JPRS ID: 10254 NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT

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~ JPRS L/ 10254
13 January 1982
/ Africa Re ort
Near East Narth
~
CFOUO 2/82)
.
~
~ Fg~$ F'OREI~N BROADCAST INFORMATION ~ERVICE
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JPRS L/10254
13 January 1982
_ NEAR EAST/NOf~TH AFRICA REPORT
, (FOUO 2/82)
_ CONTENTS
' INTER-l1RAB AFFAIRS
- Countries Try To Retain More Scientists, Technologists
(AL-WAZ'AN AL-'ARADI, 23-29 Oct 81) 1
PERSIAN GULF AF??,IRS
Need for Strategic Consensus gnphasized
_ (Ahmad Hafez; AL-WATAN AL-'ARA.BI, 17 Sep 81) 6
~ ALGERIA
- llgreements on l~inancial Cooperation Signed
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 20 Nov 81) 10
MOROCCO
~xpansion Pro,;ect Will Increase Mohammedia Capabilities
- (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITfftRANEENS, 23 Oct 81) 12
~,~,/~TAR
c~~,t~.r� lU YefLrs At"tcr� :independence
(AL-WATAN AL-'ARAIII, 4-10 Sep Sl) 1~+
TUNISIA
~ixth Plan Will Exploit Pull Yotential of Jendouba
(MARCH~S TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 23 Oct 81) 20
- a- [III - NE & A- 121 FOUO]
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INTER-ARAB AFrAIRS
COLfitTRIES TRY ~l'0 RPTAIN MOft~ SCI~NTISTS, TECHN~LOGISTS
_ Paris AL-WA'tAN AL-'ARAB1 in Arabic No 2~s5, 23-29 Oct 81 pp 66-67
_ [Article: "Reverse Arab Technology Transfer: 2,000 Arab Specialists Ernigrate
Annual~.y" ]
[Text] The role of edccation in economic development is an important subject
which scholars have not treated with the requisite study and debate until now.
Musaddiq Jamil al-Habib departs from the classical tt;eoretical framework in which
the subject has been treated on numerous occasions, i~ order to rea~.h a solution
through a comprehensive field study which sheds li.ght on the dxstinct importance
of the human element in economic and social development on one hand, and the im-
portance of education and training in creating a productive person on the other.
The book AL-TA'LIM WA AL-TANMIYAH AL-IQTISADTYAH [EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT], written by Musaddiq Jamil al-Habib (published by the Ministry of ~ducation
and Information, Baghdad, 238 pp), contains four parts which differ in importance:
The Human Element and Economic Development; Economics ot Education; Tr.~ System of
_ Educatior_ in Iraq and the Development of Its Agencies and Tnstitutions Aft~~ 1968;
and On Educational Planning. However, they come together at ~ne point: The con-
fident and firm objective solution to a problem which is almost one of the most
important educational--and ~even social--problems in the Arab homeland, that is,
tt~at educ~ation has a distinct role in determining the size and quality of human
resource requirements, people who are quali�ied and capable of grasping tne neces-
si.Cics ot development, assuming their missions and obligations, and anchoring the
foundations of moral cind bei~avioral values for them. This makes the educational
system a vital factor. in developing the society and establishing its authority.
From this boolc we }lave selected an important discussion which deals with a sub-
ject both o1d and new: The emigration of Arab brainpower and the direct and in-
direct effects of this economic loss on th~ economy and the course of development.
The author states:
The emi~;ration of brainpower is also called the "emigration or absorption of
capable people." Some also call it the "emigration of intellect or qualified
personnel," or "brain drain," or "dis~ipation of brainpcwer or expertise," while
- others prefer to call it "reverse technology transfer," in view of the fact that
tiie brainpower and abilities which are emigrating from emerging countries form
the broad f.undamental base for the development and progress of science and tech-
nology in the advanced countries due to the high ratio they represent of the
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b'OIt OFN7('IAI. UtiF. ONL~'
overaJ.l total of scientists and researchers. This matte~ can be understood on
the basis of the fact that it is not the advanced nations 4zlone which are the
_ source of technology...on the contrary, there is a1wGSs a rE~verse transfer of
technology and sciences. It occurs through emioration of the scientists, re-
searchers, technical cadres,.and skilled work force from the developing countries
to the advanced countries. Hence comes the use of this expression, "reverse tech-
� nology transfer," to confirm the connection and parallelism between the measures
and controls associated with "technology transfer" from the a~lvanced cou~~tries to
the developing countries and those associated with the emigration of brainpower
from develr~ping to .~dvanced countries.
