GEOGRAPHY OF THE STALINGRAD-URDA SECTION OF THE VOLGA-CASPIAN LOWLAND

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 282
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 9, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1952
• Content Type: IR

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On
FO A.E.',SISTANT DIRECTOR
SECURITY INFO4 ON VO-a RESEARCH AND REPCR'1S
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
GEOGRAPHY OF THE STALINGRAD-URDA
SECTION OF THE VOLGA-CASPIAN LOWLAND
CIA/RR?G-2
1 November 1952
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
0001*144"4/3
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Security In
GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT
GEOGRAPHY OF THE STALINGRAD -URDA
SECTION OF THE VOLGA-CASPIAN LOWLAND
CIA/FR-G-2
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONTENTS
Summary
Page
1
I.
Regional Physical Characteristics
5
A.
General Features
5
B.
The Hilly Western Fringe
6
C.
The Volga Valley and Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain
8
1. Terrain
8
2. Hydrography
11
3. Trafficability, Vegetation, and Soils
14
D.
The Caspian Lowland
17
1. Terrain Features
17
a. General Characteristics
17
b. Minor Depresssions
19
c. Salt Lakes
20
d. Salt-Mud Flats
25
e. Sand Areas
26
2. Vegetation
28
3. Fauna
31
4. Trafficability
31
II.
Climate
34
A.
General Characteristics
34
B.
Temperature
36
C.
Precipitation
37
D.
Other Climatic Elements
39
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III. Economy 41
A. Agriculture 41
1. General Conditions 41
2. Regional Agricultural Specialization. 42
3. Status of Productivity 48
B. Industry 52
1. Distribution 52
2. The Stalingrad Industrial Core 53
3. Industry Outside Stalingrad 58
C. Mineral Resources 63
1. Salt 63
2. Other Minerals 66
?D. Development Projects and Plans 67
1. Current Status 67
2. Shelter Belts 68
3. The Stalingrad Power and Irrigation Project 70
IV. Population 72
A. Distribution and Density 72
B. Ethnic Composition, Language, and Religion 77
C. Historical and Social Background of the Kazakhs 79
D. Political Attitudes 82
E. Health and Sanitation 84
F. Educational Facilities 88
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G. Forced-Labor Camps 89
1. Soviet Forced-Labor Organization 89
2. The Stalingrad-Beketovka Area 90
3. The Krasnoarmeysk Area 95
V. Transportation 97
A. Transportation Pattern 97
B. Railroads 98
1. Regional Distribution 98
2. The Stalingrad Railroad Center 99
3. Lines Converging at Stalingrad 105
a. Stalingrad-Tikhoretsk-Krasnodar 105
b. Stalingrad-Likhaya 107
C. Stalingrad-Moscow 107
4. The Post Paromnaya-Vladimirovka-Nizhniy
Baskunchak Line 108
5. The Saratov-Astrakhan' Line 114
C. Roads 116
1. General Characteristics 116
2. Major Roads 117
a. Stalingrad-Kursk-Moscow Highway 117
b. Kazan'-Saratov-Stalingrad-Astrakhan'
Highway 117
c. Stalingrad-Kalach-Rostoiv Highway 120
.d. Stalingrad-Kalach Alternate Road 122
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e. Stalingrad-Mikhaylovka-Astrakhan' Road
123
f. Stalingrad-Stepnoy-Caucasus Road
127
g. Stalingrad-Solyanka-Abganerovo Road .....
128
3.
Streets and Roads in the City of Stalingrad
128
4.
Roads Near Urda
131
5.
Minor Roads, Trails, and Caravan Routes
132
D.
Inland Waterway Transport
134
1.
General Characteristics
134
2.
Volga River Traffic
134
3.
Akhtuba River Traffic
140
4.
The Volga-Don Canal
141
E.
Airfields
142
APPENDICES No. of
pages
A. Administrative Divisions 2
B. Climatic Data 24.
1. Temperature 1
2. Precipitation 1
3. Snow Cover 1
4. Meteorological Stations 1
C. Transportation 18
1. Road Bridges in the Stalingrad Area 3
2. Active and Inactive Airfields in the Study Area 15
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No. of
pages
D. Gazetteer 57
E. Gaps in Information 2
F. Sources and Evaluation of Sources 15
1. Evaluation of Sources 3
2. Sources 12
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Illustrations
Photographs
(Following p. 14)4)
Figure 1. Dissected west bank of Volga River north of Stalingrad.
Figure 2. Cherry picking on fruit farm near Stalingrad. July 1946.
Figure 3. Irrigation of tomato plants on a collective farm near
Stalingrad. July 1946.
Figure I. Collective farmers and wagon on road near Stalingrad.
July 1946.
Figure 5. Rural scene near Stalingrad. July 1946.
Figure 6. Preliminary work for construction of dam. Enough water
will be stored to irrigate several hundred acres of
land near Stalingrad. July 1946.
Figure 7. Collective farm village in Stalingrad Oblast. July 1946.
