JPRS ID: 10640 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10640
7 July 1982
J
USSR Re ort
p
POIITICAI AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
CFOUO 23/82)~
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JPRS L/10640
7 July 1982
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND $OCIOLOGICAL AFFRIRS
~FOUO 2s/sZl
~ ~~i~ITENTS
~ arrrE~ATZOru~
Shul'govskiy Book on Latin American Mi].itary Reqirqes Reviewed
(S. M. Khenkinf VOPROSY ISTORII, Apr 82) 1
New Study o.f Peoples in NortheAStern India
(N. R. Guaeva= SOVETS;(AYA ETNOGRAP'IYA, Mar-Apr 82)........ 5
- Organization, Activities of Afghan Youth Organization Described
(N~ Nikolayev= N~LOAOY RONA~IUNIST, Mar 82) 8
Book on Western Opposftion ta, Sovi~t Support for Military
Detente
(PP�OBLEMY VOYENNOY RAZRYADRI, 19Q1) 17
Sxialist Countries Hold Arbitrage Conf~rsnce
- (Editarial Report) 21
Briefs
Sovfet Historians Visit Vietnam 22
NATIONAL
~ Obkom Secreta?ry on Avoidanae of 'Difficult' Questions
(M. Voropayev= MOLODOY KON~JNIST, Mar 82) 23
Problems in Sxial Science Research, Instru~~tion Outlined
(T. Ismaylovaf KONIMUNI3T AZERBAYDZHANA, J~n 82)........... 28
~
F~irther Details on Baku NationaYifies Conference
(A. A. Susokolovj SOVETSKAYA ETNOGRAP'IYA, Mar-Apr 82)..... 33
Int~raction of Class Strugqle, Party Org~nization Sketched
(N. V. Blinovf VOP~tO~Y I3TORII, Apr $2) 41
- a - [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
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Kishinev Nationalitie~ Conferenae Reported
- (A. Bsbiy= IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAVSROY SSR~
- J~n-Feb-Mar-Apr 82) 43
Electronically Stored Materials Protected by Copyriqht .
(E8ltorial Repott) 45
Briefs
Nationalist Volume Wins Prize 46
Evolution of Coat of Arms g6
- b -
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INTERNATIONAL
SHUL'GOVSKIY $OOK ON LATIN AM~RICAN MILITAItY REGA~ES REVIEWED
Meacow VOPROSY ISTORII i~n Russian No 4, Apr 82 pp 133-135
[Review by 5. M. Khenkin of book "A~aiya i politika Y Latinekoy A~aerike" [Army
and Politics in Latin America] by A. F. Shul'gqvskip, Moscow, Nauka,,, 566 pag~s)
[Text] The politici~ation of Latin American armies~ accompanied by an unending
succession of military coups d'etat, hae become a focus, as it were, for ma~y
_ tendencies common to both the ar~aed forcea of the liberated Afro-Aaian countries
and thoae of the developed capitalist countries. In Soviet literatu~e the poli-
tical role of the army has bsen fairly aufficiently analyzed only for the countries
of As~.a and AfrYca,I whereas Latin American problems have, with certain exceptions,2
been clearly inadequately investigated.
The monograph by doctor of histor~cal sciences A. F. Shul'gQVakiy, division head at
_ the Institute of Latin America. US$A Academy of Sciences, represents the firet
compreh~nsive analysis of the political role of the army in present-~day Latin America
in our historiography. On the basis of extensive docuiaeatary material. periodical
publicationa, and monographs by representatives of Marxiet and bourgeoia historio-
graphy, the author disaects a broad range of qu~~tions: premiaea fox the interven-
tion of armed forces in political life; "models" of military regimea; tdeological
struggle about evaluating the role of army; the militant policy of the United State;a
ia Latin America; the attitude of the region's communist parties toward the prob-
lem of the armed forcea, etc. Thie solid study is, as it were, a logical aummatio~n
of the many years devoted by A. F. Shul'govakiy to thr investigatic:~ of various ae;-
pects of the problem, ae embodied in hie other worke.
*G. I. Mirakiy, Ariaiya i pol~.tik$ v atranakh Azii i Afriki" [Army and Politics in
the Countries of Aeia and Africa], Moacow, 1970; by the same suthor, "Tretiy mi;r:
obehchestvo, vlast', armiya" [The Third World: Socie~y, Power, Army], Moscow, 19?6;
R. E. Sevortyan. "ArTaiya v politicheskom rezhi.me sovremennogo Voatoka" IThe Army
in the Political Regimes of the Present--Day Orient], Moecow, I973.
**See, e.g. Yu. A. Antonov, "Braziliya: armiya i politika (ietoricheskiy ocherk)"
[Brazil: Army and Politics (an Historical Outl~ne)], Moacow, 1973
_ 1
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The book is based on a country-by-country approach. This seems to be a~~alid ap-
proach since it serves to, on the one hand, uncover the general pattern of a
growing involvement of army in politicr~ and, on the other, analyzs in depth various
forms of that involvement. In his introduction A. F. Shul'govskiy turns to Che
Marxist-Leninist ideological legacy of probleme relating to the army. A composite
analysis of numerous comments by the founders of scientific socialism providea, so
to speak, a methodological key to the analysis of complex processea occurring in
the armed forces, par*_icularly in Latin America, in these times.
In examining the reasons for the intervention of armed forces in political life.,
the author 3ustly points to the exacerbation of the ~tructural crisia of Latin
American capitalist societiea, which has deeply affected the army as we11. Of
no smaller importance to the existence of this phenomenon is,as followa frota this
book, the emergence of a certain socio-political vacuum in the presence of that
crisis in varioua countries on the continent. That vacuuia is associated with the
distinctive "equilibrium of forces" in civilian society between the insufficiently
organized proletarian and folk masses and the politically relatively weak bourgeois-
landowner forces, and it is this vacuum that is filled by the military. This pre-
cisely is a ma3or reason for the spre~d of Measianic, paternalistic moods among
the officerdom, which often regards itaelf as the arbiter deciding Che fate of the
nation according to his own ~udgment, ae pointed out by the author. In analyzing
the factors in the politicization of the army it is also important to allow for the .
specific features of the military organization: its monopoly in weapons, centrali-
zation of command, discipline, and hierarchic order--features that turn the army
into the mightiest, organized, and mobile institurion of the bourgeois society,
capable of a rapid change in c~rientation.
- A. F. Shul'govskiy draws attenton to the diversity of military coups d'etat in Latin
America, which often lead to the rise of regimea with fundamentally different eocio-
political orientation. During the 196Qs and 1970a rightist authoritarian military
dictatorships were established in a number of countries. Drawing on extensive
documentary material, the aut~or shows t'~~t their seizure of power was the response
of the react~.on to the vigoroua upaurge of masa anti-imperialist movement in the
- region. Many common features of the rightiat authoritarian "model" were embodied
- in the Chilean military-fascist regime which, followin~ the counter-revolutionary
coup d'etat ~n September 1973, replaced t'he government of the bloc of Natianal unity
after the latter had carried out basic socio-economic transformations. The author
isolates the following pxincipal c~ualitative features of the Chilean dictaiorship:
In the political plane--complete ~ etruet3~on of ~he inatitutions of representative
bourgeois democracy; elimination of civic liberties; cruel and bloody methods of
suppressing the democratic, and par~icularly the lef~ist, opposi..tion; and concentra-
tion of all power in t'ae hands of the mil~tary and civilian technobureaucracy and
the multinational corporationa. In the socio-economic plane--factora providing rhe
_ conditions for the forma~ion of state-monopoly capital in the country: acc~lerated
concentration of production and capital; redistribution of national income in
favor of the privileged strata by means of sL~erexploitation of thp ;aorking class '
znd pauperization of thousands of small and mediuna entrepreneurs; and ~ forced
influx of foreign inv~stmenta. "T.'he Junta's socio-economic policy in the interests
of big 1oc41 and fureign capital reaults in exacerbating social and class contra-
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dictions in the country. The strd~ggle of wo~kers is intensifying, and dissatis-
faction is also expresse~i by.the forces that had originally supported the
Junta" (p 485).
~
, The time that has passed since the publication of this monograph confirms the
- author's conclusions about the.deep crisis of u~litary dictatorshiPa in the region
and the possibility of their evolution under the influence of the mass struggle of
workers, as we11 as,under the influence of internal contradictions, in the di-
- rection of gradual "liberalization." Indicative in this respect ie the situation
in Brazil, whose ruling regime began in the early 1980s to introduce certRin insti-
tions of bourgeois democracy. Discrete symptoms of "liberalization" are observed
in the polieies of the Urugayan military regime, whose activities could concei-
vably have been more circumstantially analyzed in the book.
A fundamentally different policy is pursued by the military governmer~ts of Peru and
Panama,, which acted as initiators of deep structural t~~~isformations. The author
links the emergence of this new regional phenoiaenon to bo~th domestic political
causes (crisis of the system of bour~eois-landowner rule; inclusion in the officer
corps of persons of working class origin; special features of the professional train-
ing of the military; historical traditiona) and the radical changes ~n the inter-
national arena: t~~ change in the world ratio of forces in favor of socialism;
the achievements of the Cuban revolution; the callanae of the calonial system. The
most significant changes were accomplished by Peru`s military government ~fter it
had come to power in 1968: it implemented a number of anti-oligarchic, anti-imperia-
list, and--in some ~ases--anti-capitalist reforms. However, as pointed out in the
book, the absence of a genuinE alliance between patriotic officerdom and the popu-
lar masses became a root weakness of the liberation process in Peru, and it was
this that, together with various other factoxs (economic criais, pressure by impe-
rialiam, changes in the leadership of the revolution, etc.), p~omFted the military
regime in the second Y.ialf of the 1970s to awitch from xevolutionary to bourgeoist-
refortnist positions.
The book traces the--now overt now covQrt--struggle~among compet~ng teridencies in
the armed forces, oft~an underlain by the differences in the attitudes of the military
toward basic national problems. Thus, he points out that the overturn of S.
Allende`s government was preceded by "a veritable internal upheaval within the armed
forces themselves," as a result of which many pro~resaive-minded officera had been
_ ~ purged and th.e key posts captured by reactionaries (pp 474-475). Characteristic
_ also is the analysis of the example of Bolivia in the 1960s-1970s. There, rule
had successively bAen seized by military regimes with differing s~cio-pol~*ical
orientations: rightist-authoritarian, bourgeois-reformist; leftist-nationalistic;
and again rightist-suthor3.taxian. It is precisely the factional struggle within the
army that has decisively influe~~ced the country's eituation. The book ~ustly
stresses that the political beh~~ior of the military is far from always determined
by their social origin: officera ~riginating from the middle clasaes may adhere
to either democratic cr reactionary opiniona (pp 334--335). The political attitudea
of the military are, as ensues from the book, determined by a large number of
factor.s of which a ma~or one is the effect of social contradictions and class
struggle within society on the army.
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The book analyzes the policy of Latin American cotamunist paXties toward the army.
_ On the basis of numerous facts and documents, the author reveals the stubborn
struggle of the communists for.the democratization of the armed forces and
their rapprochement with the nation. The struggle for the army is a component part
of the struggle of the revolutionary forces for the crer~tion of a united democratiC
front. The communiats categorically re~ect the views of.the ultr.a-leftists *aho
claim that "the army in the Latin American countries is virtually the main enemy of
the revolutionary movement" (p 523). In their policy toward the military
question, as the author states, the continent's communist parties pro~eed from
V. I. Lenin's ideas on the practical impossibility of victory of the revolution
unless at least part of the army is attracted to the side of the revolutionary
forces."3
The monograph by A. F. Shul`govskiy promotes a deeper understanding.of the
politi.cal role of tY~a army in modern Latin America, and it also provides n better
idea of the varied manifestations of this phenoinenon in other regions of the world.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy istorii", 1982
1386
CSO: 1807/91
4
;,1;1
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INTERNATIONAL
NEW STUDY OF PEOPLES IN NORTHEASTERN INDIA
Moscow SOVETSKAYA ETNOGRAFIYA in Ruesisn No 2~ Mar Apr 82 pp .158-160
[Review by N.R. Guseva of a book "Evolyutsiya Obshches:venaoga Stroya u
Gornykh Narodov Severo-Vostochnoy Indii" [Evolutioa of the Social 3ystem
Among Mountain Peoples of Northeastern India] by S.A. Maretina. Moscow~ Nauka.
