JPRS ID: 10433 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10433
- 2 April 1982
USSR Re ort
p
~ ENERvY
(FOUO 6/82)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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,
JPRS I,/10433
2 April 1982
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(~OUO 6~s2Y
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Atomic Electric Power Stations
~ (ATUNINYYE ELEKTRICHFSKIYE 5TANTSII, 1981) 1
Tasks of Power Workers in 1982 Detailed
. (ELEKTRICHESKI�~' STANTSII, Jan 82) 22
FUELS
Trends, Outlook in Automated Coal E,r+_.raction .
(BEZLYUI~TAYA VYENIItA UGLYA, 1980) 27
. - a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
ATOMI.C ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
Moscow ATOMNYYE ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian 1981 (signed to
p r e s s 2 3 J u n Sl ) pp 1-3, 231-240
~;Collection of articles edited by L.M. Voronin, assisted by A. A.
Abagyan, B.B. Baturov, A.P. Volkov, V.M. Gordina, I.Ya. Yemel'yanov,
V.S. Konviz, A.K. Kruglov, F.Ya. Ovchinnikov, V.Ya. Sidorov, A. B.
Sukhov, and G. N. Ushakov; Annotation, foreword~ table of contents,
and abstracts : "Aton~ic Electric Pc~sJer Stations'_/
/TextT Participating in the preparation of the articles
in this collection were the workers from the branch labora-
tory for the preparation and analysis of informational ma-
, terials of the VNIIAES /All-Union Scientific-Research In- '
stitute of Atomic Electric Power Stationa7. The workers
were supervised by V.. M. Gordina
Annotation
In this, the fourth edition of a collection of articles, attention
has been given to a group of problems having to do with the protection
~ of the environment from thermal and radioactive pollutants of atomic
electric power stations (AES). The book provides a descripti~n of ine-
thods for hardening radioactive wastes and a methodology for evaluat-
ing the tolerable ejections into the atmosphere. Several articles in
the book have to do~with the use of computers f~r automating the moni-
torin6 and control at AES's, for training operators, and for preparing
operational estimates. As in previoua editions, attention is given
to generalizing and analyzing the experience of building and operating
AES's.
The booic ;.s intended for engineering and technical workers at an AES,
installation, adjustment ~nd designing organizations. �
Foreword
The development of the atomic power industry. in the Soviet Union is
_ taking on increasing importance. In the near fature nuclear enerpy
sources are to be used not only at the traditional condensation atom-
- ic electric power stations, but also at atomic thermal electric power
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plants (ATETs) and atomic electric power and lieating supply stations
(~AST ) .
An important taslc in the near future is the expanaion of the construc-
tion of AES's with fa~t neutron reactors, which make it possible to
more fully use the naturally occurring nuclear, fuel. In connectiott
with this the number of specialiats who are being brought in to work
in the atomic power industry, for which the condition of the construc-
tion and operating of AES's and also the probiems of the further devel-
opment of the atomic power industry are of practical interest, ia in-
creasing.
The first editions (No I- 3) of the annual collectiAn of articles
"Atomic Electric Power Stations", which were devoted to pressing prob- ,
lems of ciesigning, constructing and operating AES's, received recogni-
tion from a broad range of specialists who are engaged in an extensive
number of fields within the atomic electric power industry. This edi-
tion of the collection of articles has basiealZy retained ita topica
of concern, which covers a range ~f problems having to do with the
prospects of expanding the use of atomic power for the needs of the
power industry, the furth�er improvement of the deaigns of the AES's
and the technical level of their operation. The fourth edition af tiie
collection of articlea devotes a great deal cf attention to improving
the systems that control the technological processes and the compre-
~ hensive automation of AES's, and also to the analysie of radiation
safety of existing AES's and their influence up~on the environment.
The editors of the collection of articles hope that these materiaZe
wiil be useful for the operators, the.specialists of the design and
adjus:ment organizations, and the scientific workers and engineers,
who are woricing in th~ atomic pAwer industry.
Ti1e editors will be grateful for critical commQnts and suggestions on
the compositioii and formulation of the collection of ar ticles. All
such ~omments should be sent tu this address: 113114, Moacow, M-114,
Shlyu~ovaya Nab., 10, Energoizdat.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Section One: Prospects for the Dev~~lopment of the Atomic Power
Industry
The development of tfie atomic eJectric power engineering in the
'JSSR, L.M. Voronin 4
The status of ntcclear power engineering in the wor~d, V.M.
(3or.dina, Yu.V. Yegorov, Y~.N. Myagkov 6
Atomic electric ~GWEr and heating supply stations, V.L. Kats,
Yu.A. Kuznetso~r, G.T. Pleskov. V.Y. T at~rnikov 10
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ATETs with boilang water reactors in housin.gs made of pre-stressed .
reinforced concrete, M.A. A1'tshuller, V.N. Vinogradov, G.E.
Gorodetskiy, A.P. Kirillov, A.Ye. Svichar, Yu.I. Tokarev 17
Es*_imated-experimental research on the emergency coolin~ of the
RBbIK-1a:~0 reactor at a maximtim designed emergency, Yu.M. Cherkashc+v,
V.P. Vasil'evski}, V.N. Labazov, A.Ya. Loninov, Yu.S. Molochnikov,
O.Yu. Novosel'skiy, L.N. Podlazov, V.B. Pavlov, V.I. Pushkarev 23
Using the joint wark of AES and GTU /gas turbire unit? equipment
to meet the alternating portian of a paw~r system's load
schedule, V.M. Boldyrev, G.Ye. Kelin, L.F. Feoktistova 33
Possibilities of the direct conversion of heat into electric power,
A.A. Abagyan, V.M. Dmitriyev, G.N. Ushakov 36
Layout and construction solutions for the construction porti~n and
ways to reduce the lengtii of time required for the construction of
AES's with large-capacity RBMK power uzits, L.K. Domanakiy, L.N.
Des:onteynes, E.A. Skob .....................................e.... 46
Section Two: Problems in the Operating of the AES
Status and prospects for the development of inethods for r.he radia~
tion-technological monitoring at an AES~ L.P. Kham'yanov ....e... 51
- Spatial-power distributions of radiations outside the biological
shielding of AES's with VVER-440 and RBMK-1000 reactors, A. I.
Glushchenko and Yu.V. Orlov 56
Monitoring the steam content in the steam and water connections
of a reactor according to the indications of the KGO system
detectors, A.M. Gryaznov, P.V. Kalinin, V.V. Karnaukhov, 'Ye.A.
Panov, Yu.N. Filimontsev, L.P. Kham'yanov, A.I. Yashnikov 60
The water-chemical regime of the auxiliary systema of the
K~1'skaya AES, V.I. Pashevich, Ye.I. Ignatenko, I.I. Abarovskiy,
Z.S. Kopylova, T.K. Kruglova 62
F.xperience in deactivating equipment of AES's with VVER-440 re-
actors, Yu.V. Balaban-Irmenin 68
Methods of estic~ating the acceleration characteris~ics of moist-
steam turbines, Ye.A. Golovach 73
Increasing the reliability and efficiency of operating AES's by
training highly-skilled personnel, V.V. Korolev, G.A. Sexeda 80
ihe use oi structral-hierarchical models for diagnosing malfunc-
tions of a technological object,':N.G. Barykova, Yu.V. Yegorov 83
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Concerning the comprehensive system for the operational monitoring
of the metal in the equipment of an AES, M.D. Abnamovich, A.F.
Getman, I.P, Levtonov, L.I. Trakhtenberg 86
Basic ways of improvin~ the radiochemical systems of power units
with boiling water channel reactors, I.M. Barbashinov, M.L.
Barskiy, A.I. Ivanov 98
Research on the efficiency of systems for the ~mergency cooling
of reactors with a water cooling agent, L.P. Kabanov, S.A. Belyayev,
P.L. Makarovskiy, S.P. Nikonov, V. Reynah 103
Section Three: Protecting the Environment
Monitoring the gasaerosol ejections at the Novovoronezhskaya AES
and research of the influence of its operation on the envirnoment,
M.A. Baranuv, V.K. Sedov 111
Radioactive ejections of AES's with VVER-440 and RBMK-1000 reactors,
V.F. Kozlov 116
Problems of radiation safety of the population and protecting the
environment in connection with the operation of an AES, A.I. Gusev,
N.G. Gusev, A.D. Turkin, V.U. Turovskiy 118
Evaluation of the anthropogenic pollution of the environment by
natural and artificial nuclides, A.K. Kruglov, B.N. Laskorin,
V.I. Karpov, V.T. Orekhov, V.N. Shesterikov, A.A. Iskra 121
- Statistical processing of the ejections of RBG of an AES in order
to technically justify the maximum permissible ejections, N.G.
- Gusev, G.G. Doroshenko 126
Atomic power and the environment, B.N. Laskorin. V.I. Zemlyanukhin,
V.I. Karp~v, M.Ye. Kemerova, N.S. Babayev, V.N. Shesterikov, V. F.
