JPRS ID: 10649 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500080023-3
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/10649
- 8 Juiy 19$2
Wc~ridwide Re ort
p
- TELECOMMUNICATIONS POIICY,
RE~EARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO ~i4/82)
FBIS ~OREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SE~RVICE
~
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JPRS L/10649
- ~ 8 July 1982
k'ORLDW IDE REPORT
- TELECOMMUyICATIONS POLICY. R~SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO 14~82)
CONTENTS
~SR
A:3signmen~s for Electrical Communications Workers, 1980-1985
(EI~ROSVYAZ', Apr 82) 1
Method for Increasing Capaci~ty of Satellite Communi.ce,tions Links
~ ( G.M. Vay~bnrg, M:S: ~Raber; ELIICTR03VYAZ' , Apr 82) . . . . 1].
'Moskva' Newspaper Transmission wystem
(E?.EKTROSVYAZ', Apr 82) 20
'Svya~'-81' International Exhibition Exhibitors Noted
(ELEIQROSVYAZ's Apr 82) 21
- Long-Dista,r.oe Coaununications Cab3.es and Cable Fittings
(1~. S . Vorontsov, et al�,' L'LEKTFtOSVYAZ' , Apr 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
City Telephone Cables
( D. L. Sharle; ELEKTROSVYAZ' , Apr 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~
'Svyaz'-ffi.'International Exhibition
( II,EIC~ROSVYAZ' , A~r 82 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4~+
_ WEST ~UROPE
FRANCE
Firm Wants To Penetrate Am~erican Fiber Optics, In~rared Market
' (Francoise Chirot; L'EXPRESS, 11+-2G Mepr 82) 47
_ a _ [I~I - WW - 140 FOUO]
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USSR
ASSIG1aiENTS FOR ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS, 1980-1985
Moscaw ELIIZTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 49. Apr. 82 pp 1-6
[Unsigned article]
[Text] During 1981, the workers of the ~oviet Union, in acc:or%ia:.~c;. with t;he reso-
~ lutions of the 26th CPSU Congress, achieved furtliar growth in the production and
scientif ic-technical potential of t~e country, strengthening of its might and
defense capability and multiplication of material and spiritual values.
_ The November 1981 Plenary Session of the CPSU Central Committee made specific
plans for establishing a congress for the first half of the 1980s and indicated
the ways to increase the economic potential of the cour~.try, improve the efficiency
of the national econorry and provide dynamic developmznt o~. the basis of intensive
factors. ParticLlar emphasis was given the requirement of concentratin~g capital
~ investments; further mastery of Siberia and the Far East; development of the economy
of each republic; and observation af strict conservation of all types of resources.
_ This phase has put forth new requirements which can be met only through an energet-
- ic restructuring of management style, planning mPthods and the control system.
_ In his speech to the November Plensry Session, comrade L.I. Brezhnev called upon
the State Com~ittee on Science and Technolog;, ~he USSR Acad~my of Sciences, Minis-
tries and departments to carry out the resolutions of the 26th Party Congress to
accelerate the utilization of the achievments of science dnd technology more ener-
getically. He called the slow reduction in manual labor in the present demographic
situation the root of all evil. An increasingly important condition for economic
effectiveness in the light of more complicated inter-branch and intra-branch com-
munications is coordinated work of all branches of the economy.
The social program is also extremely important today, including supply of faodstu~fs
and industirial goods, improvement of wages, residential constructio~r~ for which
93 billion rubles have been allocated, and satisiaction of the cultural and domestic
requirements of the nopulation.
' It is from precisely these high positions that we must evaluate the results of the
work of the communications bra::h during 1981 and determine prospects for further
developments.
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The rnain result of the first year of the llth Five-Year Plan is the fulfillment of
the basic pianned assignments: communications gYoduction v~l.ume 100.9 percent,
tariff revenues 100.7 percent, labor productivity, 101.2 percent (85 rercent
of the increase in communications production volume c~a~ achieved due to increased
labor productivity.
Communication5 enterprises have accomplished a significant amount of work: over
0.5 b illion telegrains were transmitted, about 1.5 bi llion lnng distance conversa-
tions were neld, city telephone exchanges served ~6.5 million subscribers,~while
rural exchanges served 3.6 million, 85 million wired-radio outlets were operating,
8/ ~ercent of the population was able to receive one broadcast t~levision program,
and 67 percent - two or more programs.
The assignment to increase the l~ngth of long distance telephone channels was ful-
filled by 103.2 percent. As during the iUth Five-Year Plan, more than 70 percent
of this increase was achievec~ by rehabilitating and reequipping existing trunks.
_ The collectives of TTsUMS-7, 8, 14, 16, 17, the TsMTS, and the Kazakhstan Ministry
of Communications worked well in this area.
Automation of long dis tance telephone communications is the basic way to improve the
quality of services, to save labor resources and to create the 1;nified Automated
Communications System. By the beginning of 1982, 44 percent of long distance 2x-
- changes were automated, which corresponds to the plan assignment. The level of
automation in Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, the Kir�iz and the Ukraine exceeds the
national level. The introduction of automation must be accelerated in Turkmeniya,
Azerbai j an and Georgia.
Enterprises of the telegraph sub~ra .ch have been reequipped purposefully in order
to reduce labor consumption, improve the quality of communications and improve
working conditions for service personnel. The growth plan for the capacity of
' channel switching centers in the Nationwide Data Transmission System and telegraph
network was fulfilled by 102.2 percent. ~'ifteen cities have put automatic direct-
c~nnection telegraph and subscriber telegraphy exchanges into operation, including
Dnep ropetrovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen' and Yaroslavl'. TsKS-T message switching
' centers have been b uilt in Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk and at TTsUMS-21. The five
existing message switching centers are already processir~g over 600,000 telegrams
per day. The problem of how to find the means and capabilities to introduce high
efficiency telegragh facilities is now urgent for specialists in all republics.
Telegram processing still takes many stages. Because of the lack of channel capa-
city, the direct connection system is not working efficiently enough at exchanges
in Irkutsk, Tbilisi, Vladivostok, Magadan, Sverdlovsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo, and others.
The newspaper transmission network, which is of great political and economical
importance, includes 41 receiving:locations. A group of projects involving construc-
tion of locations for receiving newspaper columns over communications channels has
been completed in Izhevsk, Cheboksary, Astrakhan', Arkhangel'sk and Tyumen'.
Newspaper columns have been transmitted experimentally *o Alma-Ata over the advanced
"Orb ita-kV" satellite communications system.
The growth plan for city and rural telephone exchanges was fulfilled by 100.4 percent.
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Over 1.2 million telephones were installed in local systems, over 70 percent of
which were for private service, in accordance with the resolutions of the 26th
CPSU Congress. Private branch facilities were constructed, exp~nded and re-
habilitated at 2180 sovkhozes and kolkh~zes. Experience continued to build up
in operating telephone systems using automatic message accounting equipment. Tl:e
required decisions have been made, and must be affirmed organizationally and
technically in order to accelerate the switchover of large urban systems (Moscaw,
the capitals of the union republics, etc.), to length-of-call payment. A great
deal has been spent on developing local systems, and incressing their profitabil-
ity is an important task facing the subbranch.
' The Moscow, Leningrad and Tashkent ci�y telephone systems are operating technical
operating centers equipped with computers, diagnostic and test equipment, which
has made it possible to improve the performance of communications and r2duce the
amount of labor involved in network service. The team method of servicing city
exchange line and cable structures and subscrit~er centers (in Chelyabinsk, inter
alia) has made it possible to increase the volume of prevent~ne maintenan~ce on
liness to increase revenue production from coin operated phones and to prevent
damage to cables by other organizations.
The problem of satisfying the demand for local telephone services continues to be
a~i urgent one. The enterprises of the subbranch muet actively implement existing
reserves, accelerate the activation of existing capacities and continue expan-
sion of the con~truction of automatic private bxanch exchanges.
The "Orbita", "Moskva" and "Ekran" communications satellite systems were developed
further (especially in the RSFSR and Kazakhstan). By the beginning of 1982 the
total number of earth stations serving these systems exceeded 2000. Relay of the
second television program has been organized at 12 e~perating TV stations. In con-
- junction with traditional terrestrial television facilities, the satellite systems
~ have made it possible to organize five-zone broadcast of the first national program,
and three-zone broadcasting of the second program~
The capacities of radio broadcast transmitters continued to increase in 1981,
mainly at existiag radio enterprises. Synchronous radio broadcast networks expanded,
and radio communications equipment has been updated. Improving the operating reZia-
bility of equipment is an essential task, and is the main prerequisite for reducing
the amount of personnel o~;.i duty and to elimin3te night shifts. Problems of capital
repair and operation of inetal antenna supports at TV and radio station~ must be re-
solved optimally.
The wired-radio broadcast network, which is of great signif~cance given the present
international situation, increased by three million outl~ts. Half of the wired-
radio facilities carry three programs. Over 500 rural radio centers were automated
in 1981.
Industrial communications enterprises fulfilled the plan for volume of production
by 100.4 percent, and the labor productivfty plan by 101.4 percent. All plants
exc~pt fo~r Barabinsk, Taldomsk and Tashkent completed work in 1981 on introducing
an integrated product quality control system. Production was up by 6.8 percent
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over 1980, and 87 items of experimental prototypes of new equipment were fab-
ricated. Implementation of the assignments of the five-year plan requires strength-
ening of the production base, improving product quality and reducing the amount
of manual labor.
The plan for the introduction of new equipment has been fulfilled, with an impor-
tant contrib ution from scientific-research institutes. Among the work done by
the latter, the following should be pointed out: bringing the "Ekran" on line,
and putting the "Moskva" system into experimental operation; completing development
of the "Orbita-RV" system for transmitting newspaper columns and a large number of
~ radio broadcast programs over communications channels to radio broadcast centers
far away from Moscow; work on automating control of groups of shortwave receivers
of the "Molniya" type; bringing message-switching centers on line; development of
quasi-electronic and electronic telegraph and telephone exchanges (although the
established deadlines have not been met); expansion uf introduction of computers
in technological processes - message accounting, centralized city exchange servic-
ing systems, etc., which is important from the viewpoint 6f reducing service per-
sonnel and improving network performance. Fundamental research on digital trans-
mission methods and optical cable systems is continuing. The branch sc3.entific
organizations must accelerate the rates of development and improvement of new
equipment - this is absolutely necessary for accelerating the development of the
branch. It is no less important to study system problems of constructing commu--
nications networks, technical-economic aspects, and to plan development straight
through from research to assimilatian with the goal of accelerating the introduc-
tion of new equipment.
In i981, communications training institutions trained 7400 engineers and I7000
technicians. More than one million communicators improved their qualifications
by attending various courses and on the job. Each enterprise must make efficient
use of existing engineering and technical cadres and provide all possible support
to young special~sts, which is especially important in light of the scarcity of
personnel,
One good result from 1981 in the area of construction was fulf illment of assignments
concerning the activation of basic funds. This is the result of intensive labor
' on the part of all participants in the construction chain, and their ability to
concentrate labor, material and financial resources on facilities which are being
brought on line (more tl-.an 70% of the allocated construction and installation work
was aimed in this direction). The mainline RRL-800, rehabilitated K-3600 main-
lines, radio broadcast facilities and automatic telephone exchanges handling 1.4
million numbers were put into operation. The "Mezhgorsvyaz'stroy" trust completed
the installation, wiring and adjustment of a 2500-KM coaxial line along an a~nonia
pipeline; all of the participants in this work have received the gratitude of L.I.
Brezhnev, Secretary General of the CC CPSU.
The proportion of allocations directed toward technical reequipping reY~abiiitation
of existing enterprises increased. The number of new construction starts for the
USSR Ministry of Communications was reduced by 4.6 percent.
_ Design institutes fulfilled the planned scope of work.
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Technical cooperation with foreign countries continued. In 1981 a USSR-India
troposcatter link was put into operation.
~
The level of organizational and economic work in the bianch was increased. Unified
integrated programs were developed for the most urgent problems of technical pro-
gress, the development of co~unicationa facilities and social and economic matters.
The Shchekinskiy method received wider employment.
A number of organizations achieved s~3perior results in 1981, including collectives
of the Novosibirsk, Rovno, Volgograd and Zaporozh'ye PTUS, the Order of Lenin Cent-
ral T_elegraph E~hange of the USSR Ministry ~f Communications, the Vil'nyus Tele-
graph Exchange, TTsUMS-4, 12, 21, the Moscow and Tallinn Post Offices, the MGRS,
SUR-5, 11, the Leningrad city television exchange, the "Mostelefonstroy" trust,
the Moscaw city telephone system, as well as others.