1980, 259 pages]
[E~ccerpts] The monograph under review is the ~i=et generalized work in national
science on problems of social etructure and public life of the inBUff icient~.y
known people inhabiting areas in Northeastern Indi~. There is practially no
work in our science devoted to ethnographic study of this region's population,
with the exception of some article by the same author.
The work under review reflecte the results of purposeful and comprehensive
etudy of a large group of extremely diversa people carried out by S.A.
Maretina over a 20-year period.
The life of people in Northeastern India has ~ot only been studied insuffi-
ciently but, abo~re all. very irxegularly eluc~.dated in foreign literature:
_ several monographs have been devoted to srnae groups, for examplcs to Naga, but
only 3ndividual articles on the peoples of the Kuki-Chin group and Dafla.
The connection of some social processes and phenomen~ with oth.sre ie traced
in all chapters of the work. For example, the weakening of tribal links is
indicated in the chapter on tribal organization, and this is further conf irmed
by the illustration of a family's gradual release from tribal bonds in the
.chapter on family. The analyeis.of tribal group evolution is continued in
the aeventh chapter. which is devoted to the formation of estates and classes.
Material in the latter convincin$ly shows the principal differenc~ betwaen
formation of eocial estates and groups, which originate in the midat of
society, first of all, on the baeis of social stratification during a period
- of private-ownership relations, and the process of clas~ formation during a
period when commodity~relationshipe.are being developed. During the latter
period, property stratification prevails among nwuntain peoples of North-
eastern Indian and this leada to formation of a clase society, a bourgeois
type society. In this chapter the author analyzes the material cited in
the chapter or~~land property which ehows that gxadual formatioa of private
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Ic~~i~uwner5l~lp t~ike~ .place as couimodity-money relationshipe are developed in
mountain regi.ons.
S.A. Maretina has made an attempt, the�~irst one as we have'notP~; ahow
c~mmon traits in the development of all peoples of the Assam mountains ae wa11
- as features of specific individual people. All factual material cited in the
book is directed toward this task, which guides the selection of materials pre-
sented. Of course, this approach makes ~t diff ieult to.give an exhauetive
description of development of a apecific people, but it fully elucidates
- tY~e regularities and direction of evolution of the eociety of mountain peoples
as a whole.
A multiproblem worlc is before us. The author was able to show the complexity
of social structure of a large group crf people, a structure which ie in a
period of transformation. The social structure is exam3ned from a positi~n
of contemporary scieuce--the community appears as a system in which various
relationships are organically intarwoven. The author convincingly showe the
pointlessness of the argument about the relative importance of tribe and
community because both institutions are organic componenta of a single syetem
known as society.
- Northeastern India borders on China and Burma. These regions of India are
separated from the country's main territory by the entire masaif of the
Republic of Bangladesh, between whose northern border ~nd the border of Nepal
there is only a narrow neck flf India's land--the only corridor of ovQrland
communication.
Following India's liberation from colonial dependance, and partic,ularly a�ter
the 1960 Indian-Chinese conflict, the Chinese secret service atarted infil-
trating these regions and recruiting supporters of the Chinese hegemonist
policy in border tribes. This secret service, which is being made more active
every year, has been forming bandit bands here euppl~ying them with arms,
smuggling military instructors here and conducting agitation work by increas-
ingly disseminating the idea of historic neceasity for separating local
peoples from India. These separative tendencies are speculatively based on
two ob~ective facts: that as regards tneir anthropological type these
people belong to southern Mongoloids, and that in the ma~ority of cases their
languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman group.
Unfortunately, the monograph being reviewed almost has no material on the
political orientation of various organizations and parties which have been
formed during the past 20-25 years among peoples of the areas being described--
these organizations are casually mentioned on the last pages. The role of
such parties as the "Tribal Union of Eastern India" ["Plemennoy soyuz
_ Vostochnoy Indii"] has been totally undsrestimated. There is also no mention
of te~rorist organizations whose activities are connected with the artificially
heated increase of nationalism and of the striving by imperialista and
hege~nonists to destabilize the situation in this region and in the state of
Assam.
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in addition to the already expreseed remarks, I would like to note the
well-known mosaic of the account and the splintering of information and data
in some places, which sometime does not merge is~to a single picture in a
reader's perception. There are also individual repetitions for which there
ts no apparent need.
Among the unfortuna.te small points, which could have been avoided, are
individual inaccuracies in formulations and definitions. For example, on
page 69 the discussion is about the value of land, but from tb~ text it
becomes evident that the discourse is about the price of lar~~..
It is also unfortunate that the book does not have an ethnic index;.with
such a great number of peoples being described its need is imperative.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Sovetslcaya etnograf iya", 1982
9817
CSO: 1800/595
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INTERNATIONAL
~
ORGANIZATION, ACTIVITIES OF AFGHAN YOUTH ORGANIZATION DESCRIBED
Moscow MOLODOY KOMMUNIST in Russian No 3, Mar 82 pp 84-89
_ [Article by N. Nikolayev: "The Advanced Detachment of Afghan Youth"]
[Text] A conference of Afghan youth was convened in Rabul during January 1976 under
secret conditions. A total af 21 individuals took part in it pupils, students
and employees. Its importance, however, was not meaeured by the number of the
delegates the conference established th~ ~emocratic Urganization of Afghan Youth
(DOMA). A new stage in the history of the country's youth movement had begun.
The creation of DOMA was a natural result of Afghanistan~;s development during the
previous decade. Under the influence of the ideas and practices of real socialism
- and the growth of national li.beration movements during the mid-Sixties, social
_ forces, which placed as their goal the struggle for the workers' interests, began
to take shape organizationally in Afghanistan. The Peoplei:s Democratic Party of
- Afghanistan (PDPA) originated in 1965.
The experience of the political struggle during the 9ixties and Seventies and the
desire to expand its influence among the broad layers of the population led the
PDPA leadership to a conclusion about the need for creating mass democra~ic public
organizations of workers, especially of youth whom the party rQgarded as an active
- social force and an integral part of the general revolutionary process.
In contrast to the different purpose youth associations wHich existpd earlier 3.n
the country, DOMA from its very first days stood on the i deological platform of
' the PDPA and recognized its revolutionary program. The draft of the organization's
first regulation said: "DOMA is a public organization which unites in its ranks
the progressive revolu+tionary youth from the workers, peasants, students, intelli-
gentsia, and other socia~ groups of the population DOMA works under the
direction of the PDPA".
Under the difficult underground conditions, DOMA activly-helped the party to ex-
. pand and strengthen its influence a~ong the population and youth, to disseminate
its ideas, and to conduct meetings in support of the democratic reforms in the
country.
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On 27 April 1978, a democratic revoYution, which overthrew the king's power, took
place in Afghanistan. The PDPA became the ruling party. Different conditions
were created for the work of the largest public organizations wo~men's, youth,
trade union, and cooperative.
However, disagreements between two groupings in PDPA the "Khal'k" and the
"Parcham" and especially the criminal actions of Kh. Amin and his supporters,
exerted a serious negative influence on the further developmentof'~DOMA~a significant
portion of which consisted of young party members.
The activity of the Amin group led to democratic norms beginning to be grossly
violated in the youth organization. Brutal administration and intimidation methods
were used, and ultimatums were often imposed on the young people: Either ~oin the
youth organization or be regarded as "disloyal". The policy of representatives
of the "Great Pathan Nation" representatives predominating in the leading organs
of the ~outh organization was sanctioned, work was virtually not performed among
the young workers and peasants, and artificial obstacles to the strengthening of
the youth organization's influence in the army were created.
Serious theoretical distortions, a pseudo-revolutionary farce and elements of
flirting with the youth were a~so tolerated. In his�public speeches, Amin, being
the head of the party and the st$te, alloted t~he~~varig3ard role in the struggle to
"strengthen the dictatorship of the working class" to youth and demagogically
said that th~ foundations for a new society had already been laid ~n the country.
The new stage of the April revolution, which began after 27 December 1979 when the
patriotic forces of the PDPA and the people replaced the crim~.inal regime of Amin,
- created the conditions necessar~� for the furthe~ successful development of the
party, the state and public organizations. At the same time, a stubborn strug-
gle to normalize the climate in the youth organization, to rally the youth around
the PDPA and to mobilize young men and women to solve the tasks of the April
revolution began.
* * ~ ~
Duii.ng the new stage of the April revolution, the work of DOMA is being performed
unaer rather complicated conditions. Of the four million young people who are
between the ages of 10 and 25, two-thirds are illiterate and 85 percent live in
_ rural areas. Only about 1.1 million children and juveniles between the ages of
~ 7 and 19 this is approximately nine percent of the country's settled population
are studying in elementary and secondary schools.
Other problems, which are facing DOMA, have also been caused historically: the low
level of political training in the masses of youth, the acute shortage of cadre,
= still insufficient experience in political and organizational work with youth, and
the absence of a firm system for interacting with state organs and public argani-
zations. The intrigues of international and domestic reaction are seriously com-
plicating the situation in the country.
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Under these condi~ions, the AigY~an-wide DOMA conferen.ce had enormous importance
- for the succe~ssful work of tl~e youth organization. It was held 25-26 September
1980. About 600 DOMA envoys representing the variot~s social layers of the countty's
youth, nationalities and regions, dicussed rhe urgent tasks of their organization
during the new stage of the national democrati~ic revolution. The conference adopted
a regulation for DOMA and approved the symbols of the organization banner, badge,
the model of the membership card, and also the statute on the ~ioneer brganization
of the Democratic Republic of Afghan. The "Appeal to the Youth of the World",
_ which was adopted during the conference has served to strenghten the authority of
- DOMA and to develop its international ties. It called upon the youtr of the planet
to unite the ir efforts in the struggle against imperialism~and for peace, relaxa-
tion and disarmament; and the intrigues of the United States and China agai:nst
the peoples of the region were condemned. The program speech? which Babrak Karmal,
general secretary of the PDPA Central Committe and chairman of the Revolutionary
Council and prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan gave during
the conference, had a great deal of importance both for the country's younger
generation and for the party in the task of directing the youth organization.
The conference determined the main direction of DOMA's activity: strengthening the
unity of the youth organization, creating a solid DOMA ideological base by
studying progressive revolutionary theory, and eliminating illiteracy. The pri-
mary importance of mobilizing the younger generation for a merciless struggle
- against counterrevolution; of strengthening DOMA's positions and authority in the
army and people's militia (Tsarandoye); and of instilling the high moral qualities,
which are inherent in true patriots and interriationalis~~n the youthwas pointed cut DOMA was
entrusted with providing effective help to the party and state on the econom~,c
front and in the struggle against economic backwardness and also with improving
its work in developing the Pioneer Organization and its help in indoctrinating
the country's rising generation.
Having a specific program of action, DOMA noticeably increased the effectiveness
of all its organizational and political activity, and its i:?fluenee among the dif-
ferent layers of youth grew. ~
By the middle of 1981, the creation of DOMA's organizational structure was basically
completed,and provincial, city, rayon, district, and small rurual district com-
mittees had been formed. Primary organizations, which form the basis of DOMA, are
operating in many f actories and plants; in institutes, schools and lyceums; in the
army and militia; and also in residences.
Despite the acute shortage of cadre, the still insufficient political and theo~et-
ical training, and the absence of skills in practical work with the youth and the
necessary material base, DOMA committees are purposefully engaging in strengthening
the primary organizations and in improving their indoctrinational role. For this
purpose, work months in primary organizations, meetings with a eingle agenda,
demonstration meetings based on the best organizations, political information.
sessions, discussions, revolutionary work weeks, and cultural and sports measures
are-being conducted and wall newspapers are being published. The growth in the
membership of DOMA was a concrete result of this work. By the middle of 1981,
it had reached about 65,000 members, that is, it had grown six-sevenfold during
the one and half years of the new stage of the revolution.
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Virtually all categories of youth are represented in the organization: workers,
peasants, artisans, servicemen, pupils, and students. The expansion and strength-
' ening of DOMA's social base is basically taking p~ace at the expense of young
workers, artisane, and peasants, especially in the eGOnomi.cally developed regions
o~ the country Kabul, the provinces of Balkh, Dzhuzdzhaa, and Nangarkhar.