Figure 8. Mechanical salt extraction at Lake Baskunchak. Probably
1948.
Figure 9. Women workers an experiment station near Stalingrad.
Shelter belt in background. July 1946.
Figure 10. A forest shelter belt on the "Iskra" state farm,
Stalingrad Oblast. November 1948.
Figure 11. Prewar view of Central Square of Stalingrad from air.
After severe war damage the city is now in the process
of reconstruction.
Figure 12. New housing construction in Stalingrad. 1946.
Figure 13. Oktyabr'skaya Street in Stalingrad. 1947.
Figure 14. New apartment house on Tsiolkovskiy Street in Stalingrad.
Prior to 1949.
Figure 15. View of Stalingrad from barge on Volga River. July 1946.
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Figure 16. Russian passengers on barge in Volga River. View of
Stalingrad in background. July 1946.
Figure 17. Chairman of collective farm addressing visiting American
guests and minor officials. July 1946.
Figure 18. Transporting rafts of timber down the Volga. Prewar.
Figure 19. Transporting timber on the Volga by low-decked wooden
bark. Prewar.
Figure 20. Volga River from Stalingrad side. Low eastern bank in
background. July 1946.
Figure 21. Part of wharf area along the Volga River in Stalingrad.
1944.
Figure 22. Unloading of Volga River vessels at the port of Stalingrad.
Figure 23. Volga River docks at Stalingrad. August 1947.
Figure 24. Loading facilities at Stalingrad. August 1947.
Figure 25. River-boat dock at Stalingrad; believed to be a
floating dock.
(Following Appendix C, p. 18)
Figure 26. Air photo of Stalingrad-Beketovka airfield. 1942.
Figure 27. Air photo of Stalingrad-Gorodishche airfield. 13 July
1942.
Figure 28. Air photo of Stalingrad-Gumrak airfield. 13 July 1942.
Figure 29. Air photo of Stalingrad-Konnaya airfield. 24 July 1942.
Figure 30. Air photo of Stalingrad-Southwest airfield. 1 November
1941.
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hala
(Following Appendix B, p. 4)
Climatic Elements of the Volga-Caspian Lowland, CIA 12091.
(Following Appendix F, p. 15)
The Lower Volga Area East of Stalingrad, CIA 11995.
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Security Information
GEOGRAPHY OF THE STALINGRAD-URDA
SECTION OF THE VOLGA-CASPIAN LOWLAND
Summary
The.Stalingrad-Urda section of the Caspian Lowland varies
greatly in both physical and cultural characteristics. Most of the
area lies within the semidesert and desert regions that stretch
southward from the grassland belt of European Russia on the north to
the Caspian Sea on the south, and eastward from the Volga River to
central Asia. Along the western margin of the area are the hills
and east-facing escarpment of the Volga Heights (Privolzhskaya
Vozvyshennostf) and farther south the Yergeni Hills. At the foot
of the Volga escarpment in the northwest and extending onto the
Caspian Lowland eastward and southeastward from Stalingrad is the
fertile oasis-like floodland of the Volga and Volga-Akhtdba valleys,
most of which is below sea level. The remainder of the study area
includes two sections of the arid, nearly flat Caspian Lowland Plain.,
separated by the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain. The smaller section,
which is a part of the Kalmyk Steppe, is surrounded on three sides
by the Yergeni Hills and the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain. The second
section is much larger, including the vast expanse of desert and
steppe east of the Volga and northeast of the floodplain.
Sociologic and economic characteristics of the study area are
closely related to local physical conditions. The hub of industrial,
political, and transportation activity is at Stalingrad, the only
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large industrial concentration within the study area. Population
density in the vicinity of Stalingrad is comparable to that in
other industrial centers of European USSR. Here Russians represent
the main element in the population. On the plains to the east,
where Kazakhs are the dominant ethnic group, the population density
drops sharply to five or less persons per square mile. Almost all
of the larger settlements are located along the banks of the Volga
or Akhttiba rivers. Villages are smallest and farthest apart in
the driest, the sandiest, or otherwise least productive sections of
the Caspian Lowland. From the standpoint of health, the area is one
of the most favorable in the USSR. Malaria, the only endemic
disease with a high morbidity, is limited to a large extent to the
floodplain areas.
A number of forced-labor camps are located within the area,
chiefly near Stalingrad. Although practically all of them were
originally prisoner-of-war enclosures, many now house civiLian
prisoners. The majority of the prisoners are employed in construc-
tion and maintenance work, but large numbers are also employed in
the industrial plants of the Stalingrad vicinity.
The principal economic activities of the area are (a) agri-
culture, (b) the heavy and light manufacturing of the Stalingrad
center, (c) the processing of agricultural produce, (d) the extrac-
tion of salt from lakes Baskunchak and El' ton, and (e) the shipping
along the Volga and water-rail transshipping at Stalingrad.
