditures on the production of 1 quintal of milk to 0.8
or 1.0 man-hour and on 1 quintal of weight gain in beef, to 2.5 or 3.0 man-hours
and of pork, to 1.5 or 2.0 man-hours.
In connection with the growth of the pool of machinery and equipment the develop-
ment and introduction of highly eff icient methods of utilization of the machine and
- tractor pool on kolkhozes and sovkhozes acquire great importance. A program of
work on the development of an overall system of repair and technica~ servicing of
equipment on the basis of the further improvement and development of the repair
base, rise in the technical level and quality of repairs and use of equipment for
the diagnosis of the technical state of machines with~�it dismantling them has been
approved.
Modern industrial methods of construction of waterworks making it possible to in-
crease labor productivity and to lower the cost of construction by 25 to 30 per-
cent are being developed. Systems of inechani2ed and automa*ed sprinkling installa-
tions, which will increase labor productivity ir. irrgation 1.5- to 3-fold, as well
as systems of subsoil and drip irrigation and drainage-moisr.ening systems with var-
ious types of drainage and moistening techniques, are being developed.
The July (1978) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee set the task of "completing
the overall mechanization of cultivation of all the ma~or agricultural crops and
raising the level of inechanization of animal husbandry much higher" during the llth
Five-Year Plan. At present only 80 percent of the standard need of agriculture for
, tractors, two-thirds, for grain co~nbines, a little more than four-fifths, for pota-
to harvesting combines, two-thirds, for general-pvrpose plows, one-fifth, for straw
mincers, 70 percent, for grain seeders, 60 per.cer_t, for sugar beet harvesting com-
bines, 10 percent, for machines for the pi~.king and transportation of hay bales,
25 percent, f or manure distributors and 60 percent, for mineral f ertilizer spreaders
is met.
_ As yet the machine and tractor pool is growing slowly, because the overwhelming
part of the agricultural equipment is assigned for compensation for physical with-
drawal. This is due to the insufficient skill level of machine operators, lack of
their interest in the preservation of equipment, poor supply of farms with spare
parts in the requiY::d quantity and nomenclature and low quality of equipment re-
pairs. During the lOth Five-Year Plan the rates of increase in the tractor pool
comprised only 2.7 percent and their total capacity rose by only 34.7 million hp,
which was equal to its increase during the Ninth Five-Year Plan, and in the last
few years there has even been a reduction in the rates of increase. Only 5 to 8
percent of the new grain harvesting combines are assigned for an increase in the
pool. During the lOth Five-Year Plan it comprised less than 5 percent.
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In his report at the 26th CPSU Congress N. Tikhonov stressed that "during the new
five-year plan it is necessary to rectify the situation with the quality of agri-
cultural equipment, which now gives rise to unfavorable criticism, and to see to
it that it meets the highest requirements." This applies primarily to the reli-
ability, productivity, maintainability and technological effectiveness of machines.
The frequent breakdown of agricultural equipmer~t and the high labor intensiveneas
o~ tts repair and technical servicing are the reasons for the fact that the coef-
fici~:.t of utilization of net time in a work shift is 0.45 in combines and 0.56 in
tractors. ~t th~ actual level of reliability of equipment the expenditures on its
maintenance in agriculture during the depreciation period greatly exceed the ex-
penditures on its acquisition. For example, out of the combined n;onetary expendi-
tures on output and repair and technical servicing the manufacture of tractors ac-
counts for 23 to 34 percent and the remaining 66 to 77 percent l.more than 5 bil-
lian rubles annually) are used for repair and technical servicing during the period
of their operation. Additional expendit~:ss on an improvement in the quality of
machines ensure a much greater saving of funds than on their repair and technical
servicing.
Under the conditions of transfer of agriculture to an industrial basis and drawing
of substantial raw material and fuel-power resources into production the most eco-
nomical and rational utilization of all types of material resources is necessary.
