JPRS ID: 10248 USSR REPORT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

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• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10248
- 11 January 1982-
USSR Report
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
(FOUO 1/82)
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NOTICE
This new JPRS publication, USSR REPORT: SCIENCE AND
T'dCHNOLOGY POLICY, will appear approximately once a
rionth and will consist of translatians from the Soviet
ceiitral and regional preas on the oxgana.zation and
administration of Soviet acience and technology.
The repart will include articles oa planning, alloca-
tion of funds and resources, managnment, training,
introduction of new technology and establishing
~ economic effectiveneas, internatianal aooperation,
and regional cooperation and devekopment.
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JPRS L/10248
11 January 1982
USSR REPORT
,
-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
(FOUO 1/82)
CONTENTS
Planned Management of Scientific-Technical Progress
_ (Yu. Yakovets; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Aug 81) 1
- Problems in Organizing Scientific Research in Siberia
(V. A. Koptyug; VOPROSY F'ILOSOFII, Aug 81) 12
Reports From L'vov Conference on Integrating Sci.ence ard Production
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Aug 81) 16
Introduction and Background, by V. A. Kbt;el'nikov
Dobryk on Party Leadership, by V. F. Dobryk
Sytnik on Coordinating Reaearch, by K. M. Sytnik
- Podstrigach on Program-Gdal i'tpproach, by Ya. S. Padstrigach
Taksir on Regional Efforts, by K. I. Takair
Summaries of Participants` Speeches
- a- [III - USSR - 21o S&T I,'OTJO]
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F( 'IAL N
PLANNED MANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL PROGRESS
Moscow VOFROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 15-23
[Article by Yu. Yakovets: "Planned Management for Scientific--Technical. Pregress"]
[Text] Acceleration of the rate and increase in the effectiveness of scientific-
- technical progress provide the key to the solution of central probleme in the
economic and social development of the country in the 1980`s. In the Summary Report
of the CPSU Central Committee to the 26th CPSU Congreas, L. I. Brezhnev noted: "The
conditions under which the economy will develop in the 1980's make the acceleration
of scientifi.c-technical progrese still more urgent The decisive, most critical
sector today is the introduction of scientific discoveries and inventions into produc-
_ tion." The introduction of new, highly effective engineeri^g aad technolugy is the
chief precondi-Lion for accomplishing the transition of the economy tp a primarily
intensive path of development, for increasing the effectiveness of civil production,
for providing high, stable rates of economic growth, and fur strengthening the
material bases for steady growth in the people's well-being.
To provide an organic union between the achievements of the scientific-technical
revolution and the advantages of the socialist economic system, it is nece~.sary to
~ increase substantially the effectiveness of planned management of scientific-techni-
cal progress. This requires working out scientificially substantiated long-range
concepts and strategies for managing the development of science and technology, for
utilizing their achievements in the economy, and for conaistent implementation of
this strategy with the aid of an effectively operating mechanism for managing
scientific-technical progress.
' The chief elements uf strategy for managing scientific-technical progress in the
1980's, in our view, are: a sharp turn toward the development and assimilation of
conceptually new technolugy; qualitative progreas in the proportions and rates of
development of individual constituent alemente of the "science--technology--produc-
- tion--consumption" system; increase in requirements for economic effectiveness
in new technolugy and reduction of absolute and relative prices for machines.
The development and aasimilation, in compressed time periods and with maximum efrec-
tiveness, of conceptually uew technology and new generations and systema of machi:les
that reflect the essence of the new stage of the scienti�ic-technical revolution and
that respond to the changing conditcions for technology application, are tied to the
acceleration of the rates and incraase in the effectiveneae of scientific-technical
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progress. "The turn toward effactiveness and quality," noted N. A. Tikhonov at the
26th CPSU Congrass,."is organically relatad by the party to improvi.ng pcoduction on
the basis of up-to-date science and tachnolugy. Z'he llth Five-Year Plan poses the
CaSk of accelerata,rhg the technical re-equipping of productio*t an3 of conducting a
policy for the most rapid creation and widespread introduction of conceptually new
technology and materials and for the applicatian o� hi;hly produetive energy- and
material-saving technology on a b�road scalP.�'
- 'lhe theoretical basis of the policy for assimilatiTp. conceptually new tecfinology is
the systematic exploitation of the pegularity of the seientiFic-technical cycle.
Progress in science and tachnology is movement, a total struggle by new, rising
scientific ideas and technical solutions agairst o1d, obsolescent ones aubjecC tc
replacement, and changes frem evolutionary periods of deve;.opment, when alr.eady-
-knowa scientiFic ideas are improved and embodied in all new varietiEs of technology,
to periods of revolutionary breaks with t`ie past ar.a of the establishment and rapid
diffusion of iiew genzrations of machines and tachnologieal principles.
- A periodic change Setween revolutionary and evolutiotiary periods can be observed in
the development of technology: the appearance of a new tacnnical idea, its realiza-
tion in initially expensive fonns of new tecbnology aad aasimilation into the sphere
of pxoduction and cunsumption; rapid, spasmodic growth, increase in tha scale of
production, the envelopment of new spheres of consumption, aud the rapid lowering of
. production costs and pcices; a period of maturity and relatively stable development;
and a period of obsolescence and replacement by new, more progressive trends iri
~ technolugy.
~
The cycli.cal renewal of technology is accomplished in the form of change in machine
generations. Each successive generation employs coneeptually new technical ideas
and technological principles and p�rovides the possibility for morz fully satisfying
the industrial or individual consumption with relatively less expenditure of labor.
The change in generations is distinctly observed, for axample, in computers, lasers,
robots, electrical equipment, and so forth.
Scientific literature has thoroughly analyzed in datail the leap in the development
of pruduction forces that has resulted from the scientific-technical revolution.
It began iR the middle of the 20th Century with a breakthrough into the "next
storey" of science and technology. 'Ihe first stage of the scientific-technical
revolution was characterized by the rise and fast development o.f a number of new
scientific-technical areas atomic energy, electronics, lasers, computers, rockets,
space technology, polymer chemistry, ana so fortil, which made possible the spasmodic
growth of labor productivity and sharp expa-ision in the assortment of use values.
- However, by the end of the 1970's, tha poten:i.al of the first stage of the scienti-
- fic-technical revolution waa basically exhaustsd, and conditions for the application
of technology largely changed.
Gradually, the signs of the next revolutionary turnovzr in science and technology
began to accumulata a new stage of the scienti.fic-teehnical revolution, which
broadens the horizons fur the development of productiva �orces. "Genuinely revolu-
tionary possibilities," noted L. I. Bxezhnev at the 26th CPSU Congress, " are opened
up by the creation and i-ntruduction of miniature electronic contsol machines and
induatrial robota. They must ceceive wide applicaCion. Today, looking forward for
five or for ten years, we cannot forget that it is in these years that the economic
structure wi11 be planned and created with which the country will enter the 21st
Century."
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By the end of the 20th Century, we can expect the transition to new genesations of
m,.chines with mass application o� microprocessors and industrial robots, which will
~ provide a sharp reduction in the application of heavy and monotunous labor and a
manyfold i.icrease in the productivity o� social labor. Great progress will take
' place in the production and consutnption of enargq, wl3ich wi11 permit greater economy
in the utilization of enargy rasources, the mastery of nontraditional sources of
- energy, the creation of precondit.ions for a powar revolutiun, the core of which
already visibla wit',in the bounds of the present century will be the industrial
assimilation of energy from thesmonur..lear synthesis. Bzoad di�fusiun of waste-reduced
_ and waste-2ree technology and biotechnology wi11 maka possible the fullar utiliaation
of the substance uf nature, its transforination by more economical means, and the
nrevention of environmental pollution. The structure of personal comsumption will
change as the result of a wide range of conceptually new Qveryday maehines and
istruments and broad applicatiun of everyday electronic technology.
It is necessary that the development and assimilation of new genarations of machines
in shurtened periods of time be made the basic contents of special-purpose scienti�fic-
technical programs. They should be distinguished by the follawing: 'Lirst, by a
- high technical level, based on the rEalization of scientific discoveries and great
inveations, which permit expandiug the types aiid improv;.ng the quality of use values
being created, the satisfaction of new needs, and the competitiveness of domestic
goods on the world ma.rket; secondly, by a substantial economic, social, ecological,
and external economic effect and by a manyfold increase in labor productivity and in
economies in fuel-energy and raw-material zesources. It is important that each such
progracn cover all stages from scienti�ic research and experimental design to the
organization of serial production of new machine systems and their introduction into
the basic spheres of consumption, that it be provided with special-purpose financing
(including the necessary amounts of capital investment) and high-priority supply and
equipinent support, and that there be competent single managemeut. An example is the
system of ineasures on the organization of the develapment and introduction of indus-
- trial robots provided for in the decree of the CPSU Central Committee "On Measures
for Increasing the Production and Wide Application of Automatic Manipulators in
Sectors of the Economy in View of the Instructions of the 25th CPSU Congress."
_ I'he implementation of the course of strategy fox assimilation of conceptually new,
highly effective technology is tied to changing the proportional rates of development
of individual elements of the "science--technology--production--consumption" system.
Science and technology determine the "gruwth curves" in productive forces that pave
the way for progress in the structure uf production and for replacement of obsolete
technology by new, more effective technology. Fundamental scientiFic research
creates a backlog for the development of applied research and experimental-design
developments cahich, in turn, are the basis for accelerating the development of
- production of technology in comparison with the ratas of increase in the production
_ of the total social product.
The growth rates o� expenditurea for scienca from the budgat and from other sources
are outstripping the growth o� the total social product (the average rates of yearly
growth for 1951 to 1979, respectively, are 10.9 and 7.5 percent). Such a trend is
observed in the correlation of growth rates of the number engaged in the sphere of
science and scienca services in comparison with the numbers of workers in the whole
economy (6.4 and 2.1 percent, respectively, �or the same period). At the same time,
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one can nc;a a trend toward a slow-down in rates o� gsowth under the lOth Five-Year
Plan: from 1976 to 1979, the average yearly growth in expendirures went down to
3,8 percent, and the numbar engaged in this sphere to 3 percant.l
~ The all-out developscent of fundamental scienti�ic--technical research is not always
provided for. The proportion of those waYking in tha USSR Academy of Sciences and
union-republic academies of sciences in the total numbar of scientific workers was
- cut back from 12.1 percent in 1960 to 7.8 percent in 1965 (a large part of the
genarnl engineering inatitutes weze trans�arred �rom the USSR Academy of Sciences to
the administration of ministries and agenc,ies) and therea�ter remained basically
stable, constituting 7.0 percent in 1979.2 In the USSR Academy of Sciences, the
- number of institutes o� the general engiaeering type is not large, and the ministries
are orienting the scientific organizations subor~dinate to them psimarily toward
applie3 research and give little attention to expl4ratory research, especially that
of interest to more than one economic sector. The development of an experimental
base has also lagged. As a result, prototypes of new technalogy often enter produc-
tion without thoroughly developed designs bacause they did not undargo comprehensive
testing, and this leads to large lusses.
- The dispraportions that have evolved in the sphere o� acientific-research and
- experimental-design work are holding back scientific-technical progreas and the
- introduction o� its results into mass production anul are engende�ring und2sirable
_ trends in the dynamics o� the end indicators of development i-Li the sphere of scien-
tific-research and experimental-dasign work the num'o2r of prototypes of new
techno'lugy that have bean created and also the number of inventions and rationalizers'
- proposals that have been introduced into production. The average yearly number of
prototypes of new technology from 1961 to 1965 grew relative to 1951 to 1955 by a
factor of 5.3 (including instruments, autoination hardware, and computer technolugy
by a factor of 17), and during tha years of the lOth-Five-Year Plan compared with
1961 to 1965, thP number �ell o�f by 20 percent (including instruments by 30
percent). Rates of growth in the quantity of inventions and rationalizers' proposals
used in pruduction slowad down: from 1951 to 1960, the number increased by a
factor of 3.9, by 35 percent i:~ the next ten years, and by 17.7 percent from 1971 to
1979; the average yearly rates of growth were 14.5, 3.0, and 1.8 percent, respec-
tively.3
- To create a reliable and extensive scientific and technical reserve, it is necessary
to overcome backwardness in the development of a number o� areas of fundamental
scientific-technical research and experimental bases and to provide for their all-out
- development. In order to sst up the production of new genarations of machines in a
short time and to create con3itions for massive replar,ement of outdated technology
being used in the economy, it is necessar,y to accelerate the development of machine
building.
In recent years, the development of a number of machi.ne-building sectors has slowed
down. Thus, there has been a raduction of the average yearly rates of growth in
products in power machine building, the electrical equipment industry, chemical and
polymer machine building, and in lifting-transporting, tractor, and, agricultural
machine building. As a result, the possibilities are nzrcowing for replacing
obsolet2 technology, and inef.fective capital repair is expanding excessively. For
example, the proportion o� written-off machinee and equipment (in percentage of
their cost at the beginniug o� the year) in industry wGs reduce3 �'rom 3.1 percent in
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1965 to 2.4 percant in 1979 (including machine building and metal working, from
2.3 to 2 percent). Amortization deduGtions for capital repais tos the whole
economy grew by a factor of 2.9 arid reached 27.8 billion rublss, with the total sum
of capital investment in the deuelopment of machina building of 11.1 billion rubles
in 1979.4
A;re;.t deal of attention was givzn to the expansion o� machine building, to the
renewal of basic stock, and the technical re-equipping of various spheres of the
economy at the October (1980) Plenum u� the CPSU Centtal Committee and ac the 26th
CPSU Congress. "The uniun of science and production," said L. I. Brezhnev at the
Plenum, "and the influence on it of progressive idaas takes place through a machine
or a technologv. Hence, there is nothing coinparable with the role of machine build-
- ing in the devElopment of the economy or in raising labor productivity."
The natural result of scientifi.c-technical progress is expansion in the assortment
of products and improvement in thair quality the means oi production determine
the objects of consumption for the satisfaction of the grawing demand from
society. This process flows unevenly: it grows stronge: in pe,:iods of revoYution-
ary leaps in the development o� technolugy and becomes samewhat slower in periods of
_ evolutionary development.
The end result of technical progress is the economy of social labor "The aim of
introducing machines;" wrote Marx, "is in a vary genarral way, the r'Auction of cost
and, consequencly, the pri.ce of goods, and its lower price, that is, the reduction
of workers' ti.me, is necessaxy for the production of urits of goods."S This aim is
achieved by twa methods: by lowering the costs and prices of technology already
being mamifactured (absolute price reduct~.on) and by repla,cing it with new, more
effective techtiolugy and therefore costing less pQr unit of manufactured products
(relative price reduction).
Absolute price reduction with respect to machines takes place as the result of
lowering tle costs of production and list prices of technology being ma:ZUfactured
= in proportion to expansiun in the scales of its production (up to the optimum), rise
in the level of workers' qualifications, and utilization of reserves for growth in
production effectiveness.
The essence u� relAtive price reduction for machi.nes was revealed by K. Marx as
follows: "By relative price reduction fo�r machinea, 'L mean a situation where
' absolute cost of an applied mass of machines increa$es but nut to the same degree as
the mass of thesz mactiines also increases its effectiveness.i6 In :elative price
reduction is found the expression of the effectiveness of technology renewal.
The rates of relative price reduction, as also of absolute price reduction, dif�er
according to economic sector and substctors and are uneven in cycle phases. They
are higher during periods o� replacement of old ganerations of machines by concep-
tually IlEW ones and slow down during pe�riods -,f smooth evolutionary diffusion of a
given technology ganeration.