Communicators are participating directly in fulfilling the urgent political and
economic task reflected in the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress and the Novem-
ber (1981) Plenary Session of the CC CPSU - to increase the material poten~ial of
each republic and utilize it maximally for harmonic development of the entire
country. All of the union republics contributed to fulfilling the tasks of the
first year of the llth Five-Year Plan fo.r the development of coimnunications fa.cili-
~ ties. Experience in integrated development of communications facilities was accurn-
ulated in Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Armenia; in improving the network of com-
murications enterprises in the FtSFSR, Kazakhstan and Georgia; in development of
- long distance communicationG in the Ukraine, in Belorussia and in Azerbai~~an.
- Turkmen communi:.ators are implementing plans under difficult conditions.
One task ior the next few years is to eliminate the territ4rial disproportion in the
devel4pment of communications facilities, especially city, rural and long distance
telephone systems. In building cable lines and other structures it is necessary to
overcome the local approach and be guided by both regional interests and, primarily,
social snd state requirements.
What m.ust be d~ne as a first priority in order to resolve the key question in the
economy af thp branch - switching over to a primarily intensive path of development?
In 1981, like during the lOth Five-Year Plan, it was not possible to achieve growth
and stabilization of capital productivity, although the reserves and capabilities
- for doing this are certainly available. For example, the failure to integrate the
development of automatic Iong distance exchanges and communications channels reduced
signi~ficantly the level of activation of exchangesp especially for zone communica-
tions. The subbranches must provide a clearer connection between newly constructed
automatic long distance excha.ges and their future use, and must make wider use of
AVTS [Automatic Intraoblast Telephone System] equigment and two-frequency semi--
automatic equipment. The degree of utilization of city tele~hnne exchanges is low.
As much as 20 percent of all rural exchange capacity remains unused, in both RSFSR
and Ukraine. A task has been established to increase the level of city exchange
utilization to 92-93 percent, and rural exchange to 83-$5 percent. Other specific
directions have also been formulated. By overcoating the force of inertia and
obsolete tr.aditions, communicators.wil]. certainl.y be able to handle these urgent
assignments.
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Another path for intensification of work inv~lves conservation of labor rescurces.
In 1981 the rates of growth of labor productivity exceeded the gr~wth rate of
wages. In order to achieve the labor productivity indicators established for the
five-year plan, the plans for introduction and effi:.ient utilization of new equip-
ment, for measures in the area of orgai~ization and standardizatian of labor must
be f~llowed scr.upulously; automation of equipment must be accelerated and wider
use must be made of payment for. end results of collective labor. Personnel ~ur+n-
ovet- is still high at co~unications enterprises. Keeping personnel and rally3ng
of labor collectives are closely associated with 4reating normal production j~id
living conditions for workers. These question~ require specific immediate solction
everywhete.
The requirement that "economics must be economical" has placed ma3or tasks before
the branch in terms of rarional utilization of all material resources. The USSR
~ and union republic ministries of communications have already done definite work in
this direction. Measures have bPen authorized to conserve resources during the
llth Five-Year Plan. There are provisions to reduce heat and fuel utilization by
3 percent and electricity by 4 percent uf the calculated funds. Nonetheless, cbn-
servation is not being observed everywhere by any means. Nonproductive losses are
great, especially at enterprises in the RSFSR, Ge~rgia, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan.
Some enterprises are submitting increased expenditure raquests and reduced efficiency
reports. The asaignments to accelerate the turnover of floating funds are not
being fully met.
An important component element of the woric is to improve the quality of co~unica-
tions services and service culture. According to the 1981 results, an improvement
was achieved for 13 and 20 of the quality indicators considered. However, the
number of complaints concerning the work of long distance and local telephone organs,
- as well as telegraph communications, increased. The mean time to eliminate one
malfunction increased on both long distance lines and in rural systems.
The problem of improving production quality is a complex one which touches all
aspects of the activity of an enCerprise. The introduction of an integrated qual-
ity control system is a powerful means to solve it. An example of this is the
positive experience of the Ministries of Communications of the Ukraine, Belorussia,
Lithuania, as well as a number of PTUS in the RSFSR. It is now time to disseminate
this experience and to issue norrnative documents for the introduction of integrated
quality control systems throughout communications management as a whole.
Management reform is still being introduced slowly within the communications branch.
A number of inethodological documents have been prepared recently on improving the
management mechanism, but there is still no extensive introduction of ineasures
- which should have a significant influence on economy. It is necessary to increase
the economic independence of enterprises, to achieve closer ties between the end
results of their activity and the benefits obtained by labor collectives, and to
create a mechanism under which the enterprises themselves would strive to undertake
intensive plans.
Special attention must be devoted to a fulfillment of assignments associated with
. large nationwide programs such as the conversion ~~f Nec:i~ernoz em'ye, the construction
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of main gas pipelines, the petroleum complex at ~umen', etc.
In executing the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress and November (19a1) Plenary
Session of the CC CPSU during the llth Five-Year Plan, including 1982, the efforts
of communicators are aimed at unconditional fulfillment of the planned assignmenta,
intensification of production, improvement of co~unications service quality,
better satisfaction of the demands for services on the part of the economy and the
people, and creation of work to carry over into tne 12th Five-Yeai Plan.
The Unified Automated Communications Network is continuing to be developed on the
basis of the latest transmiss~on and switching systems, and the extensive use of
satellites for multiprogram television and radio broadcast, telephone communica-
tions with remote regions and transmitting central newspaper columns by facsimile
are going forward.
In accordance with the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Gongress, the total extent of
long distance telephone channels will increase by a factor of 1.8, and the number
of telephones in city and rural areas by a factor of 1.3, including residential
~ sets by a factor of 1.4. Color television and stereo radio broadcasting wili be
developed further. Communications production will increase by 24 percent over
1980, and the labor productivity of communications workers involved in basic activity
will increase by 19.6 percent.
A group of steps will be taken to improve p~anning and management of the economy
of the communications branch, to improve the management style and methods, to
ensure rational utilization of inetal, fuel, electricity, raw materials, financial
and labor resources, to ensure fuller utilization of b asic production funds azd
acceleration of deadlines for assimilating new capacities, to create a reliable
personnel reserve and to expand the network of training courses.
Capital investments and funds for materials and equipment for starting and priority ~
- construction pro3ects and techniaal reequipping and rehabilitati~on of existing
_ enterprises are being allocated on~a priority basis. Thanks to the use of new
efficient materials, improvement af organization and management, improving the
degree of prefabrication of construction, etc., labor productivity and construction
will increase by 14 percent over the five-year plan.
At least 20 items of construction equipment are to be introduced in 1982, and new
quasi-electronic "Istok" switching exchanges, as well as IKM-120, K-1920P and
_ ' other transmission equipment, are to be mastered.
The technical level of plans must be improved, and conservation of resources must
be provided on this basis. Preference ia given to plans to reconstruct and modern-
ize existing structures; a decision to go ahead with new construction is made only
when it is impossible to achieve the required indicators by rehabilitating existing
facilities.
Urgent problems include fulfillment of plans to introduce advanced technology,
automate and mechanize production processes, computer technology, the plan to create
new equipment which is provided for in integrated scientific-technical programs
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aad decrees of directive organs and the USSR Ministry of Communications.
Work is continuing to create third-generation "Elektronika-Svyaz standardized
radio relay communications systems. State testing is being completed, and experi-
mental operation begun, of the "Elektronika-Svyaz'-11Ts" equipment, as well as a .
_ prototype of the "Dozhd'4" f our-program radio broadcast station. Tests are under
way on a message switching center in Leningrad and on an experimental model of a
central station serving the GDR-produced YeSS ATs unified analog-digital switching
communications systems.
The scientific potential of the co~nunications WZ must be utilized more effective-
ly in scientific research and experimental design work done in the interests of
the branch.
Long distance telephone communications will be developed further; the level of
automation will be increased to 55 percent by the end of the five-year plan, and
to 47 by the end of 1982. There are plans to construct and expand coordinate
automatic long dis~ance exchanges in Yerevan, Iiiev, Baku, Kurgau, Sarato.v and
Vladimir in 1982, to begin construction on three automatic switchi~:q centers and
to install at least 3000 long distance pay telephones. Overall, coordinate,
quasi-electrunic and electronic exchanges will be established in 90 ~ities. Work
is underway to create automated operational management and technical servicing
systems. It remains to reduce accidents on communications ~inks, to ensure that
line damage is taken care of within established deadlines and to reduce communica-
tions channel downtime in 1982 by 5 percent. The level of inechanization of line
service and repair work is to be doubled during the five-year plan.
In order to improve the quality of service received by long distance telephone
subscribers, call waiting time will be reduced and the work of ordering and infor-
mation services will be improved.
New equipment will be introduced in the teleg~raph network during 1982-1985 which
will make it possible to automate labor intensive proces~es and to increase labor
productivity; this includes the AVK a~stomatic call concentrator, the ATK hardware-
software complex, OUKS-T, TAKT, RITM, ELIT-T and other equipment. Introduction of
the direct connection system will be completed. Subscriber telegraph and low speed
data transmission networks will be developed substantially. The capacity of tele-
graph exchanges will be increased significantly. Telegraph switching exchanges
will be constructed and rehabilitated in 30 cities (including 8 iu 1982), and
TsKS-T message switching centers will be built in 12 cities. Receiving locations
for newspaper columns via communications channels will be built in Ashkhabad and
Kemer~vo in 1982.
There are provisions to accelerate the growth rate of local telephone networks.
Automation of telephone exchanges in cities and rural areas will be completed, which
will involve the replacement of manual exchanges ser~ing more than 1~0,000 numbers
in cities, and 150,000 numbers in rural areas. At least 45,000 coin-operated tele-
phones will be installed, including 9,000 in 1982, primarily in regions of new
construction. The network of private branch exchanges is to be developed at accel-
erated rates, which will make it possible to intensify the work of city networks.
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In order to do this, 10 percent of the city exchange capacity brought on line annu-
ally is set aside for the construction of switching centers.
There are plans to introduce the test-correction operation method at all existing
- automatic coordinate exchanges and automatic private branch coordinate exchangee
in 1982: this will make it possibl4 to increase the profitability of the networks
and to improv~e labor productivity in the subbranch.
The following glans exist in the area of radio droadcasting, t~tevision, radio com-
munications and satellite co~unications. The capacity of radio broadcast stations
will be increased, primarily due to upgrading and rehabilitating existing enter-
prises and installing additional equipment in available spaces. The synchronous
radio broadcast network in the long- and mediu~wave bands will be expanded, a.nd
organization of zone radio broadcast of the third program with allowance for time
zones will begin. Multi-program radio broadcast stations will be installed in 70
cities during the five-year plan, and stereo broadcasts will be organized in 50
cities.
The availability of television broadcasting to the population will increase as
follows: first national program - 92 percent, second program - 72 percent.
- This will be done by bringing 60 powerful TV stations, 2500 low-power relays, 3000
"Ekran" stations and 400 "Moskva" stations on ].ine. A five-zone TV broadcast dis-
tributing network carrying two national programs will be organized during 1982-
1985, and four-zone broadcast of the second program will be introduced.
_ The number of radio relay points will increase by a factor of 1.2 during the five-
year plan. In addition, multiprogram wired-radio broadcasting will be introduced
in 1500 populated areas, including rayon centers.
There are plans to improve the operating reliability and throughput capacity of the
backbone radio co~unications network. Single-sideband transmitters, receivers and
radio channel control equipment will be installed. Automation of mainline trans- .
mitter and receiver groups will make it possible to free service personnel.
The industrial enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Communications must provide a
growth in the volume of production of 44.7 percent and in labor productivity of 34.1
percent during the five-year plan. Series production of the K-1020S line equip-
ment is to begin in 1982, and series production of type VUT thyristor rectifiers
and other articles is to be prepared.
The year 1982 is filled with ma,jor political events. December marks the 60th anni-
versary of the USSR. Trade union and komsomol congresses will be held. Elections
' will be held ii, local Councils of Peoples' Deputies. A new powerful impetus to
the creative activity of the masses is natural. Socialist competition has become
widespread among communications workers: this is aimed taward successful fulfill-
- ment of the tasks of the five-year plan, acceleration of scientific-technical pro-
gress, increased labor productivity, im~roved work performance and better service
to the population and economy, as well as conservation of all resources.