Demin 131
Models for estimating the,individual and population doses brought
about by gasaerosol ejections of an AES, N.Gs Guaev, B.A. Belyayev 137
A possible approach to the problem of the quantitative comparison
and selection of sites for AES's, A.A. Abagyan, A.I. Glushchenko,
S.I. Kochnev, O.G. Petrov, L.P. Kham'yanov 145
Re~arding the standardization of inethods for monitoring the re-
lease of natural and artificial radionuclides into the environ-
ment, L.I. Gedeonov 147
Regarding the selection of a method for estimating the dispersal
. of radioactive admixtures released into the atmosphere by an AES,
A.I. Glushchenko, D.L. Laykhtman, G.A. Natanzon, O.G. Petrov,
L.A. Kham'yanov 154
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Radioactive ~ollutants of a water medium, L.I. Gedeonov. V.A. ~
Blinov, L.M. ivanova, I.M. Tsarikovskaya 1~9
~ ,
' Section Four: Automation of Technological Processes
Experience in designing an aut~omated control system for an AES,
V.K. Sedov, B.F. Busygin, O.V. Yeliseyeva, V.A. Mikhaylov 164
Automated control system for technological processes of the
first section of the Kol'skaya AES, A.P. Volkav, A.S. Dolgav,
S.V. Zinov'ev, Ye.Is Ignatenko, Yu.P. Katasonov, Yu.V. Kolomrsev,
Ye.F. Mel'nikov, V.R. Reznik, B.A. Trofimov 170
Development of comprehensive automa[ed sys~ems with UVM at Soviet
AES!s with channel reactors, Yu.D. Proferansov 173
~ Experience in operating automated control systems for technological
processes at the Kol'skaya AES, A.P. Volkov, Ye.I. Ignatenko, Yu.V.
Kolomtsev, Ye.F. Mel'nikov, B.A. Trofimov 182
Experience in the use of comput~rs for determining the physical-
technical characteristics of pcwer units at the Bilibinskaya
ATETs, V.K. Abaiakin, i~.V. Dashkovskiy, N.I. Logosha, G.Ye.
Soldatov, F.T. Tukhvetov 184
Estimate aiid analysis of the technical-economic indicators in an
automated control system for t'echnological process~s of a power
unit with a V4'ER-440 reactor, N.N. Borisova, L.P. Zhidkova, N.F.
Komarov, V.K. Litvinov, V.N. Ruzankov, V.I. Sen'kin, A.A. Spirina 189
Regarding the problem of the topologic optimizing of nets ~'or the
pracessing and trsnsmission of data when developing the ASU-ATOM,
V.P. Gal'berg 195
The automated exchange of information between computers of atomic
electric power stations and scientific centers, I.Ya. Yemel'yanov~
A.D. Zhirnov, V.V. Postnikov, Ye.A. Starostin 200
Organiaing the development of mathematical support for a future
control system of an AES, V.N. Okhotin, G.P. Komarov, V.V. Zonov,
V.A. Zhil'tsov 202
Tasks for the comprehensive automation of processes at an AES,
A.V. NaUmov 207
The automated regulation of the capacity of large power reactors,
V.N. Sarylov, F.F. Voskresenskiy, P.T. Potapenko, V.G. Dunaye . 211
Equipment systems problems in creating an experimental, measuring
set of equipment for the Leningrad Atomic Electric Power Stat?on,
P.A. Gavrilov, M.N. Mikhaylov 217
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rvn vrr~~.ir+a. UDG Vl\LY
The economic effectiveness and possible ways to improve the
control systems of power units with VVER reactors, A.V. Naumov,
b.f. Busygin, V.A. Mikhaylov, O.S. Gorelova 220
Radiation error of the primary temperature gauges, used in the
control systems of an AES, S.O.Slesarevskiy, N.M. Korotenko. V.S.
Lyubarskiy, V.P. Pavlenko, V.A. Snigerev, S.S. Stel'makh, A.V.
Tkachenko .............................................v....... 222
Evaluation of the lower range of the required computer capacity
of a power station compt~ter center for an AES wiGh RBMK reactors,
V.P. Gal'berg 225
Appendix: Commonly-used abbreviations in the text 230
Abstracts
UDC 621.311.25
DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC POWER INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
/Abstract of article by L.M. Voronin: "Atomic Electric Power Stations",
1981, vYP 47
/Text% This article summarizes the reaults of fulfilling the decisions
of the 25th Party Congress and the assignments of the lOth Five-Year
Plan for the construction of AES's in the USSR. It also outlines the
basic directions for the development of the atomic power industry in
the llth Five-Year Plan.
UDC 621.311.25:621.039
STATUS OF THE NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD
/Abstract of article by V.M. Gordina, Yu.V. Ye orov, Ye.N. Myagkov;
"Atomic Electric aower Stations", 1981, vyp 4.~
, /Text7 This article reviews the structure of the nuclear power indus-
try in the world (excluding the CEMA nations) as of 1 January 1980. It
also presents data on foreign AES's as concerns the growth of capacity,
the output of electric power, and ~he coefficient of capacity use.
It also provides information about the atandard nuclear steam produc-
ing units, which were developed by the leading foreign reactor manu-
facturing firms.
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! UDC 621.311.25:621.039
~ ATOMIC ELECTRIC POWER AND HEATING SUPPLY STATIONS
/Abstract of article by V.L. Kats, Yu.A. Kuznetsov, G.I. P'e~~~cov, arld
V.P. Tatarnikov: "Atomic Eleqtric Power Stations", 1981! ~y� 47
/Text% This article reviews the basic technical solutions for an
atomic power and heating supply station. ,
UDC 621.039.576:691.328.2
ATETs /atomic power and heating supply station/ WITH BOILING WATER
REACTORS IN HOUSINGS MADE OF PRE-STRE~SSEU REINFORCED CONCRETE
/Abstract of article by M.A. A1'tshuller, V.N. i/inogradov, G.E.
i Gorodetskiy, A.P. Kirillov, A.Ye. Svichar, and Yu.I. Tokarev:
"Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ In recent years a great deal of work has been done to substan-
tiate the feasibility of creating water-cooled reactors in reinforced
concrete housings. In this regard it has been demonstrated that all
of the advantages of reinforced concrete housings are most fully mani-
fest when they are used with water-coolAd boiling water reactors. In
this article it is shown that on the basis of the special features and
advantages, which are inherent in reinforced concrete housings, they
have managed to provide a degree of safety that makes it possible to
locate an ATETs with a VK-500 reactor within 2 to 3 kilometers from
the borders of the future infrastructure of large cities.
UDC 631.039.51
ESTIMATED-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE EMERGENCY COOLING OF AN RBMK-
IS00 REACTOR AT MAXIMUM PLANNED EMERGENCY
/Abstract of an article by Yu.M. Cherkashov, Ye.P. Vasilevskiy, V.N.
Labazov, A.Ya. Loninov, Yu.S. Molochnikov, O.Yu. Novosel'skiy, L.N.
Podlazov, V.B. Pavlov, and V.I. Pushkarev: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article examines the thermohydraulic and neutron-physi-
cal processes and analyzes the special features of th~ behavior of
parameters at the maximum and planned emergency (MPA), which is the
basis of research on the temperature regime of fuel elements (tvel).
The temperature regime of the tvels has been determined for various
modifications in the change of the neutron capacity at the MPA and for
various laws for the heat exchange coefficients in the process of
dehydrating the channel.~�.An impdrtan~ motnent in this regard is the
selection of values for the heat exchange coefficients in the process
of dehydrating the channel of an RBMK-1~00 reactor.
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_ rvn vrra~,~e~a, voc vi~a,~
UDC 621.1:621.311.2
THE USE OF THE COMBINE OPERATION OF THE EQUIPMENT OF AN AES AND A
GAS TURBIN~ UNIT (GTU) TO COVER THE ALTERNATING PORTION OF THE LOAD
. SCHEDULE OF A POWER SYSTEM ~
/Abstract of an article by V.M. Boldyrev, G.Ye. Kelin, and L.F.
Feoktistova: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article demonstrates the economic efficiency of using
the combined operation of a GTU with t}:e power units of AESs, which
are achieved by using the heat of the exhaust gases of the GTU for
superheating the saturated steam following the steam generators of
the nuclear steam-producing unit with an encased reactor. During the
separate operation of the GTU and the AES the heat of the exhaust
gases is lost. The combined operation of a 1000 MW AES power unit
and several GTU's are cited as the specific equipment to be studied.
UDC 621.362.2
POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DIREI;T CONVERSION OF HEAT INTO ELECTRIC POWER
/Abstract of an artic~e by A.A. Abagy3n, V.M Dmitriyev,_and G.N.
Ushakov: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article exami.nes the possibilities foY~ the direct conver-
sion of hear. into electric power in comparison with the traditional
machine method of conversion. It provides the basic characteristics
of thermoelectric and thermoemission convertors that have been achieved
at present. It provides a description of the design layouts and the
parameters of the existing thernoelectric and thermal emission genera-
tors with atomic sources of heat and the areas in which.they are used.
The article discusses the primary scientific-technical and engineer-
ing problems in creating such generators.