The nee3 to lower price levels ia calculating units o� useful effect based on
utilization o� scientific and technical achievements was formulated in the "Basic
Directi.ons for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1981 to 1985 and
for the Period to 1990," adopte3 by the 26th CPSU Congreas: "To increase the
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individual capacitios of machinea and equipment to optimum limits with simultaneous
reduction in their size, metal content, energy consumption, aad lowaring ol the
cost per unit uf uszful end e�fect."
- Absdlute and relative price reduction fo�r machines are inseparably linked. Lowering
tlie prices of technology baing manufactured causes relatively lower price levels ot
new technology for two reaeons: first, the lowast priced analog or lowered level
- of prices of similar items of a parzmetric seriea is assumed as the basis in calcu-
lating price limits; secondly, as a result o� lowaring the price o� constituent
subassemblies and cumponents usad in creating naw machines. At the same time, the
appearance of new, more efrective and cheaper (per unit o� useful effect) machines
Yorces more rapid lowering o'L production costs and prices o� technolagy being manu-
ractured. Through rialatively lowar pricing of machines, a ttao-fold result of
scientific-technical progreas is expressed: raising the tecnnical level and
quality of products being manufactured is effective whan it is accompanied by lower-
ing tiie expenses and prices in calculating useful effact per unit.
The trends in tha dynamics of economic ef�ectiveness of scienti�ic-technical progress,
which are reflectad in the rates of absolute price reduction for machines and, to a
certain extent, in changea in return on fun3ing, are contradictory. On the one hand,
_ list prices for machines, instrumeats, and equipment are periodically revised on the
- lower side. Oa the other hand, there are data rhat indicate slowing rates of
absolute and relatxve price reductions for inachiiies and, in a number of instances,
their price ictcrease.
According to data of the USSR State Co^imittee on Psices. in 1973 the wholesale
prices for products in machine buil3ing an3 metal working wcre lower~�d by 8 percent.
The total sum of the rzduction of wholesale prices for 1969 to 1972 (with deductions
of their increase for products of light industcy, fer�rous mztallurgy, coking coal,
and iron ore) was 27.5 billion rubles, pri.marily on account of an absolute price
reduction of te;.hnology being manufacture3. The index of warehouae prices for enter-
prises in machine building a:13 metal working estimated by the USSR Central Statisti-
cal Adininistration and reflecking only changes in list pri.cas, went duwn frum 1967
to 1979 by 25 percent.~ At the same time, from 1570 to 1979, additional profit from
the introduction of ineasures for new technology i-n indusLry per 1000 rubles' expen-
ditures went down by 14 percent, and tne number of workers hypothetically released,
by 16.3 percent; in the calculation for one released worker in 1979, the�expenditure
was 15,000 rubles. For comparison, let us ramember ttLaL zhe average yearly money
wages c` an in3uatrial worker that same year was 2164 rubles.e *The rates of abso-
lute and relative cost reductic,n �or machines are slow;.ng do�an in a numoer of in-
stances as a conseauence of price incre?ses xn raw materials, other materials, and
energy, and also o� relatively high rates in tha growth of wages, which sometimea
_ surpass the rates of growth in labor productivity.
The lowering of return on funding -also indicates the lack of effectiveness in techni-
cal progreas. Thus, in tha economy as a whole from 1970 to 1980, in comparable
prices, the cost of basic production �unds grew by 116 percent, the groas social
product by 67 percent, and the nationUl income, utilized for stockpiling an3 consump-
tion, by 55 percent. c^or each ruble of basic funds now there is 28 percent less
national income: Zf the return on .funding had stayed at the 1970 level, there could
have been an additional 166 billion rubles more national income to use for consump-
tion and stockpiling, ~&ich excaeds by 24 pereent the total sum for capital inveat-
ment for that year.
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One of the reasons fur reduction in tha return on fuading is the inadequate effec-
tivPness of new cechnology and its frequant price rises in calculations per unit of
productivity. In additian, c}ich Factors as decreased eEfectiveness and growth in
cost of capital construction must also be not�d. Thua, from 1965 r.a 1979, uncom-
pleted construction at state and cooperative enterprisas and ozganizations ineressed
by 76.8 billion rubles ( a factor of 3.6) with a growth in capital investment by
67.7 billion ru'ules (a factor o� 2.4). The index of actual cost of construction and
assembly work, which went down between 1966 to 1975 by 5 points, went up daring four
years if the lOth Five -Year Plan by 2 points. The profit of contractor construction
organiz4tions iZCraased from 1651 mi1lio-Lz rublas in 1965 to 8487 million in 1975 and
decreased to 7907 million rublas in 1979, but its ratio to eost, went from 6.1 per-
cent to 1.7.9 and 12.5 percent, Lespectively.9 T;ierease in proiit and increase in
profitabi:ity took place in many instanees because of risir.g estimated cunstruction
costs
It must also be taken into account that the methods used for determining the effec-
~ tiveness of new Eechnology are oriente3 basically toward cost-accounting effect,
which is reflected in the costs and warehouse prices of enterprises. This does not
take into account tne additional e�Fect received by society as a whole as a result
uf economies in labor and natural resourcas and expansion in the export of technol-
ogy that is competitive on world markets. As aresul.t, effectiveness is reduced and
the economic boundaries are narrowed in the application, first of all, of concep-
tually naw technology which, in large mea,:ure, re�lects Ghanging conditions in the
application of r.achines.
Under the conditions of the transition to a new stage of the scientific-techniaal
revolution, requirements are sharply gro;aing for economic ef�ectiveness in new
technology and for rates of absolute and relative price reductions for machines.
The effectiveness criterion must be decisive in the economic incentive system for
the evaluation of long-range trends in the development of science and teciinology,
For verifying plans and special-purpuse prograins, and far determining price,, for new
- items. Preference must be givan to engineering and techrrology that provides sharp
reduction in the expenditure of maaual, heavy, and monotonous labor, multiple
increases in labor productivity, enprgy economies, complex processing of natural
raw materials, the introduction of waste-reduced and ws,ate-free technology, and
preventi;,n of environmental pollution.
The growth of economic effectiveness must also find expression in sutistantial rise
in the technical level of machines, equipment, and instruments that are being
assimilated and manufactured. TheYe should be ran orientation toward surpassing the
_ highest world levels in a numSar of sreas o� technology and in short time set up
mass productian ant; expand export of pionearinf; technology and, on this basis, to
raise signifi.cantly the proportion of machines, equipmer;il-, and transportation hard-
ware in tha export structure: in 075 it was 17.5 poxcent in the USSR (as agal-ust
21.5 percent in 1970), 44.7 percent in Bei,lgarin, 34.2 percent in Hungary, 55.8 per-
_ cent i.-a the GDR, 26.2 percent in Romania, ancl 51.1 pezcent in Czechoslovakia.lo
_ The system for the managernent of scie.ztific-�technical progsess is beiile raorganized
to conform to new strategic tasks. The basic areas of this reorganiaation were
formulated in the decree af the CPSU Central Co�mmittea and USSR Council ot Ministers
- "On Improving the Planuing and Strengthenir,tig the Influence o� the Economic Mechanism
on In:.raasing P�roduction E�Fecta.veness-and Work Qualitiy." In consi3eration of the
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measures outlined in this decree and adopted in the decisions of tha 26th CPSU
_ Congreas in tho fieid of scient'.Fi.c:-technical progress, a number oE �irst-priority
tasks must be accamplish?d. First of all, tne goal-directed eharacter of manage-
ment for scientific-techni;,al progrdss must be strengtnened, with consistent
orientation of a11 linkc and ],avars o� tnanagsment toward the impl.ementation of
special-purpose complex programs that provide for the ass.imilation of iew, highly
effective genzrations of machines and techiiological processes.
It is necessary to concentrate resources on the b sic, decisive areas o� scientific-
technical progress, to make Chem tfie basis for special--pt,rpose programs and planning
tasks, to intensify the motivation, and also sense of reepoi.sibility, of planning
and msna,ement bodies, scientific-resesYCh inQtitutes, design bureaue, enterprises,
and associations and their workers, for the achievement of end results, and to
strengtlien planniug discipline in this field. The 11th Five-Year plan providc:s
for the implementation of 160 complex and cpecial-purposa scientific-technical
programs. They should become the basis for goal-directed managament of the develop-
ment of science and technology and the introduction of'thair achievements inro the
econor.:y.
A differantiated approach must be provided for the management of scientific resedreh
and for the assimilation of new technolugy, with co;tsideration for the degree of
their novelty and economic effectiveness. In planning, in financing, and in statis-
tical accounting for scientific research and teclznical developments, it is neaassary
to clearly distinguish the foll.owing: fundamental, exploratory researeh, direated
toward the discovery and mastery of new laws of nature and maans for their technol-
ogical application; applied rasearch, includirg an3 detailing ne;a anginaering ideas
and technological principles; exparimental--desigr a-id introduction work, which
materialize these ideas and principles in prototypes of new technolugy, in machine
systems and technological processes.
Distinguisliing tke Etages of scientific-research and experimental-design work during
planning, in our v=ew, allows substantiated proportions among them not only at
academy institutes and VUZ's, but also at ministerial institutiuns. This requires
the development of clear criteria for categoxizing research and development as to
type and specific indicators that characterize the end reaults at each stage.
In planning, statistical accounLing, price formation, and tne establishment of
, economic inceutives, a differentiated approach is needed toward new items with
consideration for the degree of the novalty and technical lEVe1, distinguisning the
following: conceptually new technolugy that represents new genarations of inachine$
and taat makes use of scientific discaveries and important iaveations and that
provides, with time, for a rapid growth in ef.fectivanes3 (pioneering technology taat
surpasses the world scientiLic-technical leval deserves special attentaun); improved
technology Mew models that permit more effective use o� already known -seientific-
_ technical ideas with consi3sraCion o� the experience of producing ar:d a}aplying
- existing ganerations of machines (here the expenditures are less and the effect is
achieved more rapidly, although it is relatively amsller than in rhe previous case);
modernized items, in which some pa�tamate�rs are impsoved.
The calculation of -1-ime and effectiveness in this are not identical. It is necessary
to give atCentiun to the difticulty of development and assimilation of con:,eptually
new technology and tc) create more favorable econotnic conditions for its developers,
producers, and consumers. Effectivenesa in this case cail use�ully be determined by
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consideration for the resulta of lowaring expEnditures that result from increasing
the scale of production and consumption during tha peziod of rapid dif�usion of a
given technology.
An important task is the complex coordinatiori of all the ].i.nks and Levers in the
manabament of scientific-technica:l progress. For this, the following should be done:
expand the role of special-purpose program p1dnning as the core of management;
provide for special-purpose financing an3 high priarity supply and equipment suppurt
for s cientiric-technical pzograms and tasks; etrengthen tha intEraction between the
plan and prices in creating �avozablR Economic conditions for assimilating an3 es-
panding ~he production of conceptually new iechnology in cotnbination with strict and
timely sanctions (lowering prices, discounta) for output of obsolescent or outdated
products; intensiFy material i.ncantives 2nd scanse of rESponaibility on the part ot
collectives and workars of scientific-research and planning-design organizations,
enterprise:,�, and associations, for the develepmEnt-and assimilation of new, highly
effective technology and ramoval of old technology from production; and to improve
statistical accounting and analysis of the rates, proportions, and effectiveness of
scientific pr4gress in all economic secturs.
The emergence of contradictions and the lack of coordination among ittdividual links
in the system for managing scientific-technical progre3s lowers the effectiveness of
management. Fundamental research and development (especially that pertaining to
more than one sector) does not have steady sources of financing. It seems advisable
to form, from the state budget at the disposal of the State Committee for Science and
Technology, a special-purpose fund ;Eor fundamental scientific-technical research and
inter-sector development, using it basically for financing special-purpose complex
programs. The problems of all-out development of scienti�ic instrument making, the
provision of up-to-date instruments, equipment, and materials to sciantists are not
solved. Considering the specifics of this type of activity and the rise of new
demands, the existing supply system neecls to have a separate subsystem of supply in
the sphere of scientif:c-research and e:cperimental-design work, to guarantee its
priority, and to make it more flexible and efficient.
In the substantiation of price limits and warAhouse prices, the degree of novelty
of an item is not considered sufficiently, and prices �or old machines are lowered
too slowly. The formation of funds for economic incentives and rewards are poorly
related to the fulfillment of planned taska in the field of scientific-technical
progress and to its effectiveness.
The economic incentives for the development and assimilation of new technology must
be accomplished with consideration of its novelty and economic eEfect. A number of
measures in this direction are being carried out in accord with the decree on
improving the economa.c mechanism: increments to warehouse prices have been increased
for highly ef�ective items, especially i� they have been based on discoveries and
inventions; di.scounts have been increased on prices for o1d items; and prizes have
been increased for important achievements �rom the united �und Lor the developmEnt of
- science and technology. Ministerial acienti�ic-research institutes are being trans-
ferred to the cost-accounting system o� planning and stimulation with con$ideration
far the end result.
It is advisable to deveJ.op scientific bases �o-.- the economic mechanism that provide
real incentives and sense uf responsibility to �ollectivQS and wurkers operating
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under cost accounting for lowering expenditures and imprOving the quality of products
on the basis o� continuous improvement in the enginee'ring and technology of produc-
tion and the introduction of highly etfec:tive innovations. The theoretical basis for
this mechanism can b e the revelation and distribution of differential saientific-
technical income (loss) tha size o� deviation o� an individual cost from social
cost under the influence af techziical progress. Co1leCtiv2s that have achieved
lower individual expenses than the socially necessary ones (fixed in prices) as a
result of utilizin~- scientific and techriical achievemEnts, can recaive a guaranteed
- share from the additional ef�ect.
Scientific-technical progress must be given a leading role in planning. fihis means,
first of all, enlarging the role of the summary pian for 1:he development of science
and technology with in the structure o� the economic plan and iiz the plan system
at all levels of managament. Proceeding from the task o� acceleratir.a and increasing
the effectiveness of technical progress, the following should be distinguiehed: the
structure of capital investment, progress in balancing among economic aectors
(providing all-out development to more progreseive sectars), tasks for the growth of
production effectiveness and labor productivity, economies in materials and natural
resources, and financial plan :indicators.
The economic mechan isin �or managing the development of science and technology must
create a"green light" for the accelerated introduction of more effective technol-
ogy, reflecting the highest achievements of the scientific-technical revolution.
This is the most important precondition for successful realization of long-term
- economic and social strategy of the party formulated at the 26th CPSU Congress.
r00TNOTES
1. Calculaced from the statistical yearbook "Narodyoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1967 g."
[The National Economy of the USSR in 19671. "Statistika," 1968, pp. 55, 491,
647, 649, and 888; "Narodnoye l:hozyzystvo SSSR v 1979 g." [The National Economy
of the USSR in 19791, "Statistika;" 1980, pp. 54, 312, 387-388, and 555.
2. "Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1960 g." [The National Economy of the USSR in 19601,
- Gosstatizdat, 1961, pp. 782 and 787; "Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1965 g."
[The National Economy of the USSR in 1965], "Statiatika," 1956, pp. 709 and 714;
"Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1979 g." [The National Economy of the USSR in 1979],
pp.107 and 109.
3. Calculated from the statistical yearbooks: "Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1965 g."
[The National Economy of the USSR in 19651, p. 67, and "Narodnoye khozyaystvo
SSSR v 1979 g." (The National Economy of the USSR in 19791, p. 111.
4. "Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1979 g." [The National Economy of the USSR in 19791;'
pp. 159, 368, and 552.
