JPRS ID: 10422 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040068-8
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 68
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10422
30 March 1982
s
USSR Report
ENERGY
(FOUO 5/82)
FBISJ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS i,/10422
30 March 1982
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(Fouo. 5/ s 2 )
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Kurpsayekaya GES Des ign, ConsCruction Report
(Yu. P. Kornev; GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
No 11, 1981) 1
FUELS
Searching for Petroleum on the Siberian Platform
(F, G. Gurar i; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, Nov 81) 13
Oil, Gas Prospecting in Kirghiz SSR
(R. N. Khaimov, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA,
_ 12 Nov 82) 19
Oil, Gas Extra.ction in Caspian
(Rh, B. Yusufzade; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI Z GAZA, Nov 81) 23
Briefs
Paleogeomorphological Atlas
30
- a - [II3 - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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hLECTKIC POWER
KURPSAYSKAYA GES DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION REPORT
Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO �n Russian No 11, 1981 pp 8-13
/Article by Yu.P. Kornev, engineer: "The Kurpsayskaya GES on the
Naryn River"/
/Text/ The Kurpsayskaya GES is located on the Naryn River in the
Kirghiz SSR and is a part of the cascade of the Nizhnenarynskiy hydro-
electric power stations. Being the second s[age of the cascade, the
Kurpsayskaya GES will operate in the runoff of the Naryn River, which
is regulated by the reservoir of the Toktogul'skaya GES with a useful
capacity of 14 cubne-kilometers, which provides for the regulation of
the runoff over a span of several years.
The Kurpsaysk:aya GES is to cover the loads and ensure a reserve with-
- in the Central Asian Unified Power System in a regime ranging from
the base (summer) to the peak (winter).
In designing the Kurpsayskaya GES special attention was given to in-
corporating the advantages of cascade construction, primarily by mak-
_ ing maximum use of the production base of the Toktogul'skaya GFS as
we21 as the reliabi?ity and economicalness of the dam of the Kurpsay-
IR skaya GES.
Technical-economic indicators of the Kurpsayskaya GES:
NPU mark, in meters 124.0
Full reservoir capacity, millions of cubic meters 370.0
Usable capacity of the reservoir for generating electrici-
ty, in millions of cubic meters 35.0
Estimated expenditure of the GES, cubic meters per second 972.0
Head, in meters:
Maximum 101.0
Estimated 91.5
- Maximum (when Q= 1800 oubic meters per seco;Zd 88.0
Rated capacity, thousands of kilovolts 800.0
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1'Vl\ VL'L'1~.IilY1J UJL'I VLVLL
Averati;e electric power output over a period of years, in
iiillions of kilowatt-hours
Number of hours of use of rated capacity, in hours
Capital investments, in millions of rubles
Annual outlays, in millions of rubles
Relative capital investments, in rubles:
Per kilovolt of rated capacity
Per kilowatt-hour of generated electricity
2630.0
3280
181.1G
3.4 1
226.0
6.9
Production cost of electric power, kopecks per kilowatt-hour .130
Number of years to recover investments (less than year)
Basic amounts of work for the power facility:
Excavation of earth, thousands of cubic meters 1650
Mounding of earth, thousands of cubic meters 387.0
Concrete and reinfotced concrete, thousands of r.ubic
meters 1084.0
Metal structures and underground mechana:sms, tons 7217.0
Equipment, tons 8925.0
Natural conditions. The runoff of the Naryn River and its main tri-
butaries are formed in the central Tyan'Shan Mountains by the melting
of snow and ice in the high mountains. The average outlay over a
period of several years in the section of the Kurpsayskaya GES for
general needs is 391 cubic meters per secand; and the average runoff
over a period of several years is 12,373y000 cubic meters.
The climate in the vicinity of the Kurpsayskaya GES is strictly conti-
nental. The average annual air temperature is plus 12.8 degrees C;
the minimal temperature is minus 30 degrees C and the maximum is 44
degrees C; the average duration of the frost free period is 220 days
and the annual precipitation is 378 mm.
'The constant runoff for the Kurpsayskiy reservoir is insignificant
and will be formed by an insignificant lateral influx.
F'ngineering and geological conditions. The Iength of the river in
the section of the hydrosystem has the shape of a deep symmetrical
V-shaped canyon with individual widenir,gs in the places were the la-
teral tributaries feed into the river. in the section can be found
the basic structures are, the sides of canyon rise above the river bed
to 180 - 380 meters. The grade of the slopes is 25 - 40 degrees.
To the north of the hydrosystem's sector at a distance of approximate-
ly 60 kilometers the Talasso-Ferganskiy regional fault passes. Toward
the area of this fault are confined the epicenters of several strong
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earthquakes of recent times. The construction site of the Kurpsayskiy
hydrosystem for a length of 8 kilometers sits within a seismically
quiet structural-tectonic area of a class II, restricted from the
north by the deep Kyz-Kurganskiy fault and from the south by the deep
Karasuyskiy fault.
This area is included within a 9-point zone of seismic activity. The
- basic rock formations within the sector of the main facilities are
represented as an interstratified;f-lysch rock mass of sandstones and
argillites, the strata of which intersect the valley almost in fialf,
with a drop toward the upper water race at an angle of 50 to 65 degrees.
In the section of the inain facilities the basic rock formations are
broken down into small lumps by several systems of fractures. Accord-
ing tc the Lithologic composition of the rock formations and the degree
of fracturing within the massif there are strong and weak sectors.
Among the weak sectors are the layers which are folded by thin-bedded
argillites with layers of thin-bedded sandstones, the areas affected
by the teetonic fissures of class IV and V and rock fornations within
the centers of the folds. In tne contour of the trench o� the dam
the weak sections comprise near.ly 20 percent of the area. In the
river channel the capacity of the alluvial pebble bed does not exceed
one to two meters.
The rock formations in th? locat:ion of the section differ in their
high strength in the specimen independent of the zone and groups of
preservation. The temporary resisi.ance to compression in air for the
sandstones is 145.5 MPa on the average and for the argillites it is
- 76.2 MPa; in a water saturated condition these figures axe 114 and
5,.7 MPa, respectively.
In designing the dam the following indicators for resistance to shift
and deformation characteristics were used: tgl>=.9 and C=.3 MPa,
Edef-2000 MPa and Edin $000 MPa, which were ontdined by carrying out
a set of field research by the department of geology of Sredazgidro-
proyek': /CentLLal Asian StaCe Institute for the Planning of Hyuroelec-
tric Power Stations/ and the department of rock excavation work of
the Gidroproyekt /State Insti.tute for the Planning of Hydroelectric
Power Stations/.
The water permeability of the massif is dissimilar; the water absorp-
- tion changes from thousands of particles to several liters per minute;
there is no noticeable loss at depth.
Basic facilities of the hydrosystem: In the natural and construction
conditions of the Kurpsayski:y hydrosystem the most logical variation
was one having a concrete gravity dam for the following reasosn:
1. A giayity dam is little affected by the low-module foundation,
which has been weakened by layers of argillites.
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�'L. Within the body of a gravity dam are positiuned the spillway facili-
ties and also the facilities of the discharge station complex, which
provides a substantial reduction in the cost as compared with other ver-
si.ons in which these 'facilities are installed individually in tYe sides
of the gor�e. '
3. The high reliabi.lity of gravity dams that are constructed in seis-
mically dangerous regions. (2) Also, the requirements placed upon
the concro-te of gravity dams are lower than for the material used in
arched dams. This creates fav4rable,conditions for the rationa2 use
of the concrete pouring operation of the Toktogul'skaya GES aad a re-
duction in the amount of time required for t'.ie construction of the
Kurpsayskaya GES.
- 4. The complete and efficient use of the Toktagul'kiy continuous-
cycle method, which is highly mechanized, for pouring concrete and
for its further improvement at the Kurpsayskaya GES with its version
of a hydrosystem with a gravity dam.
The construction organization possesses a progressive and effective
. technology for the construction of gravity dams ar.d has the needed
equipment.
The layout of the basic facili.ties of the hydrosystem represents a
- complex of facilities that are almoat interconnected with the dam.
The hydrosystem's facilities include: a concrete gravity dam, surface
- and deep spillways, a complex of GES facilities with the station build-
ing attached to the dam as shown in Figure 1, and an open distribution
devi.ce (ORU) of 220 and 110 kv.
Figure I. Schematic diagram plan for the construction of thc Kurpsay-
~ skaya GES.
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Key: 1- Upper coi'fer; 2- Construction tunnel; 3- Concrete plug;
4- Lower coffer; 5- Approach entrance No 1; 6- Approach entrance
No 2; 7- Dam; 8- Water intake; 9- Deep spillway; 10 - Surface
spillaay; 11 - GES building; 12- Administration building; 13 -
Lubricants storage; 14 - VL 220.