Communications workers have undertaken increased socialist obligations for 1982
aad the llth Five-Year Plan. For example, these provide overfulfilling the plan
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for communications management profit by 25 million rubles in 1982, overfulfilling
the labor productivity plan, which will provide at least an 85 percent increase in
communications prorivction. Automatic exchan;es serving no fewer tiian 68,000 numbers
should be put intn operation ahead of schedule. ~tao coaxial mainlines will be put
into operation a yaar ahead of schedule. Rehabilitation cf a cable line, rep].acing
K-1920 equipment ~aith K-3h00, should be completed ahead of sc.nedule, by 1 December
1982. Broadcasttng of the second television program will bz organizea in 14 cities
ahead of schedule. Thanks to the introduction of new equ~pment, scientz.fic
organization of labor, automation and mechanization of rroduction processes, com-
munications have obligated themselves to save the lab~r of 22,000 workers during
the llth Five-Year Plan.
It is important in each labor collective that the planned assignments and socialist
ob ligations undertaken be supported by economic and organizational measures which
will guarantee their fulfillment.
Only in this way can the key prob lems involved in the development of the branch be
resolved in the light of the requirements of the 26th CPSU Congress and November
(1981) Plenary Session of the CC CPSU, the state plan filled and overfulfilled, and
a good base created for the 12th Five-Year Plan.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz"', "Elektrosvyaz"', 1982
6900
CSO: 5500/1019
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USSR
METHOD FOR INCREASING CAPACITY OF SAT'3LLITE COMMUNICATIONS LINKS ~
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 4~ Apr 82 pp 12-15
[Article by G.M. Vayzburg and M.S. Raber]
[Text] The high efficiency of communicatians systems using satellites,
especially geostationary satellites [1], has facilitated their extensive
utilization~ Serious discussions are now underway on the problem of es-
timating the maxiffium throughput capacity and the most rational ways to
utilize the geostationary orbit [2]. Some methods which make possible
multiple utilization of the frequency bands allocated for satellite
communications have already been implemented in certain systems, and
others are in the development stage. The former of these include
economizing bandwidth by using polarization and direction separation
[3], while the latter includes methods of compensating for crosstalk
from adjacent systems [4], as well as conserving the uplink spectrum
through on-board signal processing in which it becomes possib le to change
the type of modulation j5].
(hi-board signal processing also makes it passible to implement the idea
of doubling the downlink capacity for communications between two stations
exchanging di.gital information using TDM [6J. In this case, the pulse
streams from both stations can be demodulated aboard the transponder,
combined in time and multiplied Modulo 2 bit by bit. Then each earth
station subtracts its own stream, delayed by the signal propagation time
over the channel, from the total stream.
The present article exam3.nes ~ rn~.:thod which can be used to double the
amount of analog informa*_i.on transmitted over a frequency-multiplexed
relay trunk by combining the spectra of the signals of the two stations
which are working with one another [7]. The bandwidth which is fr.eed
c,an then be used either fc:r communications between an additional pair of
stations, or to increase the amount of traffic exchanged between the same
two stations.
There are two specific ways to implement this method - with and withuut signal
processing aboard the satellites. Both of these versions are analyzed below.
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Method not employing on-board signal processing~. The transponder operates in
the same mode as in a multiple-ar_cess FDM system in which s~.gnals are multip7exed
without ov=tlapping of their spectra.
- Let us examiiae the interoperation of two stations. Let station A emit the signal
Ulcos[wit +,~i,,~1Sl~t)].and let part of that signal be diverted to a delay line DL
- (figure la). Statio.. B emits and diverts the signal U2cos[w'lt + ~w2S2(t)], where
wl - W~1~ wl -~'i = dw is the detuning which always exists between different
transmitters operating at the same frequency; ew - frequency deviation;
~ r ~
~ s~c~~= J' u~c~,d~ ~t szc~,=
-T~
f
- ~ u2(f)dt,
-f.
where T1 and T2 are the times at which the modulation is activated; U1(t) and U2(t)
are the modulating processes at stations A and B, respectively.
When the amplitude response of the transponder is llnear (an analysis of the in-
fluence of nonlinearity will be given below), the following identical signal
arrives at the input of the receiver at each earth station:
U~COS~~W2~'(~(il2~~~-T~~-O(UL$1(1-T~
V~i l -f- U2 cos [ ( c~2 -I- d c,~s) ( ~ - t) -t- (1)
- � -1- 0 wa Ss ( l - t ) -I- t~s ] ~
where dw2 and dw'2 - f~uctuations in carrier frequency caused by Doppler effect
during orbital movement of the satellite; T- signal propagation time over the .
channels; 'Y1 and Y'2 - phases of signals at receiver inputs. In order to extract
the correspondent's signal at any of the stations it is necessary to compensate
for any of the components corresponding to the signal belonging to that station:
this problem can be simplified significantly since the source of the interfering
signal is located iii the same station. The problem can be resolved as follows.
The transmitter signal which is diver�ted and delayed for the propagation time
over the link is input to mixer Mi (figure la), whfc'n translates it to the input
frequency range of the receiver. Then adaptive noise compensator ANC, the operat-
ing principles of which are examined in sufficient detail in [4], suppresses the
local interfering signal. The operating algorithm of the compensator is such
that it produces a signal which controls the frequency, the phase of the mixer
oscillator and the signal delay tn the delay line.
This version is close to the case of suppressing noise from an adjacent system
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operating in the same frequency range. The difference is that a special antenna
which i~ aimed at the noise source is used thexe to obtain the noise copy which
- is then subtracted from the input signal mixture, while the r~ois~e copy in the .
present case is present at the station itself.
S~ ~ 1 ~Amap
/ ~
~ ~ �
. r i
�2~. 4~ 5~ ~ i ,
s,ftJ ' 6 , SI~t~ ~ i
i ,
. ~ i
Cn 8:cR a reH 7 moP Lr,,,,9_up6J
Pe."~il neinu~
. b, ~ ~ �
1
-
. 2 01~5 ~ ~
s;n I
~ 5~(tl ~ i
l '
Cmt $ uFA~ 4 Lmo 9
Q 6----!
Figure 1
Key: 1--transponder; 2--transmitter; 3--delay line; 4--adaptive noise compensator;
5--receiver; 6--mixer; 7--oscillator; 8--station A; 9--station B; 10--intermediate
frequency.
The frequency and phase of the receive signal can also be ad~usted with the help of
a phased-locked loop system, for which it is fairly simple to obtain control voltage
by comparing the transmit and receive signals in a channel set aside specially for
this.
The compensation circuit can also be implemented in the i.f. range (figure lb):
when this is done the mixer is not needed, but instabilities in the oscillators of
the transmitter and receiver at the station have an additio~al influence which,
however, can be compensated in the manner described above.
.The required degree of suppression of the local signal and the received mixture
which provides a tolerable noise level can be determined using the familiar formula
I8]
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P= 10�. I pK ~ FK K~ l Oo r F 2
n F4B'(~) ~ OjK/ x
~gE (b-6) -I-BE (b-f-b)) (2~
x 2 (2)
(notation corresponds to that used in j8]). Given an acceptable value of Pn,
the ratio betw~een the valid and in~erfering components r should be calculated.
For example, when the modulation is being done by b0-channel group messages with
effective modulation indexes MeS = Mep = O.tiS, and assuming that the noise level
must not increase by more than 2000 pW, the noise component of the local signal
must be suppressed by more than 34 dB (r2 = 3�106). It should be noted that
theoretical and experimental investigations of noise compensation systems (in
which the noise copy can be extracted using an additional antenna) are now making
it possible to obtain 40-50 dB suppression [9]. ~Unfortunately, the operation of
such devices has not baen evaluated under dynamic conditions allowing for varia-
tions in the channel parameters over tizne. Noneth~less, examination of this
matter is of independent interest, and is beyond the scope of the present article.
The received signal mixture can also be proces~ed using the scheme shawn in figure ,
2. In this case, a copy of the modulating message S1(t) is delayed by the propa-
gation time and is then input to frequency-modulated oscillator FMO and to corre-
lator Cor where it is coml~ared with the output signal of the receiver. Since the
correspondents' messages are uncorrelated, when the r?ceiver completely suppresses
- the local signal, there will be no c~ntrol voltage at the output of the correlator.
If a residue of the message S1(t) is present at the receiver output, a proportion-
al residual control signal will be input to the FMO and delay line, changing their
- responses accordingly.
, ~ ~ y5
~1 ~ ~ C~
s~(G1
~2 7
~ Figure 2
Key: 1--transmitter; 2--delay line; 3--frequency modulated oscillator; 4--mixer;
S--IF amplifier; 6--frequency detector; 7--correlator
The mixer translates the spectra of the input signals to the intermediate frequency
and simultaneously suppresses the frequency modulation corresponding to message
S(t). In this case only the carrier frequency of the interfering signal remains
uncompensated. Interference of this sort can be controlled using ordinary or
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adaptive band-re~ection filters [4].
In order to es~imate the degree of suppression of interference and to control the
opera~ion of the FMO and delay line, it seems~best to use a special test channel
f~.- each station at the high-frequency end of the message spectrum. By loading it
with a sinusoidal signal, after the sinusofd is extracted it is possible to use
- its residue at the receiver output to control the operation of the circuit, and
also to measure any additional noise which has been introduced.
When the amplitude response of the transponder is nonlinear, distortions are formed
which can be calculated using the method in j8]. It should be kept in mind that
in this case the number of signals passing through the co~non section of the. trans-
ponder is n= 2; their frequencies are practically the same (fk = fl); the third-
order distortion products are formed only fxom combination frequencies of the form
2fk - fl; the number of these products Nn(k) = 2; the power of this type of dis-
tortion products is 6 dB lower than the power of a distortion product of the form
f~ + f.~ - fl. Both signals are�modulated by independent multichannel messages
with effective frequency deviation ~fes and effective modulation index MeS; the
effective frequency deviation and noise index is
~ f9.n = V5 ~ f9.c~ M9.n=Y5 M9.c ~ a A f9
2 3 6 Q
- V ~ fa.c f9.n = v f3.c~
- ~?'~9~=vs M9.~�
Considering the above, and on the basis of [8], the formula used to calculate the
power of the transien* noise occurring w'~en the transponder has a nonlinear ampli-
tude resgonse is written as
2 0 ftc Kn 1Go
Pnnp (Pc/p9)e 1~6~f9.~ ?2nBQ(52) X (3)
r 3
K
x ~ ~ f,K / ,
where ~Fk - channel bandwidth; ~k - center frequency of channel; K2 - psophqmetric
coefficient; B2(St) - pre-emphasis coefficient; (Ps~P3)4 - ratio ofppower of one
signal to pawer of one third-order distortion product with four input signals.
For example, let each of two signals be modulated by a 60-channel message with fre-
quency deviation ~fk = 400 KHz. The nonlinear properties of the amplifier are
. characterized by the relationship by (Ps~P3~4 and Pin shown in figure 5.11 in
[8]. Let us find the ratio Pin/Pp for which the transient noise power in the
voice grade channels does not exceed 2000 pW at t~e relative null level, where Pin
is the summary signal pawer at the amplifier input; Pp is the power at the
saturation point; Rp = 0.75; B2(S2) = 2.5; Qfk = 400 KHz; ~feS = 800 KHz; AFk =
3 KHz; Fk = 250 KHz.
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105
Substituting these quantities in formula (3), we obtain Pn.n.p. - ~
~Ps~P3)4
, and when Pn.n, 2000 pW (PS/P3)4 = 17 dS. It is apparent from the graph in
figure 5.11 j8~J that the quantity(PS/P3)4 corresponds to the ratio of the su~nary

~ power of the signals at the input to the power at the saturation point (Pin/Ppl =
+0.5 dB, i.e., with given parameters of the transmitted signals there is no need,
in order to provide Pn.n,p. = 2000 pW, to reduce the power of the transmitter of
the transponder in order to create a linear amplifier operating mode.
Method employing signal processing on board. Bandwidth is saved on the downlink
by combining the messages from dif~erent stations in the transponder. This is
done as follows. The signals from stations A and B, respectively
- _ _
~
- Ux cos ~wl t-~- e c~i f u, d t and
_T' ~4~
Uz cos wz t-}- 0 w~ f uz ( t) d!
. -7'~ .
are input to the tranaponder, demodulated separately, combined with the common
signal input to the transponder modulator, which emits the following signal
toward the earth stations:
r-~
fl cos c~3 (1- t) 0 c~E (u~ (!-i)-f-
, s
(5)
-{-us(1-sjJdi ,
After demodulation, the sum of the messages will be extracted at each earth sta-
tion; the component corresponding to the message belonging to the station in ques-
tion must be subtracted from this sum:
u~(t-t)-~-uz(t-T)-ul(t-Td)�=
=u9 ~~-T~ -I-SUI ~~-T~.
where Td is the delay of the copy of the message from the station in question,
_ which i:s equal to the signal propagation time over the uplink and back.