5. K. Marks and F. Engel's, "Sochineniya" [Works], vol. 47, p. 351.
6. K. Marks and F. Engel's, "Sochineniya" [Works], vol. 26, pazt III, p. 228.
7. Calculated from the statistical yearbook "Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSER v 1979 g."
[The National Economy of the USSR in 1979), p. 164.
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8, Ibid., pp. 112 and 393.
9. Ibid., pp. 363, 375, 382, and 539.
10. See "Statistichaskiy yezhegodnik stzan--chlenov Soveta Ekonomicheskoy Vzai-
mopomoshchi, 1980 g." [Statistical Yeaz'book �or CEMA-Member Countries, 19801,
"Statistika," 1980, pp. 337- 339.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1981
9645
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PROBLEMS IN ORGANIZING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN SIBERIA
Moscow VOPROSY FILOSOFII in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 21-35
[Article by V. A. Koptyug (Novosibirsk)]
[Excerpt] The Siberian Department was created for the purpose of broadly expanding
fundamental research and work on applied problems with priority for Siberian inter-
_ ests. But how can academy arid regional interests be tied together? Reaearch on the
basic laws of the movement of matter at varioua levels of ite organization is of
general significance. But in itself the selection of fundamental research topics,
_ the institutes' ties to individual regions, and the choice of objects on which to
conduct the study and verification of natural laws that are discovered, permit the
reflection of regional characteristics and interests. Indeed, in examining the
scientific orientation of many institutes of ~:he Siberian Department of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, one sharply senses the responsibility and motivation of our
scientists in deveboping the Siberian region, so important for the wr.ole country.
Thus, the Yakutsk Affiliate of the SibErian Department of the USSR Academy of
Sciences is investigating the flow of cosmic particZes and their interactio: with
the Earth's magnetic field and upper layers of the atmoaphere. Why is it useful to
conduct such research at Yakutsk? Because astrophys.ical phenomena occur at high
latitudes more clearly and because they have a substantial effect on radiocommunica-
tions over a wide territory of the North. Or, for example, the study of the behavior
of materials under low temperatures: this is an extremely general scientific task
and it is of interest to many fields of science. But in the North this problem is
felt every day and very intenselq; for in deep cold, metal becomea brittle; thia
leads to breakage and accidents and cauaeo machinery to stand idle. The Inatitutie
of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North, wh ich was created in Yakutsk, works
on the accomplishment of tasks relating to this problem.
An important means for concentrating attention and effort on Siberian tasks and for
forming a unified complex of reaeaxch has been the large-scale "Sibir program,
within the framework of which central acientific problems relevant to balancing the
development of this immense region are being solved. The first stage of formulating
- the prograrn consisted of scientific-technical and party-management conferences and
meetinga in 1977 and 1978 of leaders from the oblasts, krays, and autonomous
republics of Siberian, at which were discussed economic and scientific-technical
tasks that were urgent for these regions. During the next stage, analyses were
conducted of existing scientific work at academy institutes, ministerial organiza-
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tions, and higher educational institutions that corresponded to these tasks. Coordi-
nated plans were then drafted for scientific research and for utilization of its
results in the economy. Thus gradually evolved a complex of 30 special-purpose
scientific programs devoted to problems in the study and effe�tive utilization of
fuel-energy, mineral raw-material, and biological resources, environmental protec-
tion, and the complex engineering and tachnology problems of Siberia.
Work on the "Sibir l" program, the framework for which preaently unites the efforts of
specialists from over 400 scientific-research and experimental-design organizationa
of varic-us agencies, primarily of the 5iberian region, brought about during the lOth
Five-Year Plan a new step in strengthening relations between science and the economy.
Work is now being cumpleted on the submiseion of the "Sibir program to the State
Committee for Science and Technology for inclusion among the important scientific-
technical programs in the complex long-term program for scientific-technical progress
of the country.
Comparing the results of our work with the taeke posed by the party to the country
_ for the next five-year plan and fur the long term, we can state that the basic areas
of research of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, including
that within the framework of the "Sibir l" program, are in the mainstream of the
- strategic areas of development of the country and its eastern regions. At the same
time, in a number of important areas, our fundamental and applied work must be
substantially strengthened and expatnded. This pertains, for example, to the problem
of producing l:iquid fuel from coal and gas and to the social aspects of transferring
part of the drainage f�rom Siberian rivers to southQrn regions of the country.
In the process of the work, a deepening of purpoae took place in the program:
whereas at the beginning it was oriented basieally toward the utilization of exist-
ing developmerits, it gradually became clear that some kind of additionaL scientific
base was necessary for the solution of some large problems. In conformity with this,
the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Science is taking measures for the
expansion of 'Lundamental and applied researeh, even the creation of new scientific
institutiura. Thus, the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering has been
urganized in Krasnoyarsk; its purpose is to provide the scientific base for creating
new technology.in the fields of non'Larrous metallurgy and coal chemistry in close
relationship with the development of the kray's productive forces. A new Institute
of Mining in the North is operating successfully in Yakutsk and, in Kemerovo, the
foundation has been laid down for a complex institute, the work of which should aid
in accomplishing the mining-geology and chemical-erological tasks of the Kuzbass
region and partly oP the Kansk-Achinsk Fuel-Energy Complex. The problems of the
Uaokan de,osits will be central for the complex institute being created in Chita.
New "extension" sections and laboratories have been created in Omek, Barnaul, and
Kyzyl.
However, the formation of the network of academy units cannot be coasidered complete.
An urgent necessity has arisen for the creation of a strong academy scientific base
in Tyumen'; large investments are required by the Altay Experimental Farm (Genetic
Center) being organized; new units that have already been organized are in need of
personnel, financing, and equipment support. The etrategic policy of the Siberian
, Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the next few years is to strengthen
= its affiliates and new academy units as much as possible.
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The 26th CPSU Congress has posed the task of aharply reducing the time required in
the introduction of acientific achievements into practice. "The decieive and most
urgent sector today," noted Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in the Suaanary Report of the
Centrsl Committee to the party congress, "is the introduction of seientific discov-
eries and inventiuns into production."*
The Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sci.ences possesses a large potential
far deve?opments that have good prospects from the point of view of the economy.
Ministerial scientific-research institutes and industrial enterprisea are introduc-
- ing the following works created by the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of
Sciences: applied program packages and automatic control systeais, a number of new
up-to-date instruments A'or various purposes and hardware for the automation of
research and technological processes, microelectronics systen.s, means for making
catalysts, substances with predetermined characteriatics and medical preparations,
methods for useful-mineral exploration, progressive labor-saving technmlogy for
metal processing, and much more. The USSR Council of Ministers has noted the work
by our scientists in the interests of industry by two prizes in 1951.
A multilevel system of interaction between science and practice has evolved during
_ the past years in the Siberian Department oF the USSR Academy of Sciences. The
"highest" l.evel is the submis$ion to USSR Gosplan of technical-economic reports on
larger developments that promise significant economic effect on a naCional scale.
At the end of 1979, the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Seiences entered
that level for the first time and submitted aUout 20 sueh reports to Gosplan. As
the result of work conducted in sections of USSR Gosplan and the State Committee
for Science and Technoiugy and also in the respective ministries and agencies,
noticeable progress was achieved with a number of proposed developments toward their
introduction into the economy. �
The submission of technical-economic reporte to USSR Gosplan on larger developments
by the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences opQns up the possibility"
- for an outlet into the economy of the country as a whole, which is especially
important for problems that have signiFicance for more than one economic sector. No
less important is the circumstance that the inclusion of the respective tasks in
the economic plan can be assured.
The second level consists of coordinated prograws with 22 ministries and agencies
for research and introduction of innovations into production. Here, the Sibei.:.an
Department has been successful in developing mauy new forms, finding a number of
new channels for interaction with economic sectors, and creating an efficient system
for conducting aurveys and developing new plans and for exchanging new infortaation
on the achievements of science and t11e needa of the respective sectors of industry.
These ties are very important and fruitful.
The Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences is continuing to form
mutual ties with the bett of minieterial scientific-research institutes and design
bureaus around the Novoeibirsk Akademgorodok. As a whole, tMis is a very effective
form for carrying .ha reaultc of fundramental research from academy inetitutes
- rapidly into induetry. The economic effect from the introduction by these organiza-
*"Materials of Che 26th CPSU Congress." M4scow, 1981, p. 43.
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tions of joint developments has been over 250 million rubles during the lOth Five-
Year Plan. But we still have not completely worked out many aspects of our joint
work both in the area or scientific-technical and personnel policies and in the area
of solving social questions in the life of rlkademgorndok. Here a further search is
necessary for mutually acceptable solutions.
One of the most important links in the syFtem for introducing new technology con-
sists of direct ties between the Siberisn Department of the USSR Academy of Scienct~a
and Siberian industrial and agriculturai enterprises. A large�amount of aid in this
work is given us by councils for the support of scientific-technical progress that
have been organized und2r a number of Siberian obkoms and kraykoms. We were very
pleased that L. I. Brezhnev, in his spa:ech to the congress, noted the work of the
Novosibirsk party obkom in increasing the effectiveness of relations between science
and production. A plenum of the Novosibirsk party obkom that took place recently
stressed again the necessity for the broadest utilization of the achievements of
science and technology, including that of the siberian Department of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, in t:ie oblast's induatry and agriculture.
Novosibirsk industry has given a start in life to many of our scientists' develop-
ments. Examples are automated control systems and sutomated systems for technologi-
cal process control, welding and explosive punching, the manufacture of complex
types of products by pressing sheet metaZ in a creeping mode, the creation of
vibration-resistant tools and machines, and many others. We will expand and strength-
- en such ties wherever possible in all our scientific centers, widely depending for
this on the assistance of the Councils for the Support of Scientific-Technieal
Progress unde-r the oblast and kray party committees.
Moreover, within the framework of programs of cooperation with ministri2s and ties
with enterprises, problems of interest to a single economic sector will still be
successfully dealt with. At the same time, the introduction of works of interest
to more than one economic sector, the proportion and signi=icance of *ahieh are
constantly growing, are encountering very great difficulties, since often rio
miniscerial orgar.izations undertake them. To accomplish such tasks, it is especially
important for academy institutes and scientiFic centers to have their own experi-
mental production base. If the Institute of Nuclear Phyaics had not had its own
first turn at experimental production, we would hardly have today the institute's
accelerators in several sectors of the economy. Therefore, heeding the instructions
_ of the congress on the necessity of developing experimental-production bases for
science, we will give this area very serious attention.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatelstvo TsK KPSS "Pravda", "Voprosy filosofii", 1981.
9645
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UDC 001.83
REPORTS FROM L'VOV CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATZNG SCIENCE AND PRODUCTION
Introduction and Background
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 35-37
[Introduction, including opening remarks by Academician V. A. Kotel'nikov, vice-
president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to an all-union seminar organized by the
USSR Academy of Sciences, the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and its Weetern Scientific
~ Center, and the L'vov obkom: "1'he Integration of Science and Production Under the
Conditions of Developed Socialism"]
[Text] The fact thar science in our day has become a direct productive force creates
an imperative need for close interrelationship between science and production. Their
more complete integration will be one of the basic means for exploiting the possi-
bilities of developed socialism and for uniting its advantages with the achievements
of the present scientific-technical revolution. The "Basic Directions for the
Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1981 to 1985 and for the Period to
- 1990," approved by the 26th CPSU Congress, states the following: "In the llth Five-
Year Plan, the development of science and technology should be still more subordinated
to the solution of the economic and social tasks of Soviet society, to the accelera-
tion of the transition of the economy to the path of intensive development, and to
increasing the effectiveness of civil production."
The decisive and most complicated sector of this work is the real embodiment of
- scientific di.scoveries and inventions in life. It is important to provide for the
most rapid utilization of the results of fini'aled scientific developments and to
shorten the time for creating and assimilating new technology. "Scientific-research
and planning-design work must come together more closely economically and organi-
zationally with production," said CPSLT Central Committee General Secretary L. I.
Brezhnev at the 26th CPSU Congress. "Everything must be eliminated that makes the
process of introducing what is new di�ficult, s1ow, or unhealthy. Production must
be vitally interested in more rapid and batter aesimilation ot the fruits of the
thought and the �ruits of the labor of scientists and designess."
The documents of the congress point to the necessity for improving the organization
- of the whole system of scientific research, �or making it flexible and mobile., and
intolerant of unproductive laboratories and institutes. A large role here is
played by the coordination of scientific work, which the USSR Academy of Sciences
has been called upon to bring about. Substantial steps have already been taken in
this field. The activities of the union republic academies of sciences are being
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systematically coordinated. The USSR Academy of SciEnces has conducted joint
sessions with the Academy of Medical Sciences and with the all-Union Academy of
Agricultural Sciences imEni V. I. Lenin, as the rasult o� tahich u::tensive plans for
scientific research have been drafted. Academy institutes ara improvirig their
interaction with ministerial institutes and are strengthening ties with WZ science,
The unification of efforts and the delineation of prospect.ive areas helps increase
the effectivoness of scientific investigation and its practa.cal yield both in the
country as a whole and on the scale of individual regiotls. In this connection, first
and foremost, comes the task o� optimum combination of the economic-sector and
regional principles of msnaging scientific-tachnical progress. Lxperience of this
type has been accumulated by many scientific and production Arganizations working in
various regions of the country: in Moscow, LettiMgrad, Novosibirsk, 5verdlovsk,
- Belorussia, Moldavia, and the Ukxaine. The study and genaralization of the experience
and improvement in the forms, methods, and directions for the development of inte-
gration processes of science and production ware thF subject of tha All-Union Seminar
held in L'vov 13 to 15 January and organized by the USSR Academy of Sciences, the
UkSSR Academy of Scrences, its Ldestern Scientific Canter, and the L'vov obkom of
- the Ukrainian Communist Party. Over 200 people leading scientists, managers of
~ part,y, state, and public organizations, and wortcers of enterprases and WZ's partici-
pated in the seminar. Vice-President of the USSR AcadPmy of Sciences, Academician
: V. A. Kotel'nikov, opened the seminar.
In his introductory remarks, V. A. Kotel'nikov dealt with the existing possibilities
for accelerating scientific-technical progress that are offered by the soaialist
system of management. He also thoroughly analyzed the deficiencies in this sphere,
especially stressing the slow.implementation in industry and agriculture of the
latest achievements of science and technology, the presence of barriers between
economic sectors in the diffusion of advanced experiPnce, and the poor coordination
of the activities of various scientific and administrative organizations in the
solution of the urgent problems relating to increasing the productivity of civil
labor. The US5R Academy of Sciences, he said, is very concerned about this situation
and is taking measures to correct it. In 1980, the academy presidium discussed the
work of the Western Scientific Center of the Uk3SR Academy of Sciences in increasing
the et-fecti.veness of scientific research and utiliaing its results in practice and
in improving methods for regional maragement of scientifie-technical progress. The
discussion showed that the Western Scientifie Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences
had achieved certain successes. It was decided, therefore, to hold a seminar in
L'vov, inviting participation by representatives of other r3publics where other
means for solving urgent problems are being applied.
. .
After pointing out the broad s;ignificance of the work undertaken, V. A. Kotel'nikov
noted, at the same time, that it is not intended that a single prescription will be
worked out for all regions. There should be an exchange of opinions as to what
. could be obtained from whom and who specifically ehould adopt something from others.
- With all the dif�iciencies in the known organizational �orms for ineegrating science
and production, however, we have something in common. Where patty organiaations
participate actively in the work of councils, commissions and other bodies that are
created locally for the coor.dination of sciantific research and for accelerating
, scientif.ic-technical progress, things go we11. In a number of instances, thase
bodies were even created on party initiative.