The dam. The gravity dam has a maximum construction height of 113 me-
ters with a triangular profile with a small influx toward the upper
water race below the 33 mark in order to approximate the cementation
screen and drainage toward the header front. The header face of the
dam is vertical, the laying of the lower face for the bed sections is
m=.7, for the side sec*.ions m=.75 +.8. The length of the dam is
364 meters along the crest. The dam is broken down into 13 sections
by the temperature-sh.rinking seams: two river bed sections with a
width af 19.5 M(acc(irding to the amount of the aggregate assembly);
two river bed sections and coastal sections with a width of 30 :i with
an additional breakdown of sections by seams on the upper and lower
face3.
According to the geometry of the canyon (relation - L/H = 3) the dam
is designed by taking into consideration the spatial effect, i.e.
transferring part of the stress to the sides. The interacCion of the
- neighboring sections is provided by a system of vertical toothings in
the deformation seams.
The foundation of the dam in the river bed sections at the mark of its
footing is horizontal. The foundation of the coastal sections in the
direction of the axis of the dam is executed by several sloped sur-
faces wi.th a placement varying from m=.5 to 1.6. In addition, to
increase the rigidity on shift the foundation of the coastal sections
have been 'inclined toward the upper. water race.
The drainage of the body of the dam is accomplished by using a system
of vertical wells, which have been drilled in concrete made of po-
ternes. The poternes are located on four layers (Figure 2).
- In tho design of the dam the following 'featuces have been incorporated:
a) the zonal distribution of concrete: the internal zone of the dam
is made of concrete M-150180V4180; the external underwater zone and
the. zone that adjoins the cliff is made of concrete M-200180V6180;
- the summit and the lower face of the dam is made of concrete M-3001 80
MRZ 150; the outlets of the spillway facilities are made of con-
crete M-400180. The concrete is prepared in cement TGTs-300 and
TGPTs-300;
- b) the use of ready-made reinforced concrete for the inter-sectional
seams, drainage and cementation poternes, shafts and facilities for
the pumping station;
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Figure 2. Cross-section of dam and GES building by axis of the
turbine water conduit.
.9
Key: 1- GES water intake; 2-:=Rnterne for the fastening cementa-
tion; 3- Joining and depth cementation; 4- Drainage.
c) r}esign reinforcement of the contaurs of the openings and facili-
ties, and also the upper portion of the head face (approximately 2/3
of height). The reinforcement of the head face has been done as a
preventive measure, which makes it possible to concentrate fissures
in the event that they develop and to limit their spread. The average
_ expenditure of fittings per cubic meter of the body of the dam is 2.7
kg. The estimated reinforcement is required in the water intake of
the GES, the deep spillway, and the cap of the surface spillway;
d) the elimination in the foundation of the dam of a iayer of the
cliff of intensive wind erosion; the strengthening cementation of
the foundation of the dam; the anti-filtraCion frontal cementation9
and the drainage screen.
The strengthening cementation is performed throughout the construction
site to a depth of 10 meters. The double-layer frontal cementation
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- in the river bed section is performed to a depth of 65 meters. In the
lateral abutments, beneath tte upper two thirds of the dam, frontal
_ cementation is performed in a single row.
The 'spillway facilities of the t-ydrosystem. The hydrosystem's facili-
tiea include provision for surface and deep spillways, which togeCher
J with the GES turbines ensure the passage through the hydrosystem of
the maximum estimated expenditure - 3,680 cubic meters per second,
which is taken as the sum of the maximum passage from the Toktogul'skiy
reservoir - 3,000 cubic meters per second (1) and the maximum expEndi-
ture of lateral influx on the Toktogul-Kurpsay sector of one percent
of the utilization, which is equal to 380 cubic meters per second.
The maximum expenditure is distributed among the facilities in the
iollowing manner: the surface s~illway 1,680; the deep spillway -
1,074; and the four assemblies of the GES - 972 cubic meters per
second.
The division of the spillways makes it possible to have two independ-
ent outlets for the water, which increases the reliability of the hy-
drosystem on the whole.
The deep spillway is in the form of a single-aperture pipe measuring
5X7 meters and placed in the section of the dam that adjoins the p.ower
station building from the right side. At the outlet the pressure
gallery is equipped with a flat emergency repair and regulating seg-
mented gates measuring 6X5 meters, which are installed in a specially
devised chamber of gates, which adjoins the lower face of the dam.
The head is 80 meters. The sgillway has a metal frame. The deep
spillway is used to regulate the filling of the Kurpsayskiy reservoir
during the period prior to the start-up of the GES's first section,
for the passage of construction expenditures during the rigging of ttie
plug in the construction tunnel, and also for the passage into the
lower water race of the water expenditures for irrigation needs during
the temporary operation of the 8ES when watpr levels are reduced.
The surface spillway handles a significant portion of the spillway
runoff and is a simple to operate facility with a cap that is complete-
ly accesible for repairs and inspections. The surface spillway, just
- as the deep spillway, is located on the right-hand side of the shore-
line and is adjacent to the side of the dam. The runoff with an inlet
front of 16 meters has a smooth narrow section in a plane with the
transit to the outlet tract with a width of 10 meters. A working seg-
mented gate measuring 15X13 meters is installed on the runoff. The
outlet tract of the surface spillway is an inclined turtnel, which is
_ horizontal on the right side of the gorge. The joining of the outlet
tract with the river bed is executed in the form of z funnel design
with a jet-deflecting nozzle.
Facilities of the power station complex. These include the water in-
take, the turbine water conduits, the GES building. The water intake
is of the deep type with a head of 44 meters and is situated on the
upper face of the dam and consists of four sections by number of units
in the GES building. The cleaning of the grating and the maneuvering
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of the repair gates is accomplished by a gantry crane from the sum-
- mit of the dam with a lifting capacity of 2X100 tons. The water feed
- into tne turbines is accomplished by four lines from the ste4~1 rein-
forced concrete pipelines, which h ave been relegated to the lower face
of the dam beyond its profile. The eliminates inconvenience in the
carrying out of work, which are connected with the removing of debris
from the dam; the erection of the dam does not depend upon che in-
stallation of the pipelines.
The diameter of the pipelines is 7 meters. The steel reinforced con-
crete facing of the pipeline is accepted as a full dynamic head. The
thickness of the reinforced concrete casing is one meter. The power
station building with a single-row positioning of the four units ad-
joins the dam from the lower water way. The entire underwater massif
- a.s designed in the form of a single unit.
Inside the power s[ation building are installed the type RO 115-810-
V-500 units wir.h a rated capacity of 200,000 kW each, in metallic
_ spiral chambers with type VGS 1090-225-44 generators with a rated ca-
pacity of 200000/235 in an umbrella-like shape. The machinery room
and the the installation area measure 20X114.5 and is served by two
bridge electric cranes with a lifting capacity of 360 tons. The four
- type TTs-250000/220 power transformers are situated on supports on
the side of the lower wa.ter way. In the lower water way of the power
station building provision has been made for the grooves of the repair
gates of suction pipes, which are serviced by gantry cranes with a
lifting capacity of 50 tons. The administration building is located
within the GES building site not far from it.
Passage of the construction outlays. The topographical conditions
con-of
the section predetermined the tunnel method for the passpg
struction outlays (Figure l). Included in the facilities for the pas-
sage of construction outlays are: the const~:uction tunnel, and the
upper and lower construction coffers. (3)
The estimated outlay of the construction period in the technical
draft has been reduced to 1,800 cubic meters per second against the
everyday outlay of one percent of the utilization of 2,980 cubic me-
ters per second through the accumulation of a part of this outlay in
the Toktogul'skiy reservoir.
- ?n constructing the tunnel consideration was given to the fact that
the Toktogul'skiy reservoir was not filled prior to the start of con-
struction work on the Kuzpsayska}a GES. This made iX possible to re-
duce the estimated outlay of the construction periad to 1,100 cubic
metors per second and to decrease the sectioning of the tunnel.
Special features of organizing the construction. IVL develnping the
basic solutions for organizing the construction use was made of the
favorable situation that had evolved following the completion of two
power stations of r.he cascade of the lower stage (Uch-Kurganskaya GES
Nc 1) and the apper stage (Toktogul'skaya GES) in this area. Trie
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construction materials industrial base that has been well established
- here is partly lacated in Shamaldysay and partly in Karakul. A settle-
ment has been created for the builders; the population of this city
reached 20,000 just prior to the start of the construction of the Kurp-
sayskaya GES.
Through the section of the construction passes a 110 kV high�-voltage
power transmission line. All inco:ning cargoes arrive at the. Shamaldy-
i say railroad station, from which it is delivered to the construction
site by truck. Equipment weighing more than 60 tons comes to the un-
loading point for heavy cargo, from which it is trai.iered to the
Kurpsayakaya GES.
