JPRS ID: 10263 USSR REPORT CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT

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JPRS L/ 1 U263
19 January 1982
~
USS~ Re ort
p
C~NSTRUCTION AND EQi.~IPM~~!'T
CFOUO 2/82)
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JPRS I,/10263
15 January 1982
- USSR REPORT
~ CONTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT
(FOUO 2/82)
~ CONTENTS
CONSTRUCTIQN
Intensification, Effectiveness of Expanded Reproduction
� (A. No tkin; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Sep 81) 1
List of Gosstroy Standards for Construction
. ~PEREC,I~N' DEYSTVUYUSHCHIKH QBSHCEIESOYU7NYKIi NORMATIVNYKH
~ DOKUMENTOV PO STROITEL'STVI1 I GOSUIlP~RSTVENNYKEI STANDP.RTOV,
UTVERZHDENNYKH GdSTROYEM SSSR, 1981) 12
CONSTRUCTION MA(~iINERY
Handbook on Construczion Machin,ery and Equipment
_ (VOYENNOYE IZDATEL'STVO, 1980) 18
- a - [III - USSR - 36a k'OUO]
~/~A /~I~n~~t ~ ~ 7tI~~ ~1~~~ ~I
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CONSTRUCTION
INTENSIFICATION, EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPAI3DED REPRpDUCTION
Moscow VOPRUSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 9, Sep 81 (signe4 to press 2 Sep 81) pp 86-96
[Article by USSR Academy of Sciences corresponding metnber A. Notkin: "Intensificatian
and Effectiveness of Expa~zded Reproduction"]
[Text] Socialist expanded reproduction is the continuous renewal and development of
productive forces and production relations of socia?ism. The organic bond among
these processes was underlined in the materials of the 26th CPSU Congress: "Tt'ie
primary task of r.he llth Five-Year Plan consists in et~suring continued growth in the
we11-being of the Soviet people on the basis of steady, zorward development of the
national economy, acceleratin~ scientific-technical progress and ch~.ngind the economy
over to an inten:~i~e path of development, more efficient use of the country's produc-
tion potential, saving all types of resources in every way possiole and imgroving work
quality."
Social reproduction is described in political ec:^n~my from various asr?cts. If the
reference is t~ its ma~or divisions, we distinguish simple and expax~dP:i r~~roduction,
its extensive and intensive types. In al1 instances, production forces are repro-
duced in a definite socioeconomic form which actively influences their level, rates
of growth and proportions. In other words, all types and forcns of reproduction con-
ceal historically determined productive forces. This applles as well to their stages
of development, both extensive and intensive.
At present, the most widespread form is reproduction intensification, in which economy
in some factors is ensured by additional expenditures of othcrs. Thus, a ma*~power
savings is achieved on a base oi growth in the availability of capital to labor,
which generally requires an increase in fixed asr~efis and expend3tures of energy and
auxiliary materials (especial.ly when manual labor is replaced by mechanized labor).
' The better use of available f ixed production assets necess:[tates additional produc-
tion of objects of labor, even if proportionate expenditures on them decrease. Marx
- also characterized the intensive type of expanded reproduction i~~ t;hat an increase in
the working time of fixed capital becosaes possible only thanks to additional invest-
ments in supplemental circulating capital. Better use of basic means of production
in farming, meaning land, as expressed in increased crop yields, is connected under
present conditions with growth in mineral fertilizers production, development of ir-
rigat~on systems and introducing a number of tools of labor. As a resuit of the in-
teraction of a complex of production intensification factors, an overall reduction in
socially necessary resources expenditures is achieved. A primarily intensive path of
expanded reproduction signifies a predominance of econamy in some resources over addi-
. tional expenditures of and quantitative growth in others.
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~ Given primartly an intensive type of expanded reproduction, it is primarily live la-
bor that is saved. At the same time, in the course of developing machine production,
the tendency towards saving means of production ia intensified.l However, given a
predorainance of inechanization of manual labor, the savings in means of production
and the lowering of their cost only limit additional expenditures of ineans of pro-
duction neEded to save live labor.
The experience of 20th century econcrr.?ic development has revealed opportunities �or
changing over from a primarily intensive type of expanded reproduction to a mo.r.e com-
prehensively intensive type on a national economic scale. In the industrial coun-
tries, machine production has already become the primary factor in productiv~ forces
. development. Although ttte process of replacing manual with mechanized labor has con--
tinued in r.he 20th century, technical progress has increasingly been accompaaied, not
only in individ~ial branches, but in all material production, by the continued develop-
ment of machines and the transition to machine systems, by an increase in the power
of each unit of equipment and of machine production as a whole.
In late 1980, the USSR had more than 170,000 mechanized and automated flow lines,
. about 70,000 units of equipment with preset control, and the number of comprehen-
sively mechanized and automated sectors. shops and product~ion facilities had reached
90,000, while thz numt,er of comprehensively mechanized and automated enterprises had
- grown from 1,906 in 1965 to 5,3~3 in 1975 and 6,3$9 in 19'9. At the same time, obso-
lete machinery, apparatus, devices and items were being withdrawn from production
(345 in USSR industry in 1965, 804 in 1970, 1,746 in 1975 and 7,255 in 1976-1979, or
an average of 1,814 per year). As th~ comprehensiveness of production mechanization
and automation have increased, the proportion of the active portion of ineans of la-
bor, that which directly influences output growth, in fixed production assets h~s
risen.