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Four reports were heasd at the seminar, and a discussion o� them alsa took place.
All of these materials, in abridged iorm, are printed in this issue of VESTNIK.
In the recommendations adopted by the A11-[Jnion Semin3r, it was note.d that the mutual
~ exchange of informaticsn that took p1ace at L'vov and the utilizatio'n o� the accumu-
- lated experience will help to strenQthen further the rel2tionships between science
and production and wi11 permit more successful accomplishment of the tasks placed
before Soviet science by the 26th CPSU Congress. .
It was recognized to be expediant to organize a regul,ar exchange of experience in the
work of republic academies of sciences, scienti$ic centers, and braMChes of the USSR
Academy of Sciences on questi.ons of regional management of scientigic-technical
progress and, no less often than once every two or three years, to conduct conference-
seminars in various regions o� the country.
The Seminar proposed thar the Council for the Coordination of the Scientific Activi-
ties of the Union-Republic Academiee conduct work on generalizing and disseminating
the experience of the UkS5R Academy o� 3ciencae, other republic academies of
sciences, the Siberian Department and sesianti�ic centers ar,d branches of the USSR
Academy of Sciences on the interaction of-academy scientific institutions and
production organiZations o� ministries and agencies.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
Dobryk on Party Leadership
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 37-41
[Report by V. F. Dobryk, first secretary of the L'vov Qbkom of the Ukrainian Communist Party: "Party Management o� the Science-Production Integration Process of
the Region"]
[Text] L'vovskaya Oblast has been known for its successes in the development of
industry, science, and culture. Owing to the continuous concern by*the party and
government and with active assistance from the fraternal peoples of the Soviet Union,
one of the once backward outposts of Poliah fiefdom has turned into an indusCrial
oblast of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Here are a few statistics: the territory of the oblast is 21,800 square kilometers,
the population is 2,592,200, the population density is 118.9 persons per square
kilometer, and the city population is 54 percent.
Before 1939, 80 percent o� the enterprises around L'vov consisted of small, semi-
primitive shops where only one out of seven workers was employed. Every third or
fourth person .:,>,3able of working was unemployed. Out ot the 9 million people
populating the aestern oblasts of the iJksaine, only 250,000 were employed in indus-
trial production.
Today, this is zo. region of instrument making, machine buildirg, petroleum xefining,
and chemical inctustrq. Zndustrial giants have been built here, such as the Rozdol
and Yavorov "Se1�a'= industrial associations, 12 mines in the L'vov-Volyniya Coal
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Basin, the Nikolayev Cemant-Mining Combine and the Stebnik Potaah Plant, the Sokal'
Artificial Fabric Factory, and many other enterprises. Tha whole country is
familiar with the products of the L'vov "Elektron," "Kineskop" imeni V. I. Lenin,
"SO-Letiye Oktyabrya" and "Mikropribor" sssocistions.
On oblast territory, there are over 300 l.arge ittdustrial enterprises, including 60
associations, which ara responsible for 66.3 percent of the total gross output.
In all, 5.5 billion rubi,2s' worth of industriai goods ara turned out in a year. The
L'vov area occupies the leading position in the repub.lic in the production o� fork-
lift trucks (100X), crane trucks (98.8Y), busses (98.7%), overhead convQyors (100%),
- light bulbs (92.8%), television sets (47.5%), gas ranges (44.9Y), and press-�orging
equipment (38.4%).
Oblast industry �ulfilled its plans under tha 10th Five-Yeaz' PZan by 12 December of
last year. Over 300 million rubles' worth of-products abmve the plan were realized
and their output rose by 30.2 percent. Today, oblast enterprises put out products
of only the first and highest category of quality, and the proportion of the latter
grew from 8.7 to 27.1 percent during the 10th Fi-ve-Yeax Plan.
Higher and secondary special schools are on the rise. There are 74,500 persons stud-
ying in 12 WZ's and 48,600 persons atudying in 42 technicuma and other schools.
The board of the USSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary SpQCialized Education approved
the work experience of the L'vov WZ center for the develogment and introduction of a
complex system for training quality-control specisl.ists.
Problems in the development of fundamental and applied sciences occupy 36 of our
scientific-research institurions, including 12 institutions of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, 12 WZ's, and 19 planning-design units, where a detachment of scientists
10,000 strong are fruitfully laboring, including 15 active and corresponding members
of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and specialized academies, 325 doctors of sciences,
and over 3200 candidates of sciences. New laboratory buildings are being constructed;
the laboratories are being furnished with up-to-date scientific equipment, and the
housing and living conditions of scientific workers are being improved.
All this taken together will also allow dealing widely with the question of uniting
the advantages of socialism with the achievements of the contemporary scientific-
technical r.evolution really widely and practically.
_ The accomplishment of the task of putting the economy on the intensive development
path requires the unification of the creative efforts of scientists and producers.
Even in the process of developing and introducing complex product quality control
we have encountered widespread separation o� their interasts and action$, with
barriers among agencies and among economic sectors. There has been no body in the
oblast that could solve quastions of interraction between sectors in the interests
of scientific-technical progress.
Mutual relations between scientific institutions and production organizations based
on so-called cooperation agreements, and this is no sacret, have not turned out to
be very effective. We oEten have discussed this problem at the party obkom bureau
at its plenums and meetings of party leaders, and we have come to the conclusion
that, to increase the effectiveness of production, the party obkom and party
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committees should actively include ir this process the coosdlnation and direction of
scientific and producti.on co].lectives.
'1'his is the prehistory of the question o� improving the management of scientific-
technical progress in the region on the basis o� combining the princip].es and
~ interests of regions and economic seetors.
We began by working out a complex plan for the devel.opment' o� seience and supporting
_ scientific-technical, progz'ess in T.'vovskaya Oblast �ov the 10th FiVe-Year Pl.an. In
1976, the party obkom bureau approved thig p1an,'which waa prepared by the Western
Scientific Center of tha UkSSg Academy o� Scienees and the courtcil of reetmrc of the
WZ center. At this stage, we were successful in eoordinating the operations of
academy and ministerial scientigic-resegrch inatitutions and higher educational
institutions and in directing their e�forte tow8rd the accomplishment of important
- tasks in macl,ina building, instrument mgking, expl,oration and extraction of mineral
raw materials, and agriculture.
For practical implementation of the plan, wa started to �orm, on the basis of social-
ist cooperation, interagency special-purpose scientigic-production associations and
complexes that were based on carrying out scientitic-technical programs. In this way,
we achieved the expansion of inter-sector and-interagency cooperation, and this
allowed improvement in the mutual exchange o� scientific development$, aeceleration
in introducing the most progressive of these into production, and support of a
una.fied technical policy at enterprises o� appropriate economic sectora in the oblast.
At the beginning of the five-year plan, �uur cotnplexas were created machine
building, insCrument making, geological-geophysical, aii3 agricultural which
- brought together 12 scientific-production associations. The associations included
6 institutions of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, 17 ministerial scientific-research
and planning-design institutes, 5 WZ's, 24 production enterprises, and 12 organiza-
tions of other oblasts of the republic. In addition, we had educational-scientific
production associations (UNPO) marked out at WZ's.
Scientific-technical councils of the seaociationa and boards af, the complexes began
to direct the functional activiCiea. Leading acientisCa became the heads of the
- scientific-technical councils and boards. To provide aid to these bodies and
increase their authority, we considered it essentisl to bring into them the heads
of party obkom sections for economic sectors as deputy chairmen o� the boarda.
Created also was a council of the secretariea of the party organizations of scienti-
- fic institutions, VUZ's, planning-deaign organizations, and production organizationa
that make up the associations and complexee. Komaomol and trade-union organizations
also found their place in determining acientific-technical programe. Socialist
competition was osganized among associations and complexes, bar,ners and pennants
were approved, and positions on incentives for col.lectives and individuals were
- developed.
The experience of oblast party organizations and the Western Scienti�ic Center of the
UKSSR Academy of Sciences iii organizing inter-sector scientific-production asaocia-
tions and complexes and in �urther improving the management o� scientific-tectinical
progress in the region received high praise �rom Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the
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October (1976) plenum of the CPSU Centra]. Committee. The Ukrainian Communist Party
Central Committee, having approved our activitias, adopted in 1979 the decree "On
the Experience of the L'vov Obkom of the Ukrainian Communist Party and the Bureau of
the Western Scientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of Scien�es in Accelerating
Scientific-Technical Progresa at Oblast Enterprises." A large am0unt of aid is being
given us by the presidiums of the U5SR Academy o� Seiences and the UKSSR Academy�of
Sciences and by the presidents of theae academies, A. P. Aleksandrov and B. Ye. Paton.
To be sure, the new form of joint activity by scientific and production organiza-
tioas has significant advantages. It creates favozab7,e conditions for agreement on
the solution of the complicated problems relating to the manu�acture o� machines,
instruments, and equipment in which many enterprises participgte, atd it helps
utilize the whol.e scienti�ic-technical potential. Thio �orm pt'ovides thQ academy,
academy _nstitutes, and WZ'b the opportunity to be more $etive in introducing the
results of fundamental and applied research into production; it provides scientifi.c-
teaching workers of WZ's, who often do not have the necessary scientific supply
and equipment base, with access to laboratorins of scientific-researeh ins*_itutions
furnished with the latest equipment; it proviaes decign and technological organiza-
tions with the broad opportuni.ty to implement scientific ideas and their develop-
ments, with fastar applicata.on of the latter; and it provides industrial enterprises
with the creation of conceptually new technology, the assimilation of madarn technol-
ogy, and better quality and reliability in the produets manufactured.
The utilization of the scientific-technical potential of the oblast has been signifi-
cantly intensified: whereas, at the beginning o� the lOth Five-Year Plan, 442
scientific-technical workers participated in the activities o� the complexes, there
were 1651 in 1980. The financing of scientific research for complex programs also
increased: during the five-year plan it grew to 6 million rubles, oz by a factor
- o� 10.
A number of important scientific-technical solutions were achieved. Among them, the
following must be noted.
In the machine building complex, there was the creation af induction equipment for
heat treatment of high-strength heavy balanced drill pipe, which was introduced at
the Drogobych Experimental and Mechanical Special Equipment Plant, which allowed the
reduction of time required for organizing large serial pipe production by seven years
and reduction in the volume of capital investment by 7.5 million rubles. The output
of pipe using the new technology just in two years saved the plant 39 million rubles.
As a whole, the activities of the machine-building complex helped in the introduction
of 8 new technologies and 10 types o� new products, and authows' certzficates were
received for 150 devalopments.
In the instrument-making complex, there was an uriginal, updating of the design for
- the 61LKZTs color kinescope which, calculated for 1 million items, provided an
economy of 1000 tons of glass, enough for the prodtaction of 100,000 kinescope tubes;
at the same time, there was a 10 percent incresse in output oi good itEms.
In the geological-geophysical complex, there was the discovery o� natural gas
deposits and the introduction o� new e��ective technology for extracting residual
petroleum from depleted strata.
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In the agricultural complex, there was the devalopment ard intraduction of a shop-
flow system for mi].k production and of e��ective methods for ].ivestock brEeding and
reproduction; and the creation o� nAw breeds, pedigreed groups, and strains o�
large-horned cattle in response to the needs of highly machanized �arms attd comp].exes.
- In the social-economic complex, there was the reduction of manual labor, the mechani-
. zation and automation of high labor-content procosses (the "'Prud" association), the
planning of organized recreation using the natural zesources mf the Carpathians and
the Carpathian Piedmont (the "Rekreatsiya" association), and the creatiotl of complex
systems for quality control over training .(the "Lducation" association).
zti the "Health" complex, there was the creation o� a Large cardiological center Cthe
"Kardiologiya" educ~ational-scientific-production association), the synthesis of new
- medical preparations and their transfer tc the phgrmaceutical industry (the "Sintez"
educational-scientific-production association), the use of lasere in medicine (the
"Lazer" educational-scientifa.c-production association), and the development of up-to-
date medicul equipment (the "Medelektronika" educational-scianti�ic-produetion aaso�ia-
tion).
- But perhaps our greatest success was in r.he creation of stable collectives of
, scientists and 'producers of various sCiant;.�ic and tEChnicaL areas, in the achieve-
ment of mutlial understanding by the partners united by a aingle purpose, in their
joirit discussions of prospective problems, and in the break-up of barriers between
agencies and economic sectors.
- At the same time, we do not consider these forms of science-production relations or
the mechanism for controlling Chem to be perfect or cc:nplete. They need further
- revision an3 development.
Improvement in the managemenC of scientific-technical progress must be continued
under the llth Five-Year Plan. A plan has already been formulated for the develop-
ment of science and the support of scienti�ic-technical progress in the oblast in
- 1981-1986; a number of new scientific-production and educational-aeientific-produc-
tion associations have been created; and the sphere of their activities has been
expanded.
Many proUlems must atill be $olved. In particular, the problems have not been
' solved that relate to the allotment by inclividual ministries and agencies, production
associations, and enterprises o� speci�ied funds �or long-range complex re$earch
and for the creation oi appropriate problsm Zaboratories and laboratories oriented
toward ecor_omic sectors. To �urther improve the torms and methods for managing
scienti�ic-technical progress in the region, the level of planning and developing
- regional programs should be raised and the existing methodologies for forecasting
scientific-technical progress should be improved. It would be usetul to introduce
scientxfically based recommendations relative to further devel.opment ot the �orms
for regional interagency scientific-tectinical cooperation and to do more w0rk on
- existing standardizing ancl mathodological documerits to provide for the standard
~ functianing of special-purpose interagency scientific-production associations and
camplexes.
Difficulties in coordinating our work with a number ot ininistries and agencies that
are still insufficiently informed about the gtancfiions of complexes and associations
and about the problema being worked on, bring about the necesaity for attraating to
,
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it the attention of USSR Gosplan, the USSR State Committee for Science and Technol-
ogy, and a11-union, union-republic, and republic mina.stries and agencies.
A,high evaluation o� the work by party organi2ations, scietstists, and producere
of the oblast obligates us in the tutuxe to allot unremitting attention to the
questions concerning the trsining of scientific personnel, the development of
science, and the improvement o� the mechanism for tnanaging ecientific-technical
progress. The accomplishment of these tasks is a guarantee fcr the auccessful
fulfillmant of the five-year plan at1d the c?ecioions o� the 26th CPSU Congress.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatal'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademi,i nauk SSSR", 1981
Sytnik on Coordinating RQSearch
- N.oscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in RussiF.n No 8, Aug 81 pp 41-45
[Report by K. M. Sytnik, vice-president of tha UkSSR Academ.y of Sciences and an
academician of the UkSSR Academy of Sciances: "The Coordination of Scientific
Research in the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciencea"]
_ [Text] In speaking of the organization and coordination of sciantific work, one
_ must keep in mind the large complex of quaetions having to do with improving the
effectiveness and quality of research and accelerating the utiliaation of its
results in the eronomy. The mast important componant of the complex is provision
: for the optimum combination o� fundamental and applied research. In this connec-
tion, one must assume that without fundamental rese arch, the development of which
represents the chief tas k of academy scientific ins titutions, we cannot count on the
appearance ot scientific discoveries and scientific advances that are really signi-
ficant in their consequenees. Fundamental research allowa one to see more clearly
what the future of production will be and it opens up new opportunities for
scientrfic-technical and social progl�ess. And finally, the active participation of
scientists, including associates of the UkSSR Academy of S�iences, in the solution
of today's practical problems is the sesult of the development of fundamental
researcn in recent years and r.ecent decades. _ The UkSi)R Academy of Sc iences utilizes various forms of relationa with production.