At the construction site it is planned to create only sectional organ-
- izations with a reduced work program. The design calls for the use of
the existzng concrete and gravel organizations, which are located near
the city of Karakul, which were built for the construction of tre
- Toktogul'skaya GES. Prior ta the start of the construction while car-
rying out the design work in the years 1972 through 1975, the NIS
/Scientific-Research Construction Trust/ of GiProproyekt and the Sred-
azgidroproyekt and the Naryngidroenergostroy /Naryn River Hydroelectric
- Power Station Construction Trust% performed research in production con-
ditions on the possibility of transporting a concrete mixture over long
distances in the conditions of the hot and dry climate without reducing
the basi.c characteristics of the concrete mixture and the poured con-
crete.
The research fully canfirmed the possibility of supplying the construc-
tion of the Kurpsayskaya GES with a concrete mixture from an existing
concrete plant of the Toktogul'skaya GES. The estimates were based
upon the possibility of erecting a concrete laying of the dam without
pipe cooling.
The pouring of concrete for the dam just as the dam of the Toktogul'
skaya GES is being done under the protection of a self-raising tent.
The upper face is below the threshhold of the deep spillway and is
protected from the outside effec':s of the temperature by a filling of
earth and 3 fixed heated concrete form. The lower face is being con-
_ creted in a console concrete form, which is heated when it is cold.
In the summer months on the lower face a water casing is created; in
- the winter a heat-reflecting drag is rigged below the concrete form,
which shields tbz freshly-poured concrete from sharp drops in tem-
perature. A special feature of the concrete work on this dam is the
fact that as Ehe horianntal oonstruction seams 2re being prepared and
the concrete is being poured from the lower unit, within the limits
of the internal zone the cement film is not removed. This solution
- has been confirmed by research done b the VNIIG /All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Hydrotechnolog~r~ imeni Vedeneyev with the parti-
cipation of Sredazgidroproyekt.
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'1'hV pOuring and mixing of the concrete mixture are done by a concrete
pouring equipaient set: the "Naryn" dump truck, an electric bulldozer
anci aii electric tractor with a package of IV-90 vibrators. The moist
uiaintenance is employed wmth the poured concrete - in the summer months
ari intensive surface cooling is performed.
Basic stages of construction. The execution of a set of preparatory
work in the construction of the Kurpsayskaya GES began in 1976. llur-
- ing the preparation period a 110 kV high-voltage power transmission
line was extended from the area of the river sector, the sector admin-
istrative organizations at the constructi.on site were built, the trans-
portation and construction tunnels were built, and the construction
coffers were built, etc. Simultaneously with the start of the con-
struction work Sredazgidroproyekt and Naryngidroenergostroy developed
an additional set of ineasures, which made it possible to reduce the
ainount of time required for the preparatory period and to speed up the
construction of the ffiasic facilities. The measures included the re-
jection of the cable-crane for pouring concrete, which eliminated the
need to execute complicated and significant amount of rock excavation
beneath the scaffolding of the cable crane above the trench of the
dam; the partitioning of the surface and deep spillways; and a sig-
nificant reduction in the amount of rock excauation in the contour of
_ the trench of the dam.
Early in May 1978 the span over the Naryn River was completed and
the by-pass of the outlays into the construction tunnel was completed.
1'he upper construction coffer was constructed along with the buil.d-up
of the irrigation draw-downs from the Toktogul'skiy reservoir.
Combining the work on the laying of the construction tunnel and the
� development of the trench of the dam made it possible as early as the
end of 1978 to completely finish the rock excavation in the contour
of the trench and to pour the first cubic meter of concrete in the
body of the dam.
The intensive pouring of concrete began in March 1979 with the arrival
of warm weather. Concrete pouring began in earnest in the section of
the dam with the deep spillway and the installation of the metal struc-
t;ures of the deep spillway. During 1979 215,000 cubic meters of con-
crete were poured into the body of the dam and 35,000 cubic meters
went into the GES building. The average monthly growth in the height
of the dam for the year was 2.5 meters. In 1980 the growth rates of
the dam increased - approxiraately 30U,000 cubic meters of concrete
went into the body of the dam and another 50,000 cubic meters went
into the GES building
At the start of 1981 the dam was approaching the start-up elevations.
Concrete pouring was completed in the unit of the GES building with
the installation site. The installation of the pipeline of the statt
unit was completed. Work was finished on securing the outlet channel
- oE the GES. In the middle of January 1981 the concrete pllbg was in-
stalled in the construction tunnel and water expenditures were switched
to the deep spillway: the Kurpsayskiy reservoir began to be filled.
10
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Conclusions. l. The composition of the facilities and the type of
dam for the Kurpsayskiy hydrosystem were accepted in close coordina-
tion with the specific nature of cascade construction in mountainous
rivers. Among the advantages of cascade construction in these con-
ditions are: the possibility of using a ready production base with
the technology already in place; the lack of the need to construct
housing at the construction site; the con5truction is done by an
organization having personnel who have had invaruable experience in
concrete work during the construction of the Toktogul'skaya GES.
The realization of these advantages made it possible to sharply re-
duce the time periods for the preparatory work and to speed up the
creation of the hydrosystem within a minimum of three to four years.
2. The gravity dam of the Kurpsayskaya GES was designed for a speci-
fic technology of its construction (the Toktogul'skiy method). The
design of the dam is distinctive for its economicalness of profile
and its high technological e�fectiveness. In the body of the dam one
spillway facility has been abandoned - the deep spillway.and the pipe-
lines have been placed outside the limits of the profile of the dam.'
to its lower face; the design of the seals of the deformation seams
has been substantially simplified; the network of drainage poternes
has been reduced in height; the pumping station for the drainage sys-
tem has been placed outside Che profile of the dani; facilities with-
in the body of the dam, including stairwells and elevator shafts, have
been reduced to a minimum.
Since the Toktogul'skiy method makes it possible to make good use of
the possibility of zonal distribution of concrete, materials are be-
ing economically used in the Kurpsayskaya GES dam - the expenditure
of cement in the concrete of the internal zone for grade 150 has been
reduced to 180 kg per cubic meter of concrete.
3. During the construction of the Kurpsayskaya GES the technology
for using concrete in single-layer applications from the upper to the
lower faces of the dam was significantly improved. Among the measures
taken which simplify the process of using concrete the following should
be noted: the rejection of the use of pipe cooling of the body of the
dam; the use of an almost un~-cooled concrete mixture with a tempera-
ture in the summer time up to plus 24 degrees C; the automation of
, the thickening of the concrete mixture; and the rejection of the pro-
- cedure of removing the cement film from the horazontal construction
seams in the internal zone of the dam.
- REFERENCES
I. K.K. Kuz'min and S.A. Berezinskiy: Toktogul'skaya gidroelektro-
stantsiya /Toktogul'skaya Hydroelectric Power Station/, Gidrotekhni-
cheskoye stroitel'stvo /Hydrotechnical construction/, 1972, No 5.
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2. ltansen, K.D., Rochm L.H. The response of concrete dams to earth-
cjuakes. Water Power and Dam Construction. April 1979.
, 3. V.F. Ilyushin, V.L. Kuperman, V.M. Mostkov, and others: Stroitel-
ciyy tunnel' s obl,~gchennoy obdelkoy na Kurpsayskoy GES /Tonstruction
tunnel with a simplified finish at the Kurpsayskaya GES/, Gidrotekh-
nicheskoye stroitel'stva-i 1980, No 5.
4. M.N. Rozin, A.V. Korenistov, and L.M. Yushkovskiy: Otrabotka
kotlovanov Kurpsayskoy GES bez ostavleniya zashchitnogo sloya u
osnovaniya /Working the trenches of the Kurpsayskaya GES without
abandoning the protective layer at the foundation?, Gidrotekhnicheskoye
stroitel'stvo, 1981, No 4.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1981.
8927
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FUELS
UDC: 553.98:550.812(571.5)
SEARCHING FOR PETROLEUM ON THE SIBERIAN PLATFORM
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 11, Nov 81 (manuscript received 2 Jun
81) pp 1-5
[Article by F. G. Gurari (SNIIGGiMS): "Some Problems of Oil and Gas Prospecting and
Exploration Activities on the Siberian Platform"]
[Text] The historic resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress emphasize the enormous
significance of the fuel and energy industry for further successful growth and
development of the Soviet Union's economy. For this reason the congress,d2creed:
"Secure accelerated development of activities perta'..ning to geological study of this
country and increasing proved reserves of raw minerai resources, particularly fuel
and energy resources. Take measures to diecover oil and gas deposits in Western
and Eastern Siberia...."
For the first time the Siberian Platform is named in xesolutions issued by our
country's highest party forum. This was fostered by the results of prospecting
and exploration activities being conducted here, discovery of a number of oil and
gas deposits, obtaining of commercial-quantity flows of hydrocarbons in many areas,
- and the rather favorable structural features of this vast region, which are becoming
_ increasingly more clearly delineated. Forecast estimates of potential oil and gas
resources calculated by scientific organizations constituted the basis for planning
projects to initiate oil production and increase gas production in this region in
coming years.