The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers "On In-
tensifying the Work on the Saving and Rat~onal Utilizatfon of Raw Material, Fuel-
Power and Other Material Resources" envisages "an enhancement of the role of sci-
ence in the solution of problems of an efficient utiliza.tion of all types of mate-
rial resources and the development and introduction of reaource saving equipment
and technology." The manufactured models of tractors, combines and o~her agricul-
tural machines have a high specif ic metal intensiveness, which is one of the rea-
sons for the delay in their output. Lowering the specific metal intensiveness of
wheel tractors to 35 or 50 kg/hp and of caterpillar tractors, to 40 or 60 kg/hp is
a realistic task in the very near future.
The increase in the expenditure of fuel per hp per hour in powerful tractors is an
undesirable tendency. Models of tractors with economical engines using no more
than 160 to 180 g of fuel per hp per hour are needed. It is i:ecessary to ensure
the same or multip~.e life uf all the subassemblies and units of tractors and aelf-
propelled machines until the first major repairs (increasing this period to 8.000
hours) and to est~.blish a guaranteed repa9.r service of basic parts and untts dur-
ing depreciation periods.
E~or many years mobile power engineering has been insufficiently provided with the
necessary working machines (during the 1970's their ratic was lowered from 1:1.4
in 1971 to 1:1.3 in 1978), which does not make it possible to perform the work nec-
essary according to the technology of the set within agrotechnical periods, to ef-
ficiently utilize tractors and to ensure a low cost of work. According to stand-
ards this correlation should be 1:3 (including machines for animal husbandry) and
1:2.6 only for machines in plant growing.
The problem of providing the working machines of the K-701, T-150K and other new
high-speed energy saturated tractors with a train (plows, seeders, harrows, cut-
ters and so forth) is especially acute. For example, the T-150K tractor needs a
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train of 28 types of machines, but, in fact, about 20 are supplied and according
to the volume of deliveries i.he needs for cnly 11 to 12 types of equipment are met
fully. At present approximately 1,000 types of machinsry and equipment necessary
for agriculture according to the .*.echnol~gy are not produced.
The development of agricultural Froduction urgently rec~aires an accelerated pro-
duc~ion and introduction of new types of machines surpassing existing machines in
- productivity many times as a result of their utilization in advanced technological
processes, an increase in un:.t capacity, speed, carrying capacity and width of cut,
development of sets of machii.es f or the production of products without expenditures
of manual labor, introduction of technological processes with a minimally necessary
nu~er of operaticros, wide ut Cl.~zatian of active working elements in the designs of
machines and combination of t~~chr.~logical operations, hydraulic and electric drives
and elements of automation of control and management of technological processes.
The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers "On In-
tensifying the Woric on the Savi: g and Rational Utilization of Raw-Material, Fuel-
Power and Other Material Resourcts" (1981) points out the need to ensure an "ex-
tensive introduction of scientif ic and technical achievements dire:ted toward an
increase in the efficiency of utilization of structural and other materials and
fuel-power and raw material resources and the development of the implements of la-
bor and machine systems necessary f~~r this." In agriculture the fulfillment of
these tasks is possitile, in particular, as a result of an increase in the capacity
of combine hoppers or the production of intermediary accumulators making it poss~- ,
ble to save up to one-fourth of the transport facilities for grain deliveries; de-
velopment of improved pulverizers of chemical plant protection agents lowering their
consumption to two-thirds or one-half; increase in the uniformity of application of
minerai fertilizers on the basis of the uge ~f improved machine designs, which makes
it possible to greatly increase the yield of every utilized fertilizer; introduc-
tion of pneumatic seeders, which, according to the estimates of specialists, make
it possible to obtain an aiinual saving of 6 million tans of valuable seed grain.
The intensif ication of agricultural production necessitates ar. increase in the
rates of its power equipment. To attain a:~ overall mechanization of production
processes in plant growing, it is necessary to have no less than 500 hp of total
power capacity per hectare of r.rable land (at present no more than one-half of this
capacity is ensured).