First of all is the par t icipation o� its inatitutQS in the tul.�illment o� scien-
, tific-research programs contirmed by the USSR Sate Committee for Science and Tech-
nology and the republic Gosplan. These programs xe f1ect the urgent requirements
for progressive types of products, complex automation o� preduction processes in
industry, agriculture, construction, and tzsnspoz'tation. 5ubstantial presence in
these programs, as a necessary elemert,.is the stags o� intreduczion into produc-
tion; this makes them a real iristt'umeu.t *fmr accelerating the prac.tical utili.aation
of the latest ecientif ic-techriical achievemerits.
In the lUth Five-Year Y1 an, scientific institutions o� the academy, together with
ministerial research organizatiotte and industrial enterprises, participated in the
- fulfillment o� 94 programs and 10 plan$ for scientific researeh and expQrimental-
design work. For �ive of thege, UkSSR Academy of Sciances institutes ware head
organizations in the country. Advanced positions in the solution of scientific-
technical problems on a national $ca1,e weYe occupied by the institutes of electri-
cal welding, prob].ems of materisls scieneee, castit1g problems, cybernetics, and
superhard materials.
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*:Cw forms of relationships between science and production, which have also
appeared at our academy, are directed toward reducing the length of time between
the origin of an idea and its introduction into production; they have a_.:eady
achieved positive results in practice. OnQ of these forms is the organization of
joint work by the academy and indinidual ministries on complex plans for scientific
research and introduction of new technology. After careful study of tha sub$tanCe
of a task and elucidation of mutual capabilities, a plan is put together whieh
permits specifying both timely completion of scientific research and the prepara-
tion of the necessary plant conditions for introduction (the appropriate capaeities,
supply and equipment support, pErsonnel, and calculation of consutaer needs) and
permits substantially raising the level of mutual responsibility on the part of
scientists and producers. .
Such plans have now been put together and are being successfully implemented jointly
with the republic ministries of ferrous metallurgy, geology, health, food industry,
and others. Almost 700 tasks were planned. A significant portion of them have
already been fulfilled.
The successful influence of science and the aeceleration of ite technical re-equip-
ping is aided significantly by a form which is arising on the initiative of the
UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the AvtoZIL association �or organizing applied
research and introduction of tew technology, such as wosk on complax seientific -
technical programs of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, ministerial scientifie insti-
tutes, and production collectives. Academy scientiats are partieipating in the fulfillment of 20 complex programs of interest to large production associations
and enterprises, such as the "Artamugol association, the L'vov "Koneskop" scien-
tific-productiion association, the Rrivoy Rog mining-enrichment combine, the
Chernomorskoye shipping industry, and others. In the course of work on these programs, there have been created conceptually new te�hnological proizesses, machines,
instruments, equipment, and materials, the practical utilization of whieh made a
noticeable contribution to the improvement in quality and reliability of manufac-
- tured products, the reduction of their materials content, and an improved level of
_ mechanization and automation of production processes.
The development oi tundamental research in areas needed by the economy and the
- growth oi effectiveness and quality of production are aided by the organization
, within the academy of scientific-reaearch problem laboratorie$ oriented toward
_ economic sectors. They are created at an academy institute or institute or enter-
prise of a USSR ministry. Their activities are financed by a ministry, but the
scientific and methodological management is accomplished by an academy institute.
i'here are 40 such laboratoriea of 22 USSR and republic rninistries functioning under
institutions of the UkSSR Academy of Seiences. The organization of these labora-
tories is usually related to the lack in ministerial scientific resources of a
capability in certain areae of fundamental and applied research developed in the
academy. This form of relationship between science and production is especially
important in case of the necesaity for mass inCroduction of highl.y effective scientific developments.
The academy is not trying to aggressively expand the number of these laboratories
and makes their creation dependent on institute$' achievements in fundamental
research that has to be developed in applied resear�h and �xperimental design
development and then effectively introduced into separate sectors of the economy.
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Agreements for socialist cooperation with individual enterprises are widely used
in the academy. Over 1300 of thesa agreements have been concluded.
In selecting prospective scientific areas, we taka into consideration the previous
reeults and the presence of specialists and an exparimental base. As has been
stressed many times, our academy is not trying to duplicate the USSR Academy of
Sciences, but is concentrating scientific efforts and material resources on those
problems, in the solution of which we occupy or can o�cupy the leading position and
- can bring the greatest benefit. With this aiffi, necessary chAnges are made in the
subject matter of the work; nonpriority research is Eurtailed; and the released
resources are transferred to more promising areas. The formulation of scientific
and scientific-technical programs at various levels provides for clear statement
of tasks, the selection ot optimum ways and means for their implementation, the
_ organization of operational management of the research proceas, and an efficient
system of control over its fulfillment.
~ An important role in correctly choosing areas for scientific research is played by
- the 78 problem councils of the Uk3SR Academy of Sciencea, which coordinate research
in,their respectinve branches o� science and analyze plans for scientific research
- done by academy and ministerial institutes and WZ departments. The councils also
give a significant amount of attantion to the inCroduction of tha results of
completed projects in the natural and soEial sciences. They have submitted over
1300 racommendations to the directive bodies of the re.public, and to appropriate
ministries and agenci9s, �or the utiiization o� the results o� scientific research
in the economy.
- A new impulse was given to the work of problem councils by the creation in 1977 of
the Republic Council for the Coordination o� Scienti�ic Research in the Natural and
Social Sciences, in which the academy was allotted a 1eading role. The Council
delineates prospects for the development of scientific research in the ministries
and agencies of the republic, forms complex scientific programs and complex plans
for fundamental research, accomplishes control over their �u1fi11raEnt and, joi.ntly
with the presidium and departments of the UtcSSR Aeademy of Sciences, directs the
work oi problem councils. It regularly hears reports by republic ministries and
agencies on the development status of complex scientific research and practical
utilization of its results.
The purposeful and systematic work of the Republic Council with ministries and
agencies, VUZ's, and ministerial scientific-reseasch institutes has led to the
improvement in the coordination of reaearch between agencies and within agencies and
to the increase of their share of complex scientific projacts; this has permitted
increasing the meaning of the latter in fulfilling the tasks of the republic five-
year plan for the most important projects in the natural and social sciences. Nbw,
a number of republic ministries and agencies fulfill these projects along with the
UkSSR Academy of Sciences.
To provide for scientific research in the economic regions of the republic on the
- most important problems in the natural and social sciences and to strengthen the
relationship between science and production, and to improve the coordination of
scientific research ec,nducted by institutions o� the UkSSR Academy of 3citnces,
ministries, agencies, and VUZ's, six scientific aenter$ have been created within
the academy system. These centers comprisa 56 institutions of the UkSSR Academy
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of Sciences (together wiCh departments and branches of institutes and the like),
_ and they spread their influence to 156 ministerial scientific-resear�h inatitutes,
162 planning-design organizationa, 112 VUZ's, and a significant numbQr of indus-
trial enterprises.
The scientific centers have become a dependable support for Ukrainian Communist
Party obkoms and oblast-councils ot people's deputies in the solution of the
scieatific-technical tasks most essential for a region and in establishing new
- forms for uniting science and production. In a majority of thQ oblasts of the
republic even in those where there are no academy institutions scientific-
coordination councils (branches) of scientific centers have been organized with the
help of the obkoms. In this way, relying on the high scientific authority of the
republic Academy of Sciences and with active support by party obkom bureaus, the
bureaus and councils ot the scientific centers of the UkSSR Academy of Scienees have
actually taken on the functions of interagency bodies for scientific coordination
which have been allotted extremery broad powera. They are praetically engaged
in the formation of special-purpose scientific-technical programs being fulfilled
in the interests both of individual induatrial enterprisas and of regions as a
- whole, and they formulate complex plans for cooperation with producers among the
collectives uf academy and ministerial institutes, as well as of WZ's, and they
exercise control over progress in implementing plans. On the basis of organizing
cooperation between science and producers, the scientific centers are developing
new effective forms for such cooperation.
The successful accomplishment of tasks for the increase of effectiveness of science
depends to a significant degree on the coordinated operations of the republic
academies of sciences. For many years, there have bean fruitful scientific
relationships among the academiES of sciences of the u'krainian, Belorussian, and
- Moldavian SSR's. Interrepublic coordination councils aze beii.g created, which
formulate piograms for joint work and provide �or their fulfillment. Already
created and being implemented are seven interrepublic programs for the development
of atomic energy; the search for useful minerals; the loss of agriaulCural products
- during storage, transportation, and processing; the rational utilization and conser-
vation of the waters of the Dnepr, Pripyat', and Dnestr river basins; and a number
of others. An imporCant feature in the coordination of the work o� the three
- academies has been the regular meetings of their presidents.
We think that the further development and deepening of cooperation among republic
_ academies is a real factor in the progress of the whole.of Soviet science. An
important role in expanding this inter.:elaCionship belongs to the U3SR Aeademy of
Sciences' Council for the Coordination of the Scienti�ic Activities of the Union-
ltepublic Academies.
Practice shows l-.hat individual aspects of the application of the special-purpase
program method in science is still insufficiently worked out. Certain difficulties
arise in the formul.ation of programs and in their supply and equipment support; in
a number of instances, there seems to be a passion for creating scientific and
scientific-technical programs without the necessary substantiation of their .
advisability. Therefore, it seems useful to organize, undar the direction of the
Council for Coordination, a regular exchange of informatien, tha generaliaation of
practice in applying the special-purpose program method, and the wmrking-out of
certain practical recommendations.

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It is known that the success�u1 organiaation and caordination o� scientific
research in a vesy direct manner depends on supply-and-equipment aupport. In the
- system that has evolved for supporting acience, iCs needs for experimental
facilities and materials are far �rom being fu11y satis�ied. Zn our aeademy, we
have been �orced to �ind the way out o� thi9 di�ficult situation by increasing the
volume of contractual work; we had to watch out, howevez', 1esC these projects
negatively affect the fulfillmetit of futtdamental re9Q8rCh.
Especially large di�ficulties 3.n supply-and-equipment support are experienced by
the academy organizations that operate undar cost accountitsg, where scientific-
technical innovations are carried �orward to the stage of serial production. They
generally do not enjoy the advantageg of cantrstlized supply and are forced to go
the self-support route of direcC ti2s with :interested onterprises, which often also
do not have the required materisls and Cmnstituent pasts. It seams expedient for
- the Council for the Coordination of the Scientific Activities o� the Union-Republic
Academies of Sciences, on the basis of a comprehenaive study of the situation that
has evolved, to develop specific propoaala for the improvement o� suppost for
scientific research in the union republies.
Life shows that it is necessary to give a great c?eal of attention to the study and
exchange of experience in the work of republic academies. Good opportunities for
this are opened up by seminars like ours, which should be conducted regularly. And
the main role in their preparation should be played by the USSR Academy of Sciences'
Council for the Coordination of the Scientific Activities of the Union-Republic
Academies of Sciences.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR', 1981
Podstrigach on Program-Goal Approach
Moscow VESTPIIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No Aug 81 pp 46-49
LReport by Ya. S. Podstrigach, chairman of the Western Scienti�ic Center ot the UkSSR
Academy of Sciences and an academician oz the UlcSSk Acadt;:iay cf Sciencas : "Tl.e Special-
Purpose Program Method for Managing Scientific-Technical. Psogress in a Region"]
[Text] Uur region has a rather large acienti�ic potential, but it is dispersed
l among various agencies. It can be utilized effectively only if e��orts and
resources are concentrated on those area$ where it can have the maximum e�fect. All
large contemporary scientific-technical problems have a complex character that
requires the uniting of highly qualif.ied apecialists o� various ka.nds, and this can
be provided only wi'thin the �ramework o� intez'agency cooperation. Thus, interagency
scientific and scianti�ic-tachnical cooperation serves as a basic precondition for
forming a regional system o� managing scienti�ic-technical progresa.
What are the principles that lie at the basa of our systetnl
The preservation of the administrative and ].aga], independence o� the organizations
that build up mtitually advantageous coopezation vn a nongovernmental basis. The
~coordinated utilization o� the supply-and-equipment and personnel reseurces for the
developmenC of the most important scientific-teahnical ptoblems. Z'he special-
- purpose program approach, which provides for interagency plar,ning, continuous
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= through all phases, of scientific devalopments and introduction into production.
Optimum utilization o� existing organizational links and forms that earlier had a
positive influence on the development of sciEnGific-technical progr�ess. All-round
strengthening of party influence and activation of 50(:1Et12S in the solution of
problems relating to the management of scienti�ic-technical progress.
The basic components of our regional system and its structure are as follows.
General regional management is accomplished by the council of the Sc'ientific Center,
which is composed of leading scientists of the region, indepandent of their
:,ubordination, including managers of council.s of rector.s of WZ zones, and also
responsible workers from oblast party and Soviet bodies, and managers of large
enterprises. In each oblast, there is a branch of the counci:l of tMe scientific
_ center, which organically merges with oblast councils for s�ientific-technical
progress that are headed by secretaries of party obkoms; the directors of branehes
of the council of the scientific centers are members of the bureau of the
scientific center. Subject-matter m$nagement of fundaiaental researeti has been
taken over by the sections of the scientific aentar; and for aciantifie-technical
developments, by the interagency apecial-purpose scientitic-produation associa-
tions (MTsNPO), which operate on a nongovernmental basis, and complex.:s.
The aim of management is the development and fulfillment of complex plans for the
develr,pment of scientific research and the support of scientific-technieal progress
for the five-year plan for the oblasts o� the region. Thase plans are developed
on the basis o� proposals from sciantit`ic-teehnical institutions, produetion enter-
prises, sciantific-technical societies, ane examined and approved aE bureaus of
Ukrainian Communist Party obkoms, and havQ an interagency character. In them are
represented the basic areas of fundamental &nd applied research of interest to the
oblast and to the region as a whole and tasks for training scientific personnel
for organizational and material support to the development of science, for the
exchange of experience, and for the popularization of scientific achievements.
For the fulfillment of the applied tasks of complex plans, special-purpose scien-
tific-technical programs are formulated and, to provide for their implementation
organizationally, MTsNPO's are created. The organizational and legal bases for
the association are the Agreement and Regulations or: the MTsNPO. The Agreement,
which is concluded between organizations that participate in the developmenC of the
program, determines the purpose of the association, as well as the head organiza-
tions for scientific-research, experimental-design development, anel introduction
into production. The Agreement, the Regulations, and the special-purpose program
~ are approved by the ministries and agencies of the association's head organizations.
The activities of the association are managed by the scientific-techniaal council.
It decides questions relating to material and scientific-technical support,
continuous planning of projects from scientific reaearch through the introduction
- into production, it creates joint laboratories for the solution of urgent program
problems, and it organizes the work of scientific-technical seminars and meetings.
An MTsNPO sets as its goal the integration of ef�orts for the solution of urge .
complex scientific-technical problem$ of interest to one or several enterpriaes
under the jurisdiction, as a rule, o� a eingle ministry. During the 10th Five-
Year Plan, 15 scianti�ic-technical programs were fulfilled within the framework
of the associations including, in particular, "The Quality of Electron-Beam
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Instruments," "The Quality, Reliability, and Durability of Items in the Motor
Vehicle Industry," "Increase in tha Effectiveness of Geophysical Research for
Petroleum and Gas," and "The Development and Industrial Introduction of Electric
Thermometer Equipment." All of these programs have a complex charact2r; therefore,
tlieir implementation involves the participation of many scieutific-research and
planning-design institutions, WZ departments, and production organizations of
various types over 60 participants, in all.