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? The Stalingrad complex, Which stretches along the Volga River
for 30 miles, is of national importance industrially. As a trans-
portation and transshipping center, it is a focal point for routes
to and from the southern Urals, the Donets Basin, the Caucasus, the
Caspian Sea area, and the central part of the European USSR, In-
dustrial raw materials are brought in by rail from the west, timber
is floated down the Volga from the north, and petroleum is carried
by barge from Baku, Makhachkala, and other places. Fish, salt, and
agricultural products arrive at Stalingrad from various directions
either for consumption, processing, or reshipment.
In salt production, the Lake Baskunchak area alone supplies
one-fourth of the USSR total. Other extractive industries are of
only local importance. Forestry within the area is insignificant,
even in the hilly areas along the western margin.
In the rural economy, animal husbandry is of greatest signifi-
cance. Mich of the plains area is given over to migratory grazing
of sheep cattle, horses, and some camels. Grains are grown
wherever possible, mainly on the plains adjacent to the Volga-AkhtUba
Floodplain and in small water-retaining depressions farther out on
the plains. In the Stalingrad section of the Volga-Akhtuba flood-
lands, market gardening is impOrtant.
Several far-reaching Soviet plans for the development of the
agriculture, industry, and transportation of the study area have
been adopted. For the improvement of agriculture, shelter belts are
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being planted and irrigation is being extended through the construc-
tion of a series of canals. The construction of a dam near the
northern end of Stalingrad will provide both hydroelectric power
for domestic and industrial use and water to irrigate a considerable
area on the Caspian Lowland. A canal connecting the Volga and Don
rivers has been opened recently.
The transportation network within the study area focuses on
Stalingrad. ,Located on the heavily traveled Volga River, and
connected by rail to the Moscow, Ural, and Donets regions and the
Black and Caspian seas, Stalingrad has become a major freight trans-
shipment point. In the eastern part of the study area there is only
one railroad, the Saratov-Astrakhan' line crossing from north to
south. Roads from all directions converge at Stalingrad and connect
it with all of the industrially important parts of the USSR. Aside
from the few major highways, however, the roads have unimproved dirt
surfaces and many of them are little more than paths or caravan
trails. During World War II, a large number of hastily constructed
airfields were in operation within the study area. Currently only
five airports in the Stalingrad vicinity are in active use.
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I. Regional Physical Characteristics (1, 4-10)*
A. General Features
The Stalingrad-Urda section of the Volga-Caspian Lowland
includes an area of about 20,000 square miles and extends from
44?15'E to 48?E and from 4.7?35'N to 49?20'N (see map CIA 11995).
The extent of the area under study was arbitrarily defined and
consequently is not a unit administratively, physically, or
culturally. Administratively it includes parts of three oblasts --
the Stalingrad and Astrakhan' Oblasts of the RSFSR and the West
Kazakhstan Oblast of the Kazakh SSR.** The Volga River cuts
across the western part of the area, flowing from the northeast to
the southwest. At Stalingrad it makes a sharp turn eastward,
dividing the Caspian Lowland into a large northern section and
a smaller southwestern section, which is actually a northward
extension of the Kalmyk Steppe. From Stalingrad eastward, the
Volga is roughly paralleled by the Akhtdba River and the floodplains
of the two rivers merge, forming a single broad floodplain. South
from the river bend at Stalingrad, an abandoned river-bed depression
continues in a north-south direction and is occupied by a series of
long, narrow lakes, collectively known as the Sarpinsk Lakes. West
of the Volga and Saxpinsk Lakes is the Hilly Western Fringe of the
study area, which is highest and steepest in the north.
* Numbers in parentheses refer to correspondingly numbered sources
in Appendix F-1.
** See Appendix A for more detailed administrative information.
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B. The Hilly Western Frinzs.
The western margin of the study area includes two groups
of, low mountains and hills, the Volga Heights and the Yergeni Hills,
which are separated by a narrow trough just south of Stalingrad.
The hills, which decrease slightly in altitude from north to south,
are characterized by parpllel ridges oriented in northwest-southeast
direction and separated by stream valleys. The eastern edge of the
hill region is marked by bluffs, which in.the north overlook the
Volga River and in the south overlook the Sarpinsk Lakes and the
Kalmyk Steppe.
In the northern section, which is known as the Volga Heights
(Privolzhskaya Vozvyshennosti)? the east-facing bluffs rise to a
height of about 150 feet above the river. Although the bluffs are
nearly continuous, they are interrupted in places by ravines and
gullies with steep sides (Figure 1). The souther hill group, the
Yergeni Hills, is less dissected and the bluffs are less pronounced.
West of the bluffs of the northern section the interfluve areas
rise to elevations of 400 to 500 feet within a distance of about
4 miles. The crests of the interfluves are about one-third of a
mile in width and in some places are steeply rolling. Their slopes
descent abruptly into narrow, deep-cut valleys and are deeply cut
by many-branched gullies.