The working youth are coming out in support of PDFA policy and the govemment of
the Democratic Repuuli~: of Afghanietan more actively and consistently and are
defending the accomplishments of the April revolution resolutely. The speech of
M. Akhmed, a young worker in the "Spinzar" Cotton Cleaning Factory in the province
of Kunduz, during a meeting of the DOMA primary organization is indicative in
this respect: "In Afghanistan, the working clasa is not very numerous; it is ahort
of organizational ability and literacy. We know, however, that the April revolu-
\ tion marked the beginning of a new development for our country. We f irmly
believe in a bright future and we will construct and defend it with our strong
hands".
The influence of I~MA is also gradually growing among the girls. In a country
where a woman has been deprived of elementary civil rights for centuries and where
the atti,tude to her has until now been determined a great deal by Islamic dogmas,
this has special significance. The involvement of qoung women in the youth organ-
ization and the development of th~ir social activity skilla are being organized
with a consideration for the county's nati~nal and historical distir~tive features.
In DOMA committees, women's sections are being created or people responsible for
working with the female youth are being selected. Separately conducted meetings
of young women, needlework circles and exhibits, and various forms of working with
children are being put into practice.
However, a significant part of the young Afghaa women even in the cities are
still being subjected to the strong influence of religiously-minded pa~ents and
traditions which have taken shape over hundreds of years.
Students make up the most numerous part of DOMA about 60 percent. They are more
educated and it is easier to unite them organizationally. It is no accident that
a large part of the country's primary youth organizations are being formed on the
basi:s of schools and lyceums. However, on the other hand, there is a significant
layer of toda}~s students who are children of the rather w.ell off families of iner-
chants, employees, and petty and medium bourgeoisie. This requires from DOMA
committees a special approac.h in the work with this cate~ory of youth.
* * *
Under the incessant intrigues of imperialism and internadn n al reaction and the rebel-
lious actions of domestic counterrevolution, DOMA is trying to provide the maximum
possible aid to the party in defending the achievements of the April revolution.
In the ma~ority of the country's provinces, young patriots are 3oining the detach-
ments of the defei.ders of the revolution upon the call of the party and are creating
youth brigades of a social order from the ranks of the volunteers. In one rank
with the members nf the party, young men and women many of whom are only 15-17
- years old are protecting the peaceful work of the citizene with a weapon in
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their hands, guarding the public order and various installations (educational in-
stitutions, Pioneer camps, DOMA commit~e building~, etc.), and providing a great
deal of he lp to state organs in the etruggle againsz counterrevolution.
The young defenders of the revolution, the members o~ DOMA, are demonstrating
steadfastness and courage and are displaying true examples of selflessness and
heroism.
The news about the exploit of 16-year-old Fazila, a student from Herat, flew through-
out the country. Faztla arrived at the head of a youth detachment in a village,
where the Dushmani often visited, to conduct discussions with the population and
to unmask the false rumors about the people's power. For this, the bandits decided
to make short work of her; someone fired from around a corner and cut short her
life.... Today, hundreds of Afhanietan's young men and women are, however, being
indoctrinated using the selfless act of Fazila.
DOMA is pe rforming a great deal of work in instilling in young people a new atti-
- tude toward service in the army, which is defending the interests of the people,
and to strengthening the people's militia and the special organs for the struggle
against counterrevolution. The contacta between civilian and army DOMA organiza-
tions are being expanded.
~ The first sports health camp,.in which youth between the ages of 17 and 20 not oaly
rest and harden themselves but al so master the basics of military affaixs and ac-
quire skil ls in social work, has been opened in the country. A large detachment of
young vo lunteers has been sent for service in the organs of the Min3stry of In-
ternal Affairs. Thus was the active sponaorship of DOMA over the people's mili.tia
begun. Even more importance was attached to this sector of DOMA activity after
the Second DOMA Central Committee Plenum which was held on 30 June 1981 and which
examined questions on the patrio tic and international indoctrination of the youth.
In Afghanistan, where up to the present time 90 perce~t of the population do not
know how to read and write and where religion hae possessed an all-embracing in-
fluence for centuries, a special role is being allo tted to the atruggle against
illiteracy. In his speech during the Afghan-wide DOMA conference, Comrade B. Karmal
pointed out that the goal of the party, DOMA, ozher public organizations, and the
state app arat is'to transform Af ghanistan into a country of universal literacy
within 10 years. B. Karmal said that this is a very difficult task and that the
members of DOMA should begin it with youthful eagerness and enthusiasm,
In solving this problem, DOMA members are helping state organ s everywhere to ar-
range the work of the courses to eliminate illiteracy, conducting classea in them
on a voluntary basis, explaining in families the need for education, and protecting
the courses from the attacks of counterrevolutionary element s. The Dustunani burn
and destroy schools in savage anger, kill and mutilate teachers, and do not spare
even the pupils. For example, in one of the districts of Parvan Province, the
bandits b roke the arms and legs of four children only because they went to take
examinations. However, the enemy's efforts are in vain. Mo re than 23,000 courses
to eliminate illiteracy are already operating actively in the country. A total of
60 percent of the seven-year old children have entered elementary schools.
* * ' *
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Clearly understanding the importance aad neceseity of raistng the political aware-
- ness level of the youth, the DOMA Central Committee is s?~rching for more effec-
tive focros for this work. It has worked up recommendations on how to create p~-
litical enlightenment circles in primary organizations and has approved the subject
- matter of their claeses a sub~ect matter which reveals the basis of PDPA policy
and the goals, tasks and content of DOMA activity. The need to consider during
t?~is the specific conditionr of the country and the dietinctive features and
training level of the different youth social groups is pointed out in'the recom-
mendations.
The mass political work of DOMA ie varied in its means and methods. Political dis-
cu$sions, agitation presentations, and thematic coacerts and meetings are conduc^
ted, often using mobile movie houaes and agitation vehicles; and leaflets, posters
and wal.l newspape rs are being published. Special agitation and propaganda de-
tachments, which are equiped with movie and radio equipment, popular literature,
newspaperr~, and medicine, travel to the villages and settlements.
One of the first of these detachments was formed in the summer of 1981. It worked
in the provinces of Ka6tu1 and Parvan and organized a series of concertg.,� film
showings and meet ings with the elders of the villa~ea. During these, the elders
were told about the goals of the PDPA and DOMA and the nature of the reforms which
are taking place in the country. The detachment a].so provided medical aesistance
to the population. Its activity.strengthened the t.rust of the population in the
national authorit y. Such detachmente are now being created in all the country's
provinces.
~ The popularity of DARAFSHE DZHAVANAN (B~NNER OF YOUTH), the f irst youth newspaper
in the Democrat ic Republic d.f Afghanistan and axi organ of the DOMA Central Com-
mittee, is grawing. On its pages, it deals widely with the life of DOMA and
The Pianeer organiTation and publishes the most important documents of DOMA, the
speeches of the o rganization's leaders and activiats, and articles and essays
which tell about the selfless actions of the young defenders of the revolution.
The newspaper i:s becoming an even more active propagandist of PDPA policy and
of the activity of DOMA in indoctrinating youth.
However, the low level of literacy, especially among the working and rural youth),
the still strong inf luence of centuries-old traditions, and the inadequate training
of the DOMA cadre and aktiv are creating a number of difficulties in the ided.-
logical, political and propaganda work of DOMA. The ideological intrigues of the
enemies of the Ap ril revolution, who are trying to dietort and blacken in eve~;~
way possible ?'])PA policy, to crea~ the illusion of its hopelessness among young
people, and to contrast it to th~ interests of the Afghaa people speculat~ng on
the religious fee lings of believers, play no small role in this.
The arsenal of our enemy's methode are varied: from the use of leaflets and pam-
phlets to direct threats, sabotage and terrori$t acts. It happene that the in-
trigues of the counterrevolutionaries bring definite results. However, as the
accomplishmente of the revolution grow stronger, the tactic of deceit�, provd.catioa
and terror will more and more frequently come to grief.
* * *
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Instilling skills in collective work and public activity in the youth has become
a fundamenta113~ new direction in the work of DOMA. More and more young men and
women are participating in mass subbotniks (work given freely to the state on days.
bff.), raids in the struggle against profiteering, the preparation of schoole for

~ the school year, and revolutionary work weeks during which the collectives of itt-
dustr ial enterpriaes work without pay during their free time on the initiative of
DOMA organizations. Youth are making a considerable contr3.bution to the repair
of br idges, irrigation ditches, achools, hospitals, and mosques which have been
destroyed by the counterrevolutionaries.
Shock detachments, which are sent to the most important national economic installa-
tions, are being formed from the ranks of the young volunteers. The first such
detachment, which worked in the Karkar coal mine in the province of ~aglilan not only
set an example of a new attitude toward woak but also exerted a considerable in-
fluen ce on the local worke~s and population. At firat, the detactunent was greeted
cautiously and even hostilely. However, when the detachment members repaired the
mine administration building, which had been destroyed by bandits, in three days
(although based nn preliminary estimates about two weeks sho~}~d have been spent on
this work), organized courses to eliminate illiteracy for the workers~ organized
a wat ch on the mine's territory, introduced order into the supplying of the workers
with food items, and conducted readings and a diacuseion of articles published in
the youth newspaper, the authority of the detachment and the youth organ~ze~ion
grew considerably. ~
In striving to develop the creative capabilities of young men and wamen, DOMA com-
mittees have noticeably improved their mass cultural and sports work and are con-
tinuously expanding cooperation with the creative unions and organizati~ns. A con-
test of young poets, whose best poems were then publiahed in a collection, was con-
ducted with the youth commission of the Union of Writers. The opening of the Chil-
dren'~s and Youth Theatre was an important event in the count~ty's cultural life.
The sports contests for DOMA prizes are acquiring more and more popularity.
These practical works tell about the growth of DOMA's revolutionary initiative and
- its public, political and work activit}~.
Afte r the decision to create an Afghan Pioneer organization (POA) was made on 25
September 1980 during the Af ghan-wide DOMA conference, DOMA actively ~oined in the
work of indoctrinating children and teen-age~s and expanded its sponsorship over
the Pioneer organization. A year later, the ranks of the POA numbered 21,000 Pio-
- neers.
The opening in Kabul of the first republic Palace of the Pioneers, which threw open
- its doors on 3 February 1981, was a great and happy holiday for Afghan children.
6ubsequently, Pioneer houses were opened in the cities of Mazar-e Sharif, Jelalabad
and the province of Helmand.
During the new stage of the revolution, work was begun for the first time in the
country's history on Pioneer camps. In them, 1100 children from the country's 11
provinces have rested and acquired habits of collectivism and organization. It is
impo rtant to point out that elements of what ie new in indoctrination.al work among
- children have been combined with national customs and are based on respect for the
peop le's culture and traditiona.
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The Pioneers of Kabul and Mazar-e Sharif propased ~n intiative to help the families
of those who died for the cause of the revolution. o DOM~ Central Coimnittee
Plenum supported this important initiative and announced a campaign for the coun-
. try's DOMA members and Pioneers under the alogan "Hel~ the Famil.3~ of fi Saldier
Help the Revolution".
A clear demonstration of the party's concern and attention for the probleme of in-
doc~rinating Pioneers was the decision of the PDPA Central. Committee Politburesu
to create the PESHF.vANG magazine (PIONEER), an orgen Q~ the DOMA C~ntral Commit-
tee and the POA C~ntral S~viet.
Despite coneiderable difficulties~ the Pioneer movemen~ is earning uoQre aad more
recognition in the country aad is ~ntroducing fr~sh breath into public life.
In the DOTKA regulation, it is pointed out th~t it "indoctrinates youth in a epirit
of the brotherhood and equality of all the peoples who inhabit our beloved and
united homela~d...." DOMA is actively cooperating with 60 youth unione in the
socialiat, capitalist and developin,g cour.~tries and is coming out in support of
regional and international progresaive youth organizations. It is a member of the
world federati.on of Democratic ~Fouth ar~d ia represented in the 8ecretariat of the
International Union of Students.
Especially Warm and friendly relatio~s link DOMA with the Roeaeomol and the youth
un~ons of the socialist countr~:es. DOMA makea wide use of the experience flf the
Leninist Ko:msomol. Concert youth teams from the USSR are recieved very warmly in
Afghanistan, and the "Soviet Youth" exhibition made a large impresaion. Soviet-
Afghan friendehip rooms have been created in many DOMA province and city committees.