At the present time, however, prospecting and exploration activity on Siberian
Platform has not been very effective. No large oil deposits, on which the begin-
ning of oil production could be based, have been discovered, prospects for discover-
ing such deposits in the next few years are not yet very clear, and proved reserves
_ of natural gas are growing slowly. Influencing factors included the region's dif-
ficulty of access and harsh climate, as well as the slow increase in volume of
deep drilling and geophysical exploration. The main factor, however, is the excep-
tionally complex geologic structure of practically all sedimentary complexes on the
platform which are promising from the standpoint of oil and gas. The Siberian
Platform is more complex than any of the other oil and gas regions of the USSR.
For this reason prospecting and exploration methods should correspond to the
character of the target structures. It is also essential that these exploration ac-
tivities be fully equipped and thorough, with a high level of scientific processing
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aiicl interpretation of obtained materials, and 4rith scientific organizations high-
ly responsible for their foreca,st estimates and recommendations.
Up to the present time the most promising zones and areas and the most probable
productive sedimentary complexes have been fairly easily determined within the
boundaries of the platform. Directions of subsequent prospecting and exploration
work and methods have been specified, and areas have been proposed for sinking
- we'Lls on a priority basis. These materiaia, which are the result of the joint
efforts of Siberian production organizations, Siberian and central scientific
institutes, have been fairly fully examined in numerous articles [9, 10], and have
been discussedin a rPCertly published major monograph [3], and in a comprehensive
program of geological exploration for oil and gas on the Siberian Platform, drawn
up by a number of production and scientific organizations.
At the same time {t seems important to discuss problems which are not yet at-
tracting considerable attention but which may prove to be extremely important.
The first of t:hese involves the geotemperature conditions of the Siberian Platform.
Ttie cryolithic zone, that is, the zone in which the rocks are at or belooi zero
degreesCelsius during the entire year, covers more than 80 percent of the area in
; oil and gas promising regions. The base of the cryolithic zone extends as deep as
1500 meters, and over a fairly substantial area [3]. The meager data available in-
dicate a highly complex structure of the cryolithic zone and great variability not
only of geometry but composition as well. And yet it is absolutely essential to
take this variability into consideration at all stages of the geological exploration
process, including when mapping out the development of discovered oil and gas
reservoirs. We [4] long ago pointed out the necessity of studying subsurface tem-
perature conditions in prospecting for oil and gas on the Siberian Platform. P. I.
Mel'nikov and his colleagues at the Institute of Permafrost Studies of the
Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences discussed this subject in great
detail at a conference on Siberian productive resources (Novosibirsk, 1980). They
- pointed to the existence in the cryolithic zone of abrupt changes in the physical
properties even of lithologically uniform rocks during phase transitions of matter
caused by seasonal freezing and thawing and the presence in the cryolithic zone of
- so-called cooled rocks at a temperature beiow zero degrees Celsius but containing
' liquid brines (kriopegi). Such nonuniformity of physical properties will un-
_ questionably affect conditions of obtaining and interpreting geophysical exploration
materials, particularly resistivity and seismic prospecting.
Unusually low temperatures in the productive zone, which run 6-13�C, for example,
in the Srednebotuobinskaya area, and which do not exceed 10-15�C in the majority of
other areas [1, 3], should affect the mobility of fluids and the quality of
reservoirs. It is true that in the Srednebotuobinskoye field crude at the margin of
the Botuobinskiy horizon is comparatively light (density 0.84-0.87 g/cm3) and low-
viscosity, with a low solidification point (-30�C). In the very complex con-
ditions of the Siberian Platform, however, crudes with various parameters will un-
doubtedly be encountered, including those for which low temperatures may exert
decisive influence on their ability to flow to the wellbore. Knowledge of geo-
temperature conditions is even more important for predicting the phase state of
gaseous hydrocarbons. On the northwestern margin of the Vilyuysk structural
depression the most proiuising area for prospecting for new gas deposits data
indicate that some of the promising Mesozoic horizone may be situated in the zone
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of hydrate formation. N,aturally a special method should be employed in locating
and developing such depoeits. There ls reason to assume that hydrate formation in
productive Riphean-Cambrian horizons also took place on the Nepsko-Botuobinskaya
arch [1]. It is therefore absolutely essential to add geotemperature investiga-
tions to the mandatory aggregate of prospecting and exploration activities on the
Siberian Platforra. In order to conduct long-term observations it is essential to
establish a fixed network of condition-monitoring tioreholes ot ;.:Lose in which
drilling was completed with negative results. Production organizat:ions should be
provided with the necessary equipment, apparatus and methods instructions. A
program of geotemperature studies extending over many years should be adopted.
Such a program, drafted by Siberian production and scientific organizations of
USSR Mingeo [Ministry of Geology], with the participation of other agencies, fol-
lowing examination and approval by RSFSR and USSit Mingeo, will become a mandatory
document and will make it possible to obtain the necessary information in short order.
Elaboration of a detailed and paleontologically well substantiated stratigraphic
diagram of Riphean-Lower Cambrian sediments, promising from the standpoint of find-
ing oil and gas, is another, no less important problem. In spite of an extended
period of study and a large number of wells drilled to and through these formations,
- their subdivision into lithologic-stratigraphic subunits and correlation of sec-
tions of pre-Usol'sk sediments reached by deep wells in the southern part of the
Sibei-ian Platform [12]. Up to the present time there is no well-substantiated and
- generally accepted scheme of correlation of productive sandstone beds in Riphean-
Cambrian sediments on the Nepsko-Boruobinskaya arch. In the majority of discovered
fields the productive sandstones bear their own names, derived from the field name
[3, 9, 111. The picture is even more complicated as regards correlation of car-
bonate reservoirs in the Weniiaa-Cambrian Kostinskaya and Platonovskaya series [3, 5].
For this reason it is imposs~ble at the present time to construct with assurance
paleogeographic maps for the time of accumulation of the reservoir horizons, and
conclusions on their genesis and distribution are very difficult to reach. Can-
sequently, prediction of the presence and Quality of reservoirs in new, as yet un-
drilled areas is very unreliable.
The prevailing situation is connected to a significant degree with lessening of
attention toward stratigraphic-paleonr.ologic investigations in oil and gas promis-
ing areas of the Siberian Platform, as has already been stated in the press [8] and
in resolutions adopted at a meeting of the regional geology section of the Sci-
entific and Technical Council of USSR Mingeo (Leningrad, June 1976). The situation
has changed little for the better in the last five years. Very disturbing is the
fact that in many Siberian production and scientific organizations a great many ex-
perienced paleontologists and stratigraphers are ceasing their investigations as
they reach retirement age, while a replacement generation has not yet been trained.
Also disturbing is the fact that Siberian geological higher educational institutions
are training practically no specialists in the field of stratigraphy and
paleontology. It is quite obvious that future development of oil and gas prospect-
ing and exploration activities on the Siberian Platform requires a reliable and
highly detailed stratigraphic foundation. Therefore the status of paleontological-
stratigraphic investigations in this region should become the focus of special con-
- cern on the part of officials of production and scientific organizations. Consider-
able attention should be devoted to the study of microphytolites, acritarchs and
- 15
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other f;roups of Wendian-Cambrian organisms, which are playing an increasingly ia.
portant ro?e in correlating geologic sections.
" A tliird important problem is the study of pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic and Mesozoic
reservoirs, especially those involving Riphean - Cambrian carbonate, frequently or-
ganic sequences. The very primary nature of such reservoirs determines multiple
causality and a highly complex structure and distribution of intersti ces in
these reservoirs.
The situation is aggravated by the great age of these sediments and the active
tectonic conditions of the Siberian platform. During repeated successions of deep
subsidences ard no less active uplifts in many areas of the platform, subsurface
_ thermobaric conditions have changed substantially, and large fault zones have
developed, which could not help but affect the phase state and composition of the
waters and gases saturating the reservoir horizons. Complex, often irreversible
processes of dissolving or cementation of rocks, enlargement or decrease (to com-
plete elimination) of interstices occurred in reservoirs. Considerably younger
traprock, invading Lower Paleozoic sequences, exerted an enormous and highly
diversified, depending on the concrete geologic situation, and as yet very little
studied effect on reservoirs. Many investigators have already pointed to the high-
ly complex structure of Riphean-Cambrian reservoirs, the interstices of which
depend not so much on sedimentogenic prima.ry conditions as on the manifestations
of tectonic movements and d3.versified secondary processes [3, S, 7, 11]. On the
Siberian Platform not only carbonates but also terrigenous reservoirs, both
Paleozoic and Mesozoic, are of complex structure. Therefore the overwhelming
majority of hydrocarbon deposits are associated with combined structural-lithologic
traps, whereby the lithologic factor is frequently dominant.