A number of scientific-technical developments for large industrial, construction,
and other organizations are fulfilled by WZ's mithin the framework of educational-
scientific-production associations, of which there are about 30 in the region. They
work effectively at the Polytechnical Institute and the Forestry Technology Insti-
tute in L'vov, the Institute of Petroleum and Gas in Iuana Franko, and the Ukrainian
Institute for Engineers of Water Management in Rovno. Thi.s cooperation, on a
- nongovernmental basis, is also accomplished, as a rule, in the interESts of
individual enterprises.
Within the region there are enterprises of various ministries that, however, have
closely related scientific-technical problems. Thare�ore, proceeding from the
general tasks of scientific-technical progrese and by characterizing economic
- sectors on the basis of related problems of scientific-production and aducational-
scientific-production associations, interagency scientific-production,complexes are
being created. I'heir boards are composed oi repreaentativea of scientific institu-
tions and WZ's, managers (or chief specialists) of industrial Qnterprises, and
- representatives of party bodies and society organizations. The board is headed by
a member of the bureau of the scientific center, a leading sciPntist, and his
deputy is the head of a party obkom economic section.
The board of the complex develops a strategy for acienti�ic-technical progress in a
given economic sector, determines special-purposa programs for individual groups of
enterprises, creates associations for their fulfillment, and coordinates their work.
Overall coordination of the activities of interagency scientific-production
complexes and associations is accomplishad by the bureau of the Western Scientific
Center of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences; the bureau approves all documents that
regulate their work as well as the composition of the management bodies, approves
the special-purpose scientific-technical programs, exercises periodic control over
_ their fulfillment, and makes decisions on the creation of new associations and
complexes.
Analysis of the work done by us under the lOth Five-Year Plan provides a basis for
considering thvt the above-mentioned organizational forms have prov'en themselves
applicable and rather effective under conditions of the Western Ukraine. Complex
plans for the development of scientific research and support of scientific-technical
progress within oblasts of the region have been successfully fulfilled. By the
end of the five-year plan, the quantity of introduced developments increased by a
factor of more than 3. In individual academy institutions, these indicators were
even higher. At the Physical-Mechanical Institute of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences,
the base institution of the machine-building complex, the quantity of developments
introduced into the machine-building sector in the region increased from 6 in 1976
to 23 in 1980, and the economic effect �rom the introduction of new technology
increased by a factor of 6. As it had been supposed, the g2iner turned out to be
not only the region, but the whole economic sector.
_1
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SJhar kind of factors for increasing the effectiveness o� scientific research have
been activated success�ully with the halp of the new organizationaL forms?
First of all, it is the strengthening of the problem content and the concentration
of scientific potential on the chie� areas of research. The complex approaeh Ca
scientific-technical problemshas shown evidence of efficiency.
One must also speak of the shortening of the cycle from a scientific-technical idea
to its introduction intio production insofar as, under the conditions of complexes and
associations, comprehensive planning of developments, corresponding to the require-
ments of the special-purpose program approach,has acquired sure ground. This is
aided by the presence of interagency laboratories, the possibility for effective
solution of problems of project financing, the organization of stage-by-stage
testing of research results under production conditions, the creation of a sector
of science at the plant and, relative to this, the release of scientists from
inappropriate functions in the process of introduction, the precise definition of
duties and responsibilities, when production has already become a less passive
subject for the introduction of scientific achievements and, as a partner, suggests
tasks, participatee in development, and takes on �unctions related to its implemen-
tation.
A stability oF relations between science and production is being achieved, based
on joint programs. Economic agreements are becoming long-term (for two or three
years), and agreements �or socialist cooperation are being packed with more meaning-
ful contetits, and educational-sciertific-production associations are also under-
taking development of complex progsams. The presence o� joint management bodies
boards of complexes that include rEpresentatives of party obkoms helps to
neutraYize the negative influence of interagency barriars. The boards of coMplexes
can effectively bring urgent problems to the attQntion of a group of related
- enterprises and mobiliae efforts for their solution.
And, finally, there is the activization of the efforts of societies. The activities
of complexes and associations have received active support from trade-union organi-
zations, which have expanded socialist competition among complexes and within them.
The adoption of joint obligations by collectives of scientific-reaearch institutions
and industrial enterprises that belong to associations is becoming a good tradition.
Komsomol organizations have included questions relating to the implementation of
the complex programs of associations within the sphere of activity of coun ils of
young scientists and specialists and have organized komsomol-youth collectives for
the development of individual topics. Complex creative teams have been conneeted
to the programs through the mechanism of scientific-technical societies. All of
this has aided in the creation of the proper psychological atmosphere for uniting
science and production.
- It is necessary to stress continuous attention to the activities of complexes and
associations on the part of party organizations from oblast organiaations to
primary organizations. They aid in setting up relatians among scientific, VUZ, and
production collectives, increase citizens' activity and people's sense of responsi-
bility, and form cadres of organizers for scienti�ic-technical progress. Primary
party organizations undertake the control over fu1fi11ment of complex programs,
joint socialist commitments, and the organization o� competiCion. At the meetings
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of the secreCaries of party c:.ganizations of inatitutions that are a part of an
_ association, recurrent tasks in managing relations between science and production
are discussed. These same questions have been the subject o� attention of the
continuously operating methodological council of the secz`etazies of party organiza-
tions of scientific-research institut-ds, which was created under the L'vov obkom.
Naturally, success in the wozk of associatiortg is determined also by the interest
in them on t.e part o� the ministzies.
To further raise the level of activity of interagency cbmplexes and associations,
in our view, the following is necessary:
To improve the mechanism for gorming obl.ast complex plans �or the development of
scientific research and support o� scienti�ic�technical progress. To develop
a single methodology �or drafting scientific-technical programs and also methods
for controlling and analyzing the results obtained. To expand the fun�tion of
complexes and associations, particulaz'1y, to enlist them in the formulation of
scientific-technical plans for the development o� the appropriate aectors o� the
region's economy. To impzove the supply-and-equipment, financial, and personnel
support in the implementation of complax special-purpose scientific-technical
programs, to more actively direct the maans of economic sectors taward the creation
of joint labc,ratories and the construction of working space for them on a shared
basi.s, and to s,trenRthen plant science sections by creating branches of WZ depart-
ments at enterprises and at scienti�ic-research institutions. To develop socialist
competition among associations and complexes for high end results.
The region has developed complex plans for the development of scientific research
- and support ?f scientific-technical progress for the llth Five-Year Plan and
scientific-tec..nical, programs for interagency associations, which already number
18. A number of urgent problems of various economic sectors have found expression
in the "Complex Plan for Scientific-Technical and Social-Economic Projects of the
UkSSR Academy of Sciences wit:h Enterprises and Organizations of the Western Oblasts
of the Ukrainian SSR for 1981 to 1985," which permits more active utilization of the
scientific potential of republic acadamy institutea in the interests of the region.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka","Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
Taksir on Regional E�forts
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 50-54
[Report by K. I. Taksir, deputy chairman of the 5cienti�ic Council on the Economic
Problems of Scientific-Technical Progress of the USSR Academy of Sciences: "The
Effectiveness o� Regional Forms o� Relationships Between Science and Production"]
[Text] The acceleration o� scienti.�ic-technical progress, as practice has shown,
is possible only under conditions of optimum combination and coor,dinated solutions
of problems betwaen economic sectozs, within economic sectors, and watihin regions.
In this complicated system, the strongest and most persigtent is the system for
managing scientific-technical progxess wlthin an economic sector. The functions of
USSR Gosplan and the USSIt State Committee for Science and Technology are primarily
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oriented toward this system. But experience shows that ministries and agencies
often ignore probl,ems that asise between economic sectoss. They also do not pay
enough attention to regional problems ot scienti�ic-technical progress. Meanwhile,
tY:e necessity for improving regional management o� scientific-technical progress ia
dictated by many factors. One of them is the noed to utilize iocal labor and
natural resources. It is a matter og taking into consideration regionaL peculiari-
ties iil the development of productive forces, in solving problems in the complex
development of cities and villages, and of reducing the fluctuation of personnel
and disorganized movement o� work forces. The ever increasing scareitics of natural
resources and the flow of natural resources in ind3.vidual regions requires rational
planning and utilization of 1oca1 resarves o� raw materials and other matQrials
commensurate with what is necessary foz' the advantages received.
In recent years, entirely new organizational forms for integrating science and
production and for organizing and managing them have appeared in many regions of the
country. Let us name, for example, the Dnepropetrovsk cmmplex system for product
quality control and effective use of resourcee, the Krasnodgr system for increasing
the effectiveness of production, the experience of the Zaporozh'ye and IFhar'kov
areas in the development of complex systems for incseasing the effeativeness of
machine building, and the Ural Scientific Center, with its continuously operating
oblast scientific-practical conferences.
One of the orgaiiizational fc:ms of relations between fundamental science and prac-
tice tha.t deserves attention is the creation, on the initiative of the 3iberian
DepartmEnt of the USSR Academy of Sciences, of the so-called "innovation belt" for
the implementation of applied scientific and technical developments. The idea in
creating it was to provide for a process of bringing :.nto being the capa�ities of
scientific research, design bureaus, and experime�.ital bases for conceptually new
scientific-technical developments. Now, the innovation belt, whi�h has spread
directly around the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, includes ll sueh organizations. Their
scientific management is fulfilled by academy institutions, and rhe administrative-
economic management is accomplished by economic ministries. This initiative
undoubtedly has played a positive role. However, as time goas by, the administra-
tive and economic pressure by the economic ministries on their subordinate scientif-
ic-research institutes and de$ign bureaus that enter into the innovation belt lias
intensified. Attempts have been made gradually to isolate the Siberian Department
from some of them. As a result, the problem o� creating a permanently operating base
with dual subordination for systematic work in utilizing the latest sehievementa of
fundamental science nas still not been solved completely.
C`n the i_nitiative of the Krasnoyarsk party kraykom and the Donetsk and Voroshilovgrad
pa7ty obkoms, regional compl.ex plans and plans��or scientific-technical prograss have
been developed. ThQSe plans aerve as inetruments �or qualified and effective manage-
_ ment of scientific-technical progress in the hands of oblstgt and kray organizaCions.
This process is not peculiar to our country. 't'here have been rather intesesting ex-
periences in daveloping regiottal programs for scientific-technieal deve],apment in
Burgas and Lovich (Bulgaria), and algo in HungaYy.
By what means is the e��ectiveness o� inCegrating science and produetion achieved,
particularly in interagency special-purpose sciontific-production associations? .
First of a11, by utilizing a11 factors for intensi�ying civil production. The
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factors that operate are those that aupport the growth o� labor productivity and
funding pay-of�, lower resource-content of products, and increase their quality,
and improve other technical economic indicatoz's of enteepriseS and organizati.ons
that participate in progzam impletnentation, and also the etlterpriges atid organiza-
tions that use the products. OrganizationaL factors. are bogirining to "work," which
affect the volume of productiorf, the degree of ite coricentration and specialization,
the strengthening of relations amorig acientific, dasign, and projeat-planning
organizations and enterptises, the gtru�ture Cf managemont, its method$, principles,
and functions, and so forth. The joint operatimn of al1 these factors leads to
acceleration in the utilization of the latest scienti�ic results and the introduction
of the latest scienti�ic results and the introduetion oE t1ew technology, the conduct
of all stages of the cycle, and the reduction of its length by matahing stages and
phases in time.
The effectiveness o� this cycle �rom the economic point of view can be usefully
looke.d at as the ovesall e�fectivenesa of the entire process, including development,
creation, and utili.zation of technical innovati.ons. In this connection, the effect
from conducting research and development ean be received only in production and
in the course o� utilizing new items. Haw, then, can an evaluation be made of the
effectiveness of research and development wzthin the framework o� interagency
special-purpose scientific-production associations [MTsNPO's]7
As a result of accelerated developtnent, tna means mobilized fo;: solution of some
specific technical problems are being returned in the fotm of completed technical
solutions, new instruments, and so �orth, sooner than was foreseen. The scientific-
production collective has the opportunity to conduct a larger number of developmsnts,
and this leads to an irecrease in labor produEtivity. By accelerating the turnover,
an economic effect is achieved. On the average, as the experience of operating
associations shows, the reduction achieved in the length of time for development and
assimilation is from one and a half to two years, including from six to eight months'
reduction for development. Obviously, these time-lengths also can have an effect
on acceleration; this is a very, very large hidden reeerve that can, to a signifi-
cant degree, help intensify our economy. With such consideration of effeetiveness,
we assume that the acceleration in assimilation of the output of new itzms is
equivalent to a corresponding application of capital investment at other times
that may have led to a comparable type.
At the present time, there is great urgency in the question of transforming applied
research into technical development and accelerating the process of transforming
�undamental research into applied investa.gations. The creation, in regions, of
various scientific-production complexes headed by scademy institutes has opened up
the possibilities for planning the scienti�ic buil.d-up of fundamental research that
has direct entry into material production. Very much is being done in this connec-
tion. However, un�ortunately, there is etil.l an absence ot legal and economic
regulation o� the relationships between institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences
_ and the union-repubiic academies of sciences, on the one hand, and ministerial
' scientific-research institutas, design bureaus, and industrial, enterptises, on the
other hand. In a number o� instancea, the ministerial sclenti�ic-research insti-
tutes and design bureaus acquire authorship rights to the reeearch re$ults and
include the results o� contractual work in their own reports without any reference to
the academy institutions. Often there is no objectivity in evaLuating the role of
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fundamental rese-~rch. We sti11 have not attained the position where pl.ans for intro-
ducing fundamental research results become a basis for the subject plans of minis-
terial scientific-research organizations.
The experience of Moldavia, Belorussia, and the Ukz'aine is we11 kn.awn with respecC to
their creation at academy instiitutions of various 1.aboLatories that specifically help
transform fundamentaL research into spplied. Evidenti.ly, ati hesd miuisterial scientif-
ic-research institutes, where there is no pessibilitq for creatitkg such special
laboratories, it makes sense to create groups of Sciantii.stis who could permanently
follow the achievements in fundamentaL research, detect signs o� areas with growing
prospects, and be informed of a11 new results 2chieved it cLmseiy related branches of
tnndamental science. In the selectioh of subject matter for fundamental reeearch,
ttie most importanC criterion should be its si;nificance for overlapping eciences and
its potential value to the econorny.
There is a need for improving inatructions for the tranefer by scientifi,c organiza-
tions of the USSR Academy of Sciences and union-republie acndemies of s�iences to
economic ministries and agencies of materYals on inventions created in these organi-
zations. Essentially,economic ministries artd agencies do not bear any responsibility
for examining these materials or utilizirtg them.
Meanwhile, in a number of union-republic academies of sciences, the number of inven-
tions that are not intsoduced, including many large and highly effective ones, is
increasing. The necessity has arisen to establish z procedure that would increase
the responsibility on both sides not only academy and applied science, but also
ministries and agencies. In our opinion, it wouLd be advisable to create an inter-
agency commission, under USSR Gosplan, to examine and solve problems in tMe timely
implementation of the larger inventions and discoveries of academy institutions that
have important economic significance; it would include high-level representatives
from the USSR Academy of Sciences, the State Cornmittee for Scienee and Te�hnology,
the State Committee for Inventions and Discoverie$, the Ministry of P'irance, the
State Committee for Labor and Social Questions, and USSR Gosplan. It wmuld be
_ advisable to develop and consolidate the procedures for selection, examination,
- accounting, planning, and control relating to the introduction of the most important
research results.
