JPRS ID: 10292 CHINA REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 61
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10292
29 January 1982
East Euro e Re o~t
p p
POLITICAL, SOCIOLOvICAI AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1 /82)
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JPRS L/10292
29 January 1982
EAST EUROPE REP~JRT
POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 1/82)
- CONTENTS ~
13ULGARIA
Bulgari~.'s Tanchev Views Macedonia, Mideast
(Fetur Tanchev Interview; AF`RIQUE-ASIE, 12-25 Oct 8i)........... 1
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Government Moving To Crush 'Underground' Church
(David Blow; THE TIMES, 18 Dec 81) 4
POLAND
Poll Conducted Notrember-December 1981 in Pola.nd Published
(PARIS MATCH, 25 Dec 81} 5.
Commentary on PZPR-Solidarity Confrontation
� (Jacques Renard; L'EXPREBS, 11 Dec 81) 12
- a - [III - EE - 63 FOUO]
F(1R (1FFT('TAT TfCF l1NT.V
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NOIt OFFIC'IAI. USI~: UNLY
BULGARIA
BULGARIA'S TANCHEV VIEWS MACIDONIA, MIDEAST
PM091403 Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 12-25 Oct 81 pp 49-51
[Interview with Petur Tanchev, first deputy chairman of the Bulgarian State Council
and secretary of the Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, by Bouzid ICouza, in Varna:
"The Desire for Peace"--date not given]
[Text] "We have been living in peace for 37 years. This is the first time that this
has happen~d in our country's entire history. And we will do all we can to ensure
that it lasts, to ensure that war is abolished and that the Balkans are no ionger
synonymous with a powder keg." This remark by Petur Tanchev was the central idea
~ of the interview which he granted to us in the agrarian union's rest house in Varna
where, in the company of hundreds more cadres and members of that party, the State
Council deputy chairman spent a vacation which was in fact rather disturbed by
Bulgar~.an and fo~eign visitora.
"In the past," he explained, "there was a war every 10 or 15 years. That can be
explained by the fact that Bulgaria is a strategic region: It is at the ~unction
of three continents--Asia, Europe and Africa." �
- Indeed the great roads o~ expansion and trade, religion and ideology have inter-
sected in this little mountainous country for centuries and centuries. Everybody
_ knows that it was in the Balkans in 1914 that the events which provided the pretext
for World War I took place.
"It was a question of establishing who would have control over the Balkans," Petur
Tanchev added. "Today, following World War II, this region is a distinctive mosaic.
Bulgaria and Romania ar~ Warsaw Pact members; Turkey and Greece are NATO members;
Yugoslavia is nonalgined whereas Albar~ia is...China. Everybody can be said to be
represented in the Balkana."
It is obvious that this situation represents a con~3tant source of near confronta-
tions, eapecially since the effects of the imperialist forces' divisive policy have
not yet been removed. These are seen in, among other things, ethnic and territorial
problema affecting Macedonia in particular. The originality of Bulgaria's policy
lies in the wisdom of its leaders who have always upheld the principle of mutual
respect and constructive dialogue.
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"T}~is policy led us to establish ttes with Turkey and Greece after World War II.
- As you know we had had virtually no contact with them for a very long time. These
ties are now well-established, as is shown by the very intensive trade between them
and us. For instance, trade with Gruece amounts to $500 million per year while
- Turkey buys all the electricity it consumes- from us. [sentence as published] This
shows that the atmosphere is good. Of course, there is sti11 the Macedonian question
which complicates our relations with Yugoslavia. But we dc not despair of reach:.ng
a solution. This is what our Comrade Zhivkov constantly says, and I think that this
wise attitude is now being imitated by the Yugoslavian leaders."
Nonetheless, Macedonia, that bone of contention, is poisoning relations between the
two countries and is particularly used by the Western imperialist powers to under-
- mine the natural solidarity between two socialist countries. Petur Tanchev re-
plied to this: "That's true. Everybody knows that Macedonia is inhabited by Bul-
garians. But we certainly do not want to claim that territory. You know, we have
waged three wars in the past and have lost all three. There can be no question af
a fourth war when we can settle the question by constructive dialogue. What is
- unacceptable is to say that the inhabitants of Bulgaria are Macedonians. This is
ridiculous. Nonetheless, I repeat that it is necessary to go beyond the territor-
ial aspect to see what is beneficial for our two countries." ~
But Bulgaria is not ~ust European, it ia also Near Eastern, only being separated
from the Near East by Turkey. The same policy of peace governs Bulgaria's relations
with the Arab countries. But the pea.ce policy in no way means the abandonment of
~ the principle of solidarity and support for peoples_struggling for their political
and economic liberation. This principle found its sphere of application during the
liberation wars in Algeria, Angola and Mozambi~ue. It is still being implemented
today in those same countries and in others like Syria, Libya and Iraq which are
struggling to build an independent economy and are facing imperialism's maneuvers.