Rivers and streams flowing from the hills to the Volga are
relatively small and are spaced about 5 miles apart. Most of the
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rivers are 10 to 15 miles long, although the largest measures about
30 miles. The rivers are characterized by steep gradients and very
active erosion. Some of the shorter streams, especially in the
south, flow only during spring thaws and rainy periods. Most of
these descend to the adjacent dry plain and disappear into the
parched earth or evaporate. Throughout the hills, streams are
dammed to retain some of the spring overflow for agricultural use.
The divide between the Volga and Don drainage systems is situated
only 8 or 12 miles to the west of the Volga.
Vegetation cover on the Volga Heights and Yergeni Hills is
notably sparse. Trees are found only in valleys and ravines or
where they have been planted, either as part of shelter belts or
in groves. A large proportion of the area is covered with natural
grass and bush, including steppe fescue, feather grass, and white
wormwood. The area is used primarily for cattle and sheep grazing,
but hay and grains are produced along the valley sides and on some
of the interfluve crests. Many valley bottoms are intensively
cultivated, especially in the vicinity of Stalingrad. Soils in the
Hilly Western Fringe area are typically deep loamy chestnuts, black
earths, and clays, all of which are fertile. Agriculture is limited
primarily by the availability of adequate water supply.
The large, elongated urban area of Stalingrad is situated at
the southern end of the Volga Heights, and extends to the indistinct
narrow trough that separates these hills from the Yergeni Hills to
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the south. The city itself lies on hilly ground cut by many ravines,
which make city planning for postwar reconstruction difficult.
Villages in the western hills are fairly large and are concentrated
along stream valleys where water supply, mainly from ponds and
artesian wells, is adequate except in drought years.
Vehicular traffic in the western hills is highly channelized,
due mainly to the presence of deep ravines and gullies that are
difficult to cross. Movement on foot is also limited by the
character of the terrain.
C. _LIT2.27:210....YEllty_an2_,LU21EAkhtuha Floodplain
1. Terrain
North of Stalingrad, the Volga flows in a south-
southwest direction through a floodplain valley not more than 5
miles in width. In this section the valley is characteristically
asymmetric. The river, itself, hugs the western edge of the valley
and at times even undercuts the bluffs that rise to heights of 150
feet. The main channel, which is locally constricted by large sandy
islands, varies from 1/3 to 1-1/2 miles in width. East of the main
stream, a strip of land 1 to 5 miles wide is almost completely
inundated annually. This area is divided into many small and
inaccessible sections by the numerous secondary and seasonal channels
of the Volga and by shallow reedy lakes, backwaters, and abandoned
river beds. The floodplain immediately adjacent to the river is
alternately sandy and marshy and is partly forest-covered. The only
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noticeable elevations are the natural levees along the edges of
the larger channels, which in places form steep banks. Elsewhere
changes in elevation are gradual and few heights exceed 30 feet.
Eastward from the Volga channel, elevations increase slightly
and land utilization becomes more intensive. Much of the eastern
part of the floodland is cultivated, with lower areas used for
grazing when they are not under water. Just east of the normal
flood level, a string of small and medium-sized agricultural
villages (up to 500 persons) marks the edge of the valley and the
beginning of the dry steppe.
At the northern end of Stalingrad the small Akhtuba River
diverges from the Volga and flows eastward. The Volga itself
continues southward for another 20 miles to the vicinity of
Krasnoarmeysk, where it also veers eastward. Between the two
rivers is a joint-floodplain that stretches eastward across the
semidesert area in a belt over 20 miles wide. Some 60 miles east
of Stalingrad the rivers turn gradually to the southeast, and the
floodplain narrows to about 10 or 12 miles.
Between the small, seldom-navigable Akhtuba River and the
wide, heavily traveled Volga, the terrain is characterized by an
interlacing pattern of channels, lakes, backwaters, cut-off
meanders, islands, sandbars and dunes, clay-banks, irregularly
shaped wooded patches, and vast areas of marsh, reed, and meadow.
The area in general has a more varied relief than the narrow Volga
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Valley north of Stalingrad. Similarly, floodplain features are also
greater in number and finer in detail on the broad valley bottom
within 20 miles of Stalingrad than they are farther southeast,
where the valley narrows.
The Volga River flaws through the floodplain in a channel 1/4
to 1-1/2 miles wide. For long stretches, it lies adjacent to the
northern margin of the Kalmyk Steppe; in other places the river
changes its course abruptly, leaving considerably areas of floodplain
between the river and the steppe. South of Vladimirovka the Volga
has several large secondary channels up to 1/2 mile wide that flow
during all seasons.
Most of the elevated areas on the floodplain are sand dunes,
remnants of natural levees, protective earthen dikes, or eroded
clay banks, which stretch in narrow bands parallel to the major
streams and their secondary channels. Elevations are most pronounced
along the Volga River side of the valley. Ridges are usilally wooded
and, because they lie slightly above normal flood level, they are
the sites of the few small villages of the floodplain area. In the
flatter middle section of the floodplain and in the narrower stretch
farther east, the land above normal
snail, scattered strips. Woods and
Most of the shallow branch channels
floodplain are bordered by sand and
flood level is limited to a few
villages are correspondingly few
and elongated lakes in the
grass, or are reed-covered marsh
or meadow. In many places the channels have been clogged by silt
or vegetation, and the water has become stagnant.