Studies in this f.ie~3 ir~dicate that more than a third of the Americans who win
ttie Nc~bel prize in the sciences, and more than a sixth of the members of the
American academies of science, are immigrants who settled in the United States
after they studied outside the United States.
In this regard, anotiher study indicates that investing the knowledge, experience
and talPnt of one immi~rant scirntist returns financial benefit to the American
_ economy estimated t~t $214,000.
A person who holds a doctorate in the sciences is the equivalent of fixed capital
~n tae amount of $600,000.
The current rerurn for a person who holds a doc*.orate in the sciences are 10 times
greater than its cost.
The problem of students studyin~ abroad forms the main channel for the drain of
brainpower and capable people, whethe~ through the students failing to return to
their countries after completing their studies, or emigrating once again after
returning to their countri_es.
- Studies in this field have indicated that, during the period 1961-1972, the ad-
vanced capitalist nations gathered in no less than 300,000 experienced and spe-
cipltzed immigrants. The United States of America, Canada, and the United King-
dom acquired tha greater part of them: The total immigrants to these three coun-
tries was about 230,829, of whom 90,190 were in the United States, 56,598 were in
Canada, and 84,040 were in the United Kingdom. Of the capable people emigrating
to the United States, 59 percent were from developing countries, while the ratio
in Canada and the United Kingdom am~~n*.ed to 26 percent and 22 percent, respec-
tiveiy.
Also the phenomenon of human resources continuously pouring out of developing
countries into advanced countries becomes increasingly serious day after day as
an operation very destructive to all of the efforts aimed at stimulating rapid
technological growth and development. This makes the scientific, technological,
and cultural gulf between the emerging and developed countries deeper and wider.
In this manner, losses occurXed at all economic, social, and cultural levels.
Throug~z loss of the human element in this field, the problems of development
were aggravated. The losses were compounded more and more as a result of the
great defi~it which was created in scientific and technological abilities (theo-
retical and applied), which greatly limits and narrows the absorptive capacity
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{~UR Of~Fl('lAl. UtiF: UN1.1'
oE ~l~e economy in ~eneral. The negative economic resutts of this process take
concrete form in the ?osses which the developing country suffers due to losing
c~nable people when they emigrate, losses ~ahich eventually result. in benefits to
Che country to which these capable people immigrate.
- A United Nations study indicates that the net income gained by the United States
of America, Canada, and Englar.3 resulting from the participation of qualified
immigranes in their tctal activity during the period 1961-1972 exceeded $44 bil-
- lion, of wiiich $30 billion was for the United States of America and $10 billi.on
was for Canala, while England obtained $4 billion.
~ 'L'ables 15 and ,6 [not .ivailable] show the effect of qualified people emigrating
from the developinfi countries to the United States on the net income of both,
distrib~ited according to specialty. These negative economic results also take _
form in ttie expenscs borne hy the developing country in teaching, training, and
- qulll Ltylil~', the emi~rants, expenditures which will profit the country to which
thesc~ qualifLed pe~ple immigrate in an amount which equals or sur.passes the ex-
- petlditures. They enter the sphere of work and production at no cost.
- The estimated investrnent or capital value of the brainpower emigrating from the
emerging countries to the United States, Canada, and Che United Kingdom amounted
to about $50.9 billion, of which about $23 billion was the estimated investment
value oE the brainpower emigrating from Asia alone, especially India and the Mid-
dle Eastern countries.
The loss is clearly manifest when we learn that the total these three nations
offered to the developing nations as official as~istance in the period 1961-1972
~ did not exceed even $46.3 billion.