UDC 621.311:621.039
THF CONFIGURATION AND DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION PORTION
AND WAYS TO R~.DUCE THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN AES
WITH RBMK POWER UNITS WITH A LARGE CAPACITY
/Abstract of an article by L.K. Domanskiy, L.N. Desfonteynes, E.A.
Skob: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", l981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article discusses the configuration and ~esign solutions
for the construct.ion portion and offera suggestions for reducing the
amouht of time required for the construction of an AES with large ca-
pacity RBMK power units.
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UDC 621.039.58
STATUS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR MONITORING
RADIATION AN'J EQUIPi~IENT AT AN AES
/Abstract of an article by L.P. Kham'yanov: "Atomic Electric Power
S~ations", 1~81, vyp ~i7
/Text/ This article examines the present-day tendencies in the devel-
opment of inethod~ for monitoring the radiation of AES reactors, their
sensitivity and the amount of information that the methods can provide.
There is a brief outline of the basic princi~les of the physical model
for the formation of activity of fissionable products in the cooling
agent of a VVER-type reactor, on the basis of which a methodology has
been developed to evaluate the condition of a reactor's core. As an
example attention is given to evaluating the condition ox a reactor
core fof one of the operating periods of the Alimenia AES.
UDC 621.039.58
SPACE AND POWER DISTRIBUTION OF RADIATIONS BEYONn THE BIOLOGICAL
SHIELDING OF AN AES HAVING VVER-440 AND RBMK-1000 REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by A.I. Glushchenko and Yu.V. Orlov: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article outlines the basic results of full-scale research
on the radiation situation and the effectiveness of the biological
shielding of Soviet AES's~, which have been constructed wi~,h the use
of a broad selection of dosimetric and spectrometric equipment. The
results of the research are analyzed by comparing them with design
data.
UDC 621.939.564:621.1.018.8
MONITORING THE STEAM COiVTENT AND STF.AM-AND-WATER CONNECTIONS OF A
REACTOR ACCORDING TO READINGS OF THE KGO SYSTEM DETECTORS
/Abstract of an article by A.M. Gryaz~aov, P.V. Kalinin, V.V. Karnaukhov,
Ye.A. Panov. Yu.N. Filimontsev, L.P. Kham'yanov, A.I. Yashnikov:
''Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text7 This article demonstrates the possibility of using KGO system
detectons for monitoring the thermophysical parameters of the cooling
agent in the TK of an RBMK reactor. It provides a theoretical defini-
tion of the functional relationship of a KGO system signal for 16N
upon the capacity of the channel, the expenditure of cooling agent
through the channel, the length of the steam-and-water connections
- from the core to the KGO gauge, and also the t~mperature~�and pressure
in the discharge collector. A single-value relatio ship of the volu-
metric activity of the cooling agent according to ~$N upon the steam
content ar. release from the TK is expressed and experimentally con-
firmed. The article also describes the possibility of construction
�,aorking nomograms; which bring together the thermophysical parameters
~t the c.~oling agent in the TK with a KGO signal according to 16N.
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- UDC 621.187.12:621.311.25
- WATER-CHEt4ICAL REGIME OF THE L~.UXILIARY SYSTEMS AT THE KOL'SKAYA AES
/Abstract of an article by V.I. Pashevich, Ye.I. Ignatenko, I.I.
Abarovskiy, Z.I. Kopylova, and T.K. Kruglova: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 4?
/Text/ This article examines problems having to do with maintaining
the water-chemical regimes of the auxiliary systems, the periodicity
of chemical monitoring and the corroeion stability of the materials
that are used. In addition, the article provides a detailed analysis
of the shut-down regime when reloading nuclear fuel and the reasons
that affect the speed of corrosion of the reactor's housing, which
does not ha.ve a stainless surfacing.
UDC 621.311.25.621.039-784.9.002
EXPERIENCE IN 1)EACTIVATING THE EQUIPMENT O~F AN AES HAVING VVER-440
REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by Yu.V. Balaban-Irmenin: "Atomic Electric
Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/~ext/ This article provides a brief description of various ~ethods
for deactivating at an AES and their applicability. It also describes
ways to deactivate the removable equipment and steam generators, and
also the designs and technology which are used at an AES for decreasing
_ the surfaces of the equipment. .
UDC 621.181.7:621.311.25
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE ACCELERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
MOIST-STEAM TURBINES
/Abstract of an article by Ye.A. Golovach: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 47
/Text% This article develops a non-linear method for estimating
the acceleration characteristics of moist-steam turbines with consid-
eration given to the change in the efficiency, temperature drop and
losses in the turbine, and al~o the loss of vacuum in the condensor.
The non-linear method is compared with an approximate linear method
for estimating the acceleration characteristics.
10
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UDC 621.311.25:621.039.56
RAISING THE RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF OPERATING AN AES BY THE
TRAINING OF HIGHLY-SKILLED PERSONNEL
_ _ - - -
/Abstract of an article V.V. Korolev and G.A. Sereda: "Atomic Electric
Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ The nuclear power industry at the present stage in the devel-
opment is characterized by the use of industrial large-capacity reac-
tors, the high technical-economic indicators of which can be provided
only when there is a high degree of reliability of the equipmei~t and
a high skill-level of the service personnel. To train operations
personnel who are high~y-skilled for work at present-day AES's a spe-
ci~lized institution of higher learning is being created - the Insti-
tute of Atomic Power Engineering. This article deals with some of the
proble~es that have arisen in this area.
- UDC 621.039.56:681.142.3
THE USE OF STRUCTURAL-HIERARCHICAL MODEL�S FOR DIAGNOSING MALFUNCTIONS
OF A TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITY
/Abstract of an article N.G. Barykova and Yu.V. Yegorov: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 47
/Text% This article describes the use of the method of structural-
hierarchical model for organizing the machine search for malfunctions
in the basic equipment of electric power stations. In constructing
the model use is made of statistical, a priori and current informa-
tion regarding the condition of the facility. The fundamental signif-
icance of such models is that they can be used to discover ways to
identify malfunctions to ensure the timely operational maintenance of
equipment.
UDC 621.039.53:539.4:620.1
CONCERNING A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM FOR THE OPERATIONAL MONITORING OF
THE METAL IN THE EQUIPMENT OF ATOMIC ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
/Abstract of an article by M.D. Abramovich, A.F. Getman, I.P. Levtonov,
and L.I. Trekhtenberg: "Atomic Electric Power Stations"~ 1981, vyp
4/
/Textf~This:�article discusses a layout of a comprehensive system for
the operational monitoring of the metal in the equipment of an AES.
The layout contains the basic groups of parameters, which are subject
to monitoring, which determine the condition of the metal and the
facUors of operational effect upon the metal. The layout also re-
flects the scientific articles that have to do with the compilation
of the control programs, the gathering of information on the results
of the monitoring, the processing of data on the condition of the me-
tal and reaching a decision regarding the tolerance of the defects in
operation. The layout work-up was performed using the systems approach
and a concept of the "metal-AES" system, which characterizes the more
- general working conditions and the damage to the metal in the equip-
ment in the operating process.
11
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UDC 621.039.526
THE BASIC WAYS OF IMPROVING THE RADIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS OF POWE~ UNITS
WITH CHANNEL ZEACTORS OF THE BOILING-WATER TYPE
/Abstract of an article by I.M. Barbash~nov, M.L. Barskiy, and L.Y.
_ Ivanov: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4?
/Text% This article examines the radiochemical systems of an AES
which has boiling-water channel reactors. It also ~akes a look at
the feasibility and advantages of using perlite steels in all parts
of the circuit and the requirements placed ~ipon the system of the
cooling agent technology and the a~stem8 for processing the liquid
and gaseous radioactive wastes, the deactification system. The arti-
cle provides recommendations for further improving the systems.
UDC 621.311.25:621.039
RESEARCH ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE EMERGENCY COOLING SYSTEMS OF
[tEACTORS WITH A WATER COOLING AGENT
/Abstract of an article by L.P. Kabanov, S.A. Belyayev, P.L.
Makarovskiy, S.P. Nikonov, and V. Reynsh: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text% This article cites data on the comprehensive research on the
efficiency of emergency cooling systems of reactors (SAOR), including
the VVER and RBMK ~eactors, based upon the indicators of the structu-
ral and functional reliability. The structuralrelibility of the
SAOR was studied using the method of the tree of failures. The indi-
cators of the functional reliability were d~termined on the basis
of the analysis of the temperature regimes of the fuel elements of
the VVER and RBMK reactora in the process of an emergency cooling and
the use of inethods for estimating the thermotechnical reliability.
It was demonstrated that in the existing system designs for the emer-
gency cooling of VVER-440 and RBMK-1000 reactors, a high SAOR efficien-
cy is provided.
UDC 621.039.7
. MONITORING THE GAS-AEROSOL EJECTIONS AT THE NOVOVORONEZHSKAYA AES AND
RESEARCH aN THE INFLUENCE OF ITS OPERATION UPON THE ENVIRONMENT
/Abstract of an article by M.A. Baranov, and V.K. Sedov: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 47
/Text% This arti~le describes the methods for monitoring the gas-
aerosol ejections that are now being used on the VVER-440 power units
of the Novovoronezhskaya AES. The article also provides information
on the outputs of inert radipactive gases (IRG) and aerosols that are
eliminated into the environment along with the ventilated air. The
article also provides the isotope composition of the radionuclides
that are eliminated. The article citea the volume of dosimetric mo-
nitoring of the area near an AES and some of the resulta of monitoring.
