(Sanitized) GROWING ECONOMIC TIES WITH LATIN AMERICA
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP79T01098A000200020001-2
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RIPPUB
Original Classification:
C
Document Page Count:
22
Document Creation Date:
December 9, 2016
Document Release Date:
March 27, 2001
Sequence Number:
1
Case Number:
Publication Date:
October 1, 1973
Content Type:
REPORT
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Approved For Release 2001/04/30 : CIA-RDP79T01098A000200020001-
onfidential
Japan's Growing Economic Ties With Latin America
Confidential
ER RP 73-18
October 1973
3
Copy No.
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WARNING
I hes document ceatain% information affe( til-g the national
dufense of the United States, within the meaning of Title
18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Cede, as amended.
Its transmission or recelation of its cc ntents to or re-
ceipt by an lnlauthnrired 1wrson is pr lhibited by law.
1 Cfcw!rrd hn 015314
I E.ernr,~ from general
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mpnoo degorr 56 i .i ,3
w Avlomarica:IY dfcict..f,ed on 1
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Japan's Growing Economic Ties with Latin America
SUMMARY
Japan's economic presence in Latin America is expanding rapidly as
the Japanese move to diversify their overseas markets and develop outlets
for investment capital. The Japanese have already established a small
foothold in many Latin American markets, and sales to the region should
reach US $2 billion this year, or roughly double the 1970 level.
To help boost sales and assure a stable supply of raw materials from
the region, Japan is providing relatively large amounts of capital to Latin
American countries. Since the start of 1972, private and government sources
have made available about $2 billion in medium-term and long-term loans
to finance purchases of Japanese goods.
Much of Japan's economic interest in Latin America is concentrated
in Brazil and Mexico. Most investments made to date are in Brazil, and
one-third of Japan's trade with Latin America involves Brazil and Mexico.
The Japanese, however, also are expanding their trade and economic ties
in other countries such as Peru, Colombia, Argentina, and even Cuba. By
and. large, the Latin American countries have encouraged Japan to expand
its economic involvement in the area, in some instances viewing it as a
way to reduce their still very heavy dependence on the United States.
Japan's Presence in Latin America
1. Japan's economic position in Latin America is changing rapidly.
During most of the period after World War II, involvement in the region
was negligible, largely because Japanese firms were concentrating on
Note: Comments and queries regarding this publication are welcomed. They
may be directed to Code 143, Extension 5291.
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boosting sales to other markets while viewing L itin America primarily as
a source of raw materials. By the mid-1960s. Japai ese sales to Latin America
amounted to only about $400 millions annual y, while imports totaled
about $700 million. Investment in the region w,-s practically non-existent.
2. Since the mid- 1960s, trade and investmc nt have expanded sharply.
Two-way trade nearly tripled by 1972 to about $ 1 billion as Japanese firms
moved aggressively to exploit marketing opportinities in the region. For
many Latin American countries, Japan is now he second largest foreign
supplier after the United States. Japan has also emerged as an important
supplier of capital to the region. By 1970, To {yo had issued approvals
on new investments in Latin America totaling $500 million, and by early
1973 the cumulative level of approvals reached n ;arly $1 billion. Although
still dwarfed by the US investment stake, Japanesc investment in the region's
mining and manufacturing sectors has become considerable within the past
several years.
3. To encourage Japanese investment in Latin America, as well as
in other less developed regions, Tokyo has estal dished a special loan fund
to help cover investment risks. The government also has expanded its small
aid program to the region and has sent special trat.e missions to help develop
new sales opportunities. Most Latin American Countries have encouraged
Japan's growing interest in the region, viewing it as a way to reduce their
relative dependence on the United States. Since the beginning of 1972,
at least a dozen Latin American economic missions have visited Japan.
4. Japans sales effort in Latin America has been increasingly
successful. During 1966-70, exports to the region increased an average of
20% annually, and subsequently the pace acceler ited to an average of about
25%. These gains have about doubled Japan's share of the market since
1965, to 9% last year. Sales reached $1.5 billior in 1972 - exceeded only
by those of the United States and West Ger nany. Sales this year are
expected to approach $2 billion.