The repair and technical servicing of agricultural machines and mechanisms needs
to be improved further. For this it is necessary to increase the degree of provi-
' sion of the material base of repair and technical servicing with spare parts. In
1980, on the average, only 82 percent of. the need of agriculture �or repair and
technical servicing, including 77 percent, for tractor parts and 72 percent, for
agricultural machine parts, was met. Only 308 out of 627 types of the scarcest
parts were produced in 1980. The enterprises of the USSR State Committee for Sup-
ply of Production Equipment for Agriculture hardly restore scarce spare parts. In
1980 parts worth 382,500 rubles, or 11.4 percent of the delivery of new parts, ,
were restored, which is obviously insufficient. For example, in the GDR, 25 per-
- cent of the parts are restored and the task of attaining the restoration of 40 per-
cent of the spare parts is set.
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To enhance the role and in~:rease the responsibility of mactiine building enterprises
for a prompt and full prov~sion of the en*_ire pool of machinea with spare parts it
is advisable to envisage the replacement of losses for farms caused by the downtime
of equipment owing to the lack of apare parts in the amount of the planned value of
a machine-day fro~n the economic incentive funds of enterprises guilty of the under-
delivery of spare parts. This also applies to the enterprises of the USSR State
Committee for Supply of Productian Equipment fo:~ Agriculture that do ~:.t fu~fill
the assignments for the restcratlon of scarce parts. When a guaranteed supply of
spare parts is introduced, bonsses ahould be paid to workers of supply bases depend-
ing on the level of satisfactian of the demand of farma for parts, not on the vol-
ume of trade turnover, as is done now.
There are serious shortcomings in the repair and technical servicing of agricul-
ture. The repair base of the USSR State Committee for Supply of Productian Equip-
ment for Agriculture is largely used not according to purpose. For example, the
volume of work on new outpui and of other operations of repair planta comprises 60
percent and of repair shops, more than 35 percent, whereas the provision of kol-
khozes with standard repair shops comprises only 61 percent and of sovkhozes, 57
percent. The development and utilization of the material and technical base of
repair and technical servicing must be planned from the standpoint of maximization
of the end results of agricultural production and th~ USSR Ministry of Agriculture
should head this work.
Investigations show that, on the average, one sovkhoz or kolkhoz has ~nore than 20
brands of machines, although it is advisable to have no more than three to aix.
Many brands lead to a decrease in the eff iciency of utilization of equipment and
to substantial expenditures an its araintenance and aperation, because the expendi-
tures on spare parts and repairs and the downtime of units :ncrease and their oper-
atian and the training of machine operators become com~licat,ad. There is an opin-
ion that, allegedly, the industry's output of tractors of dif:ferent designs per-
tainir~~ to the same traction category is the main, if not the only, reRgon for this.
However, ii:e list of tractors necessary for the national ecanomy is substantiated
scientifically. The provisions "A System of Machines for an Overall Mechanization
of Agricultural Production" have been developed. It has been established that in
the~country it is necessary to manufacture tractors of 62 type sizes, including
more than 50 for agriculture. In 1980, however, tractors of only 30 type sizes
were manufactured.
Kol~khozes and sovkhozes receive many powerful tractors and expensive complex ma-
chines. Any malfunctions in their operation and, eapecially, downtime inevitably
result in great damage for the national economy. That is why the development of
clear recommendations on problems of impr~vement and increase in the.eff iciency of
organizatiaaal forms of equipment utilization and 3ntroduction of advanced methods
of technical servicing of the machine and tractor pool is an urgent task. A suc-
cessful solution of the problems concerning the servicing of the machine and trac-
tor pool wi~l have a positive effect on an aeceleration of the rates of intensif i-
catian of agricultural production and will make it possible to ensure a stable
growth of the gross output of grain and other types of farm products.
The introduction of an overall mechanization ~f grain crop harvesting can be exam-
ined, using Krasnodarskiy Kray as an example. The proportion of Krasnodarakiy Kray
in the Russian Federation makes up 3 percent in the area of arableland and 6 percent
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in the gross output of agriculture. More than 5 million hectares of agricultural
land, including 4.3 million hectares of arable land, are assigned to kolkhozes and
sovkhozes in the kray. On the average, one kolkhoz accounts far about 10,000 hec-
tares and one sovkhoz, 5,000 hectares of arable land. One out of four neople em-
ployed in the kray's agricultural production is a machine operator.