Ttie patterns of occurrence in contemporary space and geologic time of the diversi-
fied and complex processes which formed reservoirs, their intensity and correlation
with processes of hydrocarbon generation is just beginning to be clarified. The
mechanisms stopping the migration of fluid have also been little studied. Success-
ful resolution of these problems requires considerable amounts of lithologic in-
- vestigations, performed in a skilled and qualified tnanner, employing the most ad-
vanced methods. The complexity of a structure determines the complexity and man-
datory combined approach of the scheme of investigation [5, 6]. Unfortunately
neither the number of lithologic teams of the Siberian PGO [expansion unknownJ and
s(.ientific research institutes, nor laboratory facilities, especiall y in the PGO,
a,�e adequate to the difficulty of the problem. The 5th All-Union Conference on
Reservoirs and Fluid Traps held in Novosib irsk in November 1980 noted a number of
serious of deficiencies in investigation of the reservoir and trapping properties
of rocks [13]. They apply in full measure to Siberian oil and gas exploration
organizations. We should add that there are very few or no lithology teams in a
number of Siberian PGO (for example, in the Yeniseyneftegazgeologiya PGO).
Siberian scientific organizations, both of USSR Mingeo and the USSR Academy of
Sciences, do not have adequate manpower and resources to perform the required very
substantial volume of diversified and complex investigations. Nor do I believe
Chat enlistment of Moscow and Leningrad scientific research institutes and higher
_ educational institutions will fully resolve the problem. It is necessary to es-
tablisli appropriate laboratories and qualif ied teams of lithology specialists in
all PGO conducting oil and gas prospecting and exploration activities on the
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Siberian Platform. And chis must be dorLe as quickly as paseible, until the planned
, sharp increase in volume of deep drill-Lng is fully accomplished.
' Of course the problems which must be resolved on the Sib:-rian P~atform are not
exhausted with the above enumeration. There are many additional problems in thisarea of geophysical exploraticn, organizati.on and technology of deep drilling. As
I am not competent in these matters, I shall not discuss them. I am convinced, how-
ever, that without serious efforts directed toward resolving the problems raised in
this article we cannot substantially improve the effectiveness of prospecting and
exploration activities. But this is urgently df:manded by the tasks assigned by the
party and government to those persons engaged in geologic exploration of the
Siberian Platform this very promising but as yet little known region.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
~
1. Bol'shakov, Yu. Ya., "Features of Hydrocarbon Accumulations in the Botuobinskiy
- Area as a Consequence of the Influence of Processes of Hydrate Formation," in
' the volume "Voprosy neftegazonosnosti i uglenosnosti tsentral'noy i yuzhnoy
Yakutii" [Problems of Occurrence of Oil, Gas and Coal in the Central and
Southern Parts of the Yakut ASSR], Yakutsk, 1980, pp 63-66.
2. Vorob`yev, V. N., "Types of Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Pre-Cambrian and Lower-
Paleozoic Sediments of the Siberian Platform," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 1,
1980, pp 1-5.
3. Antsiferov, A. S.; Bakin. V. Ye.; Varlamov, I. P.; et al, "Gzologiya nefti i
gaza Sibirskoy platformy" [0i1 and Gas Geology of the Siberian Platform], Mos-
cow, Nedra, 1981.
4. Gurari, F. G., "Northern Slope of the Aldan Range," in the volume "Osnovnyye
cherty geologicheskogo stroyeniya i perspektivy neftenosnosti Vostochnoy Sibiri"
[Principal Features of Geologic Structure and Oil and Gas Prospects of Eastern
Siberia], Moscow, 1954, pp 154-203.
5. Bogdanova, V. N.; Gurova, T. N.; Yergacheva, T. N.; et al, "Reservoir Properties
of Carbonate Rocks of Lower Cambrian Productive Horizons of the Siberian Plat-
form," TRUDY SNIIGGiMS, Issue 280, 1980, pp 43-58.
6. Bogdanova, V. N.; Gurova, T. N.; Kondrir~a, K. S.; et al, "Ltthologic Pre-
requisites for Occurrence of Oil and Gas on the Siberian Platform," TRUDY
SNIIGGiMS, Issue 284, 1980, pp 21-35.
7. Shashin, S. G.; Buddo, L. A.; Komarov, N. I.; et al, "Lithologic-Petrophysical
- Criteria for Predicting Zones of Improved Reservoirs in Pre-Cambrian Sediments
in the Southern Part of the Siberian Platform," TRUDY SN1IGGiMS, Isste 280,
1980, pp 59-65.
8. Savitskiy, V. Ye.; Krasnov, V. I.; Sennikov, V. M.; et al, "On the Status of
Paleontological-Stratigraphic Work in the Areas of Siberia," TRUDY SNIIGGiMS,
Issue 258, 1978, pp 5-13.
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rvn vrrim.aMa, vor, vvu.t
9. Ovcharenko, A. V., and Bakin, V. Ye., "Proapects of Exploration Activities in
Ltie Southwestern Part of the Yakut ASSR," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA, No 1, 1979,
PP 1-7.
10. IContorovich, A. E.; Surkov, V. S.; Trofimuk, A. A.; et al, "Principal Direc-
tions and Methodology of RegioMal and Oil and Gas Prosper,ting and Exploration
Activities on the Siberian Platform in 1981-1985," TRUDY SNIIGGiMS, Issue 284,
1980, pp 4-20.
11. Vorob'yev, V. N.; Afanas'yev, S. A.; Kondratenko, T. D.; et al, "Productive
Horizons in Cambrian and Riphean Sediment.s of the Siberian Platform," TRUDY
SNIIGGiMS, Issue 264, 1978, pp 98-107.
12. "Resheniye II Seminara po korrelyatsii produktivnykh gorizontov ploshchadey
glubokogo bureniya Leno-Tungusskoy neftegazonosnoy provintsii" [Resolution of
the Second Seminar on Correlation of Productive Horizons in Deep Drilling
Areas of the Lena-Tunguska Oil and Gas Province], Irkutsk, 1980.
13. "Resheniye V Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya po kollektaram i flyuidouporam" [Resolu-
tion of the 5th All-Union Conference on Reservoirs and Fluid Traps], Novo-
sibirsk, 1981.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", "Geologiya nefti i gaza", 1981
3024
CSO: 1822/94
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FUELS
UDC: 553.98:550.812(575.2)"1980-1985"
OTL, GAS PROSPECTING IN KIRGHIZ SSR
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 12,Nov 81 (manuscript received 6 Jul 81)
PP 3-6
[Article by R. N. Khaimov, Yu.. G. Pedder, R. A. Khodzhayev (SredAzNlPlneft'); E. G.
Bazarbayev, Yu. F. Pekin, and G. I. Rudnev (Kirgizneft'): "Geological Exploration
for Oil and Gas in the Kirghiz SSR in the llth Five-Year PI-an"]
[Text] Geological exploration activities in the search for oil and gas in the
Kirghiz SSR are being conducted in two regions which differ in geologic structure
Llie Fergana basin and Northern Kirghizia. Up to the present time 11 oil and gas
pools have been discovered in the Y.irghiz SSR. All of them are located in four
structural zones of the Fergana basin. The Changyrtash, Suzak, Chigirchik, Beshkent-
Togap, and Karagachi fields are situated on the Southern bench; the Maylisu-IV-
Voslochnyy Izbaskent, May?,isu-III, Izbaskent, and Kyzyl-Alma on the Naryn; the
Maylisay (with off-balancesheet oil reserves) on the Namangan. The Northern
= Kar.akcliikum f ield is associated with the Central Fergana megasyncline. Three
regional oil and gas complexes are distinguished in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments
of the Fergana basin: Paleogene for the most part oil-bearing; Cretaceous and
Jurassic primarily gas-bearing. Commercial-category reserves in this region com-
prise nnly 32.4 percent of potential resources. Therefore in this area all con-
ditions exist for increasing commercially-recoverable oil and gas reserves. In con-
nection with this, the following areas of geological exploration ac*_ivity are
specified in the llth Five-Year Plan for the Fergana part of the xirghiz SSR:
- Jurassic sediments on the Naryn structural bench; Paleogene and Cretaceous sediments
on the Central Fergana megasyncline; Paleogene (Karagunday structural prominence)
and Mesozoic (Suzak-Chigirchik uplift zone) sediments of the Southern structural
bench; Mesozoic sediments of the Naukat, Kurshab, and Uzgen troughs.