It must be said that in recent years we have had a tendency to reduce the proportion
of fundamental science in some union-republic acadamies, in the Ministry of Higher
and Secondary Specialized Education as a whoLe, and in cercain ministries. Under
any circumstances, incLuding during the examination of regional aspects of the prob-
l.em, it should not be forgotten that �undamental aeience is our future and that it
is creating now what in 15 to 20 yesre can be realized and provide colossal economic
effect. It is essential that this aapect be considered in the planning o� scienti�-
ic-technical progress on a country-wide aca18 and by individual regimns.
The effectiveness of sciancA-production z'elations cannot but be af�ected by
defici2ncies in the system for financing contiractual projects being tulfilled by
academy institutes. Academy inatitutes do not have the opportunitq"to uce the means
received from contracts to enlist additional ataf� persornel for the fu1fi3.lment of
contract work. At VUZ's, this has baen eolved: it is possible, for exsmple, to
send associates on trips relative to contractual subject matter, to provide material
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incentives to performers who make substantiAl contiribution to tr,e fulfillment of
contracts, and -uo acquire new equipment needed by the institute, out of contract
funds; 25 percent of contract funds going into the fultiLlmant of scientific
research can go into wages to pay protessorial-teaching staf� at half rate tor
dual-position holding. lfiis procedure is not available to academy institutes.
Serious difficulties arise in organizittg the work of joint laboratories and sections.
These units, as a ru1e, are financed out of production and fiil�ill special-purpose
tasks of ministries. However, up to the praaent tiine, the system for allotting and
submitting appropriate work 1imits has not been simplified. The existing procedure
is very complicated. It is tied to varioua typeg of agreembnts and dacisions by
- numerous bodies. Much time is spQnt on thim, smmetimes a year and a hal�. Even
within a union republic it is not possible to solve the pYOblem of submitting work
limits without af,rcQment by an all-union or utlion-rQpublic mi.nistry. Fmr revision,
a large number of documents and normative sCatements are needed in this field.
Interesting axperience in economic incentives has now been disseminatEd in the
Siberian Department of the USSR A.cademy of 3ciences. In 1972, three of its insti-
tutes mining, semiconduL;,or physics, and hydrodynamics were given the right
to create funds for economic incentivas out of consumers' contract funds. 'the
amounts of these revenueswere established independently of the size of the economic
effect received from the introduction of the institute's developments. True, huge
difficulties immediately appeared. Pirst, miMistries and enterprises were inter-
ested in hiding the economic effect that couid be received in a number of instancea.
Secondly, the position and character of the wmrk of the ac;ademy institutions in the
technologicai chain of new-technology introduction were not defined with sufficient
clarity. And thirdly, cnmplications aro$e in connection with the status of matters
in the intzoduction of new technology by the consumer. The intrnduction of many
new developments was delayed for several'years and the economic incentives for
workers also suffered from this.
The policy on forming and using economic incentive funds that operates in the
Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences now substantially approaches that
which exists in industrial ministries. Fund formation is based not on the effect
from introducing new technology, but on the guaranteed economie affect, which is
charged to and included in the estimated cost of contractual wark. For academy
instituti.ons, this sum serves not as a supplementary, but a basic source of incen-
tive. Contract funds go to an ~academy institute in aacord with the guaranteed
effect regardless of whether a development is introduced into production. This is an
additional economic factor in managing the deveiopmenc o� sesearch and utilizing its
results in production. The Siberian Department sti11 uses this method as an
experiment, but in the near future a typi�a1 statement wi11 be prepaxQd which can be
used by a11 academy institutions. Racently, an experiment in creating a system of
material incentives dependent on the guax'anteed economic effect received by the
consumer was introduced at the scientific inatitutions of the UkSSR Academy ot
Sciences.
In connection with the implemenGation of ineasures for 5trengthaning the integration
of science and production, appropriate documents should be prepared for standards
and methodologies. These should include a Methodology �or Technic2l-Economic Sub-
stantiation for Creating MTsNPO's, Policy on MTsNPO's, Methodology �or Planning the
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Whole Cycle from Research to Production Within an MTsNPO, the Methodology for
Determining the Social and Economic E��ect from MTsNPO's, and also the Pol.icy on
Socialist Competition among MTsNPO's and Complexes. It would be advisable to
create, under the L'vov department of the Institute of Economics o� thA UkSSR
Academy of Sciences, a scientific-methodological. Center to provide aid to scientific
and practical workers in this matter. Zt would be advisable, once every two years,
to conduct seminars on specific topies planning for the whole research-psoduction
cycle, Einancing experiences, developmcnt o� gpecial-purpose programs in MTsNPO's,
mPthodological questions for detArminitig the social-economic effect and incentives,
and so forth.
A fgw years ago, a section for the regional problems of scientifi�-technical progress
was created in the US5R Academy of Sciencea' Sciotttifie Cotineil on the Economic Prob-
lems pf Scientiric-Technical Progress. This section has now issued the "Methodelogy
for Kegional Pianning of Scientific-Technical Progress'"' and has held a series of
- conferences in Donetsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Moscow. It is apparent that we need to
unite efforts and to utilize existing experience to more advaztage in organization-
al-economic and scientific-methodological support to all participants in the inte-
gration of science and production.
COPYxIGHT: Tzdatel'stvo "Nsuka", "Vestnik Akadenii nauk SSSR", 1981
Summaries ot Participants' Speeches
Moscow VE5TNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 54-62
[Report: "Forms for Integrating Science and Production"
[Text] V. V. PANASYUK, director of the Physical-Mechanical Institute imeni G. V.
Karnenko of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and an academician of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences, talked about i:he organizational work of the board of the L'vov Interagency
Scientific-Production Complex. He reported that the complex included four scientific-
production associations: "Avtoprom," "Khimmash," "Nedra," and "Sera." In the '
interests of developing machine building in the western oblasts of Che Ukraine,
- special-purpose programs have been formulated for each of theae asstNcintions for
improving technology, equipment, and product quality, and also for ir,creasing labor
productivity. Pragrams for tbe activities of each association are being developed
by the scientific-technical councils of the associations. The board of the complex
determines the strategy for the development of a given economic sector of the region,
' designates thP ch ief tasks for individual groups of scientific-research organizations
and enterprises, creates new associations, coordinates their work, and controls the
fulfillment of speciaJ.-purpose programs. It is accountable to the bureau of the
Scientific Center.
All organizational and practical activities of the c:,mplex and associations are
directed toward providing assistance to industrial entexprises for the most rapid
utilization of scienti�ic and technical aehievements. V. V. Panasyuk stressed this
thesis with speca.fic examp].es, particuZarly that ot the improvement in the design
and technology o� buss3s at the L'vov Bus P].ant and that ot the manufactuxe of a
highly effective rock-cruahing tool at the Drogobych Bit Plant. The sconomic effect
from i.ntroducing scientific-technical developments in the complex as a whole during
the lOth Fiva-Year Plan er.ceeded 60 million rubl,es; relatibns between science and
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production became etable; and capable scientific-ptoduction col,lectives were formed,
which now have been included in the fu1fi11ment o� the tasks o� the new five-year
plan.
M. I. DOLISHNIY, head of the L'vov section of the Institute of Economics of the
UkSSR Academy of Sciences, in his speech, discussed the organixetional and economic
- factors in the creation and functioni.ig of interagency sCientific-pxoduction complexes
and associations.
- It is perfectly clear, ha sa id, that scientific-technical potential o� the region
depends not only on the number o� scienti�ic-research ittstitutions and scientific
workers found within it, buC also on tha presettce d� �1exible organizational forms
that help mobilize creative thought �or the solution of the tasks facing px'oduction
and on a whole complex of aconomic, social, and other �actors. The creation of such
a potential is helped by transforming the stzucture og mutual ralationships among
scientific organizations, by intensifyiug scientific research, and by the most rapid
possible movement of scientif ic ideas intb the economy. It is not accidental, and
this is shown by the facts, that the partiCipation of enterpri$es in interagency
special-purpose scientific-production associatiotts promotes the constant renewal of
products being manufactured, the techiiical re-equipping o� production, and the growth
in numbers o� qualified workers.
Now that the new form of science-production integration has achieved recognition, it
is necessary to focus attention on its organizational, economic, and legal reinforce-
ment and on deepening its pr inciples. It is a rnatter of careful and comprehensive
diagnostic analysis of the activities oE associations and complexes, first of all on
the level of correlating the scientific, technical, economic, and social interests
of the region that are reflectPd in the as$ociation's activiries with overall public
interests which, unquestionab ly, must be givEn preference. Further improvements
are required in the organizational structure of new formations. Optimum correlation
must be found in the rights and obligations of a11 management workers of associations
and complexes, so as to redu ce to a minimum the time spent on all kinds of agree-
- ments and on the exercise of control over the fulfillment of accepted obligations.
Bringing complex special-purpose scienti�ic-technic al programs into being requires
the development of a united system of economic regulation of MTsNPO activities that
should cover the planning and financing of programs, matarial incentives for
scientists and producers, the safeguarding of the cost-accounting interests of all
participants, the protection of nature from harmful consequences of scientific-
technical progress, and so forth.
Speaking c,f the necessity for improving the new forms o� science-production relations,
M. I. Dolishniy singZed out such questions as creating a methodology for selecting
urgent scientific-technical tasks within the �ramework o� work on the Complex
Program for Scienti�i:c-Technical Progress, the substantiation of optimum alternatives
for the program, usir.g a broad standard-information base, and others. For the
solution of the above-mentionad problems in the L'vov section o� the Institute of
Economics of the UkSSR Academy of Scienees, a special scientific uni:t has been
- created the section for regional problems o� science-production integration.
Together with the Institute of Economics, the Central Mathematical Economics Insti-
tute, and the Institute of S tate and Law of the USSR Acadetny of Scien�es, and the
- Institute of Industrial. Economics o� the UkSSR Academy of Sciences, the saction has
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started to develop the topic, "Research on the Social-Economic Problems and
Development of Methodological Bases for rianaging Interagency Scientific-Psoduction
Complexes and Associations." It was planned for 1981 to develop methodological
documents fcz the economic, organizational, and legal regulation for the formation
and functioning of regionaL interagercy scientific-production associations and
complexes.
N. G. MAKSIMOVICH, chairman of the council of rectors o� the L'vov WZ center and
the rector of L'vov University, devoted his speech to the complex system �or quality
control in training specialists for the aconomy and for activities o� educational-
scientific-productior associations (UNPO's). He that UNPO's conduct work
together with scientific institutions, design instiitutes, and industry. Their aim
is to improve the educational process by improving students' practical training,
basing course and diploma projects on tasks of entierprises, enlistment at WZ's of
associates from scientific institutions and leading specialists from the economy,
the utilization of the unique equipment of scientific itetitutes and production
laboratories for educational purposQS, and the improvemant o� the qualiry and
effectiveness of scientific developments earried out at WZ's. The su�cessful
experience of inculcating in students the habits of creative seientifie-research work
is confirmed by the award of the Lenin Xomsomol Prize to the student planning-design
bureau of L'vov Polytechnical Institute.
V. A. ANDRUNAKIYEVICH, vice-president of the Moldavian Academy of Sciences and an
academician of the MSSR Academy of Scienees, spEaking at the seminar, said that
his republic created a Council for the Coordination of Scientific-Technical Problems
~ Between Economic Sectors and, under the xepublic acadamy of sciences, its working
group. Problem scientific councils have been formed in the academy. Now, they are
working on the implementation o� 15 republic interagen�y complex scientifie-techni-
= cal programs. These programs cover questions relating to the rational utilization
and conservation of natural resources, the development o� biological foundations
- for adaptive agricultural systems, the creation of new materials and instruments,
and so forth. This implementation involves participation by 17 scientific institu-
tions of the MSSR Academy of Sciences, 8 WZ's, 23 minisCerial scientific-research
institutes, and 27 scientific-production associations. The head scientific-research
institutes are supported by 303 basa enterprises.
To concentrate the scientific potential of the republic for the implementation of
complex programs, on the initiative of the academy and the Republic Council,
11 inter-sector sections, laboratories, and groups have been organized; in particu-
lar, these units have implemented the development and introduction of new technologi-
cal processes for increasing the reliability and durability of machines and the
rationalization of systems �or irrigation of agricultural lands under the conditions
of cumplicated local topography. Together with the republic Council of Kolkhozes,
interagency laboratories have been created f.or the development of the physiological
bases for mineral supplements for truit trees and fruit crops. The problems of
increasing the juice yield in processing the products of plant cultivation and of
decreasing the loss o� agricultural products during transpoztation and storage are
now being solved on an interagency basis.
A form of relations between science and production that hag entered into practice is
the conclusion of contracts by the academy for scientifio-technical cooperation with
individual regions, enterprises, and organizations.
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The coordination of scienti�ic research with ministries and agencies, ministerial
institutes, scientific-production associations, and WZ's, in the interests of the
= republic economy, has bzought about new scientific areas o� investigation and has
_ required improvement in the structtsre of scieriti$ic urlits and th2 strengthening ot
their supply-and-equipment base. In the academy, a center wag created, on a cost-
accounting basis, for the automation o� scientific YASearC'h and metrology, and a
specialized design-technological bureau for solid state electronics; the construction
. of an experimental factory is being completed. A decisiott has been made to create
at the center for automation, a republic eystem for collective utiliastion of
expensive and unique scienlu-ific equipment.
To improve financial support for projects in inter-sector programs and to improve
existing procedures for concluding eotitracts for eondtsctittg seienti�'ic-rasearch,
experimental-design, and technological projects in spo-ci21-purpose programs, an
appropriate position has been developed and approved.
The transition to the special-purpose program method for planning scientific research
is now expanding and deepening in a11 parts of the MSSR Aczdemy o� Sciences. This
_ process is spreading to ministerial and VUZ scienCe, and thi9 is perfectly natural,
since it determinas the increaee o� ef�ectiveness in wesearch on a wide front of
science.
In playing its role as the coordinator of fundamental scieriees in the republic, the
BSSR Academy of Sciences, under the lOth Five-Year Plzn, headed work in the fulfill-
ment of 20 of the most important complex psograms in the natural, engineering, and
social sciences, according to L. I. KLSELEVSKIY, the chief scientist-secretary
of the presidium or the BSSR Academy of Scienaes and an academician of the BSSR
Academy of Sciences. Fifty coperformer organizations from various ministries and
agencies and 21 VUZ's participated in this work.
tn the last five years, scientists of the academy headed research on programs
directed at the creation of new methods for increasing the ef�ectiveness of civil
production through its intensification, at the development of practical r.easures for
protecting nature in the republic, for new means o� forecasting reliability of
machines, for new polymer materials and structures, and so forth. Significant
practical results have been achieved in the woric. Over 1000 developments, with a
yearly economic effect of about 350 million rubl.es, were introduced into the economy
by the academy as a whole and, already in 1980, this effect is 1.35 million rubles,
which exceeds the volume of contractual �inancing by a faator of 4.3 The accelerated
introduction of the results of scientific resaarch into practice has been aided.by
_ the development in Belorussia or new form$ for integrating science and production
which are close to those developing in the Ukraine. An important place among them
is occupied by long-term direct program agreements concluded by the academy
presidium, on the one hand, and economic ministries and large production associations,
on the other haiid. So-called units with dual subordination have also appeared in
Belorussia. ltepresentatives of ministerial and VUZ sciences work on common problems
in these units, and practical utilization ot the results of the work are planned
from the very beginning.