- Tlle total foreign debt accruing to the emerging countries at the end of 1972
amounted to $89,068,OU0, at a time when the investment value of the emigrating
~ brainpower approached SO percent of the amount of these debts. Tables 17 and 18
show this [not available].
'1'lic loss which accrues to Che developing cuuntries by way of penalty for the
- c~mi~rati~~n oC Lheir quali.f.ied people is noL limited to these countries' bearing
Lhc~ cost of traininfi quallfied personnel. wlthout benefiting from them, but also
lies in deprivinb them of all the new added value in all branches of economic
activity which these cadres add in the countries to which they immigrate.
'.Chese two aspects of the loss become benefits gained with respect to the coun-
rri~s ~~rh.ich receive the cadres, in addition to the enormous revenues tllese coun-
t;ries reap through imposing income taxes on the immigrants. In 1972 alone these
~~rofits lmounted to about $950 million each for the United States of America,
Canacla, and thc United Kingdom.
'1'i~is is ~n addition to thc losses realized throuba damage to the educational sys-
- tems i.n Che develoPing countries on account of their reduced stock of these quali-
- fied ~cople. This situation weakens their ability to mobilize and pr.epare the
manpow~r. necessary to establish development, taking into consideration the fact
th~it ~he qua].ified emigrants are the ELITE which operates as an instrument to
_ educate and motivate future generations. The same effect is created with respect
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- to health agencies; i[ contribt~tes to deterior.ation of the health situation, which
puts these agencies among the i~nks of the developing co~intries.
Statistics indicate that there are 140,000 pnysicians working in countries which
are not their countries of origin, concentrated in the United States, England,
_ Canada, and Federal Germany, in that order. Another statistic indicates that
amon~; the 53,000 emi~;res to the United States in the 1961-1970 period, 14,540
we~c sPecialized physicians and surgeons, that is, 27 percent.
The loss also becomes especially grievous when we learn that the cost of training
one scientist in the Arab countries, for example, is estimated at $20,000. The ,
total expense which is borne by the Arab economy for educating and training stu-
dents abroad is about $240,000,000.
This phenomenon, which has the disastrous effects presented above, is founded in
a group of factors which the emerging countries should deal with in a radical and
rapid manner in order to avoid the negative effects o;: the phenomenon on develop-
ing economies. These factors can be classified as follows:
1. Factors which push toward emigration (repelling factors):
- These factors are associated with local conditions in the countries of emigration,
characterized by cultural and social backwardness, whi.ch are usually caused by de-
fective planning and poor utilization of qualified people. One such factor is
the absence of a suitable scientific atmosphere, represented by a shortage of
places for scientific work, apparatus necessary for research, and room for activ-
ity in the rare speciali~ies. In addition, there is a lack of objective standards
for qualified scientists on an official level, and low salaries, not to ment?.on
the fear of political repression and military service, or a weak commitment on the
family and ethnic/national levels, arising from the b~-eakdown of values and the
- spread of a spirit of hopelessness and social and cu=tural alienation.
Z, ractors which atrract emigration:
These factors are associated with conditions in the countries of immigration, such
as an advanced scientiFic, social, and cultural climate, characterized by exten-
sive scientiFic and academic opportunities; and progressive and more free and open
social and official confederations, relationships, and institutions. In addition,
there is political stability and a higher level of pay.
~ne of thc studies indicated that about 2,000 Arabs emigrate annually as a result
ot ttie attractive foreign tactors, while 3,000 to 5,000 Arabs emigrate annually
as a result of the internal repelling factors. This phenomenon, through its
numerous causes, makes it incumbent on the devel~ping countries to pay serious
att~~ition to dealing with the causes by adopting a series of organizational steps
ard meaGures, the nature of which is to stimulate and develop the qualified peo-
~:1~ and bind them to the nation, in addition to the principal treatment for this
p~ienomenon, which is a comprehensive social and economic revolution in development
through planning.'