According to the data of the Krasnodar Scientif ic Research Instirute of Agriculture
imeni P. P. Luk'yanenko, 5 calendar days are the f~rst scientifically substantiated
harvesting period, during whic:h winter wheat hardly lowers the yield. A delay of
4 or 5 days in harvesting in excess of the indicated period leads to the loss of 2
quintals of grain per hectare n~.nd of 10 days, 4 quintals, ~r 10 to 12 percent. An
obligation to harvest grain crops in 7 to 9 calendar days and without losses has
been adopted in Krasnodarskiy Kray. During the lOth Five-Year Plan it was possible
~ to attain a signif.icant shortening of the time of reaping and thrashing of grain
crops. This task was accomplished ti:rough a fundamental reconstruction of the or-
ganization and technology of harveating operations and a large-group utilization of
equipment within specialized complexes, which included technological links from the
~ harvesting and thrashing of grain crops to the plowing of semifallow. In the kray
in 1980 grain crops were harvested from an area of 2.5 million hectares, including
cereals and pulse cr.ops, from an area of about 2 million hectares, corn, from
340,000 hectares and rice, from 220,000 hsctares. A total of 15,500 grain har~est-
ing combines, 11,000 reapers, about 40,000 tractors, 45,000 trucks and.a great deal
of other equipment operated in the harvesting of grain crops. The harvesting area.
per combine totaled 130 hectares. Owing to the abundant harvest, all combines
operated at lowered speeds and were equipped with chaff collectors. As compared
with 1979, in 1980 the average daily output per combine increased by 25 percent,
totaling 15 hectares, and the grain yield, 55 to 60 tona.
How was equipment used in the 1980 harvest? On most kolkhozes and sovkhozes in
iCrasnodarskiy Kray equipment was concentrated in 520 harvesting and transport com-
plexes. Harvesting and transport detachm~..nts and specialized links for the perfor-
mance of concomitant operations weze esta~iished on farms with small areas and an
in suff icient amount of equipment. The help of the ma.chine and tractor pool of the
Kray Agricultural Equipment Association, the Kray Scientif ic Production Associ~tton
f or Agrochemical Services to Agricu~ture and other enterprises was enlisted. All
the equipment in complexes and detachments was uaed no less than 20 hours per day.
Reaping and combine units were equipped with electric illumination for night oper-
ation. As a rule, complexes were formed from the same types of combines, motor
veh icles and tractors. Tra ilers f or the collection and tranaportatian of chaff,
pushing sweeps, stack movers and other technical facilities were attached to them.
A link for the technical servicing of machines was attached to every harvesting and
transport complex and detachment. Its duty was to control the adjuatment and to
carry out the technological tuning of harvesting units. As a rule, maintenance
took place at night time. During the harvesting period the shops, material ware-
houses and exchange centers of the Kray Agricultural Equipment Asaociation, of kol-
khozes and of sovkhozes were transferred to a 24-hour work regime. When the length
of operation of the Kolos, Niva and Sibiryak comb ines was up to 20 hours in a 24-
hour period, even advanced machine operatora could not ensure the fulfillment of
the envisaged output norms. They took measures so that two combine operators worked
on every combine. At the same time, their shif t was changed in no more than 4
hours. Two machine operators also serviced every tractor and motor vehicle.
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Tlie level of technical equipment and mechanization of production at agricultural
enterprises and associations does not yet meet the tasks of increase in output and
in the r:tes af labor productivity growth. For exam~le, in 1980 the level of over-
all mechanization in cattle raising comprised 39 percent, in hog breeding, 61 per-
cent a~.n in poultry breeding, 69 percent. Vegetat~e planting was mechanized 64
percent. Combines h3rvested only 43 percent of the areas under potatoes, 90 per-
cent of the areas ut,der sugar beets and 53 percent of the areas under cottan.
The lack of overall mechanization of the production of individual types of agricul-
tural products leads to signif icant labor expenditures. For example, in 1980 the
expenditures of Zabor on the production of 1 quintal of grain crops (where sowing
and harvesting ar~ mechanized 100 percent) totaled 1.4 man-hours on kolkhozes and
1.2 man-hours an sovkhozes, of potatoes, 3.7 and 3.5 man-hours and of vegetables
(on open ground), 7.4 and 5.1 man-hours respectively. In potato growing the dig-
ging of tubers was mechanized 94 percent and their loading, only 60 percent.