5. Japan has concentrated its marketing effort on a few key
countries, notably Brazil. Venezuela, and Mexico (see Table 1). These
countries' programs to develop such basic industries as iron and steel and
petrochemicals have opened up major new marketing opportunities. (For
the composition of Japanese exports. see Tabl: 2.) Sales to Brazil -- by
far the largest market -- more than doubled between 1970 and 1972,
1. All trade data in this publication exclude ship exports to Panama under flag of convenience
registration.
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Table I
Japanese Exports to Latin America, by Country
Million US $
Total
420.0
1,039.3
1,543.6
Brazil
26.6
166.7
395.3
Venezuela
56.4
122.6
183.4
Mexico
40.6
93.9
150.7
Argentina
44.2
95.8
125.8
Colombia
12.8
56.8
71.7
Peru
47.6
52.9
70.8
Cuba
3.5 .
39.2
50.7
Dominican Republic
5.0
33.3
45.2
Ecuador
8.9
30.5
37.6
Chile
25.8
31.4
32.5
El Salvador
16.1
22.4
30.5
Guatemala
13.8
28.6
25.6
Nicaragua
11.1
11.7
18.3
Other
107.6
253.5
305.5
Japanese Exports to Latin America, by Commodity Group
Total
420.0
1,039.3
1,543.6
Transport equipment
51.6
147.7
212.7
Of which:
Ships
19.6
51.4
40.9
Motor vehicles
19.2
67.5
159.3
Machinery
90.9
292.1
492.0
Iron and steel
99.1
261.0
330.5
Textiles and products
82.9
108.1
114.7
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals
18.4
63.0
95.6
Precision instruments
10.5
40.1
68.9
Other
66.6
127.3
229.2
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reaching about $395 million. During the same pe -iod, sales to Mexico and
Venezuela jumped more than 50% to about $335 million. Substantial export
gains have been made in other markets, but in most instances sales still
amount to less than $50 million a year.
6. Japan has succeeded by offering competitively priced, high-quality
products on good credit terms. For example. sul ply contracts for part of
Mexico's $550 million Las Truchas steel compltx, as well as for electric
power generating units, were won on the basis cf lowest cost. In making
its bids for the steel project, Japan also offerec a sizable Export-Import
Bank loan. In addition to government financial support, funds are available
from Japanese commercial banks that work closely with industrial firms
and trading companies to help win supply -ontracts in the region.
Commercial bank loans to finance development 3rojects often restrict the
use of funds to purchases from Japan. These p ?ojects are significant not
only because of their initial size but also because they give Japan a vantage
point in bidding for service and plant expansion contracts.
7. Japan has been particularly successful in winning supply contracts
in Brazil. Contracts amounting to nearly $500 million have been awarded
in the past year or so. Most of these contracts in 'olve supplying machinery
and equipment for Brazil's expanding steel industry or for transport facilities
(see Table 3). Because the Japanese have or plan a substantial equity
investment in many Brazilian industries, they hay e a special advantage over
other potential suppliers when bidding on cont acts. In boosting sales to
Brazil and other countries in the region, the J 3panese also benefit from
their role as major buyers of raw materials. They frequently finance
development of these resources, and the fur ds are usually linked to
purchases of Japanese equipment.
9. Demand for Japanese products remaii s strong even though their
dollar prices went up sharply following currenc,- realignments in 1971 and
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Selected Commercial Latin American
Contracts Won by Japanese Firms
1972-73
$100 million in sales of railroad equipment and steel for Brazil's
railroad expansion phase of its export corridors program.
Financing covered by a $200 million Japanese commercial bank
loan.
$75 million order for two large tankers. Payment on delivery.
$70 million order for coke oven facilities and a blast furnance
(capacity of 8,000 tons per day) for the state-owned steel firm.
Financing by a Japanese Export-Import Bank loan.
$56 million in equipment to expand harbor facilities at three
Brazilian ports. Financing by a Japanese bank loan and
suppliers' credits.