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- Thc organizational measures can take the form of social facilities and the im-
provement of the standard of living of the cadres. In addition, the scientific
atmosphere and oppo~tunities which afford continuous education to quaiified peo-
ple should be provided, along with constant practical application, opening the
arena for them to pursue their national work by linking it to the requirements
and needs of development. In addition, patronage of science should be expanded
and concentrat2d, and t}le founding of scientific societies and academies should
be given free rein.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Al-Watan A1-'Arabi
9605
CSO: 4404/118
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PERSTAN GULF AFFAIRS
NEED FOR STR.ATEGIC CONSENSUS EMPHASIZED
~
Paris AL-WATAN AL-'ARABI in Arabic No 239, 17 Sep 81 pp 41-42
i~+rticl.e by Ahmad Hafez: "Clear ~conomic Steps Toward ~~rategic Consensus"]
[Text] The holding of the conference of foreign ministers of the Gulf Gooperation
Council [GCC] coincided with two extremely important developments: Tr~e first was
the Gulf of Sidra incident, and the second, the Aden-Libyan-Ethiopian alliance. This
was in addi.tion to new developments in the Iranian situation. However, these "shocks"
did not deter the Gulf ministers from fu11 agreement on all the agenda items, including
the recent unforseen developments.
The basic purpose of the GCC foreign ministers' meeting on 31 August in Ta'if was
to study the draft of the economic agreement between the six Arab Gulf states: Saudi
Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the Sultanate of Oman. This agreement,
after its adoption by the heads of the council nations at their 3 November. meeting
in Ri.yadh, represents a basic and practical step toward economic integration among
= the Arab Gulf states. However, the agenda included some other fundamental issues,
highlighted by developments in the Middle East crisis, in light of the Saudi peace
plan.
However, no sooner had tt~a Gulf staces' foreign ministers arrived in Ta'if than the
news reports f:ollowed, bearing in their wake new developments that cast their shadow
over the Gulf. re~ion especially, and the Arab ~dorld in general.
-Libya, South Yemen and Ethiopia signed a joint military security treaty, bearing
the name of "treaty of frie~ndship and cooperation."
-The bloody storm in Iran after the deaths of its president and prime minister.
-The American air attaclc on the Libyan Gulf of SIDRA, and the downing of two Libyan
aircraft.
It was easy f.or a po.litical observer, wat:.l~in~ the events of the Ta'if conference
from close up, to see the effects of these incidents, which occurred on the eve of
the conference or rathei�, as it was being convened, on the activities of its members,
their contacts and deliberations both within and outside the conference rooms, whether
in bilateral contacts ~nd asides among the foreign ministers, or between the ministers
themselves and their countries, in order to ascertain the views of the political
leaderships regarding what had occurred. At the same time, Saudi Foreign Minister
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Pr~nci~ Sa'ud al-P'aysal, the host for the conierence, and 'Abdullah Bisharati, the
GCC's secretary general, were making intense efforts to contact the delegation members,
- and to sound out the views of each minister separately, regarding the proposed agenda,
and as to whether there was a need to add new items, as a resul.t of the new develop-
ments. '
The Soviet Shadow
AL-WATAN AL-'ARABI learned from ^ulf sources legitimately in the conference that
the friendship and cooperation treaty between Libya, Aden and Ethiopia, as well as
the American attack against ttie Gulf of Sidra, were debated in detail at the con-
ference's sessions, and that Oman was not the only one eager to debate the new treaty -
which constitutes a direct danger to it, because its fierce neighbor Aden is a part;
to it. The other Gulf stares shared Oman's view, on the basis that the treaty might
drag the Gulf states into foreign counter-alliances which would increase the tension.
There is a~rinciple here, which the alliance crystallized. It is an alliance con-
necting a.:i African Arab state (Libya) with another on the Ara'~ian Penninsula (South
Yemen) 1nd a third Marxist, non-Arab state (Ethiopia). This is in addition to these
three nations' well-known connection with the Soviet orbit.