A Single Missile
And then there is the Palestine and the Near East crisis on which Petur Tanchev
gave a lucid ~udgment: "Our support for the Palestinian people in securing recogni-
tion of their legitimate rights is known because our lin e has alwaya been one of
helping the Arab people who form a total of 100 million souls. But in our view the
' essential problem lies in oil. The Near East Arab cour.trizs have a great de~l of
oil. That is why the Americans wi11 do all they can to divide them and gain control
over this strategic region's oil. However, a solution to the Palestinian problem
- must be found. And we think this is only possible if the proposals put forward by
the Soviet Union are taken into account. These proposals are constructive and
guarantee the Arab people their freedom and independence."
They do not seem to have been welcomed, I pointed out, although some Arab countries
have shown some interest.
[Tanchev speaks] Of course, it is the Americans who are opposing them because they
want to remain masters of this region. [Tanchev ends]
- With regarci to the man~ initiatives which have been emerging in Europe for some time,
Petur Tanchev said: "It seems to us that the Europeans do not want to openly oppose
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- the United States. If they reach agreement with the Arab countries, with the Soviet
Union and with the other socialist countries thPn it is possible that a solutior. may
be found. The fact is that the European countries are trying to establish a pre-
sence in this region. That is understandable because, they h~ve strategic interests
there. This is true of relations between France and Iraq, .`::~r example. We corisider
that the European countries' attitude is not belligerent like the U.S. artitude, and
that is very importdnt. But the Arab countries need guarantees. They must realize
that without the Arab countries, withouth the PLO, the Soviet Union and the other
socialist countries, no solution is possible. However, we think that the Europeans
_ can play a positive role proviaed they take account of the factors which I have ~ust
listed. But the fact is that U.S. infl+~ence exists. The United States is 13,000 km
away from the Gulf and yet they have installe3 a nuclear fleet there. Against whom
is it directed? What does it want? What is preventing it from realizing its plans
for domination? The Soviet Union. Without the Soviet Union it would just take a
few missiles to destroy the ~ahole region. But if they launch a single missile,the
Soviet fleet will respond."
This is a vicious circle for the people who live in a situation which they do not
control: "Yes," Petur Tanchev replied," that is why a reasonable solution must be
_ found quickly."
_ How can this be done? Is the idea of an international confer.ence to which Bulgaria
subscribes still valid and p~ssible? "It was possible under the Carter administra-
tion, which haci officially accepted the principle of it," our interlocutor said,
"but Egypt's about-face scuttled the plan. The United States is now urging the
Arab countries to follow the same path as Egypt. It wants to establish military
bases in those countries and have closer control over the oil resources. For our
part we re~ect this way of viewing things and acting. The socialist countries do
not have oil interests in this regior... Moreover we think it is up to the Arab coun-
tries to fix the oi1 price."
Can these questions of security in the Gulf region be treated separately or must they
be tackled by including them in an all-embracing approach? To this question the
~ Bulgarian leaders reply that the peace problem is an integral whole and that it
is necessary to do everything possible to move toward settling it. Consequently,
_ it cannot simply bP a question of the Gulf or Europe but must also take in the
Indian Ocean--another strategic region where a formidable armada is concentrat~d
~ with nuclear weapons capable of destoying the pianet. Petur Tanchev thinks that
"event~ are very complex. There are the Arab couritries, Iran, Afghanistan, Paki-
stan.... We think that an intern~tional conference is necessary to make an overall
examination of security pro'olems which concern all peoplea. It is in this direction
that the socialist countries' diploma.cy is deployed. This is also why we regard
the proposals made by Indira Gandhi as very interesting."
In short, all Bulgaria's activ~ty in the international arena is stamped with the
desire to contribute to the consolidation of peace and understanding among people,
to the suppression of war, the strengthening of detente and peaceful coexistence
in internationai relations, and to the triumph of the national liberation re~olution.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Afrique-Asie
CSO: 2200/35
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
GOVERNMENT MOVING TO CRUSH 'UNDERGROUND' CHURCH
PM181411 London THE TIMES in English 18 Dec 81 p 6
[Dispatch by David Blow: "Czechs Try to Crush 'Underground" Church"]
[Text] Vienna, 17 Dec--Security police are now thought to have been responsible
for the mysterious deaths in Czechoslovakia this year of two Catholic activists,
members of the "underground" or "catacomb" church.
On 10 OctobPr the body of Pavel Sve~da, aged 20, was found at the foot of a
crevasse.near his home city of Brno. The suthorities said it was suicide but
refused to allow his relatives to see the body before it was buried. Mr Sve~da,
who was due to get married 2 weeks later, was known as a devout Christian and had
just returned from Rome where he had visited his uncle, a Jesuit theologian at
th~ Gregorian University.
Earlier, in February, Premysl Coufal, aged 49, was found dead in his apartment in
Bratislava. On this occasion friends managed to trick the authorities into letting
them see the body. They found the face and forehead heavily bruised, th2 left
ear torn and a deep wound by the temples. Mr Coufal had also been to Rome shortly
before his death and is thought to have been ordained there.