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Along both flanks, the limits of the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain
are marked by stretches of steep banks. The right bank, along
the Volga itself, is over 80 feet high in the vicinities of
Svetlyy Yar and Raygorod but decreases to 70 feet near Solenoye-
Zaymishche and to 40-50 feet at the southern end of the study area.
This high right bank, however, is interrupted in many places, and
between Staritsa and aibovka the break is about 9 miles long.
During floods the river frequently undercuts its banks, causing
cruMbling and the formation of mounds or shoals at the base of
the slopes. The left bank of the floodplain is much lower than
the right, but bluffs or sharp slopes 15 to 18 feet high are not
uncommon. Deep, steep-walled gullies that cut far back into the
steppe zone are typical of the western part of the left bank.
Except for the rocky bank at Kamennyy Yar, the bluffs along both
sides of the valley are composed of clay.
2. Hydrography
The outstanding feature of the hydrography in the
Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain is its seasonality.* During the height
of the spring flood season the region becomes a huge lake with
isolated hills protruding a few feet above the water level, late
* Because of the continuous changes in the Volga-AkhtUba Flood-
plain, any given statistics represent the situation only for a
specific place and date. The width, depth, and location of channels,
the shape and location of islands, and the amount of area' inundated
vary not only from year to year but also from season to season.
Maps and photographs of the area must be judged accordingly.
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in the summer the streams are slow and sluggish and much of the land
is dry enough to be cropped or mown for hay, and in winter all the
rivers and marshes are solidly frozen. Small, flash floods
occasionally interrupt the normally dry summer and fall seasons.
Nearly all of the water flowing through the Volga Valley comes
from the more humid regions far to the north. The only perennial
tributaries of the Volga within the study area are a few that flow
from the Volga Heights. Elsewhere, the adjacent steppes are cut by
numerous gullies that carry water only during the spring thaw and
after showers. The flow of the Volga varies greatly from year to
year, the volume being determined by the amount of snow cover, the
rapidity of thaw, and the rainfall in the northern source regions.
At Stalingrad the volume of water carried during the year with the
greatest recorded flow was one and one-half times that of an average
year and two and one-third times that of the lowest year. Seasonal
flow of the Volga is also highly variable, but generslly the
volume carried in April, May, June, and July amounts to 50 to 65
percent of the annual total.
The spring flood normally begins in late May or early June and
lasts from 4 to 6 weeks or more. Waters are highest in the second
half of June, when over 90 percent of the dual-valley region is
under water. Some years the water level rises as much as 3 feet per
day in the area just north of Stalingrad. The average rise in water
level at Stalingrad, measured from the beginning of flood to the
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peak, is about 27 feet, but during exceptional floods the rise may
exceed 4o feet. Along the northern section of the Volga, where
the valley is most constricted, the rise in water level is greatest.
In the Volga-AkhtUba section, where the water is divided among
many channels, the rise is considerably less, but areas up to 30
feet above the normal winter level of the river are flooded.
Widespread changes annually follow the spring floods. Each
year, new channels are formed and old ones are blocked with mud
and sand. Similarly, new levees and shoals are built up and old
ones are eroded away. Redredging of the Volga channel is a big
job, which must be continued throughout the navigation period.
By mid-summer, most sections of the Volga are restricted to a
single channel with an average width of 1/2 mile. The channel
southeast of Stalingrad is usually dredged to a depth of only
7 feet. To the north the water is somewhat deeper. In both
sections, however, there are many places with depths up to 4o
feet or more. In contrast to the navigable Volga, the AkhtUba
River, at the point where it diverges from the Volga, may dry
up completely during periods of extremely low water. At such
times the lower Akhtuba is fed by a net of shallow channels
between it and the Volga. The period of lowest water level for
the area as a whole is early September to mid-October.
During summer and fall sudden storms cause minor floods of
short duration. Usually there are one to three and sometimes as
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many as a half dozen minor floods each year. At Stalingrad they
raise the water level an average of about 6 feet, but some of the
summer storms are not heavy enough to fill completely the shallow
channels that parallel the main channels. Late floods cause
considerable damage because of their unexpectedness and because
they occur when hay has been stacked in the fields, grains are
almost ripe, and lumber and other supplies and equipment are stacked
along the river banks.
The average date for formation of ice at Stalingrad is 21
November. Solid ice covers the main channel and its branches by
December and lasts through March. The Volga normally remains frozen
for about 110 days. Although the average date of clearing is 20
April, navigation usually begins by 7 April.