The main thrust of geological axploration by the Kirgizneft' Association in the
lltfi rive-Year Plan, providing the bulk of growth in oil, condensate a:.d natural.
giti~ zone. Structural-profile drilling (see figure) is recommended for
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_ 11 v�� v4 r4%,dna� vh7a: Vi \Ll
i 5t:udying the geologic structure and oil and gas proapects of Paleogene sediments in
this zane (Beshkent-Togap-Aksaray). A second highly prumising zone for oil and gas
is ttie area adjacent to the Tuzluk fault and including the Westerr.. Tuzluk ar;d
Central Tuzluk structures and the southwestern part of the Northern Karakchiktun up-
~ lift. In this area it is p:Lanned to conduct activities preliminary to deep drill-
ing into the Yuzhno-Proletarskaya structure. The bulk (more than 60 percent) of
exploration drilling will be concentrated in these two zones in 1981-1985, and a
- ,aubstantial increase in oil, condensate and gas reserves is anticipated. Character-
istic of Paleogene oil reservoirs of the Karatau prominence (beds III-IV) is their
occurrence within the bdundaries of a narrow (1-2 km) strip in the crest-adjacent
part of the northern flanks of the structures. This is due to the lithologic
variability and worsening of the reservoir properties of the productive horizons
toward the fold crests. Local erosion of productive formations is noted in the
crest of some structures (Beshkentf Well 13). Oil traps in the Karagachi and
Beshkent-Togap fields are of the anticlinal, unconformity and pinr.hout types. They
are characterized by an insignificant c�ontent of dissolved gas in the crude (Togap
4-5, Beshkent 8, Karagachi to 26 m3/t).
Ceologic Section (A) and Structural Map of the Top of Horizon VII of Cenozoic
Alayskiy Beds (B)
Key:
1.
Limestones
8.
Axes of anticlines
2.
Clays
9.
Drilled wells
3.
Siltstones
10.
Planned wells: a-- on
4.
Sands and sandstones
structural map, b-- on
5.
Geologic boundaries
geologic section
6.
Dislocations
11.
Lines of planned prof iles
7.
Contour lines at top of
_
horizon VII of Paleogene
Structures (circled numbers):
Alayskiy beds, M: a--
1--
Togap; 2-- Tashravat9
definite, b-- assumed
3.
Aksaray
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Anticipated effectiveness of geological exploration by the Kirgizneft' Association
in the llth Five-Year Plan remains ur.changed. But effectiveness greater than that
- acllieved ~.s p]anred fir the principal area, that is, within the boundaries of the
- Karatau pr.-ominence and the Tuzluk fault.
As of 1 January 1981 the Kirgizneft' Association had seven structures with prelimi-
mries completed for deep drilling. Six of these were in the Fergana basin and one
in the Eastern Chu basin. In order to ensure a stable planned annual growth in oil
and gas reserves, deep drilling must be conducted in the five-year plan on 14 new
structures, preliminaries on which are to be performed by the Kirghiz Combined Ex-
pedition (KKGZ).
The Karata�, and Karagunday structural prominences are primary areas �or readying
new structures for deep drilling. In the areas of the Eastern Fergana, however
(the Naukat, Kurshab, and Uzgen troughs), practically no preparatory prospecting
a::d exploration work has been conducted. Therefore plans call for intensification
of geophysical exploration, with the aim of establishing a backlog of structures
ready for drilling. In 1981-1985 the Kirgizneft' Association plans to prepare two
areas Tamchi and Tashravat with structural drilling. Regional geophysical
(seismic) exploration is to be conducted in a substantial amount within the Fergana
basin. Such activities will be conducted within the boundaries of the Kurshab-Uzgen
and Naukat troughs and the Achisu structural prominence. Detailed geophysical ex-
- ploration is to be conducted within the boundaries of the Karatau, Karagunday and
Maylisu structural prominences, where the discovery of non-anticlinal oil and gas
- traps is possible.
Regional and detailed geophysical exploration has been conducted in the basins of
Northern Kirghizia since the middle of the 1950's, and deep parametric and ex-
ploratory drilling since 1960. Up to the present time 33 deep wells, totaling
- approximately 115,000 meters, have been drilled in the Eastern Chu, Issyk-Kul,
and Naryn basins. In spite of a considerable amount of geophysical and drilling
- activities, no commercially-significant,.oil or gad pools have been established in
the basins of Northern Kirghizia. Negative results from deep drilling, however,
are no proof of absense of commerical quantities of oil and gas. As an example
we might note that the presence of oil and gas in the Amu Darya structural
depression was finally proven by obtaining a commercial-quantity flow of gas in the
Setalan-Tepe area in April 1953, by the 113th deep well drilled in this area.
Analysis of drilling in the basins of Northern Kirghizia indicates that practical-
ly none of the 17 areas in which drilling was begun met the requirements imposed on
structures with completed preliminary work. Deep wells were drilled on an insuf-
_j ficiently reliably structural basis. Geophysical structures were not confirmed by
~ drilling either as regards depths of reference horizons or morphology of structural
forms. The reason for the sharp discrepancy between geophysical and drilling data
is the low degree of effectiveness of seismic exploration by the correlation
method of refracted waves and the reflected wave method, due to the complex
seismogeologic conditions of the reginn. Deep drilling produced additional data
confirmi.ng the possibility of finding oil and gas in Paleozoic aiid Cenozoic
sediments in Northern Kirghizia. The extensive occurrence of Cenozoic lacustrine
rocks, which may be oil and gas productive, has been established in the interior
parts of the basins. An important substantiation of the possibility of oil and
gas formation in lacustrine sediments is the discovery in recent years of oil pools
2]
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in the basinsof Northwestern China. Drill cores from Cenozoic and Paleozoic rocks in
the basins of Northern Kirghizia show significant (up to 0.2--0.5 percent) concentra-
tions of A bitumen. One frequently encounters dissolved gas with a methane content
�p to 42 percent in formation waters of Paleozoic and Cenozoic sediments. The
C:endzoic and Paleozoic sections contain reservoir beds and enclosing impermeable
i�ocks; porosity of the sandstones is as much as 20 percent. These data attest to
the advisability of continuing geologic exploration for oil and gas in the basins
� of Northern Kirghizia. At the present stage of i.nvestigation of this area, a prima-
ry task, accomplishment of which will determine success in future exploration, is
development of a qualitatively new prospecting method and preli.minary work on
structures by geological-geophysical methods. In the complex seimogeologic condi-
tions of this region, more reliable data on deep structure can be obtained as a
- result of conducting seismic prospecting by the MOGT [expansion unknown] method,
together with parametric and structural drilling. With the objective of developing
a new method of identifying and performing preliminary work on structures, drilling
of two or three parametric boreholes, with a total footage of 10,000 meters, is
planned for 1981-1985 in the basins of Northern Kirghizia. From two to three 240GT
seismic profiles are to be worked up in the llth Five-Year Plan in the Serafimovskaya
and Sukhokhrebtinsko-Tasminskaya areas, which are the most thoroughly studied by
geophysical exploration and drilling. Comparison of the obtained results with the
data of previously conducted geophysical exploration and deep drilling will help us
~ more reliably evaluate the capabilities of MOGT seismic prospecting in finding and
performing preliminary work on structures in the basins of Northern Kirghizia.
We must state the following regarding the overall probiem of occurrence of oil and
gas in Paleozoic sediments in Cei;*_ral Asia. The debate over this question has been
_ going on for 50 years now. Some investigators continue to consider them unpromising
i.n regard to finding commercial-quantity accumulations of oil a.nd gas; others, on
t.he contrary, place certain hopes in this regard on pre-Mesozoic formations. While
the debate has been running on for years on the pages of the press, more and more
- facts are appearing which speak in favor of Paleozoic oil in Central Asia. These
include not only already discovered purely gas pools of various size with nitrogen-
helitun (Ucharal-Kampyrtyubinsk, Pridorozhnoye and others in the Chu-Sarysu
depression) and methane (Gugurtli, Ortalyk, etc) gas composition, but also commer-
c.ial-quantity and close to commnercial-quantity accumulations of oil occurring in
these sediments (Boston and Alash in tiE Fergana basin, Kara-Kuduk on the Ust Urt, etc).