When Prince Sa'ud al-Faysal was asked whether the conference had discussed that treaty
in details, a;.ung with the ramifications which will flow from it, he said: "We did
discuss this matter in the meetings, depite the fact that we have not yet received
the full details of the agreement between Libya, Ethiopia and South Yemen. The only
details we have are what the press has published." Sa'uc al-Faysal added: "HoweJer,
what some of the newspapers have reported, and the remarks of some of the officials
of the nations concerned, raise many questions and suspicions, not only within the
- context of matters which the Gulf nations are specifically concerned with, but also
withinthe framework of the Arab group in general, in terms of the mutual 3efense
agreement." The Saudi mi~.iister did not hide his uneasiness over the establishment
of a new axis upon the Arabian Penninsula. In ~'~is regard, he said: "This matter
disturbs us, ana I imagine that it will disturb the other Arab nations. I have requested
~ clarifications from the Arab nations concerned, and we are waiting for them"
Tt~is position or "Sasdi inte~pretation" of the new Libyan-South Yemeni-Ethiopian
- alliance supported the Omani thrust within the GCC, which i~usqat has repeatedly expressed
at Council meetin~s. This posizion Goncentrates on the need for joint Gulf confronta-
tion--whicl~ includes all rhe council nations--to put an end to Soviet aspirations
in the Gulf region, i~sing South Yemen as a springboard. An Omani official told AL-
WATAN AL-'ARABI that this means that the goals of the new tripartite alliance are
clear and not sub~ect to interpretation. "It suffices for us to raise the question:
Why the treaty, whom is it For and whom is it against? This once again clarifie~
= the Om~mi pc~5ition, whicli we hrve emphasized repeatedly."
The Co] c. ne 1' s Prablems
Une of the strange coincidents was that the Gulf debate over the new security treaty
was combined with another debate over the incident that occurred in the Gulf of Sidra,
aimed at an Arab state which happens to be Libya. 'Abdullah Bisharah finally came
- out of one of the conference's sessions to announce its condemnation of the American
raid. He then w?nt on, in a conversation about Iran, to express its "regrest" over
what was occurrir?g in Teheran. The conference's final co~nunique mentioned that
the Gul.f states' foreign ministers had discussed the conflict between Iraq and Iran,
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and the resulting threat ro the sec~~rity and stability of the entire reg:ioa. The
conferenr_e expressed "its hope that the Islamic mediation eif.orts, steinming from
the Isl.amic sununit conference, wou'ld be crowned with s~sccess." It also emphasized
its support for these efforts and its readiness to participate in achieving i.ts success.
Fahd's Plan
I~et us return to the 'oasic issu~~s which were on the conference agPnda, hPad~d by
the developments in the Middle East situation and the draft economic agreement among
the council nati~ns. Regarding the Saudi peace plan, there was a consensus to consider
it a springboard for any discussion of a just and comprehensive sci~tion to the Arab-
Israeli conflict. In this regard, the final communique included a paragraptxiahich
- repor.ted that the council "has reviewed the Palestinian case from a].1 aspect~ and
principles, inc?.ud.ing Prince Fahd Ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz's statement re~arding the just
and comprehensive solution to the prablem. It has also reviewed the positive responses
to it on the Arab and international levels. In view of the supporr. that_ these prin-
ciples have received trom ttie member nations, the council. decided to request that
it be placed on the next Arab summit conference agenda, �or thc purn~se of ~rystalliz--
ing an unified Arab position regarding this issue.
Economic Integration
With regard to the second pivotal case, i.e., the draft economic agreement, ~ahich
a~revious conference of Gulf state~' finance ministers had discussed, and which
_ ~vas submitted to the foreign ministers to put the final touches on it, preparatory
to submitting it to the next Arab Gulf summit conference, 'the conference has flnishad
- discussing it, and therefore, it is in its f inal form awa~ting summir decision. This
agreement, in its comprehensive form, achieves br.oad steps toward economic i.ntegration
,among the Gulf states. It is comprised of seven points:
-Commercial cooperation among the six states, and means to facilitate ~t, such as
permitting any citizen to pursue commercial a~tivity in any Gulf state, as if he
~ were one of its citizens.
- -Freedom of moven~ent uE Gulf citizens on a personal identificati_on card, and giving
them complete freedom to own real estate and businesses without ;-estrict~ons.