$50 million order for coke oven facilities and a blast furnace
(capacity of 6,000 tons per day) for a joint Japanese-Brazilian
steel venture. Financing by a Japanese Export-Import Bank
loan.
$34 million in power generating equipment. Financing by
suppliers' credits.
$32 million in machinery and equipment to construct four
industrial plants. Financing by suppliers' credits.
$5 million order for exhaust gas disposal facilities for a steel
mill. Financing by a Japanese Export-Import Bank loan.
$20 million in coke oven facilities to be supplied and installed
by Japan at the Las Truchas integrated steel complex. Financing
by a Japanese Export-Import Bank loan.
$16 million order for generating turbines for Mexico's first
nuclear power plant at Laguna Verde.
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Selected Commercial Latin Ameri:an
Contracts Won by Japanese Fin is
1972.73 (Continued)
$31 million construction and supply contracts for an
electrolytic copper refinery. Financing by a long-term suppliers'
credit.
$19 million construction and su;iply contracts for a catalytic
cracking plant. Partly financed iy a suppliers' credit.
$40 million contract to supply : nd construct an oil refinery.
Financing by a long-term suppliers' credit for 907c of cost (10%
downpayment).
Argentina: $23 million supply and construe ion contracts for a large iron
ore processing and concentrating plant.
Supply contract for four 110,00 )-kilowatt (kw) hydroelectric
generating units (price not known)..
Current bidding:
Mexico: A continuous casting plant for tie Las Truchas steel complex.
Japan's low bid reportedly is abo it $7 million, some $1 million
less than the next lowest bid f om a West German firm.
Argentina/ Seven Japanese firms are bidding o supply a large hydroelectric
Uruguay: power plant that will have an ins tailed capacity of 1.6 million
kw.
Guatemala: Construction and supply contract i for a new Pacific port worth
about $40 million. Japan reportedly is willing to provide an
official loan at concessionary terns if Japanese firms win the
contracts.
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1973. Dollar prices of Japanese steel products sold to Latin America in
mid-1972, for example, were almost 30% above the 1971 level. Nonetheless,
the tonnage of rolled steel exports to the region rose nearly 40%0 during
the first six months of 1973, compared with the same 1972 period, and
Japan has already been approached by Brazil to supply more than I million
tons of steel in 1974. Sharp price increases also have been registered for
Japanese motor vehicles as well as machinery and equipment, but sales
remain strong.
10. One reason for Japan's continued strong performance is that most
West European currencies have appreciated against the dollar even faster
than the yen. As a result, Japan's competitive position relative to European
suppliers has improved rather than weakened.
Buying Raw Materials
11. Japan's imports from Latin America consist almost entirely of
unprocessed minerals and agricultural commodities. Most of Latin America's
cotton exports and a large share of the region's production of minerals
go to Japan. Japan buys about 20% of its iron ore, 15% of its non-ferrous
ores, and one-half of its zinc ore from Latin America. Japan is also a
significant market for Latin American sugar, corn, and coffee (see Table
4).
12. Purchases are heavily concentrated in a few countries. Brazil and
Mexico account for about one-third of imports from the region, and Peru,
Chile, and Cuba an additional one-third (see Table 5). Overall purchases
amounted to $1.4 billion in 1972, representing about 6% of total Latin
American sales abroad. Purchases grew rapidly between 1965 and 1970,
but declined in 1971 when the Japanese economy slowed, and rose only
slightly last year because of sluggish demand for cotton and metallic ores.
Nonetheless, for several Latin American countries, the Japanese market
remains second only to the US market, although in most instances a distant
second.