In addition, investigations by A. M. Akhramkhodzhayev have proven the secondary
nature of hydrocarbon fluids:in terrigenous (sandstones) Lower-Middle Jurassic
sediments of the Ust Urt, which migrated there from the underlying Paleozoic
carbonare sediments. Therefore in our opinion une should approach the study of
Paleozoic sediments ot Central Asia from the standpoint of the possible existence
of a new, completely uninvestgated oil and gas complex. It is necessary to conduct
both regional (includiug orientation and parametric drilling, as well as high-quali-
ty geophysical exploration) and, subsequently, detailed geologic exploration, with
- step-by-step study of the material composition of Paleozoic rocks, history of the
region's geologic development, and the existence of oil-producing formations in
_ these sediments, identifying possible zones of origin and accumulation of hydro-
carbon fluids, as well as areas with a possible concentration of secondary accumula-
tions caused by flow of hydrocarbons from adjacent, hypsometrically lower productive
9'ertiary and Mesozoic sediments. Only purposeful oil and gas exploration activi-
ties focused on the Paleozoic sediments of Central Asia will furnish an unambiguous
answer to this question.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", "Geologiya nefti i gaza", 1981
3024
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FUELS
UDC: 550.812:622.276(262.81)"1F75-1985"
01L, GAS EXTRACTION IN CASPIAN
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 12, Nov 81 (manuscript received 16 Feb
81) pp 6-11
" lArticle by Kh. B. Yusufzade (Kaspmornsftegazprom): "Results of Exploration Activ-
ities in the lOth Five-Year Plan and Development Prospects for Offshore Oil and Gas
Pructuction in the llth Five-Year Plan in the Caspian Sea"]
[Text] Fourteen oil and gas fields with various geologic and production features
were being operated in the Caspian Sea in the lOth Five-Year Plan. Ten of these
(nrtema Island, b. Darvina, Zhiloy Island, Gryazevaya Sopka, Neftyanyye Kamni,
i'esclianyy-more, Sangachaly-more-Duvannyye-more-Bulla Island, Bakhar, Yuzhnaya,.
liulla-more) were in full-scale prouuction, while four (b. Zhdanova, b. Lam, b.
Apsheronskaya, and imeni 28 April) were in experimental commercial production
(Figure 1). WE84EMN0
\ l
42
~ �a(4) 6AKY QN,,C2> ~
~
s ~ ~bSZ 14 (3)
293032~8 910 015 16 KOCnoeoBcK 5
~ 33 O ~ 17 ~8 � 440 Uo
350 36 31 34 0~O 910 47c.~ 46
38 0~0 t ZZ 24
O 41 40 13 15
26
27
O ~
CZ511 a P59 b fEDI cOd Q8
Figure 1. Schematic Map of Caspian Offshore Oil and Gas Fields
Pields: a-- oil; b-- gas; c-- oil and gas condensate; d-- structures under ex-
1) loraLiun
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~t-18ur. u 1 on precc:cling page, cont'd)
Structures: 1-- b. Apsheronskaya; 2-- b. Darvina; 3-- Artema Island; 4--
_ Cyurgyany-more; 5-- Zhiloy Island; 6-- Lokbatan-more; 7-- Peschanyy-more; 8--
- Bakhar; 9-- Yuzhnaya; 10 Yuzhnaya-2; 11 imeni Azi-Aslanov; 12 Neftyanyye
Kamni; 13 1Veftyanyye Kamni-2; 14 imeni 28 April; 15 imeni Kaverochkin;
16 imeni 26 Baku Commissars; 17 Promezhutochnaya; 18 Lovanova-zapadnaya;
19 Livanova-tsentral'naya; 20 Livanova-vostochnaya; 21 imeni Barinov; 22
imeni Gubkin; 23 b. LAM; 24 b. Zhdanova; 25 Cheleken dome; 26
'Lapadno-Ogurchinskaya; 27 Zapadno-Erdeklinskaya; 28 Zapadno-Okaremskaya; 29
tiingachaly-more; 30 Duvannyy-more; 31 Alyaty-more; 32 Bulla I51and; 33
imeni Samedov; 34 Shakhovo-more; 35 Garasu; 36 Bulla-more; 37 b.
- Atidreyeva;38 Kamen' Persiyanina; 39 Kamen' Ignatiya; 40 Kornilova-Pavlova;
41 b. Golovacheva; 42 Skalistaya; 43 Peschanomysskaya; 44 Peschanomysskaya-
yuztinaya; 45 Sarzha-more; 46 Zapadno-Rakushechnaya; 47 Rakushechnaya-more
hey:
l. Shevchenko 3. Krasnovodsk
2. hiangyshlak Peninsula 4. Baku
Uuring this period oil and gas production in the above-named fields increased from
19.7 to 22.5 million tons. With a slight decline inthe level of production of
cr�cie, natural gas production almost doubled. This was promoted by the 3iscovery
- and development of new gas condensate fields and reservoirs, while crude oil
prodttction for the most part involved fields which have been in production for some
time. All principal oilfields were producing with maintaining formation pressure.
- E:xtensive adoption of various systems and methods of water flooding promoted in-
tensification of the exploitation process. For example, approximately 75 percent
oF tot,_il crude oil production came from formations being affected by water flooding.
Water injection in the amount of more than 40,000 m3/day made it possible to
_ pr.oduce an additional 2.5 million tons of crude oil per year.
In addition to intensification of oil and gas field exploitation, considerable
attention is devoted to adding proved reserves.
ln tfie lOth Five-Year Plan offshore geologic exploration activities were conducted
in tlie Azerbaijan, Turkmen, and Kazakh parts of the Caspian Sea. In conformity
wiL-fi the five-year plan for geologic exploration activities, deep exploratory
cir.il.Liiig continued in the oilfield areas of the Ap she ron-Pr ibalkhanskaya uplift zone
and ttie Southern Turkmen shelf, primarily for the purpose of locating new and
mapping previously discovered oil and gas pools in the Productive Sequence (PT)
(Azerbaijan sector), the Middle Pliocene redbeds (Turkmen sector), as well as in
the Kazakh part of the Caspian to determine the occurrence of oil and gas in
Mesozoi.c sediments (see Figure 1). Deep exploratory drilling was being conducted
in a total of 27 areas, including 18 in the Azerbaijani, 7 in the Turkmen, and 2 in
che Kazakh parts of the Caspian. Four new oil and gas fields were discovered: the
c,i.Lfield imeni 28 April, and the Yuzhnaya-2 gas condensate field in the Azerbaijan
{>;irt of the sea, as well as oil and gas condensate fields the Cheleken dome and
Ltie field imeni Barinov in the Turkmen part of the Caspian. In addition, 6 oil and
gas pools were discovered.
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1n 1975 the average depth of completed wells was 4590 meters, while thp figure was
5250 meters in 1980. At the present time almost all wells begun in the Azerbaijan
part of the Caspian have a planned drilling depth exceeding 5000 m.
In the 9th Five-Year Plan 42 percent of completed wells were deeper than 4500 m,
- while the figure was 77 percent in the lOth Five-Year Plan (Figure 2).
77'/.
Ma
_ M b 166-1.
oc V
68%
~0 /o
- �/0 0 47 31 3 6
1966-1970r. r 1971-1975r.r. 1976-1960 r.r. five_year plan
8-n namunem,ra 94namrcncmKa !0-r mnmunemKa
Figur.e 2. Diagrams of Principal Results of Geologic Exploration Activities, 1966-
1980
a-- average depth of exploracory wells, m; number of wells with depth exceeding
4500 m: b-- completed wells; c-- producing crude or natural gas
In 1980 Well 38, on the Bulla-more structure, produced from a depth of 6200 meters,
a record depth for the world's offshore fields.
During the years of the lOth Five-Year Plan the following basic results of geologic
~ exploration activities promoting the growth of oil and gas production were obtained.
'I'he Apsheron Archipelago and western part of the Apsheron-Pribalkhanskaya uplift
zone. The following oil and oil-gas condensate fields are in production here:
Neftyanyye Kamni, Bakhar, Yuzhnaya, b. Darvina, Artema Island, Zhiloy Island,
Gryazevaya Sopka, etc.
_ Offshore exploration activities were conducted in the following areas: Bakhar
(simultaneously with development), Yuzhnaya-2, and imeni 28 April. In the Bakhar
field the presence of oil and gas was discovered during the five-year plan in
sediments of the "Discontinuity" formation, the Nadkirmakinskaya sandstone (NKP)
:zncl 1'odkirmakinskaya (PK) formations. In addition to welis 56 and 66, which.es-
tabl:LShed the presence of accumulations of oil and gas on the northeastern flank,
Well 73, drilled in the central part of the fold, produced a flow of crude in ex-
c:ess of 400 t/day and gas at a rate exceeding 400,000 m3/day.
Tlie presence of gas in the NKP formation was established in the Yuzhnaya-2 area in
1976, when a flow of gas with condensate was obtained from Well 2 for the first
time from the depth interval 4740-4690 meters, while a crude flow of 25-30 tons/day
was obtained in 1978 from the Kalinskaya formation in Well 3.
lliscovery of the Oilfield imeni 28 April was the most important result of Caspian
- exploration activities in recent years. During testing of producing zone 10 of the
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- i''I' I;.! l.akhanskaya furmation in Well 4 in depth interval 3455-3423 m, a flow of crude
ohtained, at a rate oL- 300 tons/day through a 9 mm connection, with
Ph,iE-10 MPa. A second directional well was drilled from this same platform, Num-
bcr b, to determine presence of oil and gas in sediments down to and including the
NKP for.mation. Due to problems with the wellbore, drillers reached only the uppet
part of the "Discontinuity" formation; testing the depth interval 3483-3443 m
produced crude oil with a flow of 300 t/day through a 10.5 mm connection, with
I'buL--10.8 MPa. This signaled discovery of a new oil pool on this structure and
- confirmed that the field contained multiple pools.