An increase in equipment unit capacity is being observed in many branches of our coun-
try's natior~al economy. Thus, the maximum unit capacity of the steam tarbines which
have been put into operation was 300,OQ0 kW in the Seventh Five-Xear P1an and 800,000
- kW in the Eighth, Ninth and first four years of the lOth; hydraulic turbines were
62,000 kW in the prewar five-year plans, 225,000 kW in the Seventh, 500,000 kW in
the Eighth and Ninth, and 640,000 kW in the first four years of t'he lOth. At USSR
thermal e~ectric pawer plants, the power of installati~ns with steam pressures of 130
atm or higher has increased from 21.6 million kilowarts 3n 1965 to 50.1 million kilo-
- watts in 1970 and 132.1 million kilowatts in 1979, and their proportion of the total
power of the�cmal e~ectric power plants.increased from 23 to 3? to 78 percent during
that same p~riod. The hourly productivity of rotary cement furnaces increased from
7.8 tons ~n 1940 to 21.4 tons in 1965, 30,4 tons in 1975 and 32.3 tons in 1979; the
figures for cement mills are 10 tons, 22.9 ton~, 28.9 tons and 30.7 tons, respec-
_ tively. The maximum unit capacity ~f initial petroleum processing installations in
operation has increased from one ~niilion tons per year in the prewar five-year plans
to six million tons per year in the Eighth and Ninth and eight million in the lOth.
1Marx himself noticed this tendency, wri.ting tha~ "tt~e mass and va7.ue of the machines
t.feing used grow with the developsnent oP Iabor's productive force, but not propor-
cional to growth in the productive force itselE, that is, not proportional to the
increase in the amount of product being delivered by these machines" (K. Marx and
F. Engels, "Soch." [Works], Vol 25, Part 1, p 121). Chapter 5 of the first part of
volume 3 of"Das Kapital" is devoted especially to economy in the use of constant
capital.
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Structural shifts have occurred which favor a less capital-intensive processing in-
dustry as a whole (especially branches producing end products, and ~nachinebuilding
� first of all). From 1970 through 1979, gross output in all USSR industry increased
1.72~fold, including a 1.75-fold increase in processing xndustry and a 1.36-fold in-
crease in extractive industry. The ratio of the production accumulation norm to the
recompensation norm has changed in favor of the latter, permitting the accelerated
- replacement of less-producc~ve with morz-productive equipment, sawing on major over-
_ hauls and new construction, and expanding production with fewer expenditures of re-
sources. Modern construction methods have permitted a sharp reduc~ion in construc-
tion time and, given ymprovement in pla~*~iag and material supplv, in the proportion
of unfinished construction. Thanks to the savings in fixed and circulating produc-
tion capital, the accumulation factor has been lowered. (It is taken to mean the
norm of production accumulatlon needed to obtain a one-percent increment in ph3�sical
exchange of nafiional income.l)
, Experienced personnel and socialist competition enable us to reduce the time invo~ved
in mastering designed capacities and planned economic indicators at new and renovated
enterprises; at production capacities with "analogs" in the cauntry, it can be lowered
to the *_imP needed for start-uv and adjustment work. The scientific-technical revo-
lution has posed the question of tncreasing the speed of production processes and r~_-
ducing production time and wor'~c periods in a number of branches of industry. Reduc-
ing production time is becoming an important way of intensifying social production.
In solving the problem of providing new enterprises with manpower, the role of its
redistribution in the national economy increases. In a numbe~ of socialist countries,
in the first stage of sccialist industrialization the redistribution of manpower from
agriculture to nonagricultural branches (including new and renovated industrial en-
terprises) became a factor in th~ swift rise in their rates of economic growth.~ At
present, when a Iarge labor potential is available in a11 branches of production, the
reference is to us3ng manpower better. Given the former or a lower number of people
emplayed at existing production enterprises, substantial production expansion can be
achieved only with high rates of increase in labor productivity. At the same time,
these rates have been inadequate in recent years in the USSR national economy (see
table, following page).
_ The data presented testify that a substantial rise in the rates of labor productivity
growth is the primary task in the area of intensifying social production in the USSR
(especially in connection with the lower rates of increment in able-bodied population~.
~ The importance of reducing the materials-intensiveness of production is also great.
Many factors influence the materials-intensiveness dynamic. Reducing primary raw ma-
terial losses during extraction, lowering specific expenditures of fuel, raw and other
1Academician Nemchinov, in szressing that "the tempo and character of systematic
development of the national economy depend on the initial structural proportions of
- the national economy, on the so-called structural potentials of each preceding per-
iod," has noted that: "Factor K, which describes the national income accumula*_ion
accounting for a one-percent increment, ~an be considered another important struc-
tural parameter. A. I. Notkin has determined that this factor shows what percentage
of natior.al income must be accumulated in a given year so that national income will
increase one percent the following year" (V. S. Nemchinov, "Ekonomiko-ma~ematichesk-
iye m~tody 3 modeli" [Economic-Mathematical Methods and Models], Izd-vo Mysl', 1965,
p 29).
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Dyt~~mics of Average Annual Rates c;f USSR Labor Productivity Increment (in percent)
1961- 1966- 1971- 1976- 1981-
- 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
(platined)
product3vity of social labor 5.6 6.8 4.6 3.2 3.2 -:3.7
industry 4.6 5.7 6.0 3.2 4.2 - 4.6
agricuiture (social production,
average annual as compared with ~
the preceding five-year plan; 4.8 5.4 4.1 2.8 4.1 - 4.4
construction 5.2 4.1 5.2 2.1 2.8 - 3.2
rail transport 5.6 4.9 4.4 0.1 1.9 - 2.3
materials, comprehensive use of raw material, reprocessing scrap, siting processing
_ industry close to sources ef raw material and fuel, lowering transport expenses, de-
. veloping branches to produce arti�icial and synthetic materials and their more exten-
sive use (along with natural matexial~), reuse of materials, more effici.ent produc-
tion stoeks and accelerated turnover of materia~ circulating capital all this must
.facilitate saving objects of labor and natural res~urces. At the same time, involv-
ing "poorer" types of raw material in economic circulation, the necessity for enrich-
ing them and, in a number af instances, incr~asing shipping distances retard to some
extent the reduction in social production maCerials-intensiveness. Materials-inten-
siveness is also influenced by changes in the branch structure and the proportion of
? materials-intensive branches and by produ~tion specialization growth which increases
- the gross turnover in the cost of ubjects of labor.