_ The "underground" church in Czechoslovakia has become the target of brutal repression
by the authorities. A special unit of the security police is even said to have
been set up to deal with it.
The declining numbers of of�icially authorized priests are expected to canfine
the activities to the performance of church ritual, and are firmly discouraged
f.rom any more active role in the community.
It is this deliberate attempt to squeeze the life out of the Catholic that has
given rise to the "underground" church.
There are as many as 500 secretly ordained priests striving to keep the Catholic
faith alive by organizing prayer meetings and bible readings. Anyone found to be
involved in these activities is liable to be severely punished.
Such trials are becoming increasingly frequent and there are now over 100 priests
in prison.
COPYRIGHT: Times Newspapers Limited, 1981
" CSO: 2020/15
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POLAND
POLL CONDUCTED NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1981 IN POLAND P[iBLISHED
Paris PARIS MATCH in French 25 Dec 81 pp 37-39
[Text] Just prior to the takeover, we questioned the Poles. This was the second
time. A year ago, PARIS MATCH and Public, S. A. p.'_.led off a world "first": a
survey behind the Iron Curtain, in Poland. Four months after the Gdansk agreements
an.d despite the presence of Lech Walesa at the head of Solidarity, the Poles no
ic:nger had faith in them. If they had not yet given up all hope, the~r enthusiasm
had plummeted sharply. And at that time, PARIS MATCH reported that 3 percent of
the Poles would vote Communist if free elections were held. Behind this survey
loomed the picture of a great people, harassed but still indomitable. PARIS Ml~TCH
and Publi~, S. A. returned to Poland. This survey took a month. In a11, 18 survey
takers traveled thousands of kilometers, and 600 persons were interviewed. A few
hours after this operation was completed, General Jaruz~lski decreed martial law.
From this exhausted nation, this people bent on survival, some brutal conclusi~ns
were derived. Solidarity and the [Catholic] Church represent the real country
(88 percent). If the Red Army were to int~2rvene, there would be massive resistance
(71 percent): The Pupe remains the most effective shield against the Soviets (59
percent). 63 percent of the poles contemplate leaving their country to live
abroad, the majority in France (33 percent). And, like last year, only 3 percent
_ would vote far the Communist Party if. free elections were held today. Henceforth,
legitimacy is maintained at gunpoint....
No to the Dictatorship--63 Percent
_ [Question] Would you accept a retuxn to a"hard-line" (neo-Stalinist) government
today which would elin~inate poverty and reestablish authority, even if this would
mean a"turn of the screw" with regard to freedoms?
Yes, perhaps 22
Yes. certainly 15
No, never 63
This question, like the others, was asked before the Polish Army seized power.
The responses justify the question as to whether the Polish people, despit~ "anarchy"
and poverty, will accept a dictatorial regime, even if it promises order and
"recovery."
[Question] Might a national unity government including the PZPR and Solidarity
be the best means of rescuing Poland from the crisis?
Yes 67
:10 33
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This answer perhaps offers the hope of a solution to the crisis~ But is such a
national unity government possible when it would mean a~ end to the Party monopoly?
For the Soviets, the tolerance threshold would then have been crossed.
Would Vote Communist in Free Elections--3 Per.cent
[Question] If free elections were held in Poland today and the followir.ig parties
- nominated candidates, for which would you vote?
1981 19~0
PZPR (Communist Party1 3 3
Soc~aiist �arty 20 2~
Chris'cian Democratic Party 43 34
- Agrarian Part~ 5 4
Liberal Party 20 19
No opinion 9 13
The "bourgeois" parties as a::nole (Christian Democratic, Agrarian and Liberal)
would represent 68 percent of. the potential voters! In any case, the Poles massively
reject communism, the Party and the Soviet Union, but what Western statesman tias
dared to date to urge that free elections be held in Poland?
Identify with Solidarity and the Church--88 Percent
[Question] What body best represents Poland and its people today?

~
Solidarity 45
The Church 43
The Government ~
The Army 4
The PZPR 1
The vast majority of the people identify with the Church and Solidarity (88 percent),
aG compared to 7 percent for the government and 1 percent for the Party. Until
1980, the Church could with full impunity enjoy rather considerable freedom, since
it was situated outside the "orthodox" scheme in the transmission chain of the
Marxist-Leninist organization and ideology. Solidarity is a much greater threat
to the vital organs of the system than the Church could be. The Soviet~ and the
PZPR have drawn their conclusions from that fact.
[Question] Is there a privileged class or group in Poland, and if so, what is
it?
The PZPR Members 56
The Government 21
The Members of the Security
Service and the Militia 11
The Army 8
Other 4
Like everywhere else, the "Nomenklatur.a," or members of the Communist Party, are
regarded by the Poles, in their vast majority, as the "privileged" class in the
system. (It would have served no purpc+se to list at length the possible theoretical
classes included here in the term "other," for "other" represents the Poles as
a whole.)
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