- -Iadustrial coordination, ir,cluding the building of joa_nt industries between these
stztes and ottiers, which are complementary to each other, especially as regards oil,
- petrochemical and oil-refinin~; indLStries.
-1'inancial, currc~rlcy ancl bankin~ operations and the ways to unify the~n.
-Problems of L-hc~ transportation and communications sec~ors, and coordination between
t t~em.
--Jui.nt technical tra:ining to prepare the generation of caorkers ~nd praf.essionals
:,?~or~i the Cui E states need to implement their growth plans.
-UnificaCion of the re~ulati~ns in effect in the economic field among the six nations.
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It was stated in the conference's final con~unique that "in compliance with the deci-
sions of the first simimit conference of the Gulf Cooperation Council, held in Abu
Dhabi, and in harmony with the economic working paper which was agreed to by their
majesties, representing the desires of the people of the region to eliminate the
economic obstacles between the councii nations, and to ensure the principle of bquality
among all citizens, the council has approved the draft economic agreement and hss
decided to submit it to their ma~esti~s at their next cor~erencein Riyadh for approval."
Unified Strategy
- Among the other imp~rtant matters, discussed by the conference, was the debate over ~
drawing up an imif ied oil strategy, in order to face up to future oil conferences.
Prince Sa'ud al-Faysal clarified the di.scussion over this issue by saying that the
economic agreement includes many elements with regard to E~onamic cooperation in
its various f ields, including the oil se:.tor.
One of the other issues that Sa'ud al-Faysal concentrated on, in his press conference
immediately following the conclusion of the conference's sessions, was the status
of the GCC in the region. He stres~ed chat this council does not constitute a ~nilitary
or tactical axis against anyone, but is an assembly that does not only serve the
nations of the region alone, b~~t also serves the Arab and Islamic issues as well.
It has a positive and practical return in terms of the stability of the Gulf region.
The council's goals are clearly evident in its charter and in the statements it has
issued on numet~ous occasions.
In this sense, some Gulf off icials are inclined to consider the GCC as a model for
Arab solidarity, which the Arab East and the Arab West are lacking at this fateiul
stage.
COPXRIGHT: 1981 A,L-WATAN AL-'ARABI
7005
CSO: 4404/26
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ALGEitIA
AGREEMENTS ON FINANCIAL COOPERATION SIGNED
Paris MtlltCli~S TROPICAUX ET M~DITERRANEENS in French No 1880, 20 Nov 8l. pp 2936-2937
(Text] On 12 November, the Algerian ambassadox to Belgium and the European commis~
sloner in charge of cooperation and development signed three financing agreements
for wtiich the 26 April 1976 agreemen~ provided in Brussels. This nonreimbursable ai.d
totaling 8.9 million ECUs, will be used in three sectors: the training of teachers,
the training of farm managers, anc~ the expansion of tF~o training centers for ocean
f ishermen in Annaba and Beni-Saf .
Th~s agreement serves to complete the commitment of all or the communzty funds total-
ing some 44 million ECUs, apart from three f arm projects which still remain to be
- finished: the building of a raisin processing plant and also the artifa.ciai insemi-
nation and the raising of cattle.
To be spzcific, this f inancial cooperation agreement is designed to promote an in-
crease in the Algerian scientj.fic potential and the trainin~ of teachers on the higher
educational level ttirough the allocation of 24 scholarships for the training in Eut:ope
of researchers and the supply of scientific equipment. The EEC will also assist with
- ttie ONRS [National Office for Scientific ltesearch] research centers given specific re-
sponsibility for the energy, farming an1 housing sectors.
= The goal of the project establ~shes t~is research effort as a basic element in the pro--
cess oi Algerian economic. and social developmen~:. The EEC o�-ficials were reminded of
the intention to staff this research e�fort with Algerians, io assa.milate znd inte-
grate it in developmen ~ and thus to assure that it is planned.
~ 'fhe dai].y newspaper LL MUUDJAHID notes in a dispatch from Mouloud Atcheba that the
_ total number of :~lgerian researchers in all sectors of activity is about 2,400, more
than half of them coming under the jurisdict ion of the ONRS, which operates on an
annual budget estimate d at nearly 2 billion dinars, of wh~.ch three fourths are allo-
cated for industriat research, :Lncluding paynient for the services of foreign design
_ '~ureaus.