The existing machine system makes iz possible to mechanize all the basic processes
in the growing and harvesting of potatoes. At present a number of operations (~re-
paration of s~eds, grading of the gai.hered harvest and loading-ur.loading operations)
are still performed manually. Calculations show that the use of flow technology on
the basis of an overall mechanization of potato production, as compared with tr,e
traditional technology, will make it possible to lower the labor expenditures on
these operations to almost one-third, reducing them to 9.6 man-hours per hectare ae
compared to 55.4 man-hoLrs with the exiating technology.
Sugar beets are some of the most labor intensive crops. In labur expenditurea they
approximately surpass grain crops and sunflower seeds 10-fold and fiber flax, 3 to
3.5-fold. The care of crops, harveating and loading are the most labor intenaive
technological processes for these crops. During the care of sugar beet crops the
stage of f ormation of the plant density require8 great expenditures of manual labor
(33 to 48 man-hours per hectare). A signif icant saving of labor expenditures on
this operation (20 to 25 percent) is attairQ~l when the SST-12 seeder designed for
precision seeding at small rates is used. A set of machines for the swath harvest-
ing of sugar beets is now being introduced. Their productivity is twice to three
times as high as the productivity of the used equipment and the design makes it pos-
sible to gather the harvest without additional manual cleaning. The introduction
of a machine system for a mechanized cultivation and harvesting of sugar beets
could reduce the labor expenditures on this crop to less than one-sixth.
The insufficient provision of agricultural enterprises and associations with tech-
nical facilities and their unsatisfactory utilization lead to a prolongation of the
performance of work and to a deterioration in its quality, as well as to sizable
losses of output, which lowers the eff iciency of agricultural production. Shift
and daily output in many mechanized operations is amaller than the standard output,
the shift coefficient of the operation of machine and tractor un its is low and the
downtime of machines is considerable.
An analysis of the present utilization of machines shows that both a premature
~~riting off and prolongation of the period of operation of equipment in excess of
the standard period occur at agri~ultural enterprises and associations, which low-
.~rs the eff iciency of technical facilities. The operation of old equipment raises
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the expenditures on maintaining it in an efficient state with a declining productiv-
ity. For e.xample, the expenditures on the operation of the T-74 tractor after a
standard service life per conventional standard hectare, as compared with the f irst
2 or 3 years of operation, increase 1.5- to 2-fold and annual output decreases to
40 or 50 percent. Therefore, it is advisable to use old equipment only during
stepped-up periods and when there is a shortage of new machines for leveling out
peak loads. In the current and five-year plans of enterprises and associations it
is necessary to envisage a prompt renovation of the machine and tractor pool, avoid-
ing deviations from the optimum periods of operation.
A universal introduction of inctustrial technologies of productic~n of grain, sunflow-
er seeds, sugar beets, cotton, vegetables and other pla.nt products will make it pos-
sible to ensure a systematic perforniance of all types r~f agricultu-al operations by
machines. For example, under the conditions of the Mr~ldavian SSR the use of indus-
trial technology in the production of corn, sunflower seeds, sugar beets and vege-
tables increases the yield 30 or 50 percent, lowers the expenditures of labor per
un it of output 1.5- to 2-fold, improves its quality and reduces losses. In the cot-
~ ton growing of the Uzbek SSR industrial technology increases labor productivity
1.5- to 1.8-fold and lowers production costs 1.4- to 1.7-fold.
According to the calculations of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Ec-
onomics and Organization of Agriculture, the introduction of a machine system for
an overall mechanization of the production of agricultural products will make it
possible to lower the expenditures on the performanc~ of inechanized operations
throughout the public aector of the Ukrainian SSR by an average of 13 to 15 percent
by 1985. The introdu~tion of advanced forms and methods of machine utiliza tion
will make it possible to increase the productivity of labor on the performance of
technological procesaes and operations by 10 to 20 percent and to lower operating
costs by 4 to 5 percent.