' The subtraction can be done in practice us�ing various technical approaches, both
with and without test signals in special channels to regulate Td.
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Let us determine the accuracy r~quiremen~s for the delay in the line for a given
_ acceptable cfiannel noiae increas~e. The correlation functton of~the noise dUi
(t-T) is
R4 (s) = 2 R~(i) - R~(ti - A t) - R~(s -i-~. i).
where R1(T) ig the correlation function of the original message U1(t~ and At ~
T- Td. ~e spectsal noise density
S2~t ~
~ ~b (S2) - 4 G(SE) sins 2 .
where G(S2) is the spectral densitX of the original message, which is.the same for
- U1(t) and U2(t). When At � 1, which must &e the case in the syetem in question,
- w~ have ~
G8 (S2) ~ G(62) (t2 ~ t)s x(p~l ps~ -
(S2 A 1)=.
Thus, given the acceptable degradation in the signal/no~.se ratio, we car. f ind the
' required precision of the delay of the message over the ~.ink.
As indicated above, the second version saves bandwid*_~: on the downlink; therefore,
- in order to realize a posittve effect it is~ necessary to arrange the transmission
of additional information to the transponder over the uplink. This problem was
solved in [5] for transmitting programs in the broadcast satellite service. The
same methods can be used in the present case, namely, using the additional fre-
quency band (if there is any margin in the frequency band), polarization and
direction separation an the uplink; etc. For communications systems with large
modulation indexes M� 1 it is most rational to cut the frequency deviation of
the signals on the uplink in half, which cuts the frequency band occupied by
these signals in half; the increase in the channel noise may be insignificant,
since the noise contribution of these links is relatively small.
~ One version of indep~n'~nt interest is that which employs signal processing aboard
the satelli.te when the communications system is constructed so that the voice
grade channels in one directi~n correspond exactly to the voice grade channels in
the other direction, i.Q., a subscriber occupying, e.g., the first channel on
the link from station A~~ station B talks with a subscriber who also occupies the
first channel on the link from station B to station A, etc. In this case, the
conversation is only going one way tn the ~hannel, since one of the subscribers
is listening to the talking part}r, If we assume that effective echo suppressors
are used on satellite links which disconnect a particular recetving circuit from
- the channel durin~ transmission, it obviously becomes unnecessary to suppress the
- local signal further in the earth s~tation receivers.
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Conclusion. Let us define the relative gain to ~e achieved from employing the
- proposed transponder trunk multiplexing met~od over the traditional multiple
~ access FDM method without overlapptng spectra.
LeC us assume that the transponder trunk was fully accupied b,y a single carrier
which is frequency modulated }iy the group channel spectrum. Let the modulation
_ index be high, and ttie spectrum widtfi he determined approximatelp by the frequency
deviation. In order for the trunk to handle two carriers, eacfi modulated by the
group spectrum of the same ntunber of channels n, it ts necessary to employ a fre-
quency deviation which is no more than half as Iarge, and to cut the power of
each carrier at least in half. The total energy losses tn this case amount to
9 dB.
In the proposed method, when the HF spectra of the two signals are combined (with-
out on-board signal processing), the power of each carrier must also 6e reduced
by at least 3 dB; however, the frequency dev~:ation remains unchanged. If the LF
spectra are combined (with signal ~rocessing aboard the ~ransponder), the effec-
tive carrier deviation of both messages must be reduced by 3 dB, but the carrier
power need not be reduced. With this method of doubling the volume of data trans-
mitted, the energy losses thus amount to 3 dB. Accoruingly, the gain over multiple
access FDM is appro~dmately 6 dB.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Talyzin, N.V. et. al. "Optimal Parameters and Economic Efficiency of Multiple
~ Access Satellite Co~unications Systems". RADIOTEKHNIKA, No. 11, 1969.
2. Kantor, L.Ya. "Estimation of Maximum T'hroughput Capacity of Geostationary Orbit".
RADIOTEKHNIKA, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1979..
3. CCIR, XIII Plenary Assembly, Geneva, 1974, v. IV, Report 55~, Geneva 2 IU, 1975
4. Uidrou et. al. "Adaptive Noise Compensators. Principles of Construction and
Applications". TIIER, Vol. 63, No. 12, 1975.
5. Barker, A.E., Boliggbroke, P.L., Earth-to-spa.~e links for broadcasting satel-
lites. - IEE conference of satellite communication systems technology. London,
April, 1975; IEE conference publication 126. London, 1975.
6. Celebiler, M., Stette, G. On increasing the downlink capacity of a regenerative
satellite repeater in point-to-point communication. Proc. IEEE, v. 66, 1978, No. 1.
7. USSR Patent No. 797081. Frequency multiplexed satellite communicaticns
system. Vayzburg, D.M., Plekhanov, V.V., Raber, M.S., Tsirlin, I.S.
8. Borodich, S.V. Iskazheniya i pomekhi v mnogokanal'nykh sistemakh radiosvyazi� ~
s chastotnoy modulyatsiey jDtstortions and noise in frequency modulated multichan-
nel radio communications sys~tems]. Moscaw, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1976.
9. The application of interference cancellation to an earth ot~tion. W. White,
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~ � .
D. Brandwond and G. Raymond. Satellite c.~mmunications ayste~ms technology. IEE
~ conference publication 126, April, 1975.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Radio i svy.az "Elektrosvyaz 1982
6900 � �
CSO: 1550/1019
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USSR
~'MOSKVA' NEWSPAPER 1'RANSMISSION SYSTEM
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 4~ Apr 82 p 15
jUnsigned article]
[Text] In October 1981 the Scientiftc-Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of
Communications discussed the NIIR [Scientific Research Institute of Itadio] report
entitled "S~itellite Transmission of Newspaper Columns Utilizing Simple Receiving
Stations Installed Directlq at Print3:ng Facilittes". The receiving stations in
the "Moskva" satellite communications� system were the sub~ect of diacUSSion here.
Small receiving antennas are installed directly on the building housing the
printing facilitq, while the receiving equipment is installed inside the building.
Analog transmission makes it possible to employ the existing technical treatments
for transmitting newspaper columns over an "Orbita" television trunk in order to
organize the transmission of newspaper columns in a timely fashton to printing
locations over channels in the "Moskva" system. The Scientific-Technical Council
� proposed the following: acceleration of research on digital methods for trans-
mitting newspapers, as well as creation of remote control and remote signalling
equipment to support normal operation of termirial equipment during circu~a.r
transmission of newspaper columns to printing locations; employ the remote sig-
nalling and remote control equipment used to transmit newspapers over the "Orbita"
system for the time being; developed coordinated principles for constructing
newspaper transmission systems employing both analog and digital methods. The
"Moskva" system will make it possible to expand significantly the capabilities of
transmitting central newspapers from Moscow to printing locations.
COPYRIGHT: IzdBtel~stvo "RSdio i svysz~~~~ "Elektrosvyaz 1982
6900
cso: 5go0f 1019 ~
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\
USSR
i
' SVYAZ' -81 INTE~TATiONAL F~iIBITION FF~~IBITORS NOTE17~~
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 4~ Apr 82 pp 47-48
[Unsigned article] ,
t~
[Text] The success with specialists and the public of the International Exhibition
"Communications Systems and Facil.ities" -'Svpaz'=81" (Moscow, Sokol'nika, 2-16
September 1981) resulted from tfie varietp and Tiigh degree of sophistication of
the exhibits, which provide a clear tdea of the rates of development of co~nunica-
tions which have become avalanche-like in recent qears, as well as the increasing
universal importance of communications faciltties in the social life of our
country. The concept of "electrical communicafiions" has been expanded significantly
as a result of the increased scope of production of its~ numerous subbranches, as
well as the appearance of new types of transmission and data application.
Communications equipment makes full use of the latest achievements of physics,
crystallography and chemistry to master in~reasinglp wider frequency bands and to
develop high speed elements including LSI, electronic microc~rcuits and processors.
Communicat.ions theory and technology, in turn, enrich ad~acent branches of know-
ledge with new principles of transmitting, extracting and recognizing signals,
and provide a wide assortment of sensitive devices for experi~nents and specific
research. ~
Considering the above, we must recognize as fully ~ustified, the display at the
exhibition of numerous sound and picture reproduction devices, special purpose
testing and measuring instruments, control devices, production line equipm~nt,
systems for automating large-series production of printed circuits and damestic
radio equipment along with various co~unications, broadcast and Celevision systems.
The word "Svqaz lcommunications) in the title of the exhibition should be under- ,t
stood in its broadest sense, as a combination of facilities for transmitting infor-
mation along with ~~he required electronic, computing and technical radio devices.
Industrial enterprises and assoctations~from seven socialist countries were in-
cluded among th.e participants at the e~ii'6ttion: the Peoples' Republic of Bul-
garia, the Hungartan Peoples' Republtc, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish
Peoples' Republic, the USSR, the Czechos~ovakian Socialist Repulilic and the
Socialist Federative Republic of rugos~lavi:a, in ad'dition to compantes and organiza-
tions from Austria, Great Britain, De~ark, Spa~n, Ttaly, Tfie Netfierlands, Norway,
the US, Finland, France, The Federal Repulilic of Germanp, Swttzerland, Sweden, ,
21 .
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Japan and West Berlin.
The television and radio broadcasting equipment and apparatus in the largest dis-
play at "Svyaz'-81" - that of tfie S~oviet Union - occupied over 10,000 square meters
in the Main Pavilion of the exliibition complex. Product~on associations and indue-
trial enterprises of 17 USSR ministries and departments demonstrated over 3,000
exhibits, most of them working.
The exhibition was visited by more than 400,OQ0 people, including 200,000 special-
ists. Visitors included a group of management workers from the USSR Council of
Ministers headed by comrade N.A. TiTchonov, member of the CC CPSU Politburo and
Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, as well as a group of executives of
the CC CPSU apparatus. Foreign specialists present included management personnel
from most of the co~unications admini:strations of the socialis~t countries, headed
by ministers, including Rudolf Shultze, Deputy Chatrman of the GDR Council of
Ministers and Minister of Postal and Electrical Co~unications of the DGR, Pando
Vanchev, NRB Mtnister of Communications, Vlastimir Chalupa, Min~ster of the Czech-
oslovakian SSR Federal Ministry of Co~unicat~ons, and others.
Repeated visits to the pavilions. at the exliibition were organized so that workers
of operational and production entarprises, sci:entific-research, design and train-
- ing institutes and design organizations could become thoroughly familiar with the
exhibits. A great number of catalogs, prospectuses and descriptions of domestic
and foreign apparatus equipment were disseminated.
During the exhibition a symposium was held at which more than 60 lectures and
reports were read. About 5,000 specia:.ists took part in creative discussions.
Study of the exhibits at the exhibition and the technical and advertising litera-
ture, plus exchanging information and experience during meetings and encounters
and attendance at lectures and reports made it possible to obtain a great deal
of information in the area of the development of communications facilities and to
make an objective evaluation and comparison between the level of development here
and abroad and of the developmental trends of the communications equipment subbranch.
The basic directions in the development of communications systems for the near
future can be defined very briefly as the introduction of digital systems for
- transmitting all possible types of information over cables, radio relay links and
~ satellite links; the introductian of quasi-electronic and electronic systems for
switching single and group channels using electr~nic controllers and microproces-
sors, and the use of optical cables as a transmission medium.
Nonetheless, analog systems are not being taken out of production. The same is
the case for obsolescent coordinate swfi tching systems: regardless of the employ-
ment of new systems, these will still he in use for the foreseeable future.
Five communications enterprises and organizations participating at the "Svyaz'-81"
International Exhibition - the State Scienttfic-Researcli Institute of Radio (NIIR),
the Moscow Department of the Central Scientific-Researcfi.Communications Institute
(MO-NIIS), the Minsk "Promsvyaz experimental plant and the Moscow and Lentngrad
city telephone systems~ - were awarded Diplomas of the USSR Trade and Indus~trial
22
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Board, and 28 communications enterpxises and organizations ~zere a~,zarded Exhibi-
tion Organizational Com~tttee Diplomas~.