13. To ensure long-term supplies of key primary products, the
Japanese are stepping up their buying in Latin America. They have already
signed contracts with Brazil, Chile, and Peru calling for the delivery of some
100 million tons of iron ore through 1980, and additional contracts can
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Japanese imports from Latin America, by Co nmodity Group
Total
706.8
1,368.5
1,412.6
Iron ore and concentrates
178.6
275.0
263.0
Refined copper
7.8
93.7
66.9
Copper ore and concentrates
25.9
58.1
63.3
Zinc ore
27.3
34.3
62.0
Raw cotton
223.7
208.2
254.9
Sugar
30.0
132.0
199.7
Bananas
5.0
99.7
72.9
Corn and sorghum (Kaoliang)
14.7
118.4
47.1
Coffee beans
8.1
39.1
37.0
Salt
9.3
19.8
26.0
Other
176.4
290.2
319.8
Table 5
Japanese imports from Latin America, by Country
Million US $
Total
706.8
1,-.68.5
1,412.6
Brazil
49.6
:17.9
249.4
Mexico
144.8
51.2
201.8
Peru
111.1
:10.4
185.5
Chile
131.6
:12.4
180.0
Cuba
29.2
10.7
145.4
Argentina
47.9
53.8
78.2
Ecuador
6.2
84.7
71.6
Nicaragua
54.5
27.6
51.1
Colombia
4.4
26.7
41.0
El Salvador
33.8
28.1
40.9
Dominican Republic
0.2
6.8
35.8
Guatemala
24.1
22.4
34.4
Venezuela
29.7
22.8
29.7
Other
39.7
93.0
67.8
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be expected. They are also setting up joint ventures with Latin American
governments to explore and develop copper, lead, chromium, and bauxite
resources with an eye toward shipping the output to Japan. Japanese
interests recently purchases the world's largest industrial salt producer --
a US-owned firm in Mexico -- to ensure adequate supplies at home.
14. Japan is especially interested in Latin America's agricultural
products and energy resources. Brazil is viewed as a potentially large supplier
of soybeans; shipments to Japan are already reaching significant quantities.
The Japanese also hope to increase purchases of wheat, corn, and beef from
the region. They are offering large amounts of loan capital to Peru that
would be repaid in crude oil, and several Japanese firms want to explore
and develop oil deposits in Ecuador and Colombia as they already are doing
in Peru. Japan is also seeking liquefied natural gas supplies and in recent
discussions with Venezuela offered to take all the gas that could be
produced.
Japanese Capital in Latin America
15. Substantial amounts of Japanese capital are beginning to enter
Latin America. Equity investment was only about $250 million before 1972
but now totals at least $600 million because of recent large investments
in extractive and manufacturing industries. The Japanese also are providing
large amounts of loan capital. Since the start of 1972, they have extended
or offered bank loans totaling at least $1.4 billion, including some
$275 million in Export-Import Bank loans. In addition, at least
$200 million in suppliers' credits were made available (see Table 6).
16. Most of the loan capital is for industrial projects and development
of raw material supplies. The largest projects include Brazil's $1.3 billion
steel expansion program and its $800 million export corridors program,
the latter a major effort to develop the transport system. Japan has already
agreed to provide more than $450 million for the two projects, and
additional offers may be forthcoming. Since early 1972, Japan has made
available to Mexico some $140 million in private loans to help finance
several projects, including construction of mineral processing and transport
facilities and industrial projects. Large loans have also been issued or offered
to Peru, Argentina, and Venezuela. Tokyo is considering dropping its ban
on Export-Import Bank financing of trade with Cuba.
17. Japanese equity investment in manufacturing plants is mounting.
By far the largest number are in Brazil, where the Japanese have an equity
share in at least 200 firms, including the largest private steel company and
one of the largest shipyards. Japan is expanding its equity interests in
industries producing steel, motorcycles, heavy machinery, electronics,
chemicals, and textiles. Two Japanese trading companies -- Mitsubishi and
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Selected Japanese Long-Term Suppliers' Credits
issued to Latin American Countri :s
1972-73
Brazil: A $36 million suppliers' credit fr )m C. Itoh & Co. and
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries to the Brazilian Ministry of
Public Works for port development. T rms: 10% down, 8% annual
interest, repayment in 18 semi-ani ual installments beginning
I January 1974.
A $30 million suppliers' credit from flitsui & Co. to the Brazilian
railway system. Terms: 6.5% annual in crest, repayment over 15-1/2
years, including a three-year grace pe-iod.