As a result of the syst~matic implementation of the agrarian policy of the Comua~-
nist Party of the Soviet Union, in the last 15 years the number of tractors in the
country's agriculture increased from 1,613,000 to 2,580,000, of trucks, from
94 5,000 to 1,607,000 and of grain harvesting combines, from 520,000 to 713,000 re-
spectively. The power available to agriculture per worker increased from 7.7 hp
- to 24.2 hp. At the end of the f ive-year plan the total capacity of the tractor
pool exceeded 191 million hp.
The list of equipment supplied to agriculture was also expanded. In 1965 the in-
dustry manufactured 380 typea of machines and implements for rural areas and at
present their list reaches 1,500,000, which exceeds the 1965 level almost f ourf old.
During the lOth Five-Year Plan more than 42 billion rubles were allocated f or the
retooling of agriculture, while the total capital investments of the state and kol-
khozes in the development of agriculture were 170 b illion rubles.
The indicated measures made it possible to greatly raise the level of inechanization
of agricultural production. The technological processes of basic soil cultivation,
sowing of grain crops, cotton and sugar beets and harvesting of grain and silage
crops have already been mechanized fully. An overall mechanization of the applica-
tion of mineral fertilizers, vegetable sowing, potato planting, hay mowing, inter-
row cuJ.tivation of row crops, harvesting of corn f or grain and so forth is being
c ompleted.
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- However, the level of inechanization of a number of key agricultural operations is
still insufficient. For example, according to the data of 1980, cow milking is
mechanized 90 Percent, water supply at large-horned cattle sections and complexes,
89 perceait, at hog breeding complexes, 94 percent and at poultry breeding complexes,
95 percent, fodder distribution, 45, 66 and 85 percent respectively and manure re-
moval, 75, 86 and 86 percent. Overall mechanization has been carried out only at
42 percent of the large-horned cattle sections and complexes, at 63 percent of the
hog breeding complexea and at 72 percent of tne poultry breeding conplexes.
The data presented show the great poter.tials in the replacement of heavy manual la-
bor with mechanized labor, in the disengagement oi acutely scarce manpower and in
the solution of serious social problems connected with bringing the n~ture of labor
in rural and urban areas closer together.
A total of 1.87 million tractors with a total engine capacity of 152 millian hp and
600,000 grain harvesting combines will be delivered to rural areas diiring the llth
Five-Year Plan. The output of equipment worth more than 17 b illion rubles was en-
visaged for plant growing and worth 14 billion rubles, for animal husbandry ar.:i fod-
der production. The ind~istry mastered the production of the K-701, T-150, MTZ-80
and MTZ-82 powerful high-speed tractors. The calculationa performed by the workers
of the Tselinograd Scientific Research institute of Mechanization of Agriculture
have shown that, when these t-actors ai�e used, the labor intensiveness of work is
lowered sharply and the need for machine operators is reduced considerably. How-
ever, all this will be realistic provided tractors are supplied with the necessary
set of agricultural machines (plows, seeders, harrows, spreaders and so forth).
A dynamic development of agriculture requires the implementation of a number of or-
gan~'.zational and economic measures for an improvement in the quality of agricultural
equipment. The rapid rates of scientific and technical progress and the complexity
and uultiplane nature of the problems solved in its course require scientifically
su~stantiated planned management taking future possibilities a^d needs into con-
sideration.
At the present stage responsible tasks are set for workers in agricultural machine
building. The July (1978) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee considered it nec-
essary to complete during the llth Five-Year Plan the overall mechanization of cul-
tivation of all major agricultural crops and to maximally raise the level of inecha-
nization in animal husbandry. In connection with this a vast program for the pro-
duction of machines for plant growing, animal husbandry and feed preparation was
adopted. It will be necessary to meet the needs of agriculture f or highly produc-
tive tractors with a full set of mounted and trailed implements and other modern
machines, as well as to greatly expand the output of new equipment to ensure a dyn-
amic development of agriculture.
Overall mechanization--the main factor in the growth of labor productivity and re-
lease of workers from agriculture--will make it possible to provide manpower for
other natianal economic sectors in a planned manner and, as a result, to create
additional national income with a simultaneous increase in the production of agri-
cultural products.
COYYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1982
11,439
CSO: 1824/336 END
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