The ~ournal ELEICTROSVYAZ' has published descriptions of many of the type of domes-
tic gear, equipment and devtces wteieh were exhibited at 'Svyaz'- 1". Tfiese include
the "Orbita", "Moskva" and "Ekran-ChM" satellite co~unications systems, the
K-3600, K-1920P, K-1020S, IKM-120, T,M-30, KURS, "Oblast and "Elektronika-Svyaz'-
11Ts " transmiss:ion systems, ATsV digital liroadcasting equipment, tfie "Tstok"
YeSS ATs swttcfiing system, tfie DUMKA telegraph cfiannel formation equipment, the
ELIT-T display-type telegraph termi:nal, the city telepfione system technical operat-
irig center (TsTE) equipment, and many others. '
The edi~ors also intend to present the features of domestic apparatus and equipment,
= to which special articles will lie devoted (under the rubrics "Technology of the
- Five-Year Plan", ""Svyaz'-81" International Exhibition", etc.). For example,
descriptions are naw being prepared for publication on the "Orbita-RV" satellite
broadcast system, the IKM-480 digital tiransmission system, the "Kvarts" quasi-
electronic automatic long distance telephone exchange, ~quipment for time-of-
call billing for local toll calls, etc.
Published below are reviews of mainly foreign communications equipment which was
presented at the exhibition. These descriptions are based on studying the exhi-
bits, the handout literature and information obtained from the lectures and conver-
sations with specialists. The articles written only from materials available at
the exhibition, of course, do not pretend to exhaustive thoroughness or universal-
ity. However, each review gives an idea about the characteristic features of the
current status of a particular co~unications subbranch and the typical trends
in its improvement.
Articles devoted to the "Svyaz'-81" International Exhibition will continue to be
published in subsequent issues.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1982
6900
CSO: 5500/1019
23
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~
- USSR
LQNG-DISTANCE COMMUNICA'TIONS CABLES AND CABLE FITTINGS
'Ioscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' ir, Russian No 4 Apr 82, pp 55-60
- [Article by A.S. Vorontsov, K.G. Levinov and S.Kh. Miftyakhetdinov]
[Text] General developmental trends. The main factors which determine improvement
in traditional communications cable equipment using metal.conductors are the con-
stantly growing demand for data exchange, increased requirements for transmission
quality, reliability and economy, and the appearance of new, more sop~isticated
technology.
The "Svyaz'-81" International Exhibition demonstrated that the scientific and tech-
nical thinking of sp~~ialists in the area of cable equipment during the period
which elapsed since the "Svyaz'-75" exhibition followed these paths:
a) improving cable utilization efficiency by expanding the frequency range which
can be handled and using digital transmission systems;
b) developing a list of cables for various purposes using large numbers of construc-
tion elements;
c) developing and usin~ cable components which are standardized in terms of both
construction and electrical characteristics;
d) improvement of existing cable designs of all types in order to improve their
economy, reliability and stability of electrical characteristics in the spectrum
of widaband analog and digital transmission systems. This is achieved by reducing
the use of, or completely replacing, such expensive, scarce materials as copper
and lead, used respectively to make conductors and ~ackets, with aluminum, steel
and new, improved plastics; increasing the mechanical strength of cable elements;
using new manufacturing technology;
e) finding new installation methods and improving existing ones; improving the
quality and reliability of connections; reducing the cost of installation opera-
tions and the amount of labor consumed therein;
f) theoretical and experimental investigation of the electrical characteristics
of cables in the wideband analog and digital transmission system spectrum, primar-
ily questions of the effect of nonuniformities in the wave impedance and cross-
effects on the quality the 3ata transmitted, and standardizing them on the inter-
national scale.
Coaxial communications cables were exhibi:ted by the SAT and LTT companies (France),
- Nokia (Finland), NKF (The Netfierlands), as well as the KWO comliine (GDR). Th~
2~+
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exhibits and handout literature indicate that, as before, the hasic types of
co~ial cables used in the long distance sys~tems in these countries employ stan-
dard 2.6/9.5 and 1.2/4.4 pairs.
The construction of thESe pairs. is~standard, and their elements differ little from
- one another. For example, the i:nternal conductors are made of signal-conductor
copper wire wtth a nominal diameter of 2.6-2.65 mm (for 2.6/9'.5 pairs) and 1.18-
1.2 mm (for 1.2/4.4 pairs). Tlie outside conductors consist of a cylinder made of
- copper band 0.25 ~n thick (for 2.6/9.5 patrs) and 0.15 or Q.18 ~(for 1.2/4.4
pairs) with a single longitudinal "corregation"-type seam and with nominal inside
diameters of 9.5-9.75 ~(~for 2.6/9.5 pairs) and 4.4 mm ~for 1.2/4.4 pairs).
The insignificant differences in the diameters of the conductors used in the cables
- in a number of countries while employing various types of insulation result from
the attempt to obtain a 75-ohm wave impedance (for 2.6/9.5 pairs at 2.5 MHz and
1.4/4.4 pairs at 1 MHz) and to maintain nominal attenuation at 10�C at 18t0.3 dB
at 60 MHz (for 2.6/9.5 pairs) and 5.3 dB at 1 MHz (for 1.2/4.4 pairs) for a given
frequency dependence.
_ The shielding is made of two steel bands, except for the French cables containing
~ 1.2/4.4 pairs, where bimetal bands (copper-plated steel) are used.
. The polyethylene washers are the main type of insulation used in 2.6/9.5 pairs.
1.2/4.4 pairs use several types of insulation: polyethylene bladders (France),
polyethylene sleeves (GDR); polystyrene cord (Finland), polyethylene washers with
' a plastic tube around them (The Netherlands).
- The outside insulation on the coaxial pairs usually consists of plastic strips
(1.2/4.4), paper strips (.2.6/9.5) as well as plastic tubes, in order to increase
electrical strength.
The electrical charac;teristics of the pair constructions (cf. table), regardless
of some slight differences, meet the requirements of CCITT Recommendations G.623
and G.622.
These cables are produced with tli~e following capacities: 2.6/9.5 - from 1 to 22
pairs, and 1.2/4.4 from 1 to 48 pairs,~or in combination configurations such as
8 2.6/9.5 pairs and 6 1.2/4.4 pairs. Coaxial cables of varying capacity produced
by the NKF Company are shown in figure l.
~ The dynamics involved in increasing the number of pairs can be seen using the ex-
ample of French cables employing 1.2/4.4 pairs used in the networks in that coun-
try. The cables made between 1968 and 1970 had an average capacity of 6.5 pairs,
increasing to 16 pairs during 1976-1980. The production of cables with capacity
of up to four pairs practically ceased in 1975 due to the lack of orders for
them. Eighteen-coaxial cable was first produced in 1970, and 24-coaxial in
- 1972. The 48-coaxial cable displayed by the SAT Company at the exhibition was
first produced in 1976. It is us~ed in small amounts in the network, and on
short links.
- 25
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Table
Characteristi ~ ~ Coaxial cable characteristics
~ w
._._._....Y...__ . . _ . _ . .
~ o The Neti~- Finland GDR I CCITT The Neth- Finlan GDR CCITT
~ erlaYds (G.622) erlands (G.623)
~D _ . . . _ _ .
- - , .
~
Wave imped- Ohms ~ 75�1.0 I 75f0.6 I 75f 75f1.5 ( 75t1.0 75f0.3 75f ~ 75f1.0
ance Iper MHz ~(100Y) ~1.0 ~per MHz per 2.5 (100y) 0.3 per
~ ! 75f0.4 ' MHz 75f0.2 per 2.5 MHz
i i (95X) I (90%) 2.5
' per ME~ j per 2.5 MHz '
, ~ i MHz .
I . , ? . - _
Corrected i dB 50(100%) ~ 48(100~ 1 50(10 45(100y): 50 (100%) ! 50 ~ 50
echo atten- ~ 54(95%) ~ ~4(80Y) ~ 54(95y) for _ I 56 (95%) ~(10~ (100K)
uation ( ~ for iimp I for T~ ~ i~ - i forTi~=50nsec 56 ~ 56
~Aecho) ~ 50 r~sec~ = 50 nse 100nsec ~ (95~~ ;(95X)
~ ~ 44-48* ~ for Ifor
~ ~ ~ ~ f or ' TimP ~ TimP
; ! ~ ~Ti~p = =40 =50
~ I SQ~sec ~ tsec nsec
- - - - r ~ . . i. . - . ~
Input dB ' 35, up ~ - ~ - under 40, 41 ; 35
I � to 60 ; ~ study up to be- ~(10(l~)
reflection , I
factor I ~ MHz ! ~ I 60 ~ tween ~ 38
~ ~ ~ ~ MHz ~ 40- (95y)
~ I ~ ' ! 70 in 4-
i ' ; i l MHz 62 MHz
i ~ j ~ I i ~ band,
_ I ~ ~ ~ 30*
~ ! ~ ~ in 2a-
~ ~ ~ ~ 100
~ �
j ~ ~ ~ MHz
I ' j ; ~ , band;
! ~ 20*
! ; ; i in 62-
~ i { 500
; i j ~ ~ MHz
- i , ; - T--
I I _ _ ~ + ~ ~ band
- - - ~ .
Attenua- ' da/ ~
~ ~ ,
tion at km
o ~
10 C at ~ !
1 MHZ 5.22 I 5.21 ;5.23 , 5.3 2.33 2.29 ~2.31 :2.32
12 MHz 18.05 ' 17.9 8.08 7.97 ~7.99 L8.01
16 MHz ; l 40.46 ~ - j- i18.25 8.0 ~7.96 0.8.Of0.3
~ ~ [Table continued]
~ 26
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~
~
Near-end I dS 110 (0. 6-' Ap=120 ~ 115 (:0.06 , Ap = I 130(0.06- IAp '~140 ~p m
- ' I 60 MHz 0.06-12;MHz) ~87/8 km;~60 MHz ;140 ~(4-60~1~0
cross ~ ) ( ~ .
talk atten-` ~I 500 m MHz). 600 m ,89/6 km;~500 m ~(4-60,MHz) Ap=
uation I 440 m : ~93/4 km I ~MHz `1500mI130
Ap, far- ~ ' and ~ .400m ~ ~(4-62
end atten- ~ i 95/3 km- y !MHz
~;ation Al ; ; with- ~ ' ~1500m
or protec= y i ~ out ~ ~ ;
~
tion at far~ i ! inver- ~ ~ � +
~ s ion
end An ~ _ ~j_ _}_____1
i f~:. i
~
~
'M~
Figure 1
All of the coaxial cables contain balanced pairs, either quadded, or pairs and
quads combined with 0.5-1.4 ~ copper conductors in con3unction with 1.2/4.4 co-
axial pairs, and from 0.6 to 1.3 ~ in conjunction with 2.6/9.5 pairs.
These companies have mainly switched over to the use of aluminum jackets, either
smooth or corregated, in their coaxial cables. Nonetheless, according to the
prospectus from the NKF Company, there is another direction as well - the use
of aluminum polyethylene laminate. Lead jackets are also still in use. Cables
with lead jackets were displayed, for example, by the Nokia Company.
A promising direction is the use of aluminum for the outside conductors of co-
axial pairs. This makes it possible to conserve scarce copper and to increase
the mechanical strength of the pairs and the cables as a whole, and their relia-
bility as a consequence.
Mu1ti-Yair coaxial cables employing 2.~/10.2 pairs �.aith the outsid~ conductor
made of aluminum were displayed by the SAT and LTT companies. These cables are
already being used extensively~ in the Frencfi system. The use of aluminum for
~ 27
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th~ outside conductor provides copper savings of approximately 60% as compared .
with a standard 2.6/9.5 pair, and has identical electrical cfiaracteristics. In
conversations, tfie company representatives expresed the opinion that the 2.8/10.2
pair will become basi.. and will fullyreplace the earlier 2.6/9.5 pairs, as well
as the 3.7/13.5 with aluminum outside conductor. Tlie CCITT is considering the
question of standardiz~:ng tfie 2.8/10.2 pair oi: the international scale, with
the follow.;.ng conductor design dime~si.ons proposed: inside - solid cop~1er with
nominal 2.8 mm diameter;,outside - aluminum strips 0.7 ~ thick with a longitud-
inal welded seam and ~ominal diameter of 10.2 ~n.
As follows from the prospectuses, technology exists to manufacture cables with
2.8/10.2 pairs and an outside aluminum conductor with capacity of 1-22 pairs.
Figure 2 shows a 12-pair 2.8/10.2 cable produced by the LTT Company.
1 ~
,
;
. .
.
` : 1
Figure 2
French and Finnish companies exhibited single-coaxial cables with familiar con-
structions in underground and overhead versions which are analogous to the VKPAP
single-coaxial cables produced in the USSR.
It should be noted that overhead cables, not only single-coaxial, are used widely
in these countries. For example, Finland uses four-coaxial overhead caoles with
1.2/4.4 pairs. In the opinion of company representatives, the operation of over-
head cables produces no problems.