12
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UDC 621.039.58
RAI)IOACTIVE EJECTIONS OF AN AES WITH VVER-440 AND RBMK-]000 REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by V.F.Kozlov: "Atomic Electric Power Statiors",
1981, vyp G/ ,
/Text/ A comparison of the RBG ejections of series AES's demonstrates
that for both the absolute value (rmrie per 24-hour period) and the
relative (curie/MW-year) the actual ejection af a RBMK-1000 reactor
exceeds by approximately one order the ejection of two ~'VER-440 power
units. It is entirely possible to stabiiize the RBG ejection's from
one RBMK-1000 reactor at a level not exceeding 36 curie/(MW-year), i.e.
nearly 100 curie per 24-hour period. This corresponds to the require-
ments of the health rules f.or the designing and operating of an AES.
The 13~I ejections of RBMK-1000 reactors are of a rather low value,
since in contrast to the VVER reactors there is a reduced output of
~ iodide from the nonhermetic fuel assemblies (tvel) into the cooling
_ agent.
UDC 621.039.7
PROBLEMS OF RADIATION SAFETY FOR THE POPULATION AND THE PROTECTION
OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN CONNECTION WITH THE OPERATION OF AN AES
/Abstract of an article by D.I. Gusev, N.G.~Gusev, A.D. Turk3,n, and
V.U. Turovskiy: "Atomic F.lectric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 47
/Text/ This article provides an evaluation of the influence of the
gas and aerosol ejections and liquid discharges of AES's upon the for-
mation of a radiation situation in the environment. It provides an
evaluation and prognosis of the amounts of radiation for the popula-
tion. The article also examines the hygiene and ecological problems
of safety in the elimina~ion of radioactive wastes from an AES and
the disposal of warm water into the cooling tanks.
UDC 621.039.76+502.7+632.15+628.394
EVALUATING THE ~~'~THROPOGENY POLLUTIOIV OF THE EVIRONMENT WITH ARTIFI-
CIAL ANU NATURAL NUCLIDES
/Abstract of an article by A.K. Kruglov, B.N. Laskorin, V.I. Karpov,
V.T. Orekhov, V.N. Shesterikov, A.A. Iskra: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 19~31, vyp 47
/Text/ This article provides a forecast of the possible anthropogeny
pollution levels of the biosphere with artificial and natural radio-
nuclides. The article also provides an evaluation of the proposed
scales of the influence of ionized radiation upon the population.
13
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UDC 621.039.7
STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF RBG EJECTIONS OF AN AES IN ORDER TO TECHNI-
CALLY ESTABLISH MAXIMUM RJECTIONS
/Abstract of an arti�le by N.G. Gusev and G.G. Doroshenko: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 19,81, vyp 4/
/Text% This article suggests an approach to es~ablishing working
maximums for RBG ejections, based upon the atatistical analysis of
the actual ejections of an AES in conditions uf an established regime
- of normal operation. It is demonstrated that the distribution of the
normal RBG ejections is subject to a normal logarithmic law, which
can be described by two parameters - the average geometric value and
a standard deviation. This makes it possible to come up with techni-
cally sound working maximums of normal ejections, without restricting
_ the field of normal operation.
UDC 621.039.76+502.7
THE ATOMIC POWER INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
/Abstract of an article by B.N. Laskorin, V.I. Zemlyanukhin, V.I.
Karpov, M.Ye. Kemerova, N.S. Babayev, V.N. Shesterikov, and V.F.
Demin: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, ~~yp 4/
/Text/ This article provides an evaluation of the influence of the
rapidly developing nuclear power industry upon the environment. It
describes the measures aimed at ensuring radiation safety of the nu-
clear power cycle. A comparison is made of the effects of the nuclear
and thermal power engineering upon the biosphere.
unc 62~.039.58
MODELS FOR ESTIMATING THE INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATED DOSES CAUSED BY
THE GAS AND AEROSOL EJECTIONS OF AN AES
/Abstract of an article by N.G. Gusev and V.A. Belyayev: "Atomic
Electric Power Stationa", 1981, vyp 47
/Text% This article outlines the models for estimating the individual
and populated doses from the constant and one-time radioactive ejec-
tions of an AES ~or all possible methods of effect. An original por-
, tion of the research is the model for estimating doses in the food
and biological chains, which to a certent extent decreases the tra-
ditional difficulties connected with the migration of radionuclides
throu~h the links of the various eco~.ogical systems.
11t
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UDC 621.039.58
A P05SIBLE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF THE QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON AND
SELECTION OF SITES FOR AN AES
~7 /Abstract of an article by A.A. Abagyarc, A.I. Glushchenko, S.I.
Konchev, O.G. Patrov, and L.P. Kham'yanov': "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981 vyp 4%
/Text% This article offers a method for the quantitative evaluation
and comparison of sites for AES's, based upon the use of the so-called
"isopleth of probabiiity" around an AES, which makes it possible to
estimate the "coefficient of quality" af a given site. This method
is bas~d upon the results of processing of many years werth of stan-
" dard weather observations and takes into consideration the distribu-
tion of the population near an AES. The algorithm that has been de-
veloped has been realized in a computer program called "Meteo".
UDC 621.039.58
REGARDING THE PROBLEM OF STANDARDIZING METHODS FOR MONITORING THE
RELEASE OF ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
/Abstract of an article I~.I. Gedeonov: "Atomic Electric Power Stations",
1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ The radioactive substances (RAV),created by atomic electric
power stations, which enter the environment form fields of increased
radiation as compared with the natural situation. The protection of
the environment from intolerable pollution requires that norms be
established for the release of RAV into the environment for each
source. These norms must cover the concentration and amount of the
radioactive substances that~are formed. This article discusses the
need to standardize the methods for monitoring radioactive nuclides
in the environment and the methods and conditions of the monitoring.
UDC 621.039.58
SELECTION OF A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE DISPERSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
- ADMIRTURES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY AN AES
/Abstract of an article by A.I. Glushchenko, D.L. Laykhtman, G.A.
Natanzon, O.G. Petrov,_and L.P. Kham'yanov: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article analyzes the pluses and minuses of the presently
'u'sed methodologies for estimating the dispersal of admixtures in the
atmosphere and provides recommQndations for the selection of the best
methodology. As the analysis demonstrates, any methodology which is
to evaluate the radiation situation around an AES must take ii~to con-
sideration the specific features of the local weather conditions near
the site of the AES.
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UDC 621.039.7
RADIATION POLLUTION OF WATER
/Abstract of an article by L.I. Gedeonov, V.A. Blinov, L.M. Ivanova~
and I.M. Tsarikovskaya`s "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981 vyp 47
/Text% This article provides a brief description of the sources of
- radioactive pollution. It provides data on the content of radionuclides
in the waters of the Dunay River up to the year 1976. It is shown
that from 1971 through 1976 the main source ~f artificial radioactive
substances into the Dunay River was the global fallout of products
from nuclear explosions. The article cites the results of observa-
tions of the change in the content of long-lived radionuclides in the
waters of the Baltic Sea. The article reports on the discovery of
a seasonal factor in the changes in the concentration of 90Sr in the
northern part of the Atlantic Ocean and provides an explanation for
the causes of the phenomenon.
UDC 621.311.25:621.039:621.3.06
EXPERIENCE IN THE DESIGNING OF AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ATOMIC
ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
/Abstract of an article by V.K. Sedov, B.F. Btisi~gin, O.V. Yeliseyeva,
V.A. Mikhaylov: "Atomic Electric Power SYations", 1981, vyp 47
/Text/ This article discusses the specific directions being taken
in the development of ai~tomated control systems of atomic electric
power stations having VVER reactors.
UDC 621.039.566
AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEM TP FOR THE FIRST SECTION OF THE KOL'SKAYA
AES
/Abstract of an article by A.P. Volkov, A.S. Dolgov, S.V. Zinov'yev,
Ye.I. Ignatenko, Yu.P. Katasonov, Yu.V. Kolomtsev, Ye.F. Mel'nikov,
V.R. Reznik, B.A. Trofimov: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", l981
vyp 4/
/''rext/ This article o4tlines the problems associated with the TP
automated control system (ASU TP) for the VVER-440 power unit. It
grovides a list of the functions performed by the ASU TP and presents
the improvement measures that have been carried out and that are
planned for execution.
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UDC 621.311.25:621.039:681,3:681.5
DEVELOPMFNT ~F COMF"REHENSIVE AUTOMATED SYSTEMS WITH A CONTROL ~
~~MPUTF,it AT SUVIET ATOMIC ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS WITH CHANNEL
REAGTORS
/Abstract of an article by Yu.D. Proferanaov: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article examines the stages in the development of compre-
hensive automated systems with control computers with channel.reactors.
It describes the special features of the composition of functions and
the structure of the systems, which have been adopted at different
stages. On the basis of the experience that has been accumulated the
structure of a promising system is offered.