* * *
At the beginning of 1980, B. Iosin, a young PDPA member, was appointed secretary
of the DOMA committee in the province of Baghlan. Born of a poor peasant f~.m~ly,
he underwent a grim childhood and youth and experienced the burdens of underg;rAUnd
work. Iosin sha~ly percieved the social evil and in~uetice. Heading a prcavixicia~.
youth organization, he came out aharply against the shortcomings and smug1ef;s af
local bureaucrats, criticized displays of party disagreements, contended that only
work for the good of the revolution could move it forward, and constantly demon-
strated this by all his actions, carrying the youth with him. Even the persecu-
tiona of the Amin secret police did not break him. When Iosin was offered work in
a provincial PDPA committee he replied: 9irice the party had entrusted him with
indoctrinating youth, he is obliged to perform this important commission with honor
to the end. ~ .
It is these eteadfaet and unselfish people,:~who are devoted to their work, who ar.e
contributing to the active growth and etrengthening of DOMA and to the improving
of its inf luence on youth. On the whole, the youth organization's successes are
undoubtly being determined by the ever increaeing level of the business and political
qualities of its leaders and cadre workers and by the improvement in leadership
methods.
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In. its activity to i~doc.trinate youth, DOMA is striving to unite its efforts with
the state organs and public organizatione of the De~nocratic Republic of Afghanistan.
Joint DOMA Central Committee decrees with the Ministries of Defense, ~nternal Af-
fai.rs, Education and Higher and Vocational Educatic~n have been signed and are being
consistently ~mplemented during the new etage of the revolution. The Council of
Ministers of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is providing a great deal of
help to DOMA. DOMA committee~ are cooperating ever more widely with the creative
organizations, trade unions, the Democratic Organization of Afghan W dmea and the
different state departments.
Today, DOMA is emerging as an equal member in the National Patriotic Front (NPF)
the highest form for the association of the public and political forcea of the
workers and of all the layers in Afghanistan~~s population. Membership in the NPF
means the even more effective participation of DOMA in controlling affairs of state
and in raising the prestige of the organization.
The growth of DOMA's public and political activity and of its authority is to a de-
cisive degree the result of the concern and attention of the People's Democratic
Party of Afghanistan. The level of party leadersb.ip of the youth organiiation:;has
increased considerably during the new stage of the April revolution. Tlie PDPA
Central Committee has adopted a number of apecial decrees simed at the activity of
DOMA, is continuously providing it practical help, and is directing local party
organizations toward this. ~
In the difficult struggle to construct a new society, the Democratic Organ~Lzation
of Afghan Youth is proving itself ever more actively in the various spheres of the
cour,try's public and political iiie and is becoming a reliable assistant for the
part}~.
COPYRIGHT: "Molody kommunist", 1982
8802
CSO: 1807/94
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INTERNATIONAL
~
BOOK ON WE3TET4v OPPOSITION T0, SOVIET SUPPO1tT FOR MILITARY DETENTE
Moscow PROBLEMY VOYENNOY RAZRYADRt in Russiaa 1981 (eigaed to presa 25 Sep 81)
pp 1-2, 379-380
[Tsble of contents, brief deecription and authors' collective of book edited
by A. D. Nikonov]
[Excerpts] Title Page:
USSR Academy of Sciences. Order of the Labor Red Baanez Inetitute of the
World Economy and International Relatioas. Scieatifi~ Council for the Study
of Problema of Peace and Disarmament. Title: PROBLL~MY VOYENNOY RAZRYADRI
(Problems of Military Detente).
Publisher: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka01.
Place and year of publication: Moscow, 1981.
Signed to Preas Date: 25 September 1981
Number of Copies Publiehed: 4,500
Number of Pages : 340
Brief Description:
The ob~ective prerequisites, goals and basic directions of international
military detente, as well as the difficultiea and cbstacles placed in i~s
path by the aggressive circlee af imperialiem atid their accomplices, are
analyzed in the monograph. Sp~ecial atteation is devoted to explaining the
coneistent course of the Soviet Union for the preservation and developmeat
of the process of detente, for the atrengtheAing of detente by means of
political detente in the mili~ary area, and i~or ensuring peace and inter-
national securitq.
~ Authors' Collective:
Introduction--Doctor of Historical Sciences 0. N. Bykov
Chapter I--Doctor of Hietorical Sciencea A. D. Nilconov
- Chapter II--Doctor of Historical Sciences D. M. Proektor
~ Chapter III--Doctor of Hiatorical ~~i~nces I. A. Koloskov
Candidate of Historica~ 3ciences P. D. Tarabaqev
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Chapter IV--voctor of Historical Sciences A. D. Nikonov
ChaFter V--Doctor of Historical Sciences A. D. Nikonov '
Chapter VI--Candidate of Historical Sciences B. M. Khalosha
Chapter VII--Candidate of Historical Sciences Yu. A. IGostko
Cha~ter VIII--Candidate of Military Sciences M. S. Shmelev
Candidate of Economic Sciences Z. V. Litvin
Chapter IX--A. R. Aataf'yev
Chapters X, XII--Candidate of HiatoricaJ. Sciences P. D. Tarabayev
Chapter XI--Candidate of Economic Sciences M. I. Sladkevich
Candidate of Military Sciences' V. I. Makarevskiy
Scientific aesistante: T. I. Audnikovaya and Ye. V. Tsedilinaya
Respons~Cble editor: Doctor of Historical Sciences A. D. Nikonov
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Chapter I. Military Detente: Prerequisites, Goals and Paths............ 11
_ 1. Prerequieites for international detente 12
2. Interdependence of polit~cal detente with detente in
the military area 17
3. Main directions of detente in the military area 27
Chapter II. International Security and Military Detente 40
1. Esaence and content of international security 40
2. Military detente as a factor in international security.......... 52
3. Problems of international security in Westerxi policy............ 56
4. Military power in the aystem of international security.......... 61
5. Structure of international security 64
. Chapter III. Probleme of Non-Use of Force and the Threat of
Force in International Relationa 73
1. Imperialist policy "from a position of strength" 73
2. Liquidation of centers of tension and of armed conflicts--
an important direction in the realization of the principle
of the non-use of force in international relations 80
3� The policy of the USSR and other socialist countriea
relating to the non-use of force in international relations..... 86
Chapter IV. Probleme of Nuclear Detente 100
1. The nuclear arma race--a threat to humanity 101
2. The problem of complete and general prohibition of
nuclear arme tests 111
3. Probleme of strengthening nuclear nonproliferation 118
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Chapter V. The Problem of Limiting and R;educing Strategic Ar~as........ 136
~ 1. Principleg and prerequisites of the SALT process 137
2. SALT I 149
_ 3. SALT II 151
Chapter VI. Imperialist Military-Political Bloce and i3111tary
Detente 174
1. The role of imperisliem's ~litary-political blocs in
strengthening the arma race and cresting obstacles to ~
military detente 175
2. Detente's influence on imperialiam's bloc policy 198
3. Weakening block confrontation--an ia~portaot directiom
of military detente 202
_ Chapter VII. Problesns of Mtlitary Deteate ia ~urope 209
1. Military detente in Europe--a permanant task of the
Soviet Union's forei~ policy 210
- 2. The Vienna negotiations: hopes and blind alleys 214
- 3. Europe again faces a choice: a new arms race or
- military detente and disarmsmeat 227
Chapter VIII. Problems of Military Detente aad Ca~llective
Security on the Asian Continent 234
1. Ttie military-political situation in Asia 234 ~
2. Collective security-~-iath to lasting peace in Asia 243
3. Washington's and Bei~ing's policy--the main obstacle
- on the path to military detente in Asia 250
Chapter IX. Mi.litary Detente aad the World Ocean 260
1. New role and new problecis of the world oceaa 260
2. The apread of the arms race onto the world ocean and
the threat of nuclear war 268
3. Queations of limiting military use of~eeas and oceans.......... 280
Chapter X. Prohibition of New ~?pes of Weapoas of Mses
Destruction--an Urgen~ Task of Military Detente............ 296
1. The nature, urgency an$ importance o# the problem's
solution 297
2. Basic difficulties and proapects for the problem's
solution 306
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Chapter XI.. Problems of Limitiag Coaventional Arme 321
- 1. Contemporary state and devPlopment of conventi.onal arms........ 321
2. The arms trade--a constituent part of the cbnventional
' arms race and of imperialiam's global strategy 331
3. Limiting conventional weapons--a vital task in the
struggle for peace 337
Chapter XII. Military Detente and the Solution of Humanitq's
Global Problems 344
1. The most important socioeconomic aspecte of the arma race...... 345
2. Military detente--path to the solutioa of global problems...... 359
Short bibliography of worke relating to problems of detente pub-
lished in the USSR from 1978 to the middle of 1981 373
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
CSO: 1807/105
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INTERNATIONAL
SOCIALI5T COUNTRIES HOLD ARBITRAGE CONFERENCE
[Editorial Report] Moecow SOVETSIGOYE GOSUDA83TV0 I PRAVO in Ruasiaa, No 6,
June 1982, ca'rries on pp 136-139 a 2000-tivord article titled "Economic Law
and State Arbitrage" by Ye. A. Vinogradova. The $rt~cle reports on the first
interaational aymposium oa "Economic Law aad Sxate Arbitrage" held by the
US6R Institute of State and Law at the end of 1981. Partic~pants included
"scholars and practical workers" from Bulgaria, Sungary, Vietnam, Eaet
Germaaq, Poland, Czechoslonakia, and the USR$.
COPYRIGIiT: Yzdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Sovetekoqe gosudarstvo i pravo", 1982
CSO: 1800/761
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INTERNATIONAL
BRIEFS ~
SOVIET HISTORIANS 'VI3fT VIETNAM--Ixil~ovem~er 1981 the co~rorkers of the Institute o�
History of the USSR, 11SSR Academy of Scieneea (ptiectbt.Professor S.S. Khromov;
Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council on tFue complea problem "Hiatory of the
Great October Socialist Revolution" Yu.I. Rorablev; and Scientific SecrFtn~ of
the Institute's Co~niaa~on for International Contacts N.F. Bugay), ia their capacity
- as guests of tfle Committee for Social Sctences, Socialiat Ftepublic of Vietnam
[CSS SRV] toured the Ina~itute of History in Hanoi and tl~e Institute of Social
Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City for the firet time. Tbe Soniet historisns were
welcomed By the Cfisirman of tbe CSS SRV Hguyen f~ban Toan. The co-~workere of that
committee shawed tremendous interest in familiarizing themselves with the work of
the Institute of History of the IISSR. The comments by Nguqen Qhan Toan as well a~
by other Vietnamese colleagues pointed out tbe g.reat value attached to scientific
contacts between iiistorians of both countries. [By N.F� BuBay] [Excerpt] [Moscaw
VO~ROSY ISTORIT in Russian No 4, Apr 82 p 150] [COYYBIGHT: Izd$tel'stvo "Pravda",
"Voprosy istorii", 1982~ 1386 �
CSO: 1807/91
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y
NATIONAL �
OBKOM SECRETARY OIv AVOIDANCE OF 'DIFFICULT' QUESTIONS
Moscow MOLODOY KUMMtJNIST in Russian No 3, Mar 82 pp 6-13
[Article by M. Voropayev, first secretary of the CPSU Chelyabinskiy obkom: "The
Constuctive Energy of Conviction"] .
_ /~xcerpts/ Once a group of young engineers and worlters from Chelyabinsk was in Mexi-
co. Everthing interested the Ural lads: the ancient culture of the Azteca, ehe
monumental paintin~ of Siqueiros and the turbulent Sunday corrida. Aowever,
the meeting with students of the university.in Mexico was egpecially remembered.
Whether it occured accidentally or whether some unseen "directors hand" was at work,
those whose views represented a mixture of Marxism and neo-Friedism and Trotskyite
and Maoist slogans, came to the talks with the Chelyabinsk people. Outwardly,
however, they appeared as true revolutionaries and in any event conaidered
themselves as such: They brandiehed .poatraits of Che Guevara and some ca~ried
small volumes of Lenin's works with them.
Nevertheless, the young metallurgists and machine builders understood the political.
positions of their opponents rather quickly and conducted the discussion in a
dignified, well reasoned and skillful manner: Afterwardd, they frankly said that
only here, in a different country, having encountered the bearers of foreign ide-
ological notions face to face, did th~y truly see in proper proapective the social
- science classe~, the VUZ seminars on scientific communism, ard the Leninist
examinations, that is, all the forms of Marxist-Lenfnist education which they
had undergone in school, in the WZ and in tlie enterprise.