Microcoaxial cables using 0.7/2.9 mm pairs were not exhibited this time at the
exhibition by even one country. However, reconanendation G.621 was adopted in 1976,
in which their basic design and electrical characteristics were defined: internal
conductor of copper wire with nominal 0.7-mm diameter; 2.9-~n inside diameter of
outside conductor made of 0.1-~mn copper strip; sliield made of 0.1-nun steel strip;
75 f 2.5 ohm wave impedance and 1 MHz; -36 dB (100y~ corrected attenuation of
echos from internal heterogenetties measured liy 100-nsec sine-squared pul~e;
28
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-8.9 dB/km attenuation at 1 MHz at ].0�C; -135 dB. near- and crosstalk attenuation
in 0.5-20 MHz band.
It is considered technically and economically most advisalile today to use 1.2/4.4
pairs for analog transmission systems- operating at frequencies of up to 12 MH2
and for digital systems operating at speeds~ of up to 140 mbps, and 2.6/9.5 pairs
for up to 60 MHz and up to 140 mtips and higfier, respectively. A trend has recently
been noted toward increas-ing use of digi:tal transmiss~ion systems on the coaxial
cables which prov~de the bas~is~ for the long dist~?nce communications system in
many foreign countries. For example, the~re are plans to use digital transmission
on 90% of all long distance lines in France by 1990.
The use of wideband analog transmission systems and high speed digital systems
- has forced many cc~mpanies to tmprove their technology for manufacturing coaxial
cables in order to ensure stability of the electrical characteristics of the pairs
in the spectrum of these systems.
Instead of press-fitting cut washers, technology has been developed to cast them
directly on the inside conductor, which increases the uniformity, electrical
strength and mechanical stability of coaxial pairs.
New technology is being used to twist the coaxial pairs to form the conduc.tor,
~ in which the pitch of the twist constantly changes along the length of the cable.
This makes it possible to avoid repeating heterogeneities having the same period
as the pitch of the twist, thus eliminating their strong effect on transmission
characteristics in the high frequency ra~ge. Technology has also been improved
in terms of increasing the surface quality of the conductors employed in the
coaxial pairs.
The use of madern technolo~ for manr~facturing coaxial cables and the availability
of special instrumentation for testing and evaluating electrical characteListi~s
of pairs during production allow the companies to guarantee stability, and ensure
precise knowledge of the transmission parameters of the coaxial pairs throughout
the entire sp.ectrum of the analog and digital transmission systems employing them.
Balanced high frequency communications cables. No new types of balanced HF cables
were presented at the exhibition. The Nokia Company and KWO combine exhibited
familiar canstructions of long-distance balanced HF cables analogous to the MKSA
` cables produced in the USSR. It follows from the prospectuses of the GDR that
the star-twisted cables with an aluminum jacket produced by the KWO combine are
suitable for use in analog transmission systems with a maximum line spectrum fre-
quency of 522 KHz, and in digital transmission systems operating at up to 8488 mbps.
Analysis of the prospectuses of the French companies indicated that, for example,
the LTT Company is producing cab.le of this type with a maximum capacity of 12
star-wound quads~with conciucting cores~0.9, 1.2 and 1.3 mm in diameter with paper
or porous polyethylene (~xcept for �atiles with 0.9 mm condu~~ors) insulation.
These cables are desi$ned for use at frequencies of up to 552 KHz.
Balanced HF cables with star--twtsted quads are also used in a liroad frequency range
_ . 29
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rvn vrri~.i,ya. UJG V1~LY
in the USSR. For example, the K-10205 and IKM-120 equipment exhihited in the
Soviet division operate over these cables (up to 4896 MHz and 8448 mbps, res-
pectively).
Cable fittings. Sections on cable fittings were presented at the exhili.ition by
- Noki~ (~'in.land), Philips, ECC-Europa and NK'~' (fihe Netlierlands), Raycfiem (French
division), CIT-Alcatel (France) and NITTO (Japan). Ttie Nokia Company~demonstrated
a method for ~oining a 2.6/9.5 coaxial patr which provides uni�orm wave impedance
at the junction. This method consists� of 6utting tlie inside connector togethei
and connecti^g the outside connector with shaped half-couplings~without changing
the inside diameter of the tnside conductor. During the installation, the poly-
ethylene discs are replaced with fluoroplastic, and the shield is restored by
winding or~ pre-straigfitened seal sliielding s~trips. Both the inside and outside
conductors are ~oined using fiisli-temperature self-fluxing solder. The inside
conductors are soldered using solder in the form of a sleeve, while ttre outsidc~
conductors are soldered with strips placed on the edge of the inner surfaces of
- the half-couplings. The inside arid outside conductors are soldered tiy means of
- universal electrical soldering tongs with copper-graphite electrodes.
The Nokia Company also displayed cylindrical unattended repeater containers for
_ the IKM-30 system, with 54 repeaters for installation in cable channeling wells
and with 2 and 8 repeaters for installation on towers. The unattended repeater
c~ntainer for man-hole installation (figure 3) has a removable sealing cover which
is bolted to the housing through a rubber insert, and can be put under autonomous
positive gas pressure. The tower-mounted containers (figure 4) have removable
cap-like covers which are also sealed with rubber inserts. The flanges of the
trapezoidal cross-section of the covPr and container base are.3oined by a sleeve
having the same shape. These containers have an anti-corrosion coating and are
provided with cable stubs approximately six meters long with a factory sealed
end piece.
. . V.. . . _ . . ~
1
. .
Figure 3
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� .
~'~n ~ F~'~k ~
h! [ ' ~
a:i
~a,' e .
4~,~ .
i's
`a'Y
_
~ s:,
i
~ ~
i';'~' ~ _
Figure 4
The CIT-Alcatel Company displayed a cylindrical unattended repeater ccntainer for
oil and gas pipeline co~nunications systems (figure 5). This container is designed
to employ single-caaxial cable.. The cable inputs are designed as a pressed poly-
ethylene feed-through from the line cable to the station cable, which is terminated
by a connector. The cable input devices are connected to the cnntainer with the
help of rubber inserts with additional special sealing agent poured around the
inlet tube. One design feature of this container is the use of a protective cap
which uses the principle of a divi~ig bell, which prevents water from,entering the
container even if it is fully su6merged.
"",w,w... r^~';13; ' I~
ft~ ~ P
MN~.
tt;Yt:i,
y:x:r :i..
~
~`ZFSY~� p'~'P
`~sa+ ~a~~~t~'~ .
ks'
. ~ r... ~,izn,~.i, :
Figure 5
The NKF Company shawed a method of installing cable connectors and terminating de-
vices fo~ 2.6/9.5 cables. The pairs are joined in the traditional way, by low-
temperature soldering employing sleeves to join the inside conductor and cylindrical
inserts and sleeves for the outside conductor (figure 6). The installation of the
terminating device ts singular in that the 2.6/9.5 coaxial pairs are first connected
directly to its small connectors, after whicfi tfiese connectors are secured to the
plate of the termination device (ftgure 7j. ~
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~
r,
~
~ ,~r
t Y
F ~4
~
\ ' 7 S$ i . . . . .'Pt1C'~ .
~t bure 6
_ ~ ,
,,~r~-~ s,u~ ~
~ '~c M,sery~~,
~ ~ Ir.
~
1'~.
: Figure 7
Th~ Philips Company displayed a container which accommodates unattended repeater
equipment for analog systems and one for digital systems operating over coaxial
cable. The container (figure 8) is made of aluminum alloy with a protectiv.e anti-
corrosion coating. The design of the container allows connection af cables with
either lead, aluminum or steel jackets. The mainline cable is connected to the
container by join3ng it with the flexible station cables of the cable input device
- using standard mounting parts. The container is sealed by means of a U-shaped
rubber gasket. The air space between the walls of the insert is used for quick
checking of the seal when the lid of the container is closed.
The Raychem, ECC-Europa and NITTO compan~es displayed a number of heat-seating
articles: tubes, cable guards:, spli t couplers for cable mounting made of various
materials - polyolefins, polyvinp�1 chloride, fluorine-containing elastomer, fluoro-
- plastic, etc. The sfirinkage factor of tne heat-seating articles produced by these
compantes is between 1.25 and 6.0. Heat-seating articles with relatively small
diameters - up to 120 mm - are made liy extrusion or pressure casting. TC1e NITTO
Company also produces large-diameter heat-shrink tub3ng - up to '.200 mm - using a
32
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rw~M1
,b `w7fx`! , ~,..I.
a ;,,r::.
- i _
~ 5~~~:F~ ~ 7
t
Y;
i
. ~ ;
a ~'314+ rX.. ~'~~1 ~3~
r p
.,av..~a;~�.~frw~,.~ .A Y.u~.s.~c..~~~~
Figure 8 ' .
new 'technology: welding heat-shrink film on special forms.
The "Hada 200" heat-shrink cable guard produced by Raychem (figure 9), with a
shrinkag~ factor of about five, is of interest. TEie coupling includes the heat-
shrink cable guard, a flexible support tie made af stainless steel which fixes the
~ saam of the guard; a support casing; solvent-impregnated wipers to remove g~ease
from the cable; a piece of emery paper for cl~eaning the cable; silica gel to be
placed in the coupling; aluminum foil for repairing the cable shield; clamps for
installing the splft coupler guard; ~nd installation instructions. The guard is
coated with temperature-sensitive paint which allows visual monitoring of the
_ optimal seating temperature. The attachment of wedge clamps makes it possible to
seal several (two or three) cables.
x~~'^ ~ �
Z N.
Figure 9
Cable guards used to repair cable jackets with a plastic clamp and a shrinkage
- factor of three are also produced Fiy the ECC-Europa Company. These guards use two
- types of glued substrates - one to s~eal tfie guard to the cable and the other to
seal the guard around the clamping connect~on. Tes~la (Czecfioslovakia), SITEL
(France) and Sedlbauer (FRG) displayed overvoltage protection devices - spark gaps
and isolation transformers. TEie spark gaps� produced by the SITEL Company are
glass articles containing radioacttve gas employtng tungsten leads which are designed
33
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� V~? V~ ~ ~\~~11L VUL~ V~\ti/ ~
for ignition voltage of 240 V d.c. and nominal shock current load of up to 20 kA.
The inherent capacitance of the spark gaps does not exceed 5 pf. The Tesla spark
gaps are of glas~and-metal construction and are also designed for pulse.~ currents
of up to 20 kA. These spark gaps are distinguished by tfieir small dimensions.
The isolation transformers produced by the.SedlSauer Company are designed fox protec-
tion against overvoltages occurring ~n co~unications caliles runntng in the same
. channeling as power caliles. Tlie ti~ansformers are produced with output impedance
of 600 ohms (for 0.3-6 KHz range) and 150 olims ('for 6-252 and 6-552 KHz range).
BISLIOGRAPHY
1. CCITT Orange Book, Vol. III.T. Recommendation G.623, G.622, G.621. Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo Radio i svyaz', 1981.
2. Co~utation et transmission, 1980, No. 2.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1982
69 00 ~
- CSO: 5500/1019
3~+
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USSR
CITY TELEPHONE CABLES
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 4 Apr 82, pp 60-63 ~
[Article by D.L. Sharle]
[Text] City telephone cables were exhibited at the "Svyaz'-81" exhibition ~y the
foreign companies NKF (The Netherlands), Nokia (Finland), LTT and.SAT (France) and
the KWO combine (GDR). These have in common, as before, the employment in series-
produced cables of current conducting copper cores 0.4-1.0 mm in diameter, primar-
ily 0.4-0.6 mm, although we know from the literature that a number of countries
are working on replacing copper conductors with conductors made of aluminum allo,y
or copper aluminum. In particular, a large portion of the distribution and mainline
telephone system in Great Britain fias been switcfied over to cable with aluminum
- conductors in cities.
As before, there are two types of conductor insulation: air-paper (tubular paper
in the countrtes named above) and polyethylene - solid and porous (except for the
GDR, where polyethylene-insulated cables are produced almost exclusi:vely).
Some of the countries (for example, The Netherlands) continue to use paired twisting
of conductors into groups, while other countries use quadded twisting (GDR, Finland,
France). The overall structure of the cables is primarily bundled, with indi~vidual
color-coding of all 10 pairs in an elementary bundle, and with each cable pair a and
b clearly distinguished.
The maximum number of pairs in the cables ranges from 2 to 2700 (as we know, the
maximum numbera in the US and Japan are 3300-3600). Table 1 gives an idea of the
ranges of pair numbers which the participating countries use in cables designed
for installation in cable conduits (i.e., unshielded) or directly in the ground
(shielded), as a function of the diameter of the current conductors.