UDC 621.039.506
~ EXPERIENCE IN THE OPERATION OF AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS FQR THE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES AT THE KOL'SKAYA AES
/Abstract of an article by A.P. Volkov, Ye.I. Ignatenko, Yu.V.
Kolomtsev, Ye.F. M~1'nikov, and B.A. Trofimov: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981 vyp 4/
/Text% This article outlines the experience of operating automated
control systems for the power units of the Kol'skaya AES, at which
equipment for measuring the neutron flow "Iney", the ARM-4 capacity
regulator, and the APT a~tomatic turbine starter are in use. The
article examines the basic shortcomings of the ASU TP and ways to do
away with them.
UDC 621.039.562:681.142.3
F.XPERIENCE IN THE USE OF AEM FOR DETERMINING THE PHYSICAL-TECHNICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POWER UNITS OF THE BILIBINSKAYA ATFTs
/Abstract of an article by V.K. Abalakin, Ye.V. Dashkovskiy, N.I.
Logosha, G.Ye. Soldatov, and F.T. Tukhvetov: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981 vyp 4%
/Text% This article reviews the programs for using a computer to
estimate the physical characteristics of the reactors now in use at
the Bilibinskaya ATETs. It provides a detailed outline of the method-
ology for monitoring the field of the release of energy in reactors
usin~ a computer. The article also studies the efficiency of using
computers to estimate the thermotechnical reliability of the core.
There is a brief description of the layout of a specialized informa-
tion and measuring system (IIS) and the program for computer proces-
sing of the results of experiments using the IIS.
17
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UDC 621.311.25:621.039.62-5 (001.24+001.8)
ESTIMATI.IG AND ANALYZING THE TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN AN ASU TP
0~' A POWER UNIT WITH A VVER-440 Rr':ACTOR
/Ab~tract of an article by N.N. Borisova, L.P. Zhidkova, N.F. Komarov,
V.K. Litvinov, V.N. Ruzankov, V.I. Sen'kin, and A.A. Spirina: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 1981 vyp 4%
/Text% This article outlines the procedure for estimating the actual
and standard technical-economic indicators of a power unit with a
VVER-440 reactor. It provides an enlarged structural diagram of the
esimate. It describes the methods for gathering, p~ocessing and moni-
toring the reliability of the initial information. An analysis
of the thermal economy of the equipment is performed by comparing
the actual and standard indicators. The information is provided to
personnel in the form of a blank form.
UDC 621.039.564.3
REGARDING THE PROBLEM OF THE TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE NETS FOR
PROCESSING AND TRANSMITTING DATA WHEN DEVELOPING THE ASU-ATOM
/Abstract of an artic:e by V.P. Gal'berg: "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981 vyp 4/
- /Text% This article examines some optimization problems that arise
in developing the AS;J of an industrial association (ASU-ATOM), in par-
ticular the evaluation of the economically optimal atructure for plac-
ing the computer centers and the means for trans.mitting data.
UDC 621.039.562:681.142.3
AUTOMATED EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION BETWEEN THE COMPUTERS OF ATOMIC
ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS~~AND S~IENTIFIC CENTERS
~Abstract of an article by I.Ya. Yemel'yanov, A.D. Zh~irnov, V.V.
Postnikov, Ye.A. Starostin: "Atomic Electric Power Stations",
1981 vyp 4~
/Text7 This article describes possible layouts for the control of
AES's using two computer complexes - an internal and an external,
which are joined together using the "Akkord" system. The article
demonstrates the need to organize an automated system for the exchange
of data far these complexes.
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UDC 621.311.25;621.039+/681.3.06/
ORGANIZING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWAAE FOR A FUTURE AES CONTROL SYSTEM
[Abstract of an article by V. N. Okhotin, G.P. Komarov, V.V. Zonov, and V. A.
Zhil'tsov: "Atomic Electric Power Statione," 1981, vyp 4] ,
JText/ In connection with the proposed use of direct digital control
(PTsU) by the executive organs (the electric motor and the cut-off and
regulating fittings, etc.) in future systems for contr.ulling an AES
with the use of modern layout solutions, a distriburion structure of
the control digital computers (TsVM), the newest machematical methods
for controlling, the highly-reliable devices, the ~elecoded exchange
and transmittai ai ~ata, the reflection and technical documenting and
other technical mean~ for the automation and combining with a facility,
this article discusses the technology ~or developing software (MO)
according to the methodology for the creat?on of large technical sys-
tems (BTS). The deve~opment of a set of programs is examined as the
routine process of designing. In determining the criteria for effici-
ency the following obtain: the basic component of designing is the
subprogram as a manufactured article; the degree of complexity is the
total number of commands; the outlays are in the estimate per command;
the labor productivity of the programme s(algorithm ~ompilers) is in
the number. of commands per day per man. This article examines the out-
lays by type of work in relation to the number of collectives engaged
in a single project, questions having to do with organizing the collec-
tive and the coordination of its work. The article also�provides a
possible net schedule for the development of a set of control programs
of the future AES control system. ,
UllC 621.311.39+621.311.165-52
= PROBLEMS IN THB COMPRF.HENSIVE AUTOMATION OF PROCESSES AT AN AES
/Abstract of an article by A.V. Naumovs "Atomic Electric Power
Stations", 1981 vyp 4/
/Text/ This article deals with the importance of performing theoreti-
cal research in the field of AES automat:ion and outlines the practical
tasks which must first be solved.
Unc 621.039.566
AUTOi9ATED REGULATION OF THE CAPACITY OF LARGE POWER REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by V.N. Sarylov, F.F. Voskresenksiy, P.T.
Potapenko, and V.G. Dunayev: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981
vyp 4 /
/'I'ext/ This artiele examines the problems of estimating the use of
ri~odium direct charge detectors as neutron gauge for the system that
automatically regulates the integral capacity of an RBMK reactor of
the Chernobyl'skaya AES. The flow of the ionized chambers of the
�standard regaiating systetn.is adjusted according to the readings of
the internal reactor monitor taking into consideration the spatial
redistribution of the neutron flow. The article provdes the results
~~f estir~a*es of the transfer processes of regulation at different
perturbations. The article also deals with the situations in which
~hc n~:utr~n flaw gauge are out of order.
ly
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UDC 621.039.562
= SYSTEM-RELATED PROBLEMS IN CREATING AN EXPERIMENTAL MEASURING COMPLEX
FOR THE LENINGRAD AES
/Abstract of an article by P.A. Gavrilov and M.N. Mikhaylov: "Atomic
Electric Power Stations", 1981~ vyp 4T
/Text% This article provides a list of the functions, requirements
and the justification for the selection of a structure. It examines
in detail the prob~ems of organizing the communications channels with
sources of the signals and other systems. The article also deals with
the special fe�atures of an experimental measur~ement complex.
UDC 621.311.25:621.039.56
I ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND POSSIBLE WAYS TO,IMPROVE THE CONTROL SYSTEMS
~ OF POWER UNITS WITH VVER REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by A.V. Naumov, B.F. Busygin, V.A. MikhaYlov,
and O.S. Gorelova: "AtoLlic Electric Power Stations", 1981 vyp 4/
/Text7 This article provides a brief analysis of existing automated
control systems for the technological processes of VVER-440 power
- units at the Novovoronezheakaya AES; it also provides information
on the planned specific directions for their further improvement.
The article also provides evaluations of the economic efficiency.
UDC 621.039.564.3
RADIATION ERROR OF THE PRIMARY ~EMPERATURE GAUGES USED IN AES CONTROL
SYSTEMS
/Abstract of an article by S.O. Slesarevskiy, M.N. Korotenko, V.S.
Lyubarskiy, V.P. Pavlenko, V.A. Snigerev, S.S. Stel'makh, and A.V.
Tkachenko: "Atomic Electric Power Stations", 1981, vyp 4/
/Text/ This article provides a classification of the errors of the
thermoelectrical convertors which operate in the zone of ionized ra-
diation. Uifferentiation is made in the factors by the~extent of
their influence upon the error in t~mperature measurement. An evalu-
ation is made of the influence of the heat exchange on the radiation
error of the thermoelectric convertors. The article also provides a
discussion of the results of experiments that have been made. The
radiation error of the primary gauges is classified as systematic. ,
20
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UDC 621.039.564.3
,
AN EVALUATION OF THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE NEEDED COMPUTER CAPAC~TY OF
A POWER STATION COMPUTER CENTER FOR AN AES WITH RBMK REACTORS
/Abstract of an article by V.P. Gal'berg: "Atomic Electric,Power`
Stations", 1981, vyp 4/ ~
/Text/ A limited amount of direct control over the distribution of
the release of energy for the core and the limited computer possibili-
ties of a unit system for the centralized control leads to the neces-
sity of performing timely and precise neutron-physical estimates (NFR).
To determine the necessary capacity of a station computer center a
statistical approach is recommended, which is based upon the theory
of mass servicing systems (6M0). It is demonstrated that the neces-
sary computer capacity for carrying out NFR for one RBMK power
unit is approximately .02 to .OS million operations per second.