This episode not only once ag~in underscores the well known truth: A knowledge
of Marxism helps to rebuff hostile views and notions. Somet,hing else is also
~ seen here: The mastery of Margist-Leninist theory is truly effective and solid
when'it becomes a recognized inner requirement for a young person. I einphas3~ze:
not a school duty �(the paesing of examinations, the receiving of a grade, the
presence at class~s, etc.) tiut a requiremen~~. Sometimes, aa individual searches
for~and finds answers to the questions, which are disturb3ng him, with the
help of the theory of scientific communism. In this case, the kaowledge of
communist theory ceases to be book knowledge and is tranaformed into a deep per-
sonal conviction. This was V. I. Lenin`s path to M$rxism. ~N. K. Krupskaya
~ writes in her ~ecollections about I1'ich: "He did riot approach Marx as a book-
lover. He approached :ylarx as an individual s.earching for answers to agonizing
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and urgent questions". This the way the older generation of Soviet� Communists,
who speaking the words of a poet opened up each volume of Marx ~ust as we
open the shutters in our own homes, approached Marxiem.
The youth, who are being shaped under the conditions of a developed socialist
society are a different matter. Experienced mentors: school teachers, WZ instruc-
tors, the directors of party and Komsomol enlightenment schools, radio and tele-
vision politic~..l commentators, and press workers, are helping the young men and
women to penetrate into the laboratory of Marxist-Leniniet thought. However,
the danger of a facile attitude toward social and economic knowledge is concealed
here. Without having let it pass through himself, without having achieved it
through much suffering, and without having beat it in the crucible of doubts and
research, some young person will regard social and political theory as the to-
ta?.ity of school subjects and nothing more. He has studied, pasaed his examin-
ations and received a grade. Perhaps, the main results of the diacussion in
Mexico, which I recalled at the beginning, is the conclusion which the lads made:
No, it is not for an examination that a knowledge of MarxiBm is needed. Every
young individual should come to this conclusion. We are placing this goal before
the organizers of the rising generation's Marxist-Leniniat education.
Recently, much has been said and written about problem-solving instruction in the
social sciences. Its essence seems to me to lie in the fact that its study i~ecomes
_ for each pupil and student an instrument for recognizing the complicated problems
of reality. Unfortunately, it seems completely sufficient to many instructors to
"masticate" the general truths and force the students to memorize them and re-
gurgitate them on an examination. The damage from such inetruction is evident.
Sociological research, which has been performed among the oblast senior class
students, has shown in particular that many young men and women prefer not to ask
- so called "sharp" questions, which touch upon international and domeatic life,
of their teachers because they are not confident that the teacher will answer
- them frankly. Half of those surveyed point out that the teachers try to move
away from "sharp" questions, and every third pupil considers that the teachers
answer them unconvincingly.
Of course, this data must be understood with a correction for youthful maximumism,
a lack of life experience and the inclination toward premature generalization.
However, it is impossible not to admit that s number of instructors, not only
in secondary but al:so in higher educational institutions, are indeed inclined
- sometimes from the very best motives to shy away from an analysis of socialism';s
real contradictions, embellish reality, and replace the analysis of specific
problems with an abstract statement of the training material.
It has alrea~y become an axiom that knowledge, which has not been thrust on one
" but which has been mined on one's own, is the most solid and lies at the basis of
ideological and political convictions. Both secondary and higher schools have
available today every opportunity for developing the creative activity of youth.
Even the scientific society of youth can serve as an example. A scientific soci-
- ety for youth has existed for 17 years in Chelyabinsk. A total of 3,500 pupils
are engaged in it today. We are proud of the fact that the scientfic society of
Chelyabinsk senior class students is one of the first in the country and that its
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organizers the Palace of Pioneers and Pupile inemi N. K. Krupskaya and the
Chelyabinskiy State Pedagogical Institute have become Leninist Komsomol prize
laureates. Among its former pupils, it is poasible today to meet a famous eci-
entist, a prominent lathe operator, a teacher, a doctor, an agronomist, and en of-
fiCer in the Soviet army.
Nevertheless, we see the main merit of this association of pupils not in the high
professional orientation (although this too is very importaat) but in the rearing
of the teenagers' citizen maturity. During echool vacat ions, the winners in the
contests of creative works gather in the "Young Kurchatovite" camp (which is lo-
cated in the picturesque surroundings of the city of Sim the home of I. V.
Kurchatov) and there, the difference between "physicists" and "lyric poets" is
obliterated: Both the one and the other participate with identical enthusiasm
in the "political battles", the festival of polit~ca~; songs, a dramatized trial
of modern imperialism, discussions concerning the social problems of the yvuth
movement, etc.
This may seem a game to some individuals. True, there is something of a game in
it. However, the discussion conceme serious matters: the developing of a claes
view of the world and the laying of the foundatione for communist convictions.
All this is passionate and emotional. How often these emotions are unfortunately ~
lack3ng in the standard history and social acfence class es and in the seminare
on social subjects in VUZ! It is no accidan~t that the students of the scientific
society of pupils, when they arrive in inatitutes, are the first to ~oin in the
work of the student scientif ic society and becoma permanent participants in the
all-union contest of student works in the social sciences, the history of the
Komsomol and the international youth movement.
The Marxist-Leninist education of youth is also, as is known, the class indoctrin-
ation of the rising generation. School must prepare one for life. This seems
an absolutely correct truth. However, if the mathematics teacher sees hie main
goal to be the preparation of future mathematiciansf the literature teacher
future philologists; and the physics teacher future physicists, then these
- teachers I dare to say understand nothing of pedagogics.
I am far from the thought of fighting for the formation of citizea poeitions at
the expense of specialized knowledge. Ignoramuses are not needed by our society.
However, a bourgeois school teaches how to read and writ e intelligently. Have�
not too many egotists who know the art of self-love, cul tural Philistines and
individualists who have mastered foreign languages recently appeared here? In ,
this sense, the old formula ahould be read in a new way: "The school should
prepare one for a socialist way of life!"~.
It seems that the Marxist-Leninist education, which is received in school class-
rooms and WZ halls, should be accompanied without fail by significant enlivening
of the non-academic social and political indoctrtnation forma. Political hours,
political clubs, "Young Marxist" circles, Leninist leasorts, trips to places of
combat fame, and the creation of achool museums all t his integrally adds to
lectures and textbooks and forms a class approach to the phenomena being studied.
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~ ~ vVLI V1\IJ~
Here, for example, is how the Romsomol membera in School No 50 in Chelyabinsk
rated Leninist lessons: "They help us to look at ourselves in a new way. After
them, you try to read those works which are not studied in echool. During the lesson,
you feel that all of the people in the country are persons holding the same views
as you".
~lithout a doubt, life itself gives a rating for his knowledge of Marxiet-Leninist
theory to an individual. Not a person'c words but his deeda charactezize his ide-
ological leve 1 and citizen'~s maturity. Let us recall V. I. Lenin's �ords that
"The communist youth union has combined its education, its teaching and its indoc-
trination with the labor of the workers and peasants so that it will not lock it-
self up in its sc~iools and will not be li~nited only to a reading of communiet books
and pamphlets" (Vol 41, pp 316-317).
Do today's Komsomol members the pupils and students,have an opportunity to learn
communism in practice and to participate in the real transformation of soci~ty?
Of course they do. Student production brigades, public and political practices,
construction detachments, work where one lives all this provides an opportunity
for each Komsomol member to feel: "My work is flowing into the work of my re-
public".
When a system of public and political practices for students was introduced in the
Chelyabinskiy Polytechnical Institute imeni the Leninist Komsomol for the first
time in the country at the end of the Sixties, many greeted it with mistrust. They
cited the overworking of the students, the back-breakingness for them of
the lecture work among the population etc. Life hae shown the need for this form
of communist indoctrination of a future specialist. Today, thousands of students
are conducting public and political practices in the VUZ of Chelyabinskaya Oblast
alone. They are giving lectures, creating agitation brigades, and organizing
children's clube in residences and aports sections for children and teenagers.
Thus, the " Ray" Pedagogical Detachmient, which was created on the initiative of
the pedagogical institute students, embraces 30,000 teenagexs in its influence,
organizing the . free time of the lads.
* * *
It is underst andable that it is impossible to treat all the questions, which are
connected with the Marxist-Leniniet education of the youth, in one article. This
work requires continous improvement. Much remains to be reviewed here, to be
changed, and to be given up.
Everything st ill has not been done for the complete and ~imely supplying of propa-
gandists and students with train ing programs and aids. An instructional methods
library, which would contain practical advice on preparing for classes, conducting
discussions, using the practical assignment method, etc., is very necessary for
a p ropagandist who is working in a youth hall. It would be good to have collec-
tions of logical assignments and typical examples of problem situations for
studies in the basic courses.
And once again. When talking about indoctrinational work, we often yield to the
magic of nume rical reports. In the meantime, sociological research, which has
been conducted, testifies in particular that far from all pupils are performing
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assignments of a public and political nature, that ~nly one-third of the lOth-
~ class students are participating in the prep aration and conduct of Komsomol
meetings and political information sessions, and that every fourth urban senior
class student is not taking part in the sumaner work quarter. Instances of im-
moral conduct on the part of young people, of an excessive passion for trenda in
weatern fashions in a certain part of the youth, etc.~ must cause ue anxiety.
The 26th CPSU Congsess outlined a apecific p rogram for the formation of the new
individual. An important role in ita implementation belonga to the youth's Marxist-
Leninist education which has been called upon to teach youag men and women
speaking in the words of V. I. Lenin "to act a~ communiem really requires".
In other words, the CPSU Central Com~ittee report to the 26th party congress em-
phasized, we are talking about achieving itr.fact a unity of the partx's ideological,
theoretical, political, indoctrinational, organizational, and economic w~ork.
This is our goal. There is no doubt that it will be achieved.
COPYRIGHT: "Molodoy kommunist", 1982 ~
8802
CSO: 1800/654
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NATIONAL
PROBLEMS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCA, INSTRUCTION OUTLINED
Baku KOA4t[JNIST AZERBAYDZHANA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 53-61
[Article by T. Ismaylova: "Improve the Work of Social Science Departments"]
[Excerpts] In the light of the party's high demands on aocial scientists,
' the shortcomings, def ects and failures.in work of social science.departments
of WZ's in the republic have become even more intoleral~le. Above all this
applies to the level of atudies aad their quality, which in a number of cases
leave much to be desired. Lectures, which are poor in content and primitive
in form, fail to take into account the dynamic nature of socioeconomic pro-
cesses occurrin~ in our society, the aggravation of the ideological struggle
in the international arena and the increased educational and cultural level
of the young people. Topical questions of contemporary life are not,always
raised and discussed during lectures. Seminars and tutorials and actually
existing difficulties and contradictiona of our development are i~tnored at
times. Unfortunately there are still inetructors who do not have enough skill
to show the historical advantage~s of socialism aad our successee and achieve-
ments in building a new li�c d~~d to expose the total hypocrisy of slanderous
bourgeois propaganda. Some socisl acience instructors do not engage in '
self-improvement, limit lectural material to a textbook framework and do not
possess enough lecturing skill.
Sometimes we judge the activity of a department and its workers on the basis
of some quantitative indicators, parxicularly as regards the number of
instructors having an academic degrae, the percentage of progress. the
quantity of published work, prepared papers aad so forth. It has been
proven long ago through experience that high-sounding titles and ranks do
not always g~arantee a high level of studies and that high percentage of
progress is sometimes achieved as a result of an instructor's leniency aad
liberalism. There are also instances when an instructor attempts to "make
up" for the low level of his academic qualification and pedagogical skill by
making excessive demands on students. Both ways are of great harm to the
cause of education and training of young people.
Some inetructors still persist in attempts to assign students as many complex
scientific inforniation as possible. which undoubtedly makes the process of
mastering and subsequently reproducing it diff icult. This harmful and
fallacious practlce, which does not conform to the goals of in~ensifying the
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teaching and educational process, limite th~ cognitive independence of
students and is utterly at variance with creative study of Maxxism-Leninism.
_ which presupposes independent work on prtmary sources and independent conaider-
ation and comprehension of one or another question of theory a~d practice�.
Hence the immediate task of social scieatists ie to promote maximum develop-
ment of habits among atudents of thoughtful study of problems and Marxist-
Leninist 8cience, the party's policy and questions of com~aunist construction.
~ Scientific level of instruction and creative atmosphere of the entire
educational process depend to a considerable degree on the extent and condition
of scientif ic research work in social science departments. The resolution
of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers "On Raieing
the Eff iciency of Scientific Research Work in Higher Educational Institutions"
and the decisions of the July (1979) plenum of the Azerbai~an CPCC have
provided a great incentive for improving organization of scientific research
activities in WZ's.