Characteristic tendencies in the development of city �telephone caBles include the
follo~,zing: a continuing attempt to xeplace lead gfiields i~ cables wfith air-paper
insulating iackets of other metals (steel, e.g., in the FRG, and aluminum in Finland)
and even pl~astic (in The Netherlaads); increasing employment of cables with poly-
ethylene insulation - sealed, i.e., with the empty space tn tfie core filled with
a hydropho~iic compound; searches for improved methods~ of cable seali:ng - completely
filling the conductor witfi petrolatum Cpetroleum ~elly), part3:a1 sealing witfi
35
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Tab le 1
Exhibitor Conductor Catile NumFier of cable pairs with copper conductors
country tnsulation tpge with diameter,
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0
The Nether- Air-paper With and 100-2400 100-1200 100-90 - - -
lands without
armor ~
Finland Air-paper Without 100-2400 100-1200 100-400 - - -
armor
� With 100-1600 10-1200 10-400 - 10 -
armor
Polyethy- With and - 3-200 10-100 - 10=50 -
lene without
armor
France Air-paper Withaut 224-2688 8-896 28-896 - 28-672 224;448
armor
With - 2-448 28-448 - 28-224 224
armor
' Polyethy- Without 8-2688 8-896 8-896 8-672 -
lene armor
GDR Polyethy- Without - 6-1000 - 6-600 -
lene armor
*0.63-~ conductor diameter
waterproof plugs (The Netherlands), as well as hydrophylic dry powders (France);
universal manufacture of self-supporting cables with built-in support cables
carrying 10-100 pairs (and even 200 in Finland); production of special cables with
group shields for digital transmission systems (FRG, Finland); replacement of
shielding in cables with polyethylene insulation with special uninsulated protec-
tive conductors.
Cables with air-paper insulation. Cahles.~zith air-~aper insulation are produced in
The Netherlands carr}ring 100 or more pairs:. All of the caliles are fiundle-twisted:
the 100-pair cahles are twisted from 10-pair elementary ~undles, (200-400)x2 cables
are twisted from SOx2 main bundles, and (600-12400)x2 cables are twisted from 100x2
main bundles. Seven colors are used for color-coding of tlie pairs in each elemen-
tary 10-pair tiundle (table 2).
36
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' Table 2
- ~
v1 H ~
~.~-I c~d
cE C~.
a w ~
o .-~i ~ b
~ Color of conductor Color of conductor
~ insulation ~O insulation
~ ~
z,~ a b a b
1 whir.e ~ blue 6 red blue
- 2 white orange 7 red orange
3 white green 8 red green
4 white brown 9 red brown
5 white gray 10 red gray
The primary and most important feature of NKF cables is the combination of ~.ir-
paper insulation with an aluminum polyethylene ~acket (when necessary the cables
can be produced with a lead jacket). A polyethylene-coated shield made of aluminum
strip is laid lengthwise along the desiccated cable core, with a polyetfiylene
jacket welded in place during extrusion. A barrier is thus formed which prevents
~ moisture from penetrating the cable. The weight of the cable is slightly more
than half the weight of cables with lead ,jackets.
There is no difference in the numbers of pairs carried in armored and unarmored
cables used in The Netherlands. The maximum outside diameter of non-armored cables,
which is limited by the conduit diameter, is 75 mm, while armared cables up to 87 mm
in diameter are produced.
The thickness of the polyethylene-aluminum ~acket is from 1.6 to 2.6 ~n (in cables
with strip insulation diameter of 15-70 mm). The thickness of the armor strip is
0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 The thickness of the protective polyethylene tubing in
shielded cables is 1.8-1.0 mm. The minimum radius of curvature of cables during
installation at tempe~atures above +5�C is 15 D, where D is the outside diameter
of the cable.
There is a wider range of nominal number of pairs, namely 10-2400, in Finnish
cables. Spiral twisting of the conductors ts used with up to and including 150
quads, while bundle twisting is used for 200 or more quads. Cables containing
400-2400 pairs are twisted from SOx4 spiral wound bundles; no elementary bundles
are used. The construction of the conductors 3:n, e.g., a 1600 and 2400-pair
cable are thus (1 + 5+ 10)x50x4 and (4 + 8+ 12)x50x4.
- One distinguishing feature of the Finntsfi cables is the use, in addition to the
traditional lead, of a smooth aluminum ~acket 0.9-1.2 mm thick with a core diameter
37
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of the strip insulation of approximately 22 nnn and corregated aluminum Q.8-1.4 mm
with larger diauneters. An anticorrosive layer and polyethylene protective tubing
surrounds the aluminum ~acket. Tlie numUer of pairs 3:n caliles with al~num and
lead jackets is practically the s~ame. Tfie maximum outside calile diameter is- 78 ~n.
Cables with alumi:num jackets are unarmored. CablPS with lead jackets are armored
_ using steel strips 0.5, 0.8 and 1 ~n�n thick. Cables for river crossings-which are
laid at deptlis of up to 25 meters are produced with conductors 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8
mm in diameter, with 10-100 pairs�, us~ing a lead shield with round steel wire armor
0.3 mm in diameter, and bituminous-fiFaer. i:mpregnated protective sfieatfiing (paper,
- j ute) . .
Cables produced in France differ from those produced in other West European countries
in that the number of pairs they carry are usually multiples of 14 rather than 10
(1x4x0.5 and 4x4x0.5 cables are an exception). High capacity cables carryin~ 448
pairs or more are twisted from 112-pair main bundles, each formed of four 28-pair
, elementary bundles. The construction of the latter is (4+ 10)x4. Cables carrying
up to 56 pairs use spiral winding by regulation, while 244x2 (i.e., 112x4) cable
is twisted using the 4x[4x(7x4)] system.
_ If we line up the number of pairs of Dutch, Finnish and French cables and domesti~
cally-produced cables and compare them, it turns out (table 3) that the row of
- domestic cables is most heavily concentrated in the 100-1600-pair range - 14�;
The Netherlands row contains 10�, while the most uniform rows - those of the
Finnish and French (8� each) are closest to the rational dimensional series of
preferred numbers.
The cable jackets are made of lead with 0.7% antimony added. The maximum outside
diameter of a cable carrying 2688 pairs is 70 mm. i.e., slightly smaller than
the 2400-pair Finnish (78~mm) and Dutch (75 mm) cabl.es.
Polyethylene-insulated cables. This type of cable is produced in Finland with up
to 400 pairs (i.e., 100x4); cables designed for conduit and trench installation
use the same construction. The core insulation is porous polyethylene, and the
- center is petrolatum-filled. lOx4 cables consi:st of two spirals (2 + 8), cahles
with 15, 25 and 50 quads are twisted from elementary f ive-quad bu~dles, while 100x4
cables are twisted from 25-quad main bundles using the 4xj5x(Sx4)] system. The
strip insulation is surrounded by an inside polyethylene jacket, and a shield made
of aluminum strip coated with a plastic film; the out.side conductor is made of
photostabled polyethylene. The following are the nomi~al inside jacket thicknesses:
1.0 mm in cables with diameter of up to 25 mm inside the jacket, and 1.2 mm in
cables with diameters of 25-30 mm inside the jacket. The nominal thickness of the
outside jacket are between 1.4 and 2.4 mm. The maximum outside diameter of the ~
cable is 37 mm.
38
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Table 3
Nwnber of cahle pairs
USSR The Netliexlands Fin"land Franee
100 100 100 112
� 150 - '
200 200 200 224
300 300 300 336
400 400 400 448
500 - ' ~ -
6p0 600 600 672
7 00 - -
80~ 800 800 896
;~)0 900 - '
1000 1000 -
1200 1200 1200 1344
1400 - -
1600 1600 1600 '
_ 1800 - 1792
- _ 2000 - -
_ 2400 2400 2688
Cables for underwater installation and ce~tain conditions of direct burial in the
ground are protected, respectively, with armor made of zinc-coated steel wire:
round, with 1.4-~ diameter, and 0.8x3.0 mm flat. The cushion beneath the armor
is made of bitumen and impregnated paper, while the outside tube is polyethylene.
A c~lor-coding system helps to distinguish all five quads in each elementary bun-
dle. Conductor a uses blue, orange, green, brawn and gray; conductors b, c and d
in all quads are colored white, yellow and -r.ad, respectively. Each elementary
bundle in a main 25x4 bundle has a distinctive identifying winding in blue, orange,
green, brawn and gray.
French cables use solid polyethylene insulation and an aluminum-polyethylene
jacket (called "Alupe" in French). The system by which the cores are twisted and
the nominal series of pair numbers ar~ basically the same as in cab les using air-�
paper insulation. The outside diameters of polyethylene-insulated cables are 5-8
percent larger on the average than cables using air-paper insuiation.
In addition, high frequency city telephone cables with 0.5-mm conductors and porous
polyethylene insulation are produced with a working capacity of 25-27 nf/km. Quad-
twisted cables with up to 140 star quads. are used for 12-channel transmission
systems in the frequency spectrum up to 120 KHz, or 120-cfiannel tn the spectrum
up to 552 ICHz. The�distance between repeaters is 8 and 4 Tcm, respectively. Pair-
twisted caliles with up to 36 pairs are designed for videotelepfi one sys~tems in the
frequency spectrum up to 1 MHz.
- ~ ~ 39
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Conductors with. diameter~s of up to 0. S mm in GDR-produced catiles use. solid insula-
tion, while 0.7 ~n conductors use porous polyetliylene. Tliere are constructions with
an aluminum shield and s-ingle polyetfiylene jacket, and with a lengthwise corregated
copper shield placed lietween two ~ackets, ths ins-ide of polyetFiylene and the outside
of polyethylene or polyvinylchloride. Cables using tfie most recent construction
employ uninsulated protecti:ve conductors ins-tead of the sliield (."Reductionsadern")
located in the outside spiral of tlie core and providing the same protective factor
- on the average as a sfi ield. The s~tandard for the electrical resistance of the
protective conductors is 7.0 otims~/km for distriliution caliles carrying 3-100 pairs.
These cables, carrying conductors 0.5 and 0.7 ~n in diameter, contain, respectively,
two protective cores 1.26 tmn in diameter and one 1.8 mm in diameter. The standard
for the electrical resistance of the protective cores in cables with 100 or more
pairs is 2.4 ohms/km. The numFier and diameter of these are 6x1.26 and 3x1.8 ~mn
in cables with 0.5- and 0.7-imn conductors.
- Polyethylene-~acketed cables can be laid at temperatures ranging from -20 to +50�C;
these cables can be held at temperatures between -40 and +60� before and after
installation.
Sealed cables employing an original construction were demonstrated hy The Nether-
lands. Instead of f illing the entire length of the empty space in the center of
the cable with petroleum jelly, a compound based on silicoorganic rubber is placed
periodically in the core. The compound has low viscosity while being injected,
but the viscosity increases upon in~ection, so that the compound does not spread
along the cable but rather stays in place and vulcanizes at room temperature. This
results in the formation of waterproof plugs placed at regular intervals along
the cable. These plugs are 20 cm long, and are placed every L= 4 m.
The method for forming plugs is suitable for both solid and porous polyethylene
insulation. The interval between the strip insulation and aluminum-polyethylene
jacket can also be sealed by using narraw rings of waterproof material outside the
strip insulation placed in the same locations as the plugs.
The company name of cables using these waCerproof plugs is "Aqua Block Cable". We
know that for a given operating capacity, the outside diameters of solid filled sealed
cables is approximately 20 percent larger than unsealed cables, and they weigh
- 45-50 percent more. This can be avoided completely or partially by increasing
- the acceptable operating capacity or by employing porous polyethylene insulation
instead of solid. When plugs are used, the outside diameters D and weight M of
the cables is less than filled cables with D and M taken as 100 percent (figure 1).
Cables with plugs have practically the same outs.ide diameters as unfilled cables,
- and weigh no more than 10-15 percent more. As a result, savings are achieved
in the filling agent as well as polyethylene and steel (in shielded cables).
Thanks to the low degree of filling of the catile (5 percent), the influence of the
_ plugs on the transmission and noise protection parameters is insignificant. The
lengthwise sealing integrity of the cable is retained even after stretching and
bending and temperature fluctuations. These calile� fiave successfully undergone
aging tests at -f~60�C for 300 days.
� 1+0
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10~�/ DM p I ~
, ~
90 -
M ~ I
. ~U i i .