Another well is scheduled to be drilled from the same platform, to a depth of 3950
meters, down to and including the NKP formation. In addition, 8 exploratory wells
are to be drilled from 3 platforms and several wells from a semisubmersible drill-
ing rig in 1981-1983 in order to estimate this field's oi1 and gas reserves.
In tiie llth Five-Year Plan exploration is to be conducted in the promising Shakhovo-
more area of the Apsheron Archipelago, and a number of structures in the Apsheron-
Pribalkhanskaya zone imeni Kaverochkin, imeni 26 Baku Commissars, and
I'romeztiutochnaya. The propinquity of the latter to the Neftyanyye Kamni and imeni
28 April oil and gas fields certainly predetermines their oil and gas prospects.
Lxploration on these structures is to be conducted only with semisubmersible rigs,
since the sea depth in the area exceeds 100 meters.
Cotisiderable attention in this area will be devoted to continuation of work aimed at
inr_etisif.ication of oil production in fields which are at a late stage of exploita-
,ion, the percentage share of which in total production volume will remain high.
`I'liere is to be a further improvement of the water flooding system, with employment
uF various physicochemical methods, adjustment of exploitation by making the well
gr.id denser, drilling of wells to residual crude and "pillars." ,
Tn spite of the fact that the Neftyanyye Kamni oilfield has accounted for a large
part or total oil produced, this field has reserve potential for boosting
1>rod�ction. In the llth Five-Year Plan work is to continue on tapping pools for
re.sidual crude and "pillars."
Special attention will be devoted to pools with worsened geologic-physical and
the rniodynamic characteristics. Achieving a high oil yield from such reservoirs
wil.l recluire application of :aore sophisticated recovery methods. Pools maximum
- extrlction of hydrocarbons from which should be accomplished with the employment
- (if stirfactants and nicellar systems have been selected on the basis of existing
cr.i.Leria of applicability of physicochemical methods.
hi t.lic Iiiskliar field, in order to maintain a high rate of production in the llth
Five-Year Plan it wi.ll be necessary to resolve the complex problem of maintaining
Eor.mati.on pressure. At the present time this is the only offshore vertically-
stacke,d mtiltiple-pool gas condensate field with an oil fringe where enhanced
recovery methods will be employed.
r
'I'tie I3aku Archipelago. In recent years, as the Sangachaly-more, Duvannyy-more,
Bul:la lsland and Bulla-more fields have come into production, a new oil production
area lias beeu established in the Caspian, which in level approximates the fields
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oC tiu Apsheron Archipelago. Exploration activities for the most part have been
conclucted in the above-named fields.
'I'he oil pool margin in producing zone 7 and the gas pool margin in producing zone
8 on the northeastern limb of the structure have been expanded as a result of ex-
ploration conducted in the Duvannyy-more field. Well 547, which made it possible
co extend the oil pool margin in producing zone 7, went into production after a
f.Low of crude at a rate of 150 t/day was obtained from the depth interval 5351-
5318 m ttirough a 14 mm connection at pbuf-100 MPa. In view of the fact that on
the northeastern limb of the fold zones 7 and 8 contain oil and gas, a number of
wells were drilled on the southwestern limb (Bulla Island) in order to determine
the occurrence of oil and gas at these horizons. Testing in the 5755-5721 meter
interval in Well 554 (the deepest oil well) produced a flow of crude yielding
300 t/day through a 10 mm connection, with pbuf-10.5 MPa, and the existence of an
oil poul was establislied in PT horizon 7 on the southwestern limb of Bulla Island.
'I'he laLLer was confirmed by Well 557, testing of which in the 5451-5427 meter
ctuptli interval (horizon 7) produced a gas flow of 700,000 m3/day through an 11 mm
coniicctiun, with Pliuf-35 MPa, which attested to the presence of a gas cap in this
11001.
in the 11tti Five=lear Plan exploration activities will continue on mapping the oil
pool in producing zones 5 and 7 and on prospecting for new reservoirs at PT
horizon 8.
At another field in this archipelago Bulla-more, intensive work was conducted in
the lOth Five-�ear Plan on tracing oil and gas reservoirs in producing zones 7 and
5 and in locating reservoirs in zone 8 and the PK formation. The task of studying
zune8 and the PK formation is being accomplished by drilling wells in the crest-
ad;jacent part of the structure.
1'lie reservoir in producing zone 5, mapping of which was completed in the lOth Five-
= 1'ear PZan, is of limited dimensions, and is a gas condensate pool with an in-
5igiiii icant oil fringe.
iiit;h degree of gas saturation of zone 7 has been confirmed by testing data on
15 welLs, where zone 7 lies at depths ranging from 5300 to 6200 meters in the in-
vVst igaCecl parC of the structure. �
in 1.980, according to test figures on Well 38, which produces a natural flow of
up to 700,000 m3/day of gas and 200 tons/day of condensate, the gas surface in PT
zone 7 was at a depth of -6172 m.
tii tlte 11L1i Five-Year Plan mapping of the zone 7 pool is to continue, plus a search
for puols at tliese level.s (8 and PK formation), drilling wells to planned depttis
uf 5000-6500 meters.
rxploration will continue in one of the promising areas of the Baku Archipelago
l). Aiidreyeva, situated to the southeast of Bulla-mare, where a well is presently
being drilled, with a planned depth of 6500 meters, for the purpose of seeking oil
and gas in PT zone 7. Plans call for drilling 6 or 7 exploration wells here to a
depth of 6500 m.
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I'Iit-ru wi 1.1 :i I tio bc furtlier exploration in Bulla-more-2, established by seismic
iIr0spucLing. The primary target here is zone 7, and a few wells will be drilled
r (I ~�ommr.ilce study of PT zone 8.
tn addition, the search for oil and gas reservoirs in the PT sequence is in
pr�ogress in the Alyaty-more field. Drilling of individual wells is scheduled for
tlie Kamen' Ignatiya, b. Kornilova-Pavlova, and b. Golovacheva areas.
Detailed geophysical, geochemical and other types of investigations are planned in
connection with deep exploratory drilling to locate structures in this oil and gas
field area.
Iii addition, in 1981-1985 plans call for continuing work on improving the system
of development of the archipelago fields, production in which will continue to be
substantial.
- One of the factors which determine the magnitude of crude yield from producing
f'oraiaCions in conditions of the complex-structured reservoir of the Sangachaly-more-
I)tiv:innyy-more-Bulla Island field is the ratio of viscosities of the crude and water
in formation condiCions and distribution of injected water vertically through
t.iic furmation. In this field polymeric water flooding and dosing of surfactants in-
to LhL� injecCed water will be employed. Werk will continue on regulating produc-
- ti.on by developing a denser well grid and by drilling standby wells as part of the
plaittvi.1 resave inventory. This will make it possible to achieve a high rate of
crude production (4.5-4.6 percent) within the current five-year plan and, in addi-
tion to brir_ging into production pools in producing zone 8 and the PK formation
in Bulla-more, to maintain the production level in the Baku Archipelago area.
Turkmen part of the Caspian Sea. In recent years the b. Zhdanova, LAM, Cheleken
dome, b. Livanova-Vostochnaya and imeni Barinov fields have been discovered in this
area. The first three are in experimental-commercial production. In these areas
it i.ti planned to continue exploration activities in order to map already dis-
- covered pools and to find new ones at deep horizons underlying the redbeds.
I'rospects of discovering new oil and gas fields in this part of the Caspian are
connected with continuation of exploration activities in the b. Gubkina area and
i.nitizition of deep exploratory drilling of such structures as Zapadno-Okaremskaya,
'/.apadno-Ugurchinskaya, Livanova-tsentral'naya, Livanova-zapadnaya, etc.
lirin};ing b. 7.hdanova i�to commercial production, equipping the b. Livanova-
vu>.tochanaya and imeni Barinov fields with lines and equipment, alongside con-
ti.iluing exploration in these waters will make it possible to establish anotlier
uil pruduction area here in the llth Five-Year Plan.
ln. tlie Kazakh part of the Caspian exploration activities have been conducted on
structures of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, the prospects of which are focused
primar:ily in Yermian-Triassic, Middle Jurassic, and Neocomian sediments.
Tho ofl:,hore conCinuation of the Beke-Bashkuduk arch has been investigated in de-
Lail by seismic mettiods, revealing a number of local structures. Structural bore-
iiu.lc-s as well as a few exploratory wells were drilled on some of them (Aralda-more,
Zapacino-Rakushechnaya, Rakushechnaya-more) to gain more data.
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hi i_ Iic- I. L tli rive-Year 1'lan exploration activities are to continue on the
t