3. Trafficability, Vegetation& and Soils
Trafficability in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain is
essentially dependent on the seasonal conditions of vegetation and
soils, which in turn are closely related to the hydrography of the
area. Ease of movement and availability of cover vary inversely
from spring to -winter. When the surface of the lowland is solidly
frozen, movement on foot is unrestricted, but cover is sparse.
During the spring and early summer, travel by foot is practically
impossible, and even with the aid of a small boat it is very
difficult to cross the area. Middle and late summer offer the best
combination of trafficability and cover. In this period the valley
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is a labyrinth of thickly covered green islands. Movement is still
difficult, however, due to sticky, mucky soils and the complicated
water network.
During and after the recession of the flood waters, the streams
are heavily burdened with Is2/2111 the local name for the combination
of trees and other heavy growth that has been washed out by the
high waters and carried along by the rivers. After the floods,
trails and roads across the lowland must be restored or relocated,
and, in years of unusually high flood, port and landing facilities
must be repaired and protective earth embankments rebuilt.
As the floods recede from the moisture-saturated meadows in
early summer, the lush vegetation that follows includes many
varieties of grasses, ranging from short fine-textured Kentucky
bluegrass to tall coarse reeds. Sedge grasses are the dominant
vegetation of the meadow marshes, along with flowering rush,
fescue, couch grass, yellow lucerne, water plantain, arrowhead,
and quackgrass. On the slightly higher areas that are inundated
for the shortest period, grasses uslislly are of higher quality;
these are the areas most often used for crops and hay mowing.
Areas of medium flood duration are predominantly covered with
couch grass and weeds such as brome grass. The rootstalks
frequently form hummocks that are filled with stagnant water and
covered with water hemlock, swamp fern, and field flowers. These
small mounds, which interrupt the surface of the meadow land, are
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not fit for mowing. The hummocks are a common feature, particularly
in the central and eastern parts of the Volga-Akhtuba lowland. The
lowest areas in the floodplain retain swamp vegetation throughout the
summer, and many of the smell reed-covered lake areas are impassable
at all times. Tall reeds and rushes, which in some places attain
heights of 10 to 20 feet, also border the winding channels that
separate the many partially wooded islands. The larger rivers are
bordered. by long stretches of meadow covered with quackgrass Cir by
sandy mounds that support rush-like beach grass and wild rye.
Most of the wooded areas in the Volga-Akhtdba Floodplain are
discontinuous arc-shaped strips and patches of dense, leafy,
deciduous thickets. The predominant trees are white willow and
black poplar, which are intermixed with several varieties of elm and
oak and some mulberry and tamarisk. Strips of woodland that are
generally less than 1,000 feet wide, follow many of the natural
levees, which are higher and drier than surrounding areas. Many
other slightly elevated patches, smAll islands, and inaccessible
areas are also wooded, but nowhere do the woods exceed 3 miles in
width. In the larger wooded areas, trees usually grow to a height
of somewhat over 20 feet. Most of the wooded patches are bordered
by narrow zones of dwarfed trees and a dense tangle of undergrowth.
The hops, bindweed, and ivy that entwine themselves around the
shrubs and trees after the spring flood contribute to the formation
of a barrier that is difficult to penetrate. Scattered individual
trees and isolated clumps are not uncommon in the floodplain.
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The predominant soils in the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain are
sand silty clay, muddy recent alluvium, and meadow bog. Sand is
most prevalent along the river banks and on islands along the
channels. In the south there are several areas of dunes, some
of which are partly stabilized by a growth of willows. Almost
everywhere the ground is extremely wet during the March thaws and
after the floods that follow. Although the sandy areas drain
most rapidly and soon become trafficdble on foot, they are
difficult to traverse in vehicles except when frozen.
Movement for more than a couple of miles in the Volga-AkhtUba
Floodplain requires the crossing of water bodies. Most of the
roads and paths in the area have fords across the minor rivers.
Although the majority of the rivers are shallow, many are too
deep for motor vehicles to ford. According to available maps the
depths of fords range from 1/2 foot to 4-1/2 feet at normal water
level, most of them being a little over a foot in depth.
D. The Casplgn Lowland
1. Terrain Features
a. General Characteristics
The Caspian Lowland form a seemingly endless
expanse of salty, almost lifeless semidesert, which is nearly
devoid of outstanding relief features. Elevations generally range
from about sea level to 90 feet, with only a few isolated higher
spots. South and west of the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain, altitudes
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of over 35 feet are rare. To the north and east the highest zones
are (a) the inconspicuous divide paralleling the southern section
of the floodplain at a distance of 11 to 15 miles, (b) the sandy
plain to the north and west of Lake Baskunchak, and (c) a low
ridge south of Lake Eltton. None of these zones are more than 50
feet higher than the general surface of the plain, and their rise
is almost imperceptible. In the entire Caspian Lowland area,
only three hills stand out conspicuously above the surrounding
land -- Boltshoye Bogdo Mountain (499 feet) along the steep
southwest shore of Lake Baskunchak, Maloye Bogdo Mountain (112
feet) about 30 miles to the northeast of Bolt shoyeBogdo, and
Ulagan Mountain (219 feet) just northeast of Eltton.