COPYRIGHT: E~iargoizdat, 1981
8927
CSO: 1822/58
21
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rvw vcrwar.a. vvc vi~a.a
ELECTRIC POWER
TASKS OF POWER WORKERS 1N 1982 UETAILED
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 2-3
[Article: '~Tasks of Power Workers in 1982"] .
[TextJ The development of the power industry in 1982 will be carried out on the
basis of a new power-ge*.ieration program established by the "Basic Directions for
the Economic and Soc{al Development of the USSR in 1981-1985 and the Period to 1990"
and in con~unction with the plan for the development of the USSR's economy in
1981-1985 adopted by the sixth session of the tenth cor~vocation of the USSk Supreme
Soviet. The labors of power-industry workers in 1982 must be directed toward the .
accelerated development of nuclear and hydroelectric power plants and the supply of
electric and thermal power to the economy at a rate determined by the apecif ied
scale of industrial production and energy conservation in a11 sectors of the economy.
The Soviet economy has continued f orw~rd in its development. In the f irst year of
the llth Five-Year Plan, national revenues increased by 3.4 percent in comparison
with 1980, while the volume of industrial production rose by 4.1 percent.
Within the structur~ of electric-power production, a further increase has taken
place in the relative share of power production due to nuclear power plants, with a
certain reduction in that portion due to thermal electric-power stations. This is
in accordance with the resolution adopted by the 26th CPSU Congress f or the develop-
ment of the power industry.
The amount of power generated by all electric power stations rose by 36 billion kWh
over the last year, or 2.8 percent, including an 18.2 percent.increase at AES's
and 1 percent at TES's. Uut of ~he 1,330 b illion kWh produced by all electric=
power stations in 1981, KES's and TETs's produced 1,063 b illion kWh (79.9 percent),
GES's produced 181 billion kWh (13.6 percent) and AES's 86 billion kWh (6.5 percent).*
The production of electric power at AES`s and GES's in 1981 was equivalent to the
reduction of conventional (fossil) fuel consumption by approximately 85 million
tons. More than 92 percent of all electric power was generated by electric-power
stations in the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrif ication. ,
* Henceforth we wi11 present preliminary estimates with respect to the execution of
tasks for 1981.
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The production of thermal power by centralized sources amounted to 2,315 million Gcal.
It rose by 55 million Gcal in comparison with 1980, with a further increase in that ~
portion of thermal power supplied by centralized 5ources. The output of thermal
power from TETs's likewise increased. It amounted to 1,170 million Gcal, including
almost 900 million Gcal f rom USSR Minenergo TETs's.
More than 10 million kW of new capacities were commissioned at the couritry's~elecl:~ic
power stations in 1981, approximately 4 million kW of which were commissioned at
GES's and AES's. New capacities were introduced at the Leningrad AES, which reached
its design output--4 million kW--and is now the largest AES in the USSR. New turbo-
generators were commissioned at the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES and at the Cheboksarskaya,
Nizhne-Kamskaya, Kurpsayskaya and other hydroelectric stations.
The following were introduced at thermal electric-power stations: two 500 MW power
units at the Ekibastuz GRES-1 and the f irst 300-MW power units at the Azerbaijan
GRES, the Zuyevskaya GRES-2 and aC other GRES's and TETs's.
The i.nstalled capacity of electric-power stations at the end o� 1981 exceeded 277
million kW, of which more than 232 million kW (84 percent of total installed capa-
city at electric-power stations) was incorporated into the USSR's Unif ied Power
System. The production of electric power by these stations amounted to about 1,175
.billion kWh (88.3 percent of the countxy's total output).
The extent of new transmission lines of 35-kV capacity and greater was increased
~y almost 25,000 km and reached 793,000 km.
Great new tasks in the development of our country's economy have been set for 1982--
the second year of the llth Five-Year Plan. National revenues wi11 increase by
2.6 percent in comparison with 1981. The volume of industrial production wi11
grow by 4.7 percent.
In accordance with the approved State plan for the economic and social development of
the USSR for 1982 and the recently adopted resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee
and the USSR Council of Ministers on the economical expenditure of resources, the
production of electric and thermal power for 1982 has been set at 1,365 billion kWh
(based on the envisioned conservation of 48 billion kWh and 124 million Gcal in the
economy), and the output of thermal power from centralized sources will be
2,365 Gcal. Of this, the electric~power stations of the USSR Minenergo will gener-
ate 1,259 billion kWh (92.2 percent) and 925 million Gcal (39.1 percent).
The increase in the production of electric power in 1982 with respect to the volume
oi ~roduction in 1981 will amount to 35 billion kWh, or 2.6 percent. This wi11
be insured through the generation of power at AES's and GES's. The absalute pro-
duction of electric power by thermal electric-pawer stations is being kept at the
1981 level and is envisioned on the order of 1,063 billion kWh. The production �
at nuclear power stations will be 107 b illion kWh (8 percent) and 195 billion kWh
(14.6 percent) at hydroelectric plants.
VThe increase in the ou.tput of thermal power will amount to 66 miliion gCa1, or 3
percent. The utilization of secondary and low-grade discharge heat will increase
in 1982 to 140 m~llion Gcal (about 120 million Gcal were v.tilized in 1981).
23
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In 1982, as previously, the demand for electric power in agriculture and in municipal
economies will increase at a most rapid pace.
Out of 126 billion kWh to b e used in agriculture, provisions have been made to expend
96 b illion kWh on production needs. This will make it possible to increase to
4,250 kWh the electric power available to workers in agriculture. There will alsd
be an increase in the expenditure of electric energy for the municipal needs of
the village, which will amount to more than 300 kWh per village inhabitant (a rise
- of 6 percent). Provisions have been made to expend 970 kWh per urban resident in
- 1982. This f igure includes an increase in interapartment consumption to 365 kWh
(an increase of 3 percent) .
The extent of electrification of the workers' labor in industry wi11 increase by
2 percent in comparison with 1981.
In the country's eastern regions (to the east of the Urals), provisions have been
made to generate 390 billion kWh in 1982, as opposed to 375 billion in 1981. This
_ increase of 4 percent will increase the eastern regions' share of production to
28.6 percent. The fastest rates of' increase in the production of electric power
in 1982 will come about due to the assimilation of capabilities introduced in 1981
and the introduction of others in 1982--in the Uzbek SSR (by 3.5 percent), in the
Kazakh SSR (by 12.6 percent), in the Azerbaijan SSR (by 10 percent) and in the Kirghiz
- SSR (by 3.6 percent).
An increase in capital investment (with expected implementation in 1981) of 8 percent
and a 15 percent increase in the volume of construction and installation work is
provided for in the plan for capital construction in the electric--power industry
for 1982, drawn up on the basis of the primary directions for the development of
the industry resulting from the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress.
The amount of capacity to be commissioned is determined on the basis of:
the assurance of the planned volume of energy;
the degree of construction readiness of power-production facilities by the end of
1981;
the creation of the necessary degree of readiness by the end of 1981, in particular,
for the introduction of not less than 5 million kW at AES's in 1983;
an increase in power-system reserve capacity in 1982 to 8.5~9,0 percent, and the
commissioning of 34,000 km of transmission lines rated at 35 kV and greater. This
will include more than 10,000 km f rom capital investment in the agricultural sector.
In this case, primary attention wili be devoted to the commissioning of high-capacity
lines that insure the delivery of power from electric-power stations and increase
the reliability of power-system operation.
Based on the execution of the above--mentioned tasks, the commissioning of capacities
throughout the country on the whole wi11 amount to 8.5 million kW, including 8.1
million kW throughout the USSR Minenergo.
2L~
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Provisions have been made to introduce the following: 1 million-kW power units,at
a number of AES's; the last two 200,000-kW uni~ts at the Kurpsayskaya GES; the f irst
unit at the Shamkhorskaya GES; seven 78,OOO~kW units at the Cheboksarskaya and.
Nizhne-Kamskaya GES's; and others. ~
The installed capacity of all the country's electric-power stat~ons is approximately
285 million kW, including 56 million kW at GES's, 17 to 18 million kW at AES's,,
195 million kW at TETs's and 10 million Kw at diesel and other types of elecCric-
power stations.
The expenditures per ruble of commercial praduct and the prof its from industrial
activity are a combined indicator of electric-power production efficiency. In 1982,
these indicators were determined throughout the USSR Minenergo based upon accepted
volumes and the structure of electric-power generation, the output of thermal power,
the structure of the fuel supply to electric-power stations, the established unit
expenditures of conventional fuel per kWh at the station's busbars (324 g) and per
Gcal of heat released from TETs collectors (172.1 kg) and the introduction of f ixed
industrial capital. Expenditures per ruble of commercial production in 1982 will
be 79.81 kopecks, an increase of u.77 percent in comparison with 1980. This will
insure revenues on the order of 4.75 b illion rubles.
Capital productivity amounts to 25.4 kopecks with a value of f ixed capital at year's
end of almost 89 billion rubles. A reduction of capital productivity of 7 percent
in comparison with 1980 is associated with the increase in the cost per kW of com-
missioned electric-power station capacity brought about by a doubling of the share
produced by more expensive nuclear and hydroelectric power stations, as well as
an increase in the share of thermal electric-power stations under construction in
regions of Kazakhstan and Siberia and designed to burn 1ow-grade coa1.