A $20 million loan from Japanese ti 3ding companies, and an $8
million suppliers' credit to a US-Brazilian mining enterprise.
Peru: A $31 million suppliers' credit from Mitsui & Co. and Furukawa
Electric for an electrolytic copper refinery. Terms: 6.75% annual
interest, repayment over 10 years froin the start of operations, set
for some time in 1975.
A $15 million loan from Mitsubishi orp. to the state-owned oil
company for general operations.
A $3 million suppliers' credit from Uarubcni Corp. to cover part
of the costs of a $19 million catalytic cracking plant to be built
by Marubeni and another Japanese tirm.
Cuba: A $26 million motor vehicle sale is icing financed by a five-year
deferred credit provided by the suppliers -- Hino Motors, Nissan
Diesel, and Toyota Motors.
Bolivia: A $7 million loan from C. Itoh & C). for a sugar mill expansion
program.
Nicaragua: A long-term loan (amount not know i) extended by Toyo Menka
to help finance construction of an ii refinery.
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Mitsui -- reportedly each intend to provide more than $1 billion in loans
and equity investments to expand their Brazilian operations in the next
several years. Tokyo estimates that the Japanese capital stake in Brazil could
reach $4 billion by the end of the 1970s.
18. Japan's growing manufacturing activities in Latin America are
partly aimed at circumventing high tariffs that protect against imports of
finished consumer goods. Japan is penetrating these markets by establishing
plants that use Japanese components or intermediate products. The growth
in motor vehicle sales, for example, is directly tied to the presence of
Japanese-owned vehicle assembly plants in Mexico, Peru, and Chile.
Electronics and textile plants also have been established in several Latin
American countries with an eye toward circumventing high tariffs on these
items.
19. Because of rising wage rates at home and currency realignments
since 1971, the Japanese have begun setting up plants in the region to
produce goods for sale in the US market. In 1971, one firm began assembling
electronic calculators in Mexico's border region for export to the United
States, and Mitsubishi is planning a similar operation. In addition to low
labor costs and proximity to the US market, Japanese firms are being
attracted to the border region because equipment and components can be
imported to Mexico duty free and plants do not have to meet the
requirements of 51% Mexican ownership. Plants making textiles and
electronics products for the US market are also in operation or under
construction in Central America and Brazil (see Table 7).
20. Through 1970, official economic aid to Latin America was
minimal. Aid was limited to three development loans totaling $31 million
to Paraguay, Brazil, and Mexico plus $8 million in technical assistance. Loan
terms were less generous than those offered to countries in regions where
Japan's economic stake was greater. Multilateral aid consisted of $30 million
in loans to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
21. During the past year or so, Tokyo has stepped up its aid, granting
loans totaling $152 million to Peru, Mexico, Paraguay, Costa Rica, and
Chile. Moreover, the terms of aid have been substantially eased by reducing
interest rates to as low as 3.5% and extending repayment periods to 20
or 25 years. In all cases, aid remains tied to purchases of Japanese goods.
At present, Tokyo is weighing loan requests from several Latin American
countries totaling some $220 million. Tokyo is also considering a
$15 million grant to the IDB and may join the bank.
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Selected Japanese Investments in Latin American Plants
Past, Present, and Planned
Japanese
Industry Country Investor
Textile- Brazil Araks & Co. Bought an interest n a Brazilian synthetic knitwear enterprise. Plans
.all for exporting ~ ne-half of production to the United States.
Mexico leilm A joint synthetic 'abric venture with local interests. Production
C Itoh & Co. scheduled to begin r 1974, initially aimed at local market with future
operations to expo t to the United States.
Costs Rica Toyobo A joint venture w Lh a local apparel manufacturer. Output aimed
mainly at the US in uket. Toyobds existing fabric plants in Costa Rica
and El Salvador air providing intermediate materials.
Guatemala Asahi Kiwi A joint venture will local interests to produce acrylic thread. Output
Goko Dying initially aimed at ocal market, with future operations to include
manufacture of flushed products for export, largely to the United
States.