Some economists prdpose calculating materials-intensiveness by the ratio of social
product or national income produced to the primary types of raw and other materials,
fuel and hydroelectric power consumed in the course of a year. In our view. these
proposals narrow the problem by leaving ob~ects of labor at intermediate leve'ls of
- production outside ec~onomic .^.ontrol. And they are in fact of interest in genFraliz-
~ ing calculations. During the 1970-1979 period, natianal income produced incr~:as~d
1.57-fold, extractive industry o~:tput (not coun~ing fareign trade) increased ~.~6-
fold, and average annual agricultural production.increased 23 percent from 19'10
through I980. A comparison of these figures provides a general idea as well of the
change in the branch structure of the naCional economy which has permittad a substan-
tial increase in national income with limified grow~h in primary raw material produc-
tion. The known corrections made by foreign trade do not disaffirm the over~Il con-
clusion.
If the dynamics of materials-intensiveness in USSR social production are judged by
data on growth in social product and narional income produced, in comparable prices,
the conclusion can be drawn that it increased by three percent 3n 1971-1975 and~re-
mained unchanged in 1976-1980, when gross socisl product and national� inceme grew by
an identical 23 percent. At ti~e same time, USSR Central Statistical Administration
estimates show that the savings 3n raw and other materials, fuel and other ob~ects
of labor in 1976-1980 was 11.4 billion rubles. We are faced with taking steps to en-
sure a systematic reduction in expenditures of objects of labor. This is of top-
- priority importancs in saving both natural.w~al~h and manpower, a�large portion of
which is employed at extracting primary and producing derived raw materials in in-
dustry and agriculture and at shipping them in transport. We plan to s~ve 160-170
- million tons (recalculated to conventional fuel) of Puel and energy resources in the
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llth Five-Year Plan and to lrwer specific expenditures of rolled ferrous metals in
- machinebuilding and meta'lworking by at least 18-20 percent, of steel pipe by 10-12
percent, and of rolled nonferrous metals by 9-11 percent~
~ As concerns the dynamics of return on capital, there have been periods in the history
of USSR econowic deve~opment urhen the return on capital has been higher. This was
- associated in considerable measure with rebuilding processes (after the civil war and
World War II) which occurred on a base of available production capacities. The lat-
ter were either underutilized or were rebuilt and gradually brought up to capacity
while retaining some parts of the enterprises. Replacing obsolete and obsolescent
equipment with more productive equipment is currer_tly of urgent impArtance in the
Soviet economy. At th~ same time, factors are operating whicln retard the changeover
to comprehensive intensification in all social production.
Large amounts of manual labor are still used in many branches. The comprehensive
intensification of individual production facilities and branches must therefore be
combined with manual lsbor mechanization (especially in auxiliary 3obs). The import-
ance of this problem was underlined in the CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council
of Ministers decree on perfecting the econa~nic mechanism (July 1979), which pointed
out the necessity of setting five-year glan assignments on reducing the use of man-
ual labor. Mechanizing manual labor facilitates both raising labor pr6ductivity and
eliminating the manpower shortage and improving working conditions. At the same
time, it is one factor causing growth in fixed production assets as compared not
only with the live labor being used, but also with output (to the same e~ctent that
lowering the return on capital thanks to mechanizing auxiliary work is not compen-
sated for by growth in the equipment use factor in basic ~obs which has been causeu
by that mechanization). Involving the natural riches of Siberia and ~he Far East in
economic circulation, the necessity of developing highly capital-intensive transport
and the entire production and nonproduction infrastxucture on a broad scale, large
investments in agricultural fixed assets on which ttie full return will not be efi-
sured right away, large investments in eavironmental protection all these pro-
cesses also retard growth in the return on capital, which is an essential factor in
comprehensive intensification of social production.
In 1980, USSR fixed production assets�and materials circulating capital had 3ncreased
2.03-fold as compared with 1970 and national income produced had increased 1.62-fold.
Consequently, the return on capital in all material production as a whole had dropped
to 80 percent of the 1970 1eve1. The average annual reduction was 2.2 percent per
' year. At the same time, the iISSR possessas an enormous production apparatus, and
even a comparatively small annual rise in its use factor (of 2 to 2.5 percent) could
'counteract the trend towards a reduction in the return on capital. Reducing the time
involved in mastering new capacities, reducing equipment idle time, improving labor
discipline and deliveries of materials and growth in the shift index in individual
' branches (foremost in machinebuilding and metalworking, where the equipment operation
shift index is 1.35) can pl~y a substantial role in this.
An economically substantiated price-setting policy for new equipment which conforms
to increased capaci~:y could be of subst~ntial signi~~cance in counteracting the re-
duction in return on capital in price terms. Quite a few examples could be given of
improvemen~ in equipment use. Tn particular, the usable volume of blast furnaces 3
- per ton of pig iron has decreased �rom I.19 ms in 1940 to 0.977 mg in 1950, 0.741 m
in 1960, 0.597 m9 in 1970 and 0.5~+9 m9 :tn 1978 (it rose to 0.566 mg in 1979), and
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- blaat furnace running down time decr~ased from 4.6 percent of the nominal time avail-
abl.e in 1940 to 1.8 percent in 1950, 1.2 percent in 1960 and one percent in 1970 (it
increased to 1.6 percent in 1979). Average daily steeZ skim per square meter af
heartll in open-hearth furnaces increased from 4.24 to 9.77 tuns during that same per-
iod (decreasing to 9.49 tons in 1979), and dowa time in percentage of the caleridar
time available decreased from 24.2 to 9.6 percent (increasing to 10.5 percent in 1979~.
The use factor (in terms of c~lend:r time available) for rotary eement furnaces in-
creased from 0.51 in 1940 to 0.88 in 1975 and was 0.84 in 19;9.
Actualization of the resolutions of the 26th CPSU Congress and the CPSU Central Com-
mittee and USSR Council of N.inisters Decree of July 1979 "On Improving Planning and
Strer.gthening the Influence of the Economic Mechanism on Improving Production Effi-
_ ciency and Work Quality" is providing a new iffipetus ta improving the use of. all the
means of praduction being used.