The capital available per industrial production worker amounts to mo~e than 140,000
rubles and will increase by 11.3 percent in comparison with 1980. Labor productivity
- for this period will likewise increase by 2.8 percent.
Soviet power engineers have entered the llth Five-Year Plan armed with an efficient
program of actions formulated in the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress. The
most important tasks for the power engineers are the guarantee of a reliable supply
of quality electric and thermal power to the economy, an increase in the efficiency
of power production and the creation of the necessary reserve capacities in power
systems. Particular attention must be devoted to the timely introduction of capa-
~ cities at electric-power'stations and networks and to the sharp increase in the
~itilization of capacities on. hand at eiectric-power stations, without allowing,
ui particular, the "cut-off" of newly introduced capacities.
The accelerated development of nuclear power stations in the country's European
sector and thermal electric-power stations, particularly in regions of concentrated
construction in Siberia, Yakutiya and Kazakhstan, is of the greatest signif icance.
This requires the creation of. a stable construction-and-installation work f orce
aud the further increase in the construction industry's level of inechanization,
the most rapid introduction of high-speed flow-type construction and the guaranteed
commissioning in 1982 of capacities at construction industry installations being
btixa.tt co Su1 nOT't the construction of nuclear power plants and power-production in-
~:allations in the Ekibastuz, Kansko-Achinsk and Western Siberian fuel and power
complexes.
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At this modern stage of our economy's development, when the maximum conservation
of material resources in the national economy is being examined with good reason
as a most important State undertaking and the task of conserving all types of energy
resources advances to the forefront, the duty of all power workers is not only to
utilize carefully fuel and electric and thermal power at enterprises in the power
systems but also to increase control over the conservation of energy resources on
the part of consuu,:rs in order to insure the conservation of electric and thermal
power to the degree stipulated in the plan for 1982.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1982
9512
CSO: 1822/85
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FUELS
TRENDS, OUTLOOK IN AUTOMATED COAL ERTRACTION .
Kiev BEZLYUDNAYA VYIIrIItA UGLYA in Russian 1980 (signed to press 30 Oct 80)
1-2, 178-188
[Annotation, table of contents and abstracts from book "Automated Coal Extraction:
Collection of Scientific Works," Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Geotechnical Mechanics, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 600 copies, 188 pages]
[TextJ This collection presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies
to create technical means of automated coal extraction from thin steep beds. Con-
siderable attention is focused on one ~f the new trends in mining machine construc-
tion, creation of inechanized timbering based on rubberized-core pneumatic shells.
Production plans and design solutions are suggested which are aimed at improving
the reliability of the mechanized complexes. The basic trends are presented for
the development of technology of stoping operations and the creation of ineans of com-
prehensive mechanization in working steep beds of the Donbass in 1980-1990.
It is designed for scientific and engineering-technical workers engaged in problems
of comprehensive mechanization with automated coal extraction.
CONTENTS Page
Comprehensive Mechanization of Coal Extraction
Poturayev, V. M. Basic Scientific and Technical Problems of Working
Thin Steep Beds of the Donbass 3
Chervcx~.enko, A. G.; Guzchenko, V. T.; and Koval', A. V. Mechanized
Complex for Working off Thin Steep Beds Based on Pneumatic Timbering 12
Koval', A. V.; Guzchenko, V. T.; Gavril'chenko, I. K.; and M alyarenko,
Ye. D. Study of Stability of r~ovement of Mechanized Pneumatic Tim-
bering with Change in Gypsometi; of Bed 20
Gavril'chenko, I.. K.; and Agapov, M.. D. Study of the Process of Shifting
, in Pnewnatic-Cylinder Timbering~ . 27
Koval', A. V. Stability of Movement of Mechanized Timbering 35
Cherv~:enko, A. G.; Tsaregorodtsev, Ye. A.; Gurin, I.. A.; Kharchenko,
[V. N.; and M alyarenko, Ye. D. Test-Stand Test of Mechanized Pneumatic
Timbering 40
Voloshin, A. I. Determination of Length of the Vibration Section of
Transport Pipeline of Chamber Laying Machine 45
27 .
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rvia vrr~~,iHa. UOG V1rLY
Belobrov, V. I.; and Smirnova, 0. I. Technique of Theoretical Study of
Dynamic Processes of Selection of Efficient Parameters of Pneumatic
System of Pneumatic Cylinder Timbering 51
8elobrov, V. I. Calculation of the Forces of Cutting, Traction and Rate
of Advance of Face �ahen Finishing off Coal Beds by Cable Saws 59
Litvinov, Yu. G.; Gudz', V. P.; and Shevchik, N. P. Testing of Special
Pneumatic Timbering . gp
Nikolenko, N. A.; and Rakhutin, G. S. Study of Reliability of Soft Shells
of Pneumatic Timbering 84
Stepanovich, G. Ya.; I1'in, A. I.; Nikolenko, N. A.; and Oreshkov, V. V.
Outlook for Use of Long-Dimensional Shells of Tubular Shape in Auto-
mated Extraction 90
Sveshnikov, I. A.; Virovets, L. N.; Zab olotnyy, S. D.; and Bespalov, S. F.
- Studies of Energy-Intensity of Breaking up Large Coal with Cutters of
- Different Geometry of the Front Surface 95
Technology of Working
Dokukin, A. J. Current State and Basic Technical Directions for Develop-
ment of Technology of Stoping Operation and Creation of Meana of Com-
prehensive Mechanization in Working Steep Beds of the Central Region
of the Donbass for 1980-1990 99
Poturayev, V. N.; Glushko, V. T.; Yalanskiy, A. A.; Kurnosov, A. T.
Heading Finishing Off of Steep Beds of the Donbass 107
' Lipkovich, S. M.; Bratishko, A. S.; Kucher, A. T.; and Tsyapa, N. A.
New Directions of Technology of Working Steep Beds of the Donbass 119
Sapitskiy, K. F.; Dorokhov, D. V.; and Bondarenko, Yu. V. New Techno-
logical Solutions for Automated Extraction of Thin and Average Thick-
ness Steep Beds 124
Myaken'kiy, V. I. Effect of Extracting Thin Beds and Filling Worked
Space with Parameters of Degasification of Converged Beds 132
Stepanovich, G. Ya. Control of Mining Pressure by Pneumatic Timbering
on Thin Steep Beds 136
Gretsinger, B. Ye.; and Borovskiy, A. V. Study of Aerodynamic Para-
meters of Stoping Faces with Mechanized Pneumatic Timbering 145
Kolokolov, 0. V.; and Kuz'menko, A. M. Selection of Technological Plan
of Filling with Use of Mechanized Timbering 149
Zorin, A. N.; Kashtanov, A. I.; Svetlichnyy, V. N.; and Tuchin, V. A.
= Study of the E~fect of Stoping Operations with Combine Extraction on
Intensely-Deformed State of Near-Face Section of Coal Bed 158
Shapoval, N. A. Certain Practical Solutions of Controlling the Para-
meters of Manifestation of Mining Pressure 162
Strizhiboroda, S. K. Preparation of Steep Beds on Ventilation Levels
of Mines of the Central Region of the Donbass 167
Orlov, A. V. Question of Timberwork and Control of Mining Pressure in
Automated Coal Extraction 170
Ivanov, V. S. Possibility of Controlling Condition of Near-Face Part
of Coal Bed in Automated Coal Extraction 174
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UDC 622.063.46:622.03-118:622.238
Basic Scientific and Technical Problems of Working Thin Steep Beds of the Donbass,
Poturayev~, V. M., pp 3-12.
This work substantiates the need for working thin steep beds and presents the dyna-
mics for extracting coal from these beds according ro the Ukrainian SSR-Ministry of
the Coal Industry in the period from 1971 to 1977, and the level of inechanization
of the stoping operations. It outlines the basic scientific and technical tasks
associated with creating highly productive mechanized complexes which guarantee the
possibility of extracting coal without the constant presence of people in the face.
Three tables, two bibliographic entries.
UDC G22.063.46:622.274
Mechaniz~d Complex for Working off Thin Steep Beds Based on Pneumatic Timbering,
Chervonet.ko, A. G.; Guzchenko, V. T.; and Koval', A. V., pp 12-19.
Substantiation for the basic plan of a complex o� machines for finishing off thin
steep beds is presented. The basic results are presented from test-stand and theor-
etical studies of a kinematic plan of pneumatic timbering.
Two illustrations.
UDC 622.063.46:622.285
Study of Stability of Movement of Mechanized Pneumatic Timbering with Change in
Gypsometry o� Bed, Koval', A. V.; Guzchenko, V. T.; Gavril'chenko, I. K.; and
Malyarenko, Ye. D., pp 19-27.
Results are presented from studies on stability of movement of inechanized pneumatic
timbering with regard for the elastic properties of the support and base construc-
tion components with a change in gypsometry of the bed. Recommendations are made
for selection of the longitudinal rigidity and a number of timliering sections in
which bed gypsometry does not have an influence on the stability of timbering move-
ment.