A certain amount of assistance to academy institutions in introducing their develop-
ments into production is given by base enterprises, which are attached to individual
institutes and make available part of their production capacity for the final develop-
ment stages of technical innovations proposed by scierttists. Much has been done
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within the academy itsel= to create the suppLy-and-equipment base to pave the way
ior carrying scientitic developments forward to the stage where they already can
be applied at enterprises. xhe Beloruscian Academy of 5ciencea haa t'he Central
Design Bureau (TsKB) with ari experimental plant, which has as one of its tasks the
creation of expesimantal models of instrumetts and equipmerit. Several sections of
the TsKB operate directly at academy institutE;. .
A11 of this has allowed a significant rise in the level of scientific and technical
developments and a rise in the significance o� tihe Belorussian Academy of Sciences
in the matter o� intensi�ying production and in improvittg people's lives.
For the llth Five-Year P1an, said L. I. Kiselevskiq, 36 republic special-purpose
complex programs have been con�izmed in �undamental re5earch, in the conduct of
which there wi11 be participation by all scientific institutions of the BSSR Academy
- of Sciences, 32 VUZ's, 19 ministerial scientific-z'eseareh institutes, three large
production associations, and other organizatiorls.' Zn additior, academy e�forts are
concentrated on the tultillment of 21 al].-unimii and 37 republic programs for the
solution of tha most important scientific-technical and economic prmblems, and
nine institutions of the BSSR Academy of 3cienees have been deaignated head insti-
tutions for these problems.
_ A. V. BUGA'rSKIY, chairman of the Southern Seientific Center of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences and an academician of the UkSSR Academy of Sciencea, discussed the concen-
tration of WZ and academy potential. A�ter raising the question of increasing the
contribution made by WZ workers to the accomplishment o� urgent tasks in integrating
...ence and production, he said, the bureau of the center assumes that the deter-
sc_
- mining factor in the achievement of this aim is the concentration of scientific
efforts on large complex problems. For this purpose, tha center has crEated two
academy VUZ scienti�iccomplexes: in physical and chemical founda*.ions and problems
of organic and bioorganic chemistry, in astronomy, and in astrophvsical instrument
making, that is, in those areas in which scientists o� academy organizations and
VUZ's already have had or can have definite success.
Another promising form of science-production integration that allows WZ's to
accomplish their specific tasks more effectively while simultaneously inEreasing
their real contributions to scientific-technical progress, is the widespread
cooperation that has been achieved in the region between WZ's and enterprises
within the framework of educational-scientific-production associations. There are
now 15 such associations operating in the rcgion on a nongovernmental basis.
Having studied the experience of the Western Ukrainian Scientific Center, the
Southern Scientific Center o� the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the Couneil of VUZ
Rectors ot the Odessa Zone started to organize interagency scienti�ic-production
_ complexes. Five of them were created: food, chemical and medical, machine
building, machine-tool building, and poultry fazming. In all, these complexes are
working on 130 topics and a number o� special purpose programs directed toward the
development o� the economy of the Southern Ukrainian Economic Region. The expec-
ted economic ef�ect should be 25 million rubles. From the work done, it is possible
to conclude that, with careful planning, a11 of the forms discussed for osganizing
scientific work can be a real �actor in the mechanism foz managing scientific-
technical progress.
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- The Southern Scientific Center of the UkSSlt Academy of Sciences has developed a
complex plan for cooperation between the UkSSR Academy o� Sciences and oblasta of
the Southern Ecoriomic Region for 1981 to 1985. Zn forsnulating the plan, special
attention uras given to research directed toward the solution of problems in tihe
chemistry of high-purity substances, the deveimpment of sea transportation and
related type$ oa transportation, the economiC substantiation o� the banube-Dnepr �
canal project, the fight against ].oss o� =tia1 fz'om corrosion, &nd so forth. In the
fulfillment of the projacta in the plan, thera ig participgtion by 56 iMStitutions
of ttie UkSSK Academy o� SciencQe, 18 VUZ's, and 195 enterpriees atld economic organi-
zat ions .
Under management by the Southern Scientific Center of the Z11cSSR Academy of Sciences,
10 complex special-purpose interagency pz'ograme are being formul.ated at the present
time for the ].lth Five-Year P1an. In a1L of the oblaats of Che region, complex
plans are being drafted for the development of 5�iAnti$iC research and the accelera-
tion of scienti�ic-technical progress; these plaris shCu1d refl.ect the decisions of
the 26th CYSU Congress and the 26th Ukrainian Cogmtunist Pgrty Congress on questions
relating to the development o� science and expanaiori of ita relationships with
production.
For the successful devalogment of large regiona of the country, Existing local scien-
tific resources must be utilized to the maximum extent but, also, the scientific
potential of central institutes should be more widely enlisted in the solution of
- regional problems. This thesis was heard in a speech bq V. G. BAR'YAKHTAR, chairman
_ of the Donetsk Scienti�i.c Center of the Uk3SR.Academy o� Sciences and an aeademician
of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences. In 1979, an agreement was signed for scientific-
technical cooperation between the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and enterprises and
organizations of Donetskaya and Voroshikovgradskaya Ob1asCs. In accord with this
agreement, a complex plan has been prepared for scientific-technical and social-
economic research by the UkSSR Academy of Sciences directed toward inereasing the
effectiveness of production and work qual.ity in industry and agriculture of the
Donbass for 1981 to 1965. The formulation of the plan was preceded by a large
amount of work done by the bureau of the Donetsk Scienti�ie Center together with
oblast party bodies and including the preparation of special standards and reference
= materials. As a result, agreements were concluded for the conduct of 255 scientific-
research projects for 141 enterprises and organizaCions by 30 scientific institutions
of the academy. This is research in the creation of new technologies, equipment, the
organization of production, labor, and managenent in the coal industry, ferrous
metallurgy, machine building, chenical industr.y, food, construction, and agriculture.
- The Donetsk Scientific Center togetiher with the Ukrainian Communist Party obkom
formulated four regional programs within the �ramework of the complex plan. In
particular, one of these provides for work on environmental protection and reducing
the pollution o� air and water basins by harmful wastes, and the revitalization of
ecological conditions. This includes the development of ineasures for cnaximum
utilization of mineral wastes and by-productg in industry and construction. Inde-
pendent programs have been allotted to metaLlurgy, to metal conservation and its
better utilization, and to coal mining and the impz'ovemQnt of coal-mining technology.
- Nevertheless, despite the urgency for the regzon's economy o� these types of plans
and programs, said V. G. Bar'yakhtar, they often do not have c1e8r �ocus and needed
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succoss rates. The main dif�iculty in introducing program aethods is caused by the
predominence o� planning and management by economic sectora. Z'he majority of the
programs developed lack organizationaL unity based on the uti'1,ization of centralized
funds for special purposes. Most often, the coper.gormers finance indrvidual sections
of a program, and this pzactice 1eads to itg oum specifiz problemso 'L'he forms q�
production management that predominate in large econcmic regions, oblasts, and
industrial cities do not help the implemetitatiott of regimrial programs for scientific-
technical and social-economic purposes.
The expesience in the work o� the bonetsk ScientiEic Center of the UkSSR Academy of
Sciences shows th3t the needed �orm �or coordinating and directirLg the e�forte of
scientists and specializts for the sol.ution of basic rega.ottal problems can be
successful with the creation in ob].asts of a sing16 systom o$ ttongovertmental bodies
for management of scienti�ic-technical progress. Under the conditions that have
evolved, all coordination activity and control over the �ulfillment of seientific
research pl.ans are accomplished by loca1 party bodies. 7.'he bonetsk obkmm of the
Ukrainian Communist Party has made a decision Co create a system for regional manage-
ment of scientific-tachni.cal progress. One of the elementis o� the system is the
development of complex plans for scientific-technical progress by regional cross-
section. A Complex Program for Scientific-7echnieal progress in 8onbaas Industry
to the Year 2000 has been developed on the initiative of the Donetsk Saientific
Center. It wi11 be updated every five years and wi11 serve as a good orientation for
creating five-year plans �or all scienti�i�-research institutes, WZ's, enterprises,
and associations.
' The implementation of regional plans and programs should heZp the underlying organi-
zational reinforcement of this program. Toward this aim, the party obkom of
Donetskaya Oblast and also gorkoms and raykoms of the Ukrainian Communiat Party have
created councils for increasing the effectiveness of production and work quality,
- and the oblast, city, and rayon ispolkoms of the Councils of People's Deputies have
created commissions for scienti�ic-tachnical progr�ess.
In accord with the USSR Constitution, it is advisable to expand more widely the
authority of local organs of Soviet power so that they can manifest their own organi-
zational foundation for managing scientific-technical progress.
The chief scientist-secretary of the presidium of the Ural Scientific Center of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, G. N. KOZHEVNIKOV, characterized the work o� his center
in part as the arrangement o� close, creative relationships with production.
Socialist-cooperation agreemente and economic agreements are being concluded. Train-
ing of highly qualified spacialists for industry is being conducted. Plant exhibits
of scientists' works are being organiaed. Long-term contracts have beeA concluded
with the large "Uralmash" and "Ural.khimmash" associations. These leaders in their
respective economic sectors have become a kind of proving ground �or developments by
Ural scientists. From there, these developments are dissaminated not only to the
snterprises of one economic sector but also to er,terprises o� other sectors. The
creation of laboratories with dual subordination has also turned out to be an
extremely fruitful form of cooperation. As a result, during the lOth Five-Year Plan,
about 100 scientific developments were introduced into the economy, witA a tiotal
economic effect of over 200 million rubles.
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Scientists and producers have started to implement the regional complex programs,
"Minera]. Wealth of the Ura1s," "Ferrous Metallurgy o� the Ura1s," "Now Materials,"
"Waters 3f the Urals," "7,'he North af the Ura1s," atld others. Common to these
programs is the uniting of the efforts and rtsources of VfJZ's, mini8terial scientific-
research institutes, ahd enterprises of the region undex the managemert and with the
participation of the Ura1 Scienti�ic Center mf the.USSx Acsdemy of Sciences. Just
to fulfill the "Mineral Wealth of the Ura1s" program, 65 organizationg have been
enlisted.
A11 these relationships between scierice and production wi11 be improved during the
new five-year plan. The scale wi11 be broadened, for oxatnple, by strengthening
cooperation between academy and medical institutiohg. Better use o� the experimen-
tal bases of various agencies in the fulfillmont of speci8l-p+arpose programs is
being provided for. This pertains particularly to the food program.
During the years 1981 to 1983, the scientific center, as the head organization, will
begin to i:nplement the special-purposa compleX program, "The Zntensi�ication of
Industrial Production in the Ura1s," on which a majority o� the scientifie institu-
tions of the region have been working. 0� important signi�icance for the develop-
ment of science-production relationships is the �ulfillment of recommendations adopted
by the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences for scientific-
practical conferences, which have been conduched under four five-year plans on the
initiative and under the management of the oblast party organization.
Contacts by the Bashkir Af�iliate of the USSR Academy of Sciences with WZ's, minis-
terial institutes, and enterprises of the autonomous republi.c were characterized by
the deputy chairman of the presidium of the Bashkir Affiliate of the USSR Academy of
Sciences, G. A. TOLSTIKOV.
Experience in conducting scientific research iointly with one of Baahkiria's largest
ViJZ's, the Aviation Institute, showed scientis~e of the a�filiate that maximum
effectiveness of scientific relationshipa with, WZ's cannot be provided by episodic
contacts. It is necessary to have unified plans for researeh, development, intro-
duction into production, and publication, which are possible only with the organiza-
tion of joint laboratories. To date, there are eight sucth laboratories, which
include researchers from the Physics and Mathematics Section of the Affiliate and
also from the Ufa Petroleum Institute and the Aviation Institute. Because ot these
laboratories, a number of large developments have been introduced inta production.
A computer center and a laboratory of ferromagnetism have been created jointly with
the Bashkir State University. The Laboratory for the Synthesis of Antiparasitic
Preparations for Livestock Breeding has been created jointly with the Agricultural
Institute. The volume of research is being increased under agreements for creative
- cooperation in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, physics, cybernetics, and so forth.
Chemists have a leading role in this work. Baehkiria can rightly be called the
republic of chemistry. The Inctitute of Chemistz'y of the Bashkir Affiliate o� the
USSR Academy of Sciences is the largest inatitute in Bashkiria. It applies the
classical three-link scheme �or introducing the resulta o� scientific research
academy institute, ministerial institute, atld plant and the two-1ink scheme
academy institute and plant. The first scheme, undoubtedlp, i$ the more justified
from the point of view o� rational distribution o� eEforts. It is even more
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7
justified because it permits the utilization of experimental �acilities o� minis-
terial institutes otharwisa unavailabla to academy scientists. Z'te most fruitful
relationships havs turned out to be thoce wi.th N�ZZtteftekhim and NIlneft'.
What precisely do the scientists o� the a�filiate ofter te the economy of the repub-
lic? There are the results o� �undamental research, pYojects fulfilred on request
from enterprises, and proposals �oY the improvemAttt of tiechnology based on deep
study of technological processAS. Scietttists of tihe gffiliste, particularly
chemists, spend a great deal of time or1 prdductiotl, and thig explains the decision
to move certain laboraCories of thA Zttstitute o� Chemietry to the area of the
enterprises. However, the process of estsblishiM& contactio between Baahkir academy
science and WZ's and industrial orgahi:zations does nmt aLways go smoothly for both
objective and subjective reasons.
The L'vov experience has taught us much, said G. A. Tblstikov, and it wi1l be used
to a still g-.eater degree by tha Bashkir A��iliatie of tihe USSR Aeademy of Sciences
in future prartice.
Data on lart,e-scale cooperation between institutes of the 3iberian Department of the
USSR Academy of Sciences and enterpriaes of the economy were introduced in the
speech of V. YE. ZUYEV, chairman o� the presidium of the Tomsk Affiliate of the
Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of 3cience and a corresponding-member of
the USSR Academy of Sciances. This cooperation has permitted the doubling of labor
productivity at the "Sibsel'mash" plant without using any additional material resources. The Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Seiences has a reputa-
tion for its complex coordinated plans for introducing the achievemants of science
and technology inta production, drafted and implemented jointly with many all-union
mi.nistries. Joint maetings of the boards of the ministries and the presidium of
the Department are held periodically, with the discussion of plans �or and ttxe
results of cooperation, including the introducCi.on into production o� very promising
and revolutionary fundamental science reaults.
The Council �or the Coordination of Scientific Research has been working for
10 years in Tomsk under the party obkom. Ite compoaitiori includes managera from all
of the scienti�ic-research institutes of the city, the proreetors for science of
all WZ's, the directora of large planta, and the chairman of the oblast Council
of Young Scientists and Specialists. Z'he Council- has 10 sections, each of which
conducts one large complex scientific-technical specia].-purpoae program, providing
methodological and operational management of its implemenCation. As an example,
V. Ye. Zuyev re�erred to the psograma, "Z`he Automation o� Scientific Research and
Technological Processes" and "Powder Metallurgy." The aim of the first of these is
through fundamental research and applied developments by unitad efforts to
create and introduce into botti science snd industry, ma$s automated aystems based
on the KAMAK standard. The second program poses the task of raising the wear
resistance of punches, pxesaes, snd other maehine componenta by a facCor o� 5 to 10.
The working group for this progYam is headed by the second secretary o� the party
obkom.
The CPSU obkom has adopted a decision according to which experimental sections for
mass inCroduction of scientific achievementg wi11 be creatied during 1981 at a
number of large induatrial grtd conetruction orgenizstions,
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Having publiahed this matarial on the integration of science and production under
the conditions of developed socialism, the editors propose to contiriue, on the
pages of this journal, a discussion o� the questions raised.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka","Vestnik AkadAmii nauk 55SR", 1981
9645
CSO: 1814/14
END
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