The opinion is sometimes expressed that no savings in some prnduction fact~ors can be
achieved without additional expenditures on others. In our view, this opinion ig-
nores the features of modern technical pragress. The replacement of less-produ~tive
machines with more-productive ones not only increases the return on fixed assets, but
labor productivi~y as well, a:?d machines with higher unit capacities often require
less expenditures of inetal per unit of power. The interaction of factors in the s~~s-
tem of camprehensive intensification is reflected in dissimi~ar rates of economy of
live labor, materials and existing means of labor. Different rates of compr~hensive
intensification are possible, which has been proven in practice. Historical exper-
- ience shows that a reduction in the labor- and materials-intensiveness of product~t.on
is achieved faster and that the return on capital then stabiliz~es and begins to rise.
So the intensive type of expanded reproduction arising and developing on a base of
technical progress, even given a predomiaancQ of the extensive type, then p~sses
through two stages: first, the stage of primarily intensive development, in which
an economy in one production resource (manpower) is achi.eved at the expense of addi-
tional expenditures of other resources (means and objects of labor, as well as en-
ergy), ar else a savings in manpower and ob3ects of labor is ensured with additi~nal
expenditures of ineans of l.abor, but in both instances, necessarily with an overall
reduction in :.xpenditures per unit of physical volume of social and net pruduct; sz-
cond, the stage of comprehensively intensive development, which is effected with a
savings oi all types of resourees (manpower, means and ob~ecta of labor, energy, and
also the country's natural riches) per unit of social product. In this regard, the
character of the interconnect~on of the dynamice of various factors is changed. In
the first stag.: of intensification, the manpower sav~ngs ~s achieved through addi-
tional expenditures of ineans of labor and energy; in the second stage, the savings
in means of labor and t~e reduction in materialg-intensiveness serve a.c additional
means for saving labor resources as well. Saving means of production leads to a re-
duction not only in capital- and materials-in~ensiveness, but also in the labor-
intensiveness of material production. At the same time, the relationship between
- gross and end product is radically altered in favor of the latter.
Comprehensive intensification has already been implemented in the first stage in
individual spheres and branches, but the transition to the second stage wi11 occur
when the savings in a11 production resources becomes a continuously operating fac-
tor in the development of the national economy.
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Development of a socialist national economy on a path of intensification and passage
through its different stages is a process whose results find expression in greater
expanded reproduction eff~ctiveness, in ensurir~g possibly large end results while
minimizing expenditures of embodied and live labor and saving natural resources.
Finding a correct relationship of intensification and effectiveness is a most import-
ant question in the socialist economy. "Increasing production effectiveness in every
way possible is the fundamental basis of modern economic development, a most import-
ant economic-polltical task of the current stage of building communism," notes the
- Materials of the 26th CPSU Congress.
Scientific development of various aspect~ of the problem of soc~oeconomic effective-
ness in the USSR already has a long history. In the socialist industrialization per-
~od, the most attention was paid to the effectiveness of capital investments in in-
dividual construction pro~ects. As a result of theoretical research and discussions
in this area, methods were worked out for dete~-mining the economic effectiveness of
capital investments a general method for all branches and individual methods for
a number of branches, taking their specifics into account. Questions of capital in-
vestment ef�ectiveness are also pressing in the period of transition to a primarily
~ intensive ty~e of expanded reproduction. The reference is to concentrating capital
investments in r_he most ir~portant projects, to reducing the time needed to install
new projects and utilize them, to the com~,arative advantage of capital investments
in reto~iing, to fundamentally new equipment, as w~ll as to equipment which saves
both live labor and means of production.
A general theory of the socioeconomic effectiveness of socialist production as a
whole was worked out in the 1970's. Enriched by the achievements of the political
economq of sucialismy this theory has played a large role in developing modern eco-
nomic science and planning in the nations of socialism.
The approach of defining the intPnsive type of expanded reproduction aL a system of
interconnected factors predetermines a similar approach to measur3.ng intensif ication
effectiveness. The complexity of ineasuring a primarily intensive type of expanded
reproduction results from the fact that purely extensive development is retained in
individual. sectors of the national economy: installing aome enterprises at approxi-
mately the previous technical-economic 1eve1, enlisting additional manpower wi~_h
~he usual skills, developing new depo~its, using new land and foresta, new fisher-
ies. We ~herefore need to determine tlie relat~�~nships of all intensive and exten-
sive factors of expanded reproduction i:. order to solve the problem of intensifica-
tion effer_tiveness.
The process of production int4nsification as a savings in some factors and addi-
tional expenditures of others Pinds adeqixate expxession through the economic cate-
_ gory of social labor productivity, described by the formula LP, in which dynamic NP
(net product of society, expressed in comparable prices) also ~ncludes the savings
in or a.~ditional material expenditures and L is the increment in those employed in
material production or the increase in time worked, expressed in units of simple la-
bor per year. However, ~ expresse~ only the current savf:.~j in live and embodiad
labor, but not the savings in or additional expenditure of production assets being
used in production In late 1979, the value of USSR fixed product3.on assets exceeded
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- one trillion rubles, but the value of fixed assets in commodity material values re-
serves was almost 300 billion rubles. Their use plays an enormous role in develop-
ing the national economy. The most common indicator of production assets use is the
return on fixed and circulating capital in the form of net product of society.
La,bor productivity dynamics and return on capital are closely interrelated. Given
previous capital amounts, increasing labor productivity increases return on capital.
In turn, growth in ret~.rn on capital leads to higher labor productivitq. However,
there are substantial differences between the dynamics of these two parameters.
Whereas growth in return on capi~al generally leads to higher social labor produc-
tivity, grnwth in social labor productivity is naturally accompanied by a lower re-
- turn on capital at certain stages (as, fc,r example, in the large-scale replacement
~ of manual labor by mechanized labor and a rise in the proportion of capital-intensive
branches). At the same time, when return on capital is decreased, adclitional produc-
tion accumulations are required to maintain the labor productivity growth rates and
national income achieved, which limits consumption growth rates.