Electronic/ Mexico Mitsubishi A joint venture wit . a Mexican electric machinery producer. The firm
Electrical Electric plans to export elei trical and electronic products to the United States.
products Exports of Mitaubis J Electric will include color television sets.
Ititachi A joint venture wit t a Mexico City television producer which exports
part of its output t ? the United States. Production Includes black and
white and color it eviaion sets.
Established a subsii lary in Juarez under the Border Industries Program.
The venture produ ss electronic computer parts for sale in the United
States through To o's New York subsidiary.
Omron Recently doubled t ie capacity of its Tijuana plant producing desk top
Tateisi calculators for till Rt to the United States.
Electronics
Brazil Sony A wholly owned s Cbsidiary to produce color television sets, Initially,
output will aim at local sales. but future exports to the United States
are planned.
Steel Brazil 14HK Spring Plans call for acq lotion of shares in a Brazilian automobile spring
k
et.
Nissho.lwai maker. Output wt _ be sold domestically and to the US mar
Kobe Steel or
I}aido Steel
Mexico Three steel Plans call for a p pe production venture at Tijuana. Output will be
firms (not exported to the I. Cited States for use in the manufacture of outdoor
further identified) furniture.
Nissho-twai Will build a wire- sawing facility near Tijuana to produce nails for
sale to the Unite I States and local markets. It may be a wholly
Japanese-owned YE iture or include a US or local partner and will use
either Japanese or US wire. About 60% of production will go to the
United States, ret lacing part of direct Japanese nail sales to this
country.
Chemical/ Brazil C. [loh & Co.
Fuji Photo Film
Konishiroku
Photo Industry
Bought an interes in a Brazilian synthetic leather goods producer. C.
Itoh will use its t mtmercial distribution facilities to expand sales of
the manufacturer' products to the United States.
Construction undi r way on a plant to produce X-ray and movie film
and 35-mm black and white and Color film. Except for X-ray film,
all or part of ou put will be exported to the United States.
Construction und, r way on a plant to produce X-ray and movie film
and 35-mm black and white and color film. All or part of output,
except X-ray fdn , will be sold to the US market.
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Prospects
22. Japan's presence in Latin America will continue expanding as new
marketing and investment opportunities are exploited. Given the strong
Japanese competitive position and willingness to provide large amounts of
loan capital, exports to the region should reach $5 billion annually within
the next five years, raising Japan's share of the market to nerhans 15`/x.
24. The Japanese will look increasingly to Latin America for key
primary products, and substantial amounts of Japanese capital will be
committed to boost production and exports of these products. Besides
traditional commodities such as metallic ores, sugar, and cotton, several
agricultural and forestry products will increasingly attract Japan's eye.
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Appro Ied
Appro
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INFORMATION FROM COLLECTION PROGRAMS IN FINISHED INTELLIGENCE
OF
USE
INSTRUCTIONS
GENERAL
Rating forms will be completed for each finished intelligence publication prepared by the DD/I and DDS&T. This is a
machine-supported system and information must be gathered in a formatted fashion. Therefore, each analyst will complete
the NON-SHADED parts of section I and II of this form. Please type or print legibly. Questions should be directed to
IRS/HRG, Room 2G 40, x1631 (red) or x4273 (black).
SECTION I - PUBLICATION TITLE AND CONTENT
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02 OER 04 OBGI 06 CRS 08 FMSAC :-
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JOINT OFFICE (specify):
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TOPICAL CATEGORY I GEOGRAPHIC AREA CATEGORY
Domestic Politics USSR
International Relations Eastern Europe
A Economics Communist China
Military ,>s Other For East
Science & Technology Near East
H Geography South Asia
Biography Africa
JC Latin America
Western Europe
LIST SPECIFIC COUNTRIES: 7C O 121 sT y C#IZIF l/G111-z
TO BE COMPLETED BY IRS
- --
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REC TYPE
TOPIC
(7-8) (11-12) (13-16)
25X1 B
Approved For Release 2001/04/30 : CIA-RDP79TO1098A000200020001-2
Approved For Release 2001/04/30 : CIA-RDP79TO1098A000200020001-2