Instructors of social science departmenta of WZ's in the republic have ~oined
in developing some important national economia problems, a part of which has
- been included in the coordination plan of basic ecientif ic resesrch of the
USBR Academy of Scien~es and the USSR Ministry of fligher and Specialized
Education.
Departments of CPSU hiatory are examining problems connected with the party's
increased leading role in communiet conetruction and are studying the hi.ator-
ical experience of CPSU's struggle for implemmntation of Leninist principles
of ideological struggle. In the ceater of acientista' ~ttention are criticism
of bourgeoia falsifications of the CpSU's nationalities policy and socialist
construction in Azerbai~an. The reasarch rnsults of hietoriane are embodied
in doctoral and candidate theses, monographs, brochurea and articlea which
reflect the activities of the CPSU and the Azerbaijan CP duing the 9th and
lOth Five-Year Plan.s.
In philosophy departments the attention of scientists is concentrated in
examining the patterns of the present s'cage o� Soviet society'e development,
forms of their manifestation and mechanism of their action. Sociological
_ problems of the scientific-teehnical revolution and current problema of
Marxist-Leninist ethics and aeathetics are an ob~ect of interest for
philosophers.
Professors and instructors of political econoary departments are working on the
complex problem of "Economic Regularity of Developed Socialism."
Departments of ecientific communiam are sxamining the acientif ic communiam's
questions of theory and socioeconomic problems of developed socialism and
are studying different aspects of the eocialist way of life. Theae are the
basic, the main directions of scientific research work of social acientists
in WZ's, in accordance with which 11 doctoral and 35 candidate theses r~ere .
defended during the years of the lOth Five Year Plan.
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The 26th CPSU Congress has aer_ the task of using scientific potential of
WZ's more fully. This requirement as well as the moet important theoretical
positions and canclusions, which at present characterize the content of our
party's ideological and theoretical life, make it incumbent to interpret in
- a new way the tasks of social scisnce departments as the.most important link
in the structure of our scientific and theoretical subdivisions. There are
now 56 doctors of sciences and profesaors and more than 350 candidates of
sciences working in WZ's of the republic. Quality of education and training
of young people and the level of scientific reaearch work in WZ's can be
substantially raised by eff iciently using this considerable scientif ic
potential. The decisions of the 26th CPSU Congrese and the 30th Azerbai~an
CP Congress have been a powerful incentive for creative searches by scientists
of the republic and have expanded the poseibilities of researching funda-
mentally important problems of social development and, first of all, questions
of mature socialism and ways of its developing into communism. It is charac-
teristic that creative efforts of social scientists in the republic are being
concentrated even more today on the topical questions posed by life. At
present some departments are planning and are already fulfilling complex
interdepartmental research. Thus for the 1981-85 period ecientific activities
of all social science departments of the AzINKha [expansion unknown] imeni
D. Buniatzade are concentrated around the prablem of "The 3ocialist Way of
Life," whose elaboration in the socioeconomic, philosophic and historic plan
is dictated by tasks ensuing from the deciaions of the 26tH Party Congresa.
The teaching and educational process in higher school and scientific research
activiti~es of departments are inseparable from students' scientific work,
which is a-~ organic composite part of the entire educational process in a WZ.
From timid steps in an effort to accustom students to scientif ic work of a
social science department, transition is now being made to enlisting its moet
capable alumnus in fulfilling departmental research. All-union student work
contests on problems of social sciences, Komsomol history and ir.ternational
youth movement have become an effective means for developing skills of
scientific research work and active sociopolitical activities among students.
These contests, which involve almost all student youths of the republic,
convincingly testify to students having a sound knowledge of history of the
revolutionary movement and our motherland's rise to the peaks of social
progress and to the deep, enduring interest of young men and women in Marxist-
Leninist theory. Twenty-three students of the republic's WZ's were winners
in all-union contests during the lOth Five-Year Plan. They were awarded first~
- second and third degree prizes and honorary certif icates of the Komsomol
Central Committee and the USSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized
Education.
At the same time, great opportunities and the creative potential of our social
scientists are still insuff iciently used for deep and comprehensive research
into our life's new phenomena and proceases and for generalization of the
many-sided, rich experience of the Azerbai~an CP accumulated in the struggle
for strengthening all spheres of the republic's life at the most advanced
positions of developed socialism.
An important reserve for raising the efficiency of scientific research work
_ and of social scientists' activities in WZ's as a whole is in expanding the
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geography of their ~cientific contacts. Scientific publicationa of our social
scientists in all-union editiona and their participation in the work of
international conferences, symposiums and congressea in.the GDR,'Bulgaria,
Sweden, Denmark, Yugoslavia and other countries~ as experience proves, con-
siderably enrich activities of departments and promote lmprovement of their
ideological, scientific and educational aspects.
Organization of scientif ic reaearch work does not meet current demaads in all
departments. Research subjects in some of.the~ have not been examined for
= years and have been mechanically carried over from oae year to anoth~r and
from five-year plan to five-year pla~. As a reault, "dull" publications,
which are low in ideological and theoratical level and which poorly ~llustrate
the grandiose changes in the republic's socioeconomic, political and cultural
life, have been appearing in the press. ~
Sub~ects of scientific research that are not dictated by needs of ecience and
national economy b~t by the notorious "dissertability" are assigned to grad-
uate students by aome departmenta. Many graduate studeats cannot cope with
defense of thesea within the instruction period. The defense of theses is
sometimea formalistic; their passing is groundlessly forced and responses are
superficial, lacking a well-reasoned evaluation of t~?e novelty and practical
significance of results obtained by the author.
Improved aelection, placing and training of personnel in WZ's 3s one of the
most important conditions for raising the ideological and theoretical level
in teaching social aciences. A great and poeitive role in thie respect was
played by the resolute meaeurea adopted by the Azerbai~an CP CC during the
past several years to erad~.cate serious ahortcomings in selecting and placing
teaching peraonnel. WZ collectives have don~ much to i~aprove the teaching '
staff. Persons lacking the neceseary level o~ pcofessional training and
qualifications have been debarred from teachi~g. Improved work with personnel
has been promoted by the implementation of the tasks advanced at the republic
conference of WZ workers (May 1980).
A system for raieing professional skill and pedagogical culture of WZ social
scientiets and various forme of theoretical and methodical training of
pedagogical personnel, which we have establisl}ed, have justified themselves.
During th~ years of the lOth Five-Year Plan, 417 instructors and chiefs of
social science departments have been sent to inetitutes for improving quali-
fications in the cities of Moacow, Leningrad, Riev, Minak, Rostov, Tashkent.
Novosibirsk and Sverdlovsk.
At present the existing def iciency ia training eocial sciences personnel is
being gradually eliminated by annually aending a large group of youths to
study in the cauntry's leading WZ's in apecialities such as CPSU hietoryy
political economy, philosophy and scientific communism. We have aleo done
much during the past few yeara in tra'ining scientif ic and pedagogical aocial
science personnel through poetgraduate atudentship. During the 9th and lOth
Five-Year Plans, 109 people completed postgraduate work.
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But unfortunately not all educational institut+.one are implementing personnel
selection and placement in a purposeful mannar in accordance with instructioa-
al provisions and norms. Even today the VZTZ's are experiencing a ehortage of
highly qualif ied specialista in social sciences. Only slightly more than
half of corresponding departments are headed by doctors of aciences. The
institute of senior scientific workers and scientific work on probation at
leading departments of the country'~ WZ's are not being used eff iciently
enough in training highly qualif ied apecialists. New and more complex tasks
posed by life demand that queatione of further improvement in training social
science personnel become a central link.in the work of eocial acience depart-
ments. These questions as well as activities of social science departments
as a whole are under constant and close attention of the republic's Minwz
[Ministry of Higher EducationJ. On the baeis of.systematic discussion of ,
- work conducted by WZ social scfentiats, the Minvuz collegium has worked out
decisions containing practical recommendations for improving work style and
methods of social science departmenta and for replenishing them with highly
qualified apecialiats trained in the country's leading WZ's.
The entire many-sided activity of WZ social acientists is directed in the
f inal analysis at forming of communist outlook among youths, their high
consciousness and readiness and skill to build com~unism. Although ideo-
logical and political training of fut^ire specialists is a task of the entire
staff of professora and instructora, u detes~nining role in this is played by
_ social science departments. Together with party and public organizations
of WZ's they are implementing long-rang complex ideological training plans.
calculateci for the entire instruction period~ defining its concrete forms
and methoda and are directing the activities of special and general theoret-
ical departments in strengthening the overall world-view orientation of the
entire teaching and educational procesa.
COPYRIGHT: "Kommunist Azaerbaydzhana", 1982
9817
CSO: 1800/599
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NATIONAL
FURTHER DETAILS ON BARU NATIONALITIES CONFERENCE
Moscow SOVETSRAYA ETNOGRAFIYA in Russian No 2, Mar-Apr 82 pp 111-115
[Article by A. A. Susokolov: "The 26th CPSU Congress and Taslts in the Study
9f Nationalities Relations in the OSSR"] ~
[Text] .The 26th CPSU Congrese has devoted great attention to probleme
connected with the developme~t of nations and nationa~ities relations in
the USSR.1 To discuss the taska eneuing from the congress' decisions,
- ethnosociologists and specialists of other social sciencea who are working
on related problema met on 25-30 May 1981 in the citq of Baku. The session
was organized by the Council for Sociological Research of the Azerbai~an
CP CC and the Ethnic Sociology Section of the 3o~"rfet Sociological Aesocia-
tion with cooperation of the Scientific Council for Nationalitiee Problems
of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciencee headed by Academician Yu.
V. Bromley.
The work of the session has been described bq central and republic means of
mass information. G. A. Aliyev, candidate member of the CPSU CentraY
Coa~ittee Politburo and first secretary of the Azerbaijan CP CC, received
leading scientists, participants in the session.
The attention shoum in the work of the aession by the Azerbai~an CP CC
has raised this scientific forum'a authority. G. A. Gasanov, ae~retary of
the Azerbai~an CP CC, delivered the.opening address at the session. He
dwelt on the significance of acientific underatanding of problems of
nationalities relations and on behalf of the firat secretary of the
Azerbai~an CP CC conveyed wishes fox succesaful work to participants in
the session.
The first meeting of the session was devoted to theoretical and methodo-
logical problems in studying nationalities reletions.
A report "The 26th CPSU Congrese on Nationalities Relationa in the USSR
and Tasks in the Btudy of National and In~:ernetional Processes" was
delivered by A. F. Dashdamirov, chief of the Propaganda and Agitation
Department of the Azerbai~an CP CC. The 26th CPSU Congress, he noted,
has set the task with regard to further drawing scientific and theoretical
developments closer to practical tasks of aocial control. The most important
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task of researchers, he said, is foreseeing social consequences of the
internationalization process, which are manifested in the atructure of
national~ties relations and the mode of life, in changing forms of inter-
personal contact and in material and spiritual requirements. In dwelling
on the structure of nationalities relation~, A. F. Dashdamirov stressed
_ that under conditions of developed socialism, contacts between workers of
- various republics and various nationalfties within the republics are becoming
an ever active factor in the development of economy and culture. Taking
into account historical peculiarities of a nation's development makes .it
possible to f ind a way for solving common international tasks under specific
conditions of life of republics and peoples.
In a report "Some Theoretical Problems in the Study of Ethnos," Yu. V.
Bromley (Moscow), first of a11, touched upon the conceptual questions in
the relationship between aocial and ethnic in r.ational and dwelt on the
relationship of the conception of "nation" and "ethnos." The speaker drew
at~ention to the fact that many specific questions being researched by
ethnosociologists have so far failed to find a sufficiently broad theoretical
understanding. At the same time, many theoretical developmenta by philos-
ophers and ethnographers are cut off from real research practice.
An increased striving to overcome this gap.hae been noticeable during the
debate on basic reports. Thus, M. V. Iordan (Moscow) and N. R. Malikova
(Baku) emphasized that many trends in the development of national life can
be understood by proceeding from the principle of ethnos' integrity as a
system.
The speeches made during the debate on basic reports have indicated a sig-
- nif icantly expanded range of the sub~ects researched. Alt~ough thia
increased the informative value of the conference, ft sometimes made con-
ducting a single line of discussion diff icult.