In the Seventh, Eighth, Nintr. and lOth fiye-year plans, the relationship of the dy-
� namics of social labor productivity and return on capital were as follows:
social labor return on capital in
productivity sacial production
1961-1965 +5�6 '2�4
1966-1970 +6.8 -0.3
1971-1975 +4.6 -1.9
1976-1980 +3�2 '2�6
The figures given testify that return oa capital nearly stablized in 1966-1970, when
the highest rate of social labor productivity increment was achieved. 3tabilization
of the return on capital was one factor in attaining high rates of social labor pro-
ductivyi:y growth. Therefore, it is always necessary, when planning the effective-
ness of intensifying social production, to compare the dynamics of soc,ial labor gro-
ductivity and the return on capital and to determine an effective measure of growth
in the latter at which the impact of increasing labor productivity would exceed the
additional expenditures associated with growtih in the capital-intensiveness of pro-
duction (taking into account the fact that each percentage point of these additional
expenditures, in absolute terms, currently exceeds a one-percent increment in labor
productivity by more than 2.5-fold).
A comparison of social labor productivity growth with the dynamic,s o~ return on cap~.-
tal enables us to judge r.ac only change in the degree of intensification, but a1so,
indirectly, the achieved level of effectiveness of it. This comparison expre:~ses,
~ first of all, fihe technical and organic composition of the production and, ser,on~,
the actualization of this composition in social labor productivity. Thus, US~'R
. gross social product grew 2.6-fold from 1970 through 1979, in comparable prices,
and national income grew 1.57-fold, with a 1.42-fold increase 3n social labor pro-
- ductivity, a 1.92-fold increase in fixed and circulating production assets and a
1.14-fold increase in emplo,yment in mater_al production. These data show that the
rapidly growing organic composition of production is still being in~dequateiy "com-
pensated for" by the level of social labor prodLCtivity achieved in the USSR.
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The requirement of overcoming the gap bei-ween theae values necessi~ates completing
the tr.ansition to a primarily intensive type of expanded reproduction anu developing
a more comprehensively intensive type. To these ends, the llth Five-Year Plan anti-
~.ipates 18-20 percent growth in national income and 17-20 percent growth in sociaZ
labor productivity, with~an absolute and relative increment in capital invest~ent
less than in the lOth Fivp-Year Plan (by 12-15 percent). "In terms of its histori-.
cal scale, importance and consequence," t??e 26th CPSU Congress noted, "the current
tran. 'pr of our economy onto tracks of intensive development can rightfully be con-
sidered the equal of such very profound transformations as socialist industrializa-
tion, which fundamentally altered the face of the country."
Social production is the basic phase of reproduction, but it does not encompass the
entire problem of socioeconomic effectiveness. The impact of intensifying expanded
reproduction is not simply national income produced, but also national income used
for consumption and accumulation. The end results of production, distribution, cir-
~ culation and consumption are expressed in national income used; the foreign trade
balance and a portion of the losses of product and income in the expanded reproduc-
tion process are also taken into accouat. The following datal show the quantitative
differences in the absolute amounts of USSR income produced and used (in prices ac-
tually in effect) and their structure:
1960 1965 1970 1975 1979
national income produced (in bil].ion
rubles) i45.0 193.5 289.9 363.3 438.3
national income used (billion rubles) 142.8 190.5 285.5 363.0 430.9
proportion of consumption resources
(in percent):
a) in national income produced 72.1 72.5 69.4 73.3 73.8
b) in national income used 73.2 73.6 70.5 73.4 75.1*
_ proport3on of accumulation resources
in national :!ncome used (in percent) 26.8 26.4 29.5 26.6 24.9
*Wi.th consideration nf expenditures on housing and soc3.ocultural construction related
to the general accumulation fund, the consumpfiion fund is approxi~aately four-fifths
of all used national income.
Use of national income used (NRi) as the final impact of expanded reproduction re-
quires that it be supplemented by control indicators of con~umption and accumulation
resources used. Consumption resources (designated K), as a primary part of used na-
tional incc~?e, are defined as the increase in the amount of material wealth consumed
by workers in material production. expenditures on education, public health and meet-
- ing the cultural and persoanl-serv3ces needs of the workers, as we11 as expenses to
cover wear in housing, the school network, hospitals, cultuxal and other institutions
serving the population.
Consumption resources (K) are a control indi~ator of the impact of the entire ex-
_ nanded reproduction process. A comparison of the two impact indicators (NRi and K)
describes the orienfiation of a11 socialist expanded reproduction towards increasing
the well-being of the people (in spite of the absolute reductions in agricultural
1The table data encompass only some differences between produced and used national
income, inasmuch as they take into accnunt only aome of the lvsses.
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output which have occurred for a number of years, the proportion of consumption
resources in USSR used national income has risen from 73.6 percent in 1�65 to 75.1
percent in 1979, thanks in particular to the use of foreign trade for these pur-
poses). At the same time, the impact of each reproduction cycle must consist not
only of elements being consumed in a given perion, but also of conditions of cot~-
tinued ~roduction and consumgtion growth.
Before becoming part of expenditures in the iiext production cycle, the production
accumulation fund is part of the tmpact of the preceding proi:uction cycle. Al1 used
national income, on whose amount both meeting the current needs.of the people and
the possibility of expanded reproduction of the socialist economy in the interests
of growth in the well-being of the people depend, therefore becomes an eff ect of the
intensification of expanded reproduction under socialism. The possibility of maxi-
mizing the consumption fund unavoidably assumes the achievement of an optimum among
production, consumption and accumulation. Comprehensive economy of accumulation re-
sources for the purpose of increasing the well-being of the people is one of the
most important intensification tasks of the 1980's.
Determining intensification effectiveness is associated with consideration of dif-
_ ferences between produced and used national income, but also of differences between
outlays on simple and expanded reproduction. A Marxist division of social reproduc-
tion into simple and expanded is a division from a viewpoint of end results, of to-
tal volume. That does not mean that all proportions remain as before under simple
reproduction. Simple reproduction can be characterized by major shifts in techno-
logy, the economy and social relations, by a reduction or increase in the size of
- the fund for recompensing means of production as comparPd with the achieved level of
production material expenditures. The following questions arise when determining
the fund for recompensing means of production: in what amount must this fund be ta-
ken into account entire gross value circulation or that minus the value of objects
of labor to eliminate the "recalculation" which occurs in the course of the year;
what are the interconnections between the recompensation and accumulation funds.