~
70 ~ a
60 d L
p 20 40 6 p 80 100%
-
Figure 1
Tab le 4 ~
Parameter Unit of ~ Parameter value in cables
~ asurement
~ , The Finland France GDR
- Netherlands ~
Electrical resis- ohms%km
tance at 20�C, not
over:
cores 93 - - -
~ stub - 186 . 186.2 190
Attenuation at dB/km 1.35 1.2 1.35 1.19
20�C at 800 Hz
Insulation resis- 'MS2 x km 5000 2000 5000 10000
tance, at least
Working capa- nf/km 52 45 50 44
citance at 800
Hz, bot over
Test voltage: V
~ between conduc-
tors 5Q0 - 600 500
between conduc-
tors and
3acket (shield) 2000 - 2250 2000
Capacitive coupli~ig p~
coefficient:
~ average 7Q/SQQm 500/50Qm 1Q0/300m -
maxtmum 500'~'S00m 1000/500m 300/30Qm -
~+1
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In the opinion of the representatives of tfie French SAT Company, the employment
of cellulose-hased powders applied to insulated conductors &y spraying in an
electrostatic field holds promtse for core sealing. If moisture should enter the
cable, tfie hygroscopic pawder swells up, fills- tfie empty space ~n tfie core and
- thus prevents~ the moisture from movi~:g along the cable.
Table 4 compares the electrical parameters which are standardized in different
countries for city telepfione cables carry~ing the co~on 0.5-mm conductors.
The Felten und Guilleaume Company ('FRG) is producing special cables for secondary
digital transmission systems (8 mbps). The pairs in botY~ directions in the
2x(34x2x0.65) cable are separated liy a Z-shaped shield (figure 2). The 34-pair
main bundles consist of four elementary liundles (~8x2 + 8x2 + 9x2 + 9x2). In the
4x(34x2x0.65) cable, each main Tiundle Tias a separate D-shaped sfiield of alumi:num
foil (figure 3). The cables are filled with petrolatum.
~ .
~ ~
~
~ ~ ~ ~e .t 1li,~:.i.?i~
~ ~ ~
~
~
, e
~ ~il~r �
.
Figure 2
Figure 3
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Paper insulated telephone cables for local networks. NKF catalog.
- 2. Telephone cables for local networks. Nokia catalog.
3. Telecoffinunications cables. LTT catalog.
4. Cables teleplioniques. Les ca~les de Lyon catalog.
5. Specification PTT: L. '07, L. 123. (fieclinical specifications of Communications
Department-France}.
~+2
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FUR QFNI('IAL UtiF. ONI.Y
~ 6. Fernmeldekafiel. Niederfrequenzkabel mit plastisolierung und plastmantel.
KWO catalog. ,
_ 7. Aqua block cablp. NKF catalog.
COPYRIGHT: Tzdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvpaz 1982
6900 .
CSO: 5500/1019
~+3
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. USSR
'SVYAZ'-$1' INTERNATIONAL EXIiIBITION ~
Moscaw ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 4 Apr 82 p 64 plus inside back cover.
[Unsigned article]
[Text] Exhibits Displayed in Soviet Division of Exhibition.
1. "Kvant" quasi-electronic~ automatic private branch end office designed for opera- ~
tion as part of national unified au~omated communications network and in depart-
- mental systems. Supports automatic long distance communications and provides 28
additional types of services. Maxtmum capacity 2048 numbers; maximum number of one-
way intertoll trunks - 384; number of outside lines - 32.
2. ELIT-T display-type telegraph terminal designed for data-processing work sta-
tions at terminals on the nationwtde telegraph networks; can be installed at tape-
punching positions, telegram forma.t conversion positions, indexing them at the
message switching center, and at locations where telegrams are received by telephone.
3. PPR regenerator tester, designed f~r certifying regenerators and digital trans-
mission systems w~th respect to three parameters: error coefficient, output signal
amplitud~ and noise tolerance; and for measuring the error coefficient in digital
transmission systems themselves at the third and fourth level of the hierarchy.
The system consists of a code generator, error detector and mainline cable attenua-
tion simulator. ~
4. "Luga" receiving facsimile equipment.
5. Moscow city telephone system technical operations center, serving 300-500,000
nwnbers. Designed for gathering and processing data regarding performance of
technical equipment in city telephone system; provides centralized data acquisition
and status monitoring and analysis of automatic exchange equipment, line ec~uipment
room transmission systems, power supplies and line structures. Also has provisions
for transmitting control instructions to facilities based on the analysis. The
data received is processed on the Taasis of a standardized SM-4 minicomputer.
6. Domestic radio equipment.
7. OUKS-T terminal telegraph installation designed for automating t~asic technolo-
gical processes involved in process~ng telegraias. at telegraph terminals and ex-
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FOR OFFICIAL USE OAJLY
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rvn V~'D~? ~HL v~r, vivi,y
changes hard-GZired to mess.age-switcliing center.
8. ASV time-service equiprnent used to provide time tnformation in ver6al form
upon request to subscribers of large city telepfione systems.
4. "Izotop-1" transmitting and receiving facsimile equipment designed to transmit
black and white and color images in the form of color-separation signals over voice-
~rade and physical l~nes; tfie s~gnals are reproduced on pfiotographic fi.lm wfiich is ~
thei. used to pri:nt the pictures lithographically~.
10. "Otel equipment for message accounting for all types of telephone conversa-
tions direct=dialed from hotel telepliones; also used to produce documentation and
provide accounting of convers~ations lield between the hotel guests and administra-
tion and between tfie hotel administration and communications enterprises.
11. KIT pulse-code telegraphy equipment, consisting of multiplexer, intermediate
regenerator set KRP and subscriber trunk equipment.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz "Elektrosvyaz 1982
69 00
CSO: 5500/1019
~+6
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. FRANCE
FIRM WANTS TO PENETRATE AMERICAN EIBER OPTICS, INFRARED MARKET
,
Paris L'EXPRESS in French 14-20 May 82 pp 112-113
~ [Article by Francoise Chirot: "SAT Is Ambitious"]
- ~[Text] Who has heard of Telecommunications Corporation [SAT]?
In high technology, it is nevertheless a leader, which
despite serious labor problems is trying to pierce t!~e
American market.
Telecommunications Corporation--SAT--A mysterious acronym, a little known cor-
- porate name for this 50 year old firm specializing in high technology. Never-
theless, it is one of those leaders from which the French economy expects a
fresh boost.
A lengthy labor dispute and the purchase of another firm have recently twice
brought this firm, whose legendary discretion has given.it the title of "the
most anonymous telecommunications corporation," into the limelight.
With the public purchase offer it made in order to takeover Silec, it extended
its hold on the telephone cable market. At the same time, it strengthened the
G3S group of which it is a member.
Telecommunications, information systems, aeronautics and space are SAT's areas
of activity. The firm designs complex and sophisticated instruments intended
far specialists. It does not make mass-marketing products. Its clients are
powerful and rich, but rather discreet: 40 percent of its production goes to
the PTT, 35 percent to National Defense. Large companies and banks purchase
the remaihder.
SAT employs 7,000 people in eight factories; 3,000 engineers, executives,
technicians, employees, and workers labor in the research departments and pro-
duation workshops of its Paris establishment. It occupies 50,000 m2 of floor
space in the 13th ward of the capital, in a picturesque district next to the
immense depots of th~ Austerlitz train station, the tall towers of the renewed
areas near the Italian Gate, and the narrow and winding streets of Old Paris.
47
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With total sales of 2.3 billion francs, SAT is onlyone piece of a financial
arrangement which resembles a Chinese puzzle. Together with SAGEM [Company for
General Applications of Electricity & Mechanics] and the Signals Company, which
are similarly specialized in aeronautical and maritime equipment, signaling
systems, electronics, and information systems, SAT forms the G3S group: 19~700
employees in thirty establishments in France and abroad. Total sales figures:
6.5 billion francs in 1981. The Signals Company holds 40 percent of SAGEM's
capital. SAGEM in turn controls 41 percent of SAT...The whole operation is
under the control of 3S Executives. an unusual aspect of this group.
Formed by the executives of the three firms, 3S Executives, which owns 40 per-
cent of the Signals Company, is the real master of G3S. To achieve this, some
800 executives broke their piggybanks. In 1978, the minimal capital subscription
was 40,000 francs, payable in 4 years. "Thanks to this system, we had direct
access to information and participated in the life of the group," explains Jacques
Dockes, president of 3S Executives and technical planning director at SAT. ~
They thus had front-row seats to watch the evolution of their firm. They had
some shaky moments, because to get out of the trouble it was in in 1978, SAT
had to make a double effort to diversify and export.
In the 70's, it had grown rapidly, thanks to the telephone market. In those
days to get a phoneline, one had to scheme, use ones' connections, and claim pro-
fessional need. Between 1972 and 1977, the PTT decided to catch up and equip
the country with new telephone centers. SAT profitted from this. Total sales
Climbed 15 percent per year. The firm invested, built six factories, and hired
workers.
However, once the re-equipping was compl~:ted, SAT's growth abruptly halted:
"It is never good to depend on a single sector," admits Georges Plantier, com-
mercial director. On the spot, SAT invested up to 20 percent of its total
budget in research. It has thus fine-tuned two processes which will allow it
to re-establish its reputation as an industry leader: fiber optics and
infra-red technology.
Infra-red rays offer the possibility of longer-range detection and are used in
missiles or airplanes: SAT delivers to Dassault and Aerospatiale.
Optical fi~iers have more peaceful uses. Lighter and more flexible than the
tradi~ional copper wires used for making cables, they allow transmissions of 10
to 20 times more information. Mastery of this technique allowed SAT to capture
the test market of Biarritz. Five thousands inhabitants of this city will be
the first Frenchmen to enjoy "visiophone," the new telephone which allows one
to see the party with whom one is speaking. At tbe same time, thanks to a cable
network they can receive foreign television, several radio programs, consult
data banks or directly inspect their electrical meters. The work which has just
started will keep SAT busy untilthe middle of 1983.
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The 39 Hour Detonator
SAT has also pierced the export market. In Cairo, Qatar, Abidjan, and Budapest,
it has installed multiplex networks or microwave equipment. Located in more
than 50 countries, its export sales figures have reached 500 million francs.
Sure of its competitiveness and of its technolog~r it is now trying to pierce the
American market. To achieve this, it is collaborating with General Optronics
and Interconnect Planning Corporation.
Diversification, high technology, and executive participation in capital invest-
ment haven't guaranteed freedom from labor disputes. In fact, SAT has just passed
through a more turbulent period than any it.had known before. For two months,
work stoppages multiplied in its Paris establishment. The application of the
39 hour work week was the detonator. In February 1982 management, as in other
firms, tried to gain time and "sweep away" certain acquired rights. Rather than
quickly negotiate with personnel representatives, it preferred to wait for the
signing of an agreement with the metallurgical industries and mines branch on
which it depends. Next, playing with a system of flexible scheaules which it
had spplied for a long time, it proposed to its employees a 39 hour 45 minute
workweek, anticipating the recovery of holidays expected during the year,
which recovery had until then been optional. The strike took off from that
point.
In truth, things would have worked out if the workers hadn't used the conflict
to settle an old quarrel. "It's a fight for our dignity," explained one of the
employees, who had come with at least a hundred others to demonstrate in front
of the company's stand at the Components Exhibition on April 2.
Because, on the side of team play, SAT is not a leader. "They don't consult us
on anything," protested the CGT, CFDT, FO and CGC unions, which seem to practice
within those walls an unbroken unity. In fact, it seems that lawsuits are more
common than collective agreemen~s. Thus, for having posted solidarity tracts
with the Polish movement Solidarity, as it did in many firms last winter, SAT's
CFDT saw itself cited in front of an arbitration tribunal.
Ths judges will also have to decide, on appeal, the case brought by SAT's :~,anage-
ment against its unions, complaining that they disseminated and sold cracts and
newspapers in the firm's canteen. Beyond these skirmishes, howcver, it's the
salary policy which causes SAT's workers to grumble. In truth, there is no
agreement linking wage increases to price increases. For several years,
management has favored individual increases rather than indexed increases,
resulting in disparate salary changes. The unions estimate that "ro; some, it
has lead to a loss of buying power of 2.6 percent compared to the cos~ o~ livinn."
According to them, this change in labor policy dates back to 1972. At that
time, the firm's founders reached the age limit and were replaced by executives
who were alrea~dy members of the hierarchy. The chief executive officer, 58
year old Jacques Boulin, is a polytech grad more interested ir. technological
prowess than in public or labor relations.
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"Yt's true that we have favored industrial development over labor policy,"
says Georges Plantier.
The reorientation of the firm's activities was necessary to insure its future.
Now SAT should maintain its new direction. One small cloud remains: in the
electronics sector, it is the pnly large firm to remain in private hands. If,
for its own purchases, the state does not respect the principle of competition,
and decides to favor the firms it has just nationalized, SAT could pay the piper.
Even if they only murmur about it, the unions and management of SAT have at
least that one worry in common.
COPYRIGHT: 1982 s.a. Groupe Express
9939
_ CSO: 5500/2239 IND
50
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