Over most of the Caspian Lowland the monotonous landscape
is broken only by the countless minor depressions of various sizes
and shapes that collect and retain moisture and seasonally support
vigorous vegetational growth. In the early summer these "dips"
stand out in sharp contrast to the surrounding dry clay surface
that is commonly cracked by the summer heat.
The lowest parts of the plain are marked by large salt lakes
or salt-mud marshes. East of the Volga River the most important
depressions contain Lakes Baskunchak, Eliton, and Batkult? and the
huge, impassable Shor Khaki salt-mud flat. At the foot of the
Yergeni Hills in the west are the Sarpinsk Lakes. All of these
depressions except Lake Batkult are below sea level.
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Surface streams are found only along the Volga Valley and
in the immediate vicinity of the largest depressions but in most
cases even these rivers are dry for long periods each year. Along
the edges of the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain the intermittent streams
have formed deep gullies that extend far back into the plains. A
gully near Leninsk, for example has eaten its way 26 miles back
into the plain.
The Sandy Naryn which covers an area of over 850 square
miles along the east side of the Shor Khaki on the eastern edge
of the study area, is a unique physical feature of the area.
b. Minor Depressions
The characteristic depressions or "dips" that
dot the surface of the lowland and play a critical part in the
utilization of the area vary greatly in size, shape, and surface
conditions, but most of them are less than 12 feet in depth and
have such gradual slopes that they are barely perceptible to the
eye. The smallestdepressions are only a few inches below the
level of the surrounding ground and several square yards in extent;
larger depressions cover many thousands of acres and often have
swampy spots near their centers-. According to their size, the
depressions are given the local names padinyll2A_.vni,272aLatiy,
rostoshy? mapagny, and limanv. Limanv are the largest and the
most important since they not only provide patches of agricultural
land but also are sources of drinking water and areas of possible
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settlement. Most of the limany cover areas of over 500 acres and
at their centers they are 5 to 7 or more feet below the surrounding
plain. The limsz are most prominent (a) in the northwest part of
the plain, (b) in the area adjacent to the southwest bank of the
Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain, and (c) in the area north and west of
Lake Batkull. In some places the depressions are linked together
in chain-like groups; other depressions are completely isolated.
The majority are elongated in shape, but some are round or irregular
In outline.
Following the spring rains and thaw, water flows toward the
center of the depressions. Where the ground is sufficiently
pprmeable, the seeping waters leach the surface soils of their
salts and then accumulate underground, forming a high water table.
Where hardpan underlies the center of a liman, water collects at
the surface and forms a temporary lake or swamp. In the spring and
early summer the washed slopes of the are covered with non-
saline grasses. With the intense summer heat, the highly miner-
alized ground waters are drawn to the surface and evaporated, and
salt gradually accumulates. Although the vast majority of the
temporary lakes dry up rapidly, sufficient moisture is generally
left in the ground to support some vegetation until middle or late
8111111111Pr.
c. Salt Lakes
Of the four large salt lakes of the study area,
Lake Baskunchak is the best known and. economically the most
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important. It supplies about one-fourth of all salt production of
the USSR. The lake covers an area of 41 square miles in the
southeastern part of the study area. It is 12 miles long from
north to south and 6 miles wide. The basin lies considerably
below the level of the surrounding steppe, with the lake surface
about 66 feet below sea level. The descent to the lake is
steepest on the southwest, where the drop fram the adjacent sand
plain is about 150 feet. The western and southwestern banks are
deeply cut by gullies and ravines. Along the eastern side of the
lake the more gradual rise is interspersed with marsh areas. The
edge of the lake bed itself is marked by a 6 foot bank, at the
base of which is a narrow strip of muddy clay. During the spring
and autumn the brine may completely cover the muddy clay. During
the summer the water evaporates almost completely, leaving only a
=1311 patch of lake about 4 inches deep in the southwestern corner
of the basin. Most of the lake bed then becomes a snow-white plain
covered by a hard crusty salt surface. The slopes that surround
the lake consist of layers of gypsum and other readily soluble
minerals. Minor cave-ins are common and sink holes of various
sizes and depths pockmark the entire circumference of the lake,
being especially numerous in the north. In the higher western area
there are many long and spacious caves. Mt. Bollshoye Bogdo at
the southwestern corner of the lake is also noted for its caves and
for the weird, deep nitches and protrusions that have been carved
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on the steep, denuded eastern and southern slopes Of the mountain
by sand-bearing winds. The top of this small isolated mountain
stands 564 feet above the level of the lake.
Lake Eltton is the largest salt lake in the Soviet Union. It
covers an area of 59 square miles and is 13 miles long from east to
west and 9 miles Wide. The lake is located in the northern part of
the study area, Just west of the Saratov-.Astrakhan' Railroad. Like
Lake Baskunchak, this lake is exploited for salt, although to a much
lesser degree. Valuable deposits of gypsum are also found in the
vicinity. The structure of the lake is somewhat similar to that of
Lake Baskunchak. It is about 83 feet below the level of.the
surrounding plain, and its surface is about 50 feet below sea. level.