The recompensation fund is the sum of a11 actual expenditures of ineans of production
needed to obtain the year's national income. Tts achievement also requires inter-
mediate expenditures, and the task is to obtain the end product mith the least pos-
sible such expenditures. When pl.anning the proportionality of economic development,
we need to examine the entire annual value circulation, as it is prec3sely here that
the actual proportions among the spheres, branches and d:tfferent aspects of produc-
tion and reproduction arise. As concerns the question of the interconnection be-
tween the recompensation and accumulation funds, it arises first of a11 because the
= replacement of manpower by machin~ry also occurs within the simple reproductiore
framework, requiring a certain total accumulation, other conditions being equal.
This accumulation requires that simple reproduction be viewed not in isolation, but
as an integral part of expanded reproduction. It in no way follows from this fact
that expanded reproduction always assumes accumulation (and production accumulation
firs~ of a11) that accumulation is required only in expanded reproduction.
~ A number of economists and statisticians take the view that the accumu7.ation fund is
- part of national income which is measured through the increment in f ixed and mater-
. ia1 circulating capital and reserves, while the accumulation norm is ~he share of
that increment in national income in a gi~ven year. At the same time, capital in-
vestments fxom national income in a given year predetermine the growth in fixed
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assets within that period of time only partially. A large portion of them go to
~~nftntghed construction and, in part, to increasing fixed aeaets in the given year.
The accumulation of circulating production capital is ordinarily defined as the iti-
crement in material circulating capital and reserves. It includes the increme~~t in
production stocks and unfinished production of finished products, commodities in
the circulation sphere and agricultural output of the population. When the ref er-
ence is to all phases of reproduction, then sumtning up all these material circulat-
ing assets is 3ustified. However, when determining production accumulation, it is
necessary to take into account only the substantive conditions of continuous up-
dating and continuing growth in production. Stores of a large portion of the f in-
ished products in social production and agricultural produce among the population
must be taken into account in the used national income in consumption rssourees.
In so doing, the total value of expanded reproduction outlays will comprise actual
recornpensation of production funds plus the wage fund for production workers plus
the accumula~ion fund for means of production. These outlays include expenditures
on pro~.ucing, distributing and circulating the entire social product. New substan-
tive products are not created in the distribution and circulation phases, but the
cost of services in storing, transporting, packing and packaging products, and so
farth, is added. Losses comprise a certain portion of these outlays.
Inasmuch as the increment in fixed assets in a given year "feeds" on capital invest-
ments of previous years, adding a portion of the capital investments of the given
year, it can Le viewEd as the equivalent of these investments and "enter" the out-
lays of expanded reproduction in the given year, together with total capital in-
vestments made to obtain the impact over a number of years. This removes the time-
lag problem. It seems to us that the increment in fixed assets in the year preced-
ing the year the national income is obtained is most suited to describing the accu-
- mulation fund, inasmuch as this inerement is used mainly to obtain additional impact
during that time segment.
Socialist accumulation serves the expanded reproduction of collectivized fixed and
circulating capital, public ownership of the means of production and the entire sys-
tem of socialist product3on relations. Whereas rhe accumulation fund is saved gi-
ven this particular type of intensification, additional resources are formed for
raising the 1eve1 of well-being of Che people and thp socioeconomic effectiveness
- of the entire expanded reproduction procesa is increases, which is of very import-
ant significancA during the period of developed socialism.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1981
11052
CSO: 1821/026
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ruK urr~~.~w~ u~r, un~.r
CONSTRUCTION
~UDC 69(0.83.75)
I.IST 01~ .GUSSTROY S1'ANDAItDS P'OR CONSTRUCTION
Moscow PERFCfIEN' DEYSTVUYUSHCHIKH OBSHCHESOYUZNYKH NORMATIVNYkiH DOhUMENTOV PO
STROITEL'~TVU I GOSUllA1t5TV~NNYKH STANDARTOV, UTVERZHDENNYKH COSTROY~M SSSR (PO
~051'OYANNIYU NA 1 YANVA}tYA 1981 g) in Russian 1981 (signed to press 8 May 81) pp i,
22U-224
[Annotation and table of contents from the book, "List of Currently Effective Na-
i,ionwide Standardizing Documents on Construction and State Standards Approved by
USS?t Gosstroy," published by USSft Gosstroy, Stroyizdat, 148,800 copies, 224 pages]
~'1'extJ Prepared by the SecLion i'or Ltie Settin~ of Technical Norms and 5ta~idardiza-
ti.on of' USSR Gosstruy.
The list includes: chapters of Construction Norms and Regulations (SNi~ of parts I, �
II, III and IV; standardizing documents for the manufacture of articles anci struc -
ture at construction-industr~y enterprises; nationwide norms for the industrial de-
sign of enL-erprises that have been coordinated with USSR Gosstroy and G1:NT
[State Committee for Science and Technology]; standardizing documents for construc-
tion design, construction operatiuns, survey-and-design operations, the mechaniza-
tion of work and the operation of construction machinery, the consumptiun of ma~L-er-
- ials in construction, questions of' labor and wages in construction, and automated
cunLrol systems in construction; and budget-estimating norms for structur~es and
types of work.
5NiP chapi.ers that have been republished with changes, supplements and corrections
are denoted by the former code with an asterisk. In this case, the SNiP chapters
without an asterisk remain in effect, taking into accoun~ the changes, supplements
and revisions thut have becn intr~oduced.
Changes and supplements intruduced into standardizing documents, as well as correc-
tions, are published in the monthly journal, BYULLETEN' STROITEL'NOY TEKHNIKI
[Construction Equipment Bulletin] (BST) and in "Sbor~nik Izmeneniy i Dopolneniy k I,
II i III Chastyam Stroitel'nykh Norm i Pravil (SNiP) i Instruktsiyam (SN)" [Col-
lection of Changes and Supplements to Parts I, II and III of Construction Norms and
Itegulai,ions (SNiP's) and Instructions (SN)].
t~or SNiP chapt;ers ~:hat were,approved in 1973-198U, the numbers are cited in accord-
ance with the structure of parts I, II and III of the ~NiP's that were approved
by US5R Cosstroy llecree No 86 of 11 June 1979.