N. A. Tomilov (Omsk) has dwelt on questions of inethodology and source
control [istochnikovedeniye] of historical ethnosociology-direction. Dis-
cussion of the need to develop the latter has already been going on for a
long time in scientific circles.
Traditionally problems at the conference covered basic directions of ethno-
sociological re~earch: ethnosocial structure and demographic problems,
national psychology and interpersonal national re~~ttiona, language and
culture and methoda and problems of source control of ethnosociological
research. Reports on special problems of ethnosociolvgy were delivered
by Yu. V. Arutyunyan, L. A. Gordon, M. N. Guboglo, A. F. Dashdamirov,
L. M. Drobizheva, A. F. Kocharli and V. I. Perevedentaev.
The increased role of the national aspect in contemporary aociety during
the past 10-year period has been noted in most apeeches. V. I. Parol
(Tallinn) stressed that the trend toward thorough atudy of national specifics
of social processes and intra-national relations in Soviet aociety is con-
nected with the r~alization of the fact that developed socialism ia a
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"necessary, natural and historically long period in the mai~ing of communist
formation,"2 and, therefore, erasing national distinctions in the sphere
of social relations is also a lengthy process. I. K.~Apine (Ri$8) and K. S.
Khallik (Tallinn) expressed their view that increased social activity in
cambination witli increased multinationality of cities does not necessarily
lead to erasure of ethnic distinctioas:' i.n~some cases these factors can
promote intenaification of natianal consciousnese. An attempt to theoreti-
cally analyze the mechanism of interaction of common anQ national features
in the Soviet way of life was made by V. G. Babakov (Moicow). A report bq
A. F. Kocharii (B~ku) cantained information on basic directions in coa-
temporary philosophic and sociological research in the Azerbai~an SSR.
The decisiona of the 26th CPS~T Congrese devoted a 8ignificant place to
regional aspects in diatributing productive forcea and the problems arising
in this connection with labor mobilitq of indigenous~population :of some
union and sutonomous republics. To a certain degree these problems have
been touched upon in all reports and in sotrte they occupied a central place.
A report by Yu. V. Arutyunyan (Moscow) "Ethnoeociologq: Problems and
Directions of Research" was devoted mainly to an analyais of the role of
- ethnic factors in social development aad to the significance of social
' processes for~:ethnic changes. The speaker particularlq noted that differ-
ences in the settlement structure of nations and their eo~tal and profes-
sional composition to a considerable degree determine preservation of one
or another element of traditional culture and influence trends of develop-
ment of national consciousneas. The influence of social on ethnic may give
rise to a number of problema. Thus introduction of universal secondary
education and the increased social expectations of young people, with
_ preservation of public need for unskilled labor, which is especially strong
in republics having a high share of agricultural production, requires
certain social regulation with due regard for national aspects. In turn
ethnic traditions influence social~changes.
In a report by L. A. Gordon (Mdecow) "international Feature,s in the Develop-
ment of.the Working Class," it was shown that the share of the working claes
in population has been increasing in all republics and its multinationality
has been growing. The differencea between republics at present are manif~sted
not so much in the share of the working class as in the share of representa-
tives of the basic indigenous nationality in ite composition. These differ-
encea are eapecially noticeable when the social~snd profesaional composition
of different national groups of the working class is compared. To a conaid-
erable degree this is connected with labor traditions of the popu~ation of
various regions.
Ethnodemographic problems, which have been sharply raised at the 26th CPSU
Congress, are closely linked to questions of social structure of nations.
Therefore it was no coincidence that a report by V. I. Pexevedentsev "Ethnic
Aspects of Demographic Procesaes" has evoked a very li~iely interest. After
describing the demographic situation in the country, the speaker noted that
the level of natural growth will soon inevitably decline in Central Aeian
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- republir_s, and that this has already happened in Azerbai~an, Armenia and some
other republics. However, in the oginion of V. I. Perevedentsev, this
process requires s~cial regulation to maintain optimum reproduction condi~
tions. Efficient use of labor resources is not connected with moving them
to central regions but with developing productives forces locally. For
this purpose it is necessary to differentiate the policy with regard to
migration by regions, facilitating the adaptation of rural youths in cities
of republics with increa.sed level of natural growth. Ia the opinion of the
speaker, such measures must include: improvement of Russian language teaching
in secondary schools; organi~ation of "city" skills training; establishment
of small industrial enterprises in villages.
Many speakers supported the reporting spea~er's basic poeitions and revealed
other aspects of the ethnodemographfc situation in the country. However,
the debate on the reports as a whole has indicated that researchers in the
republics have failed to devote proper attention to labor mobility of the
indigenous population. Only one report was devoted to this question. Kh. V.
Dzutsev (Ordzhonikidze), in subscribing to the opinion of the speakers, noted
that location of industrial enterprises in labor-surplus regions creates
conditions for gradual adaptation of rural inhabitants of indigeneous nation-
alities to conditions of i.ndustrial production and will make ft possible in
the future to increase the interregional migratory movementi of population of
labor-surplus republics. In this it is important to take into consideration
not only loca.l natural resources but also the peculiarities of traditfonal
~ occupations and domestic structure of the population.
K. P. Katushov (Elista) devoted his report to the role of the working class
in the internationalization processes of the mode of life.
Some socioethnic problems connected with the increasing numbers of elderly
persons were examined by V. I. Kozlov (Moscow). He noted in particular the
_ need to study their role in passing on positive and negative ethnic tradi-
tions and also the social status of the elderly among various peoples.
One of the most important and at the same time least developed spheres of
science are ethnic features of personal psqchology. Therefore, the interest
_ expressed fn the report by A. F. Dashdamirov "Certain Methodological Problems
in the Study of National Psychology," in which the structure of ethnopsycho-
logical phenomena +was analqzed and basic ways for studying them in a posii`
tive manner were outlined, was readily understood. A. F. Dashdamirov
recognized the objective existence of ethnos's psychological peculiarities
and located their roots in historical, socioeconomic and sametimes natural
conditions in the formation of ethnos. In the opinion of the~speaker, it
is expedient to conduct the study of ethnos's culture and consciousness
_ only as ethnodifferentiating factors and with consideration of their ethno-
integrating role. Researching the mechanism of consolidation of national
psychology's peculiarities is therefore an urgent task. The report also
examined the relationship of conceptions such as "psychic ~old of a nation,"
"national character," "national awarenesa" and "national self-consciousness."
~ � 36
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A report by L. M. D~obizheva (Moscow), devoted to optimizing conditions for
developing friendly interpersonal nat{onal rel$~inns in the USSR, has singled
out insufficiently studied problems in ethnosociology. Among them are inter-
action of interethn~c relations and ethnic self-consciQUSness; influence of
interethnic relations on ethnocultural processes and ethnic self-conscious-
ness; and the interrelationship of various forms of the manifestation of
interethnic relations, particularly of relation$ in the production and family
spheres. In developing this topic in his address, I. R. Loov (Groznqy),
based on the materials of sociometric te~ct~t con~}ucted in multit~ational pro-
duction collectives, showed that even the most favorable cor_ditions of intr3-
national intercourse in the pr~duction sphere at times do not influence a.
tendancy toward intra-national contacts between fami~iee. Rh. A. Ibragimov
(Makhachkala) described one of the first national expertments in studying
"mutual" ethnic stereotypes of those ethnoses in contact with each other.
Ethnopsychological problems are closely coni~ected with other sections of
ethnosociological rese~rch. Thus G. V. Starovoytova (Leningrad), using
research in Abkhazia as an example, ehowed that depending on ethnic tradi-
tions, people of extreme old age find thetnselves in a sociopsychological
climate appears in which (conferring social prestige and invol~ment in
family and publi.c life); it. is this precisely wl~ich influences the length
of their active life to a considerable degree. It has been prove~i through
research that individual psychological features ha.ve little effect in this.
A. I. Tishin (Frunze), I. B. Dzhafarov and T. L. Faradov (Baku) and B. N.
Markazov (Ulan-Ude) dwelt on individu$1 aspects of ethnopsychological
problems.
In connection with the study of ethnopsycholo~i~al features, a question
arises about mechani~ms of socialization wfifch promote preservation of
these fea~ures. A repor.t by I. S. Kona (Leningrad) "The Role of Family
Unbringing in the Reproduction Process of Ethnos as a Group" was devoted to
the possibilities of researching this problem. The speaker noted that
exploring this topic requires the examination of two basic problems: the
image of a chi~ld in one or another culture and ethnic features of socializa-
tion and upbringing. The speaker described the basic methods and goals in
studying these problems within the framework of research organized "by the
_ Ethnography Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
As indicated by many speeches, great attention is devoted to language
processes during research of ethnocultural~changes. M. N. Guboglo (Moscow)
devoted his report to prob].ems of bilingualism as the most important factor
in the development and interaction of ethnoses. In the opinion of the
speaker not only knowledge of a language of intra-national internourae but
its use in various spheres of social"life must also become an ob~ect of
social regulation. This praposal elicited a discussion in which views both
for and against Che possibility and expediency of such regulations were
expressed. But on the whole the apeechea on lan$uage problems were of an
it~formative character. Thus A. A. Shevchenko (Kiev), L. S. Khristolyubova
(Izhevsk) and D. G. Bragina (Yakutsk) described the results of specific
sociological studies of bilingualism in their ~egions. ~
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7'wo addresses were devated to the sociological analyais o~ mass information
content. B. V. Popov (Kiev) described possibilities of researching the
thesaurus of basic social values based on periodical press materials. A. M~
Mgmedov (Baku) dwelt on the nature in which national languagea of various
peoples and ethnic groups inhabiting Azerbai3an are used by the republic's ~
means of mass information.~ Reports on changes in the language structure
and its dictionary reserve under the influence of language interaction were
made by I. M. Granovskaya and R. A. Badslov (Baku).
Although the session had no generalized report on a national ethnosocio-.
logical study of the family's role in ethnocultural processes, this sub~ect
was touched upon in many speeches. A significant place was devoted to mixed-
nationality marriages, and the speeches indicated that the interest of
researchers has now shifted to studying the psqchological climate in mixed-
nationality families. Thus R. A. Achylova (Frunze) expressed an opinion
that~ not only mixed-nationality but one-nationality families as well can
_ serve as a channel of intergenerational transmission of international values.
At the same time she believes that during studies of intra-national marr~.gges
it is necessary to show whether they always qield a positive experience in
intra-national communion. Regarding the fr.equency of divorcea as a manifes-
tation of the sociopsychological climate in families, A. G. Ali}rev (Baku)
noted that according to research conducted in some Azerbai~an cities, mixed-
- nationality marriages break up as often as one-nationality ones. Results
of studying the family's role in transmitting elements of ethnic culture
from generation to generation were described in speeches by S. I. Karakeqeva
_ (Frunze) and M. Ya. Ustinova (Moscow). However, basic attention in this
research is devoted to traditional ritual culture and considerably less to
analyzing ~naterials on socionormat~.ve [sotsionormat~vnaya] culture (nor~a~s
_ of mutual relations in family, demographic conduct, labor traditions).
This is characteristic in the ma~ority of sociologists' work devoted to
the family's role in ethnocultunal processes. At the same time the deci-
sions of the 26th CPSU Congress indicate the need for a deeper study of
national features of demographic conduct and. labor traditionse
The 26th CPSU Congress was the f irst party forum on an all-union scale
which examined problems of sociocultural development of ethnic groups of
nonindigenous nationalities in union republics. However, individual aspects ~
- of this problem were touched upon only in two speeches. V. S. Zelenchuk
(Kishinev), using Moldavia as an example, demonstrated that not onlq assimila-
tion of such groups by much larger ethnic communities but conaolidation of
independent nationalities on their basis may also take place. G. V.
Starovoytova described the results of ethnopsycholo~ical research of
Leningrad's Tatar population.
B. R. Logashova (Moscow) and G. V. Starovoytova in their speeches dwelt on
such an important question as the intluence of confessional t~aditions on
contemporary ethnic processes. ~
Reports on some results in studqing ethnocultural processes in individual
regions were presented by V. N. Belyavina (Minsk), R. V. Danilenko (Rishinev)
and Ye. I. Klementyev (Petrozavodak).
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Unification of tooXs [unifikatsiya inatrumentariya] was a central problem
at a"round t able"~meeting devoted to methode of ethnosociological research.