Three illustrations, one table.
UDC 6?2.281
Study cf the Process of Shifting in Pneumatic-Cylinder ~imbering, Gavril'-
chenko, I.. K.; and Agapov, M. D., pp 27-35.
A calculated plan is selected and substantiated for sections of pneumatic-cylinder
timbering. Analytical relationships are obtained and studied for determining the
stresses of advance of the pneumatic timbering section. A numerical calculation
~ is presented for the stresses of section advance.
Six illustratians, one table, tY~o bibliographic entries.
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UDC 622.063.46:622.285
Stability of Movement of Mechanized Timbering, Koval', A. V., pp 35-39.
Questions are examined of the stability of movement of inechanized timbering with
regard for the elastic properties of the basic construction components. In the
example of inechanized pneumatic timbering developed in the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics. It is shown that elastic deforma- '
tions in a beam caused by stresses of advance can result in a loss of movement sta-
bility.
~ao bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622.285
Test-Stand Test of Mechanized Pneumatic Timbering, Chervonenko, A. G.; Tsaregoro-
dtsev, Ye . A.; G urin, Z. A. ; Kharchenko, N.. N.. ; and Malyarenko, Ye . D. , pp 40-45 .
Experimental data are obtained on the performance capacity of a kinematic plan of
timbering. The stresses of advance are defined and a dependence is established for
the stress of advance of sections on their quantity. The time of filling and emp-
tying of the pneumatic cylinders of the timbering sections is defined.
Four illustrations..
UDC 621.867.84
Determination of Length of the Vibration Section of Transport Pipeline of Chamber
Laying Machine, Voloshin, A. I., pp 45-51.
A calculated plan is suggested for the movement of the filling material when load-
ing from a chamber into the transport pipeline. Calculations are presented for the
relationships of determining the parameters of movement of the filling material in
the function of its physical~mechanical pro~erties and parameters of the fillirig
machine. Graphic relationships are presented for the study of movement of the flux
of filling material in the chamber vibration filling machine.
Four illustrations, four bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.016.62:622.285
Technique of Theoretical Study of Dynamic Proceasea of Selection of Efficient Para-
meters of Pneumatic System and Pneumatic Cylinder Timbering, Belobrov, V. I.; and
Smirnova, 0. I., pp 51-58.
A technique is derived for theoretical study of dynamic processee and selection of
efficient parameters of a pneumatic system of pneumatic cylinder timbering. A sys-
- tem is compiled of differential equations for determining the time of filling and
output of compressed air from the pneumatic system with regard for the change in
the volumes of the cylinders, their rigidity, the regimes of air eff lux. This sys-
tem makes it possible to determine the eff icient lengths and diameters of the pipe-
lines in a pneumatic system.
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Three illustrations, two bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.232.472
Calculation of the Forces of Cutting, Traction and Rate of Advance of Face when
Finishing off Coal Beds by Cable Saws, Belob~cov, V. I., pp 59-80.
A technique is suggested for computing the forces applied to the links of the cut-
ting tool, the total force developed by the friction tool, and the thickness of the
coal chip to be cut by each link and by the entire cutting tool in one cycle and
any duration of time. Numerical xesults are presented for calculations of the indi-
cated parameters with different plans and lengths of the working stroke of the cut-
ting tool, as a function of the force of preliminary tension of the cutting tool by
a long-stroke cable saw.
Six illustrations, seven tables.
UDC 622.063.46:622.28
Testing of Special Pneumatic Timbering, Litvinov, Yu. G.; Gudz', V. P.; and Shevchik,
N. P., PP 80-83.
Results are presented of industrial tests of experimental samples of multiple-
chamber pneumatic chocks PM-2 and PM-3.
Results of the conducted experiments on the pneumatic chocks of the PM type confirm
the effectiveness of the new type of mining timbering made of soft shells and made
it possible to establish the advantages as compared to the series-ymanufactured pneu-
matic cylinder set chocks of the type PK.
UDC 622,063.46:622.28
Study of Reliability of Soft Shells of Pneumatic Timbering, Nikolenko, N. A.; and
Rakhutin, G. S., pp 84-90.
Soft shells are used as the load-bearing elements in pneumatic chocks and experi-
mental samples of inechanized pneumatic timbering.
In testing the manufactured shells, as well as the shells which were used in dif-
ferent mining-geological conditions of mines of the Ukrainian Donbass for 1-4 years,
ttie number of breakdowns was set, and their causes were defined. A number of tech-
nological and design solutions are suggested which are aimed at improving the reli-
able operation of the soft shells.
Two illustrations.
UDC 622,063.46:622.285
Outlook for Use of Long-Dimensional Shells of Tubular Shape in Automated Extraction,
Stepanovich, G. Ya.; I1'in, A. I.; Nikolenko, N. A.; and Oreshkov, V. V., pp 90-95.
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Analytical studies are conducted of different designs of long-dimension shells of
tubular shape. An optimal design is selected for the shell for mechanized pneu-
matic timbering. Results are presented of test-stand, and mining tests of large-
timber shells.
Two illustrations, four bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.232.75:622.236
Studies of Energy-Intensity of Breaking up Larg~ Coal with Cutters of Different
Geometry of the Front Surface, Sveshnikov, I. A.; Virovets, L. N.; Zab.olotnyy, S.
D.; and Bespalov, S. F., pp 95-98.
Results are presented from studying the energy-intensity of breaking down strong
coals by cutters with different geometry of the front surface with cutting velocity
to 1 m/s which is characteristic for chip extraction. Recommendations are made for
developing new chip tools for breaking down strong coals.
One illustration, one table, three bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622.03-118:622.232.8
Current State and Basic Technical Directions for Development of Technology of
Stoping Operation and Creation of Means of Comprehensive Mechanization in Working
Steep Beds of the Central Region of the Donbass for 1980-1990, Dokukin, A. V., pp
99-106.
A brief analysis is made of the condition of the mechanized extraction of steep
beds in the central region of the Donbass according to extent and drop in the beds.
The basic technical directions are presented for the development of technology of
stoping operations and creation of ineans of comprehensive mechaniaation in the
working of steep beds of the Donbass in 1980-1990. The bas.ic works are examined
from the Institute of Mining imeni A. A. Skochinekiy which were done for mechani-
zation of steep beds.
UDC 622.831
Heading Finishing Off of Steep Beds of the Donbass, Poturayev, V. N.; Glushko, V.
T.; Yalanskiy, A. A.; and Kurnosov, A. T., pp 107-119.
An examination is made of the features of manifestation of mining preasure when fin-
ishing off steep explosive coal beds by bands for descent. Result$ are presented
from studying the interaction of lateral rocks with the timbering of the heading
units, means of controlling the mining pressure and improving the heading extraction.
Five illustrations, three bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622~03-118
New Directions of Technology of Working Steep Beds of the Donbass, Lipkovich, S. M.;
Bratishko, A. S.; Kucher, A. T.; and Tsyapa, N. A., pp 119-123.
32
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It is suggested that thin and average thickness steep beds be finished off with the
' use of a diagonal system of working which makes it possible to improve the planning
of mining operations and the technical-economic indicators in working steep beds.
Three illustrations, four biblio~raphic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622.03-118
New Technological Solutions for Automated Extraction of Thin and Average Thickness
Steep Beds, Sapitskiy, K. F.; Dorokhov, D. V.; and Bondarenko, Yu. V., pp 124-131.
New technological plans of automated coal extraction are presented in the first
case by suspended impulse hydraulic monitors, and second with the use of the energy
of sudden discharges of coal and gas. These plans are in the draft of the mine of
the future for working thin steep beds.
Three illustrations, one table.
UDC 622.063.46:622.831.325.3
Effect of Extracting Thin Beds and Filling Worked Space with Parameters of Degasi-
fication of Converged Beds, Myaken'kiy, V. I., pp 132-136.
An analysis is made of the effect of extracting thin beds and filling the worked
space on degasification of the interfering mass of mining rocks and the converged
coal beds, and the change in gas balance of the extracting sections.
A decrease is noted in the radii of degasification and increase in the gradients of
gas pressure with an increase in the effective output of the excavated bed.
One table, eight bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622.83:622-03-118
Control of Mining Pressure by Pneumatic Timbering on Thin Steep Beds, Stepanovich,
G. Ya., pp 135-145.
Studies are made of the working characteristics.of pneumatic timbering in a compar-
ison with other types of ineans of timbering and controlling mining pressure. It is
substantiated that the pneumatic soft force element belongs in design to the exten-
sion-type timberings, and in working characteristics to timberings of constant and
increasing resistance. It is proven that pneumatic timbering is a means of control-
ling mining pressure. A physical model is presented of the nature of interaction
of special pneumatic timbering with the lateral rocks and the near-face part of the
emission-dangerous coal bed.
� ~tao illustrations, four bibliographic entries.
UDC 622.063.46:622.285 .
5tudy of Aerodynamic Parameters of Stoping Faces with Mechanized Pneumatic Timbering,
Gretsinger, B. Ye.; and Borovskiy, A. V., pp 145-149.
33
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