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This edition cites a list of currently effective state st;;~~ards approved by USSR
Gosstroy and also agency standardizing documents for construction design and con-
struction operations that have been coordinated with USSR Gosstroy.
5tandardizing documents (except for agency documents) for which no organization has
been indicated in the "Approved" column were approved by USSR Gosstroy.
The list was compiled by Engineer M. G. Zelentsova (USSR Gosstroy).
The part, "State Standards Approved by USSR Gosstroy," was prepared by the Section
for Scientific Bases of Standardization of TsNIIpromzdaniy [Central Scientific-
Research Institute and Experimental Design Institute for Industrial Buildings and
Structures] (Engineer L. A. Gamynina).
Table of Contents
Page
Construction Norms and Regulations (SNiP's) . 3
Part I. General Principles 3
Part II. llesign Norms 3
_ General standardizing documents 3
- ~arthwork. Footings and foundations for buil~ings and structures.......... 4
Constructional structure 4
The engineering equipment of buildings. External networks 4
Structures for transport 6
Hy~raulic engineering and power-engineering structures 6
Layout, buildup and civic improvements 7
liousing and nonindustrial buildings and structures 7
Buildings and structures for industrial enterprises 9
Agricultural buildings and structures 10
Storage buildings and structures 10
Part III. Itegulations for the Performance and Acceptance of Wurk.........:.. 10
General standardizing doeuments 10
I:arthwork. Footings and foundations for buildings and structures.......... 10
Const;ructional structure for buildings and structures 10
I;ngineering and technological equipment for buildings and structures.
F;xternal gri_ds 11
titructur~5 f~c>r tr�anspc~rt 12
tiLi~uctuc~~s f'or~ communi.cai:ions, radiobroadcasting and Lelevision............ 12
- II. Iristructions aru] Uir~ections for Construction Design 13
General standardi~ing doeuments 13
Garthwork. Footings and foundations for buildings and structures.......... 14
~ Constructional structur~e 14
f;ngineering and technological equipment for buildings and structures.
I~:xtcrnal r?etworks 16
51.r�uctures f'c~r transpor~t 17
5l.rucl,urc~ t'ur communications, r~adio broadeasting and television........... 17
Ii,ydraulic-engineering and power-engineering structures. Electrical
engineering installations 18
Layout, buildup and civic improvements 19
Eiousi.ng and nonindustrial buildings and structures 19
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�'v~? v~ � �L.aAU vUli Vt\L�
Page
Standar~dizin~ dc~cuments approved by Gosgrazhdanstroy [State Committee for
Nun.iridusLr.ial ConstrucLi~n and Architecture] 20
Buildings and structures for industrial enterprises 21
Storage bu.ildings and structures 22
III. Standardizing Documents for Surveying �nd Design Work 23
IV. Instructions and Directions for Construction Operations 40
General standardiring documenl;s 40
Constructional structure for buildings and structures 41
Gngineering and technological equipment for buildings and structures.
External networks 41
Structures for transport 41
Hydraulic-engineering and power-engineering structures. Electrical-
cquipment installati.ons 42
Storagc buildings and structures 42
V. Agency Standardizing Documents for Construction Design and Construction
- Operations That Ifave Been Coordinated with USSR Gosstroy 42
USSR Minstroy [Ministry of Construction~ 42
USSIt Minpromstroy [Ministry of' Industrial Construction] 42
USSIt Mintyazhstroy [Ministry of Construction of Heavy Industry
I;nterprisesJ 42, 31
USSR Minmontazhspetsstroy [Minisl;ry of Installatior? and Special
Construction Work] 43
USSR Minsel'stroy [Ministry of Rural Constru~tion] 45
Mintransstroy [Ministry of Transport Constriiction] ~':5, ;i3
USSR Minenergo [Ministry of Power and Electrification] gp, 46, 32
USSR Minvodkhoz [Ministry.of Land Reclamation and Water Resources]...... 48, 32
Minneftegazstroy [Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry
Enterprises] 50
Mingazprom [Ministry of Gas Industry] 51
USSR Minstroymaterialov [Ministry of Construction Materials Industry]... 90, 51
USSkt Mintsvetmet [Ministry of Nonferrous Metallurgy] 51
USS{t Minchermet [Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy] 89, 52
Minkhimprom [Ministry of Chemical Industry] 52
Minkhimmash [Ministry of Chemical and Petroleum Machine Building].......... 53
Minnefteprom [Ministry of Petroleum Industry] .............................53, 32
USSR Minugleprom [Ministry of Coal Industry] 9U, 53
USSIt Minrybkhoz [Ministry of Fish Industry] 53
USStt Minneftekhimprom [Ministry of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical
- IndustryJ. 54
Minpribor [Ministry�of.Instrument�Making,.Automation�Equipment and
ConLrol Systems] 54
USSR Minsvyazi [Ministry of' Communications] 54, 32
- Mi.nmorfloi; (.Ministry of Mar.itime F'leet] 54, 33
11~5R Minsc:l'khoz [Ministry of' Agriculture] 90, 55
U5SR Minzag [Ministry of Proeurement] 55
Minstroydormash [Ministry af Construction, Road and Municipal Machine
BuildingJ 55
USSR Minzdrav.[Ministry of fiealth] 55
USSR Goskomizdat [State Committee for Publishing Houses, Printing Plants
and the Book Trade] 59
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Page
(~os~ortekhnadzor [State Committee for Supervision of Industrial Safety and
Min~ Iri:;pectiun] 59
M(~A ~Mir~istry of Civil Aviation] 33
USStt Minlesprom [Ministry of Timber and Wood Processing Industry].......... 32
VI. Standardizing Documents for Automated Control Systems in Construction... 67
VII. Standardizing Documents on Technology of Production Work at
Construction Industry Plants 68
VIII. Standardizing Documents on Construction Economics 70
IX. Standardizing llocuments on Mechanization of Operations and the Operation
of Construction Machinery and Automotive Transport Equipmerrt.......... 72
. X. Standardizing Documents for Materials Consumption in Construction........ 74
_ XI. 5tandardizing I)ocuments on Questions of Labor and Wages in Construction. 78