At a preceding conference of ethnosociologiats3 this problem wae only raised,
but at the present session (s~eechea by V. A. ustinov, Yu. V. Arutqunyan,
L. G. Gaf t, and A. A. Susokolov--a11 of Moscow) specific waqs for solving
it were discussed. As Yu. V. Bromley stressed in t~~s final remarks, it is
impossiblQ t o coordinate programs without standardizing methods--a very
important orgariizativnal task. A specific proposal was made during the
round table speeche~ to publish new systematic developments and to periodi-
cally publish a bulletin of the Ethnosociologica 1 Sectfon o~ the Soviet
Sociological Association, containing informatiofl on such�publicatiot}s and
on basic directions of research in regional re~earch centers. In some
speeches it was noted that an insufficient level of coordination conaiderably
reduces research effectiveness and lead to duplication of some work and
deterioration of its quality.
Problems of source control of ethnosociologic~l research were broadly dis-
cussed at the round table. I. A. Mardosa (Vilnyus) reported on the experi-
ence in using content analysis to study the repertoire of the Lithuanian
SSR's amateur musical activities on the requests presented at republic
~ competitions. In the aforementioned speech by G. V. Starovoqtova, materials
of passport offices, f inancial reporting of mosques and other documentary
sources have been used in an original manner.
Only one spee ch was devoted to statistical methods in ethnosociological
research. The experience in developing a typology of ethnic types for an
all-union research of bilingual processes with the sid of cluater analysis
methods [metody klasternogo analiza] was descr~.bed by Ya. Z. Garipov (Kazan).
The success of the session was facilitated to a great degree by extensive
work conducted by the organizational committee tn which associat~s of the
Council for Sociological Research of the Azerbaij an CP CC and the Institute
of Philosophy of the Azerbai3an SSR Academy of Sciences activelq participated.
Significant achievements of ethnosociology were demonstrated at the session.
But at the same time certain difficulties were revealed in developing this
important scientific direction, connected, first of all, with insafficient
coordination of research. In so~ne speeches and in Yu. V. Bromleq's conr~.
cluding remarks, a view was expressed regarding the expediency of convening
a conference t o concentrate on some of the most topical problems.
- FOOTNOTES
1. Materialy XXUI S'yezda KPSS [Materials on the 26th CPSU Congress], Moscow,
- Politizdat, 1981, pp 54-57 and other.
2. Mater~.als on the 26th CPSU Congress, p 78.
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3. Sovetskaya Etnografiya [Soviet Ethnography], 1980, No 2, p 152.
COPYRIGHT: tzdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Sovetskaya etnografiqa", 1982
9817
CSO: 1800/593
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NATIONAL
INTERACTION OF CLASS STRUGGLE, PARTY ORGANIZATION SRETCHED
Moscpw VOPROSY ISTORII in Russian No 4, Apr 82 Rp 118--120 ~
[Review by N. V. Blinov of a book "Borba Za Yedinstvo Rabochego Rlassa Rossii
(Deyatelnost V. I. I.enina i Bolshevikov Po Splocheaiyu Proletariata)" [Struggle
for Unity of the Working Class of Ruasia (Activities of V. I. Lenin aad Bol-
sheviks in Rallying the Proletariat)] by A. V. Ushalcov, Moecow, Mqsl, 1981, 207
pages]
[Excerpts] Questions of the ideological and organizational union of Russia's
working class are analyzed in detail by A. V. Ushakov. Although ob~ective his-
torical and sociopolitical conditions put the proletartat into a role of a
hegemonic power in the struggle agains t autocracy, fulfillment of this role
depended on a range of su~h~ective circumstances. The author has rightfullq
devoted a considerable part of the book to their formation and effect. The ex-
ampl~ of struggle for the party of the workin$ class by Lenin and revolutionarq
Marxists from the mid-nineties of the 19th cemtury to the end of the first Rus-
sian revolution, the disclosure of the charactex and content of the workers'
movement duriag that period with atress, ia analyzing the two processes, on the
development of ideological and orgaaizational unity and the unity of the ranks '
- of revolutionaries and workers enabled the autt~or to talce a new approach to
events and facts, most of which have already been dealt with in the literature.
The monograph not only shows interaction of ob~ective and sub~ective factors,
which have determined conditions of the proletariat's class and political organ~
ization, but also presents a concrete history of accumulation of elements of
unity in the ideological and class basis of the proletarian revolutionary move-
ment.
The process of formation of uai~y in the party and workers' movement, a diffi-
cult one in itself, proceeded amidst the antagonism of various political forces.
Bourgeois politicians and pettq bourgeoie revolutionaries strove to bring vari-
ous sections of.the working class umder their influence; the goverument strove
to spread "police.socialism" among workers, and opportuaists launched contin-
uous attacks against the party. Without avoidin~ difficult aspects ot the
problem, which is not always possible in a coudenaed accouat, A. V. Ushakov has
on the one hand concentrated his attention on the theoretical, organizational
and political formation of Bolshevism se the main moving force in organizing
the workers' movement; on the other hand he has concentrated on the camposition
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of tt~e workers' movement and the forme and level of its organization. This
approach required ehowing the reader which channels, forms and methods were
used to politically educate the vanguard and rally the workers masses around it
and at the same time which sections and production detachments of workers at
_ what level of social development participated in the clasa struggle and ia de-
veloping solidarity and unity of action and organization on the eve and during
the years of the 1905-07 Revolution.
The book contains generalized data (a considerable part of which results from
extensive research by the author) or. participation in the struggle and various
kinds of organizations by all elements of the working class (iacluding laborers,
agricultural workers and others). From the standpoint of unity of proletariat's
activities, the work also examines the "left bloc" tactics pursued by Bolshe-
viks during the 1905~07 revolution. The extent of the information and its
ana.ly tical generalization made it possible to present a convincing picture of
class unity and political trainiag of the Russian proletariat by Bolsheviks
during one of the most importan~ stages of awareness of their historic miesion.
During the party's formation, Lenin stressed that "the only source of strength
for the downtrodden, oppressed and work-weary hired slaves of our civilization
is their union, their organization, their solidarity."* The book traces bq
stages the growing strenEth of the party and the working class through develop-
ment of solidarity and orgaaization. The author reasons that the open class
struggle of workers, beginning with strikes and ending with an armed uprising,
was the pxincipal means in developing their solidarity and unity and atrength-
ening their organization. From this can be drawn evidence of another important
_ (from the standpoint of historical experience of struggle of Russia's proletar-
iat) truth: the power of influence of an organized vanguard over a mass ex-
ceeds its own relative ehare in that mass many times.
Class unity of actions of the proletariat in a multinational couatry would have
been. inconceivable w~Lthout subjecting its national interests to social demands,
witnout international cohesion into a unified party and unified professional
organizations of workers of various nation~lities. The book shows that interna-
tional unity of workers in Russia has passed through several stages in its for-
mation at whose source was Lenin's and Bolsheviks' consistent line toward inter-
national building of a party of the proletariat, toward liberating workers from
the fetters of bourgeois nationalism.
A. V. Ushakov's monograph is an interesting and necessary research. It success-
fully shows interaction of the two most important components of the revolution~
ary process: the inf luence of class struggle on organization of the proletariat
and the influence of organization on the development of class struggle. The
synthesis of historical knowledge offered by the author on questions of formation
of sociopolitical unity of Russia's proletariat is a atep forward in elaboration
of. an import~nt problem from the standpoint of historiography of the working
class and its party as well as from the standpoint of internat3onal significance
of the experience of revolutiouary atruggle in Ruasia.
*V. I. Lenin, Complete Works, Vol 7, p 315
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy istorii", 1982
9817
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NATIONAL .
KISHINEV NATIONALITIES CONFERENCE REPORTED
Kishinev IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK MOLDAVSROY SSR: SERIYA OBSHCHESTVENNYI~i NAUK
in Russian No 1, Jan-Feb-Mar-Apr 82 p: [Inside front cover]
[Article by A. Babiy: "The Dialectice of~the Internatioaal and the Na~.ional in
the Development of ~odern Philosophy and Social Thought (ia Light of the Decisions
of the 26th CPSU Congress)"]
[Text] "The Dialecti;cs of the International and the National in the Development
of ~odern Philosophy and Social Thought;(in Light of the Decis3;one of the 26th
CPSU Congress)" this was the subject of the seaeion of the USSR Academy of
Sciences' Scientific Council on the history of social thought, which was held
in Kishinev in November 1981. .
Philosophers from the RSF9R, the Ulcraiaian SSR, the Moldaviaa SSR, the Latvian SSR,
and the Azerbaijan SSR participated in its work.
The profound report of the prominent Soviet philosopher and public figure, M. T.
Iovchuk, entitled "Some Fundamental Questions in Reaearching the flistory of
Russian 18th-19th Century Philosophy in Light of the Present" evoked a great
'deal of interest in the participants. In it, the task of more deeply and specially
developing the history of Russian philosophy for a we11-reaROned critique of the
frequent attempts in bourgeois countries to distort the true history of the Russian
people's development was posed.
The reports entitled "The Development of Economic Thought 3n Light,of the Decisidns
of the 26th CPSU Congress" by Doctor of Economic 9ciences V. V. Oreshkin (Eco-~
nomics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences), "The Development of Philo-
sophical Thought in Moldavia During the Years of Soviet Power" by Doctor of Philo-
sophical Sciences A. I. Babiy (Moldavian SSR Academy of Sciences), "The Nati:onal-
ity Question in the Political Opinions of 19th Century Russian Revolutionary
Democrats " by Doctor of Jurisprudence Ye. A. Skripilev (Institute of Govemment
and Law of the US3R Acade~y of Sciencea), and "The Dialectics of the Ob~ective
and Subj ective Factars in the Interaationalization of Public Life" by Candidate
of Philoso~,hical Sciences D. R. Mamedov (~he Pedagogical Institute in the city
of Baku) and the interesring scienti�ic reports of caadidates of philosophical
sciences Z. B. Lapin' (The Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences), G. Ye. Bobqne (The
Mol~davian SSR Aeademy of Sciences), V. M. Smelykh (~he Medical Institute in the
43
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ctty of Kishinev), L. F. Mokryak (zhe Financial and Economic Inatitute in the
city of Ternopol'), and V. G. Shtyuki (~he Kishinevskiy State University), which
were devoted to important questions in the history of philosophical thought in '
Latvia and Moldavia and the international training of foreign students in Soviet
- WZ, were listened to with a great deal of gttention.
A vast circle of problems in the history of philosophical, ecomomic, and legal
thought which need deep scient!ric development was touched upon in the lec-
tures and scientific reports whic.h were presented, and the task of intensifying
the struggle against bourgeois ideology and revisionism was posed.
COPYRIGHT: Not given
8802
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44
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NATIONAL
ELECTRONICAI.LY STORED MATERIALS PItOTECTED BY COPYRIGHT
[Editorial Report] Moscow 30VET8$iOYE GOSIID,A88TV0 I PRAVO in Ruesian, No 6,
~ June 1982, carries on pages 5-~1 a 5500-word article titled "New Techaology
~and Soviet Copyri.ght Law" by E. F. Gavrilov~ a consuitant to the Scientific-
Organization Departmeat of the Preeidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The article suggesta that Soviet copyright 1aw should refl~ct the current
- state of storage and retrieval eystems and argues that the "introduction"
~ of ~ work inCo an electronic atorage system st~ould be recogaiaed as use in
the sease o~ copqright law. '
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naulca", "Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo", 1982 ~
CSO: 1800/757
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. v. vr� r a~.itsu voG VL~iLi
NATIONAL
BRIEFS
NATIONALIST VOLUME WINS PRIZE--Moacow SLOVO LERTORA in Russian~ No 6~
June 1982, carries on pp 19-20 a 1600-word interview with Nikolay A.
~ Dollezhal', deputy chairman of the All-Union "Znaniye" Society. Amoag
other comments, Dollezhal' reported that F.F. Nesterov had been awarded a
"Znaniye" Society prize for his book "The Bond of Time" (SVYAZ' VREMEN)~
whict~ glorified the Russian people and the Russian past. [Editorial Report]
[COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Znaniye"~ 1982] '
EVOLUTION OF COAT OF ARMS--Moscow SLOVO LERTORA in Russian No 6, June 1982~
carries on pp 31-33 a 2400-word article titled "The !:,~t of Arme of the
USSR" by I. Okimyev. The article deacribes tlxe origins and development of
the coat of arms of the USSR and those of the national republics. [Editorial
Report] [COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Znaniye", 1982]
CSO: 1800/751 ~p
46
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