Stil1 within this field, the program thus completed :aill contribLte to the achieve-
ment of research goa:Ls designed to ensure mastery of nuclear technology, a better ap-
proach to solar energy studies and the development and pracessinp, of hydrocarbon
f.uels. It should also be mentioned that ~f the '10,000 Algerian stadents taking cour-
ses abroad, 15,000 are currently studying in ~EC nations.
, ~
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Witli these figures and the pr.iorities set forth within the framework of the 1980-
1984 5-year plan, the main goal of this agreement is twofold:
--To develop scientific res~arch with a view to acquiring and adapting foreign tech-
nologies; and
--To satisfy the need for trained high-level personnel both in terms of quality and
quantity. The imminent assignment of young Algerian graduates to training establish-
, ments in the EEC countries will contribute to the resolution of the problem of avail-
+ ability of teaching personnel in the technical and scientific branches. And by this
- token, the contribution of tha European Community will benef it the Nuclear Sciences
- and Technology Center (CSTN), the Agronomic Studies and Research Center (CERAG), the
Natior.al Center for Research on Arid Zones (CNRZA), the University Center for Re-
- search, Studies and Implementation (CURER) and the Solar Energy Station (SES).
The second agre~ement pertains to the training of agricultural managers who will be
called upon to head the 4,500 new operations, following the decision to reorganize
_ these sectors in such a way as to improve production. The Community contribution, in
_ the amount of 3.6 million ECUs in the form of nonreimbursable aid, will be used for
the training of the future "management officials" recruited from among the 2,700 ag-
~ ricultural engineers, in other words the total number in the five classes graduated
from the ITA [Institute of Agricultural Technology] in Mostaganem. At the end of a
5-month training course, these engineers will be assigned to head production units.
The basic training which will be provided at E1 Khemis and Skikda will, in 2 years'
time, provide the Algerian yiinistry of Agriculture with some 1,600 management offi-
cials. This broad farm training operation comes within the framework of the reorgani-
zation of the land areas in progress, which is designed to create profitable produc-
tion units of a size requiring the assignment of one manager, one accountant and one
farm supervisor. The whole of the project is consistent with the series of goals es-
tablished by the 5-year plan.
- At the end of the month, Algeria and the EEC will take up the proposed new financial
protocol, involving about 151 million ECJs, including 107 million in the form of BEI
[European Investment Bank] loans an3 44 million ba.sed on tiie Community budget esti-
mate, 23 million of it in the form of nonreimbursable aid.
Tl~is future protocol muy be implemented in February or March of next year.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981.
- 5157
CSO: 4519/57
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NOR nFFI(7A1. l1SH: ONl.Y
MOROCCO
- EXPANSIO:~ PR~J~CT WILL INCREASE MOHAMMEDIA CAPABILITIES
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French No 1876, 23 Oct F31 p 2683
[;lrticle: "Expansion Project for the Port o� rfohammedia"]
[Text] Because of the growth of Morocco's energy needs, considerable expansion
works have been undertaken for the port of Mohammedia, located about 25 km
northwest of CaSablanca. Mohammedia today specializes in the unloading of oil
tankers arriving to suppl.y the SAMIR (Moroccan-Italian Ref ining ~~orporation)
_ refinery, which has recently doubled its production capacity. At the present
, time, the port of Mohammedia is equipped with sheltered stations which cannot
accommodate ships of tonnage greaterthan 10,000 tons, and with a sea-line
consisting of two 14-inch pipelines permitting tankers moored at buoys to be
unloaded under surge conditions not exceeding 3 meters. However, surge is
greater than 3 meters an average of 120 days per year, and varies from year to
year. As a result, SA~~tIR's supplies are disorgan~zed, and costly demurrage fees
must be paid,
The expansion works for ti~~ port were begun by King Hassan II on 7 Ju].y 1980
with the purpose of equinnin~ the port with a 2,585-meter protective jetty
to reach the depths necess