XII. Nationwide Norms for the Industrial Design of Enterprises 89
XIII. [iudget-L:stimating Norms for Structure and Types of Work 91
tiNiP Part IV. Budget-estimating norms 91
Unif'ied regional un.it prices 94
Pr.icc l.ists 97
Cc,llection of' budget-estimating norms f'or expenditures for both standard
sets of' equipmeni, and articles for the interior decoration of'
nonindust.rial arid administrative buildings 98
Consolidated budget-estimating norms for facilities for production, housing
and rionindustrial use that are applied for making up facility estimates
and local budget estimates and budget-estimating calculations when deter-
mining the budget-estimated cost of construction for~ single-s~;age design
or at the engineering-design sLage 99
Consolidated budget-estimating norms and consolidated unit pricing for
facili.ties for production, housing and nonindustrial purposes that are
used in making up facility estimates and local budget-estimating calcula-
tions when determining the budget-estimated cost of construction for
single-stage design or at the engineering-design ~tage 103
Cnsolidated unit prices (UYeR's) for structure and types of operation for
buildings a?td struct;ures for housing and nonindustrial purposes.......... 119
Ir~dicators oi' consumption of' prefabricated reinforced-concrete structure in
i;hc f'rameworks oC industrial buildings 12U
Consolidated construction cost indicators (UPSS's) recommended for the
determination oi' construation costs in various branches of the national
cconomy 121
Price lists f'or ini,erbranch use 121
Pr�ice lists for br~anch use 123
I'rice lists for the installation of equipment 126
Price list for setting-up operations 129
Management documents for the development and application of budget-
estimating norms 129
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Page
XIV. State Standards Approved by USSR Gosstroy 131
Part I. USSR St;ate Standards 131
Section Zh. Construction and Build.ing Materials 131
ZhO. General Regulations and Norms for Construction and Building
Materials 131
- Zh00. Te;rms and designatiorts 131
Zh01. Technical documentation, Construction drawings 132
ZhOZ. Norms for analyses and design 136
Zh07. Labor safety practices 137
Zhl. 13uil.ding Materials 138
Zh10. C'lassii'ica~;ion, list of pi~oducts, and general norms 138
7.h11. INall materials 139
'LhlZ. Bi.nders 139
Zh]3. ConcrcLcs and mortars 141
Zh14. ftoofing and hydraulic insulating materials 141
_ '1,h15. Insulating building materials 142
Zh16. Finishing and facing materials 145
Zh17. Aggregates 148
'Lh18. Road materials 150
Zh19. Testing methods. Packaging. Marking 151
Zh2. Sanitary,Engineering and Firefighting Equipment for Buildings...... 160
Zh2U. Classif'ication, list of products, and general norms 160
Zh21. Water supply and sewerage 160
Zh22. Elevators and construction hoists 172
Zh23. Sanitation norms 173
~h24. Heating, insulation and district heating 173
Zh25. Illumination. Acoustics 174
Zh29. Testing methods. Packaging. Marking 174
Zh3. Constructional Structure and Parts 174
Zh30. Classification, list of producLs, and general norms 174
Zh3~. Wooden structuz�e and parts 175
Zh33. Stone, brick, coticrete and reini'orced-concrete structure and parts 177
Zh34. Metal structure and parts 185
'Lh35. Structure and parts made of other materials...... 187
- Zh36. Construction tools 188
Zh39. Testing methods. Packaging. Marking 189
Zh5. Industrial [3uildings and Structures 193
'LhSU. Classif'icai:ion, list of products, and general norms 193
Lh58. Industrial storage. Reservoirs. Gasholders 194
7.h6. Agr.icultural Bui.ldings and Structures 194
~ 'Lh6U. Classification, list of products, and general norms 194
'Lh7. liydraulic Engineering Structures 194
Zh71. Structure and parts for hydraulic engineering struct;ures......... 194
- Zh8. Itoad, Bridge and Rai?road Construction 195
'Lh83. }tailroad construction 195
'Lh84. Subway constructio:~ 195
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- Page
Scction A. Mining. Useful Minerals 196
A4~1. Marble. Chalk. Limestone: Lithographic stone 196
Section V. Metals and Metal Articles ........................................196
V22. Carbon steel. Rolled bar section and structural shapes........... 196
' V52. Nonferrous metals. Rolled bar section and structural shapes...... 196
V76. Metal networks......... 196
Section G. Machines, Equipment and Tools 196
G00. Terms and desigriations 196
G18. Fixtures and the joining of pipelines 197
G45. Machines and equipment for the building-matei�ials industry, con-
struct.iori, roadbuildirig, ear�thmcving and mun.ieipal serviees..... 197
G86. I~:levating and curiveying equipment 197
Section I. Silicate-Ceramic and Carbon Materials and Articles 197
I11. Industrial glass and glass articles..........> 197
I15. Ceramic articles (acid-resistant and others) 197
I17. Construction glass and glass articles 198
Section K. Forestry Materials, Articles Made of Wood, Fulp, Paper and
Cardboard 198
K29. Testing methods. Packaging. Marking 198
Section L. Chemical Products and Rubber-Asbestos Products 199
L18. Pigments and paints 199
L'd7. 5ynthetic resins and fibers, plastics and plasticizers............ 199
Section P. Measuring Instruments, Automation and Computing Equipment....... 199
P18. Instruments and machines for determining and testing the mechani-
cal characteristics of materials and structure 199
Section T. General-h:ngineerin~ Si;andards and Standards for the Organization
of 5ta~idard Procedures 199
T34. Oscillatory and undulatory motions. Vibration of bodies. Sound.
Acoustics 199
T53. The technological documentation system 200
T56. The system for construction documentation 200
T98. Special. equipment and protective methods 2UU
~ Part II. CEMA Standards Introduced into Operation in the USSR's National
National Economy 20U
!'art III. CI:MA Standai~ds Introduced Directly as USSR State Standards......... 203
Index tc~ the List of' Currently F.ffective Al1-Union Standardi~ing Documents on
C