The banks along the western and northeastern shores are fairly
steep and are deeply gullied. The northwestern and southeastern
sections merge more gradually into the plains and contain most of
the small salt streams that flow into the lake. A zone of deep,
black, salty mud about 1/4 mile wide surrounds the lake. In the
northwest and southeast, where this belt is widest, there are
swamps and marshes. The outer edge of this zone is drier and crusty.
In addition to the 8 streams that flow into the lake, it is also fed
by several powerful springs. In the springtime the inflow from all
of the water sources increases the depth of the lake to a little
over 3 feet. Fairly dependable sources of fresh water are found in
three areas near Lake Eltton -- (a) in the small ravines along the
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southeastern shore, (b) along the northeastern shore and. 4 the
pond. near the E11ton Railroad station, and. (c) at a liman area
about 2-1/2 miles northwest of the lake. The area surrounding the
lake basin is made up primarily of sandy clays. White- chalk marl,
and. limestones are also present, especially in the vicinity of
Ula.gan Mountain, which lies just east of the lake, and around the
numerous small hills east and west of the lake.
Twenty miles south of Lake El 'ton, straddling the Stalingrad.
Oblast-Kazakh SSR boundary, is Lake Batkull . The level of this
oddly shaped lake is subject to such fluctuation that estimates of
its area range from 15 to 25 square miles. The shoreline is
characterized by peninsulas, isthmuses and small elongated. islands,
and. a muddy beach, which in many places is covered with a thin salty
crust. The bottom of the lake itself? is mud-clay and does not have
layers of salt. Particularly along the northern and. southern shores,
there are disconnected high banks cut by gullies and ravines that
extend 2 or more miles back into the plain. The banks reach a
height of 13 feet in the north and more than 20 feet in the south.
Estuary-like streams up to 8 miles long enter the lake from the
northwest and south. The Solenaya River in the west flows through
an area of almost completely bare saline soils. A notable
feature of Lake Retina' is the strong odor of hydrogen sulphide
given off by the highly mineralized. waters.
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The elongated string of lakes and marshes of the Sarpinsk
system parallels the foot of the Yergeni Hills south of Stalingrad.
They are remnant lakes that follow the north-south valley of a
former river. Most of the lakes contain fresh water in the spring-
time, but become somewhat saline by mid-summer. Those in the north,
closest to the Volga River, are the largest and deepest. They are
of low salinity and are exploited for their large fish reserves.
The northernmost and longest lake is about 15 miles long and 1-1/4
miles wide. Several of the southern lakes are completely over-
grown with reeds and marsh vegetation. On the east the
Sarpinsk Lakes are bordered by dark-colored highly saline soils.
The narrow western zone, between the lakes and the Yergeni Hills,
is somewhat more productive. This zone is crossed by the large
number of streams that flow from the Yergeni Hills and feed the
Sarpinsk Lakes.
There are several other large depressions on the Caspian
Lowland in which there are salt lakes in various stages of formation
or disintegration. Lakes that are currently little more than
seasonal marshes with boggy soils are found in the following four
locations: (a) the area now called Bol'shoy Liman, about 9 miles
northeast of Srednyaya Akhttiba, (b) the Khak-Bersh-Aral at the
northeastern tip of the study area, (c) the area of scattered sands
between Lake Baskunchak and Azgir settlement in the southeastern
corner of the study area, and (d) the Great and Small Karakul' area
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along the boundary of the Kazakh SSR and 20 miles northeast of
Vladimirovka. In the last area, several concentric benches
indicate conspicuously the locations of beaches formed during
periods in the past when the lake was much larger. The area now
covered by marshy terrain in these lakes varies from 12 to 60
square miles.
d. Salt-Mad
The arc-shaped Shor Khaki (salt-mud flat) lies
in the eastern section of the study area. It covers an immense
area stretching for 6o miles from northwest to southeast. The
average width of the flats is 6 to 9 miles. This vast area
occupies the largest depression in the study area. It is nearly
devoid of animal and vegetable life. The layers of soft saline
silts that cover the bottom are periodically covered with a thin
layer of dense brine. In the summer, small pools of stagnant
water remain in the depression, and a number of small saline
streams flow into them through the mud. The surface of the Shor
Khaki is generally smooth, but especially near the outside edges
the flat contains a number of mud hillocks capped by clumps of
salt-tolerating vegetation. Between the hillocks the surface is
normally completely devoid of vegetation. The drier margins are
covered with a silver-white crust of salt, under which there is a
considerable depth of black salt mud.
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A nuMber of coves and ravines open into the Shor Khaki at the
northern end. The banks of the slow-flowing rivers in this area are
lined with reed and other tangled vegetation. The main supply of
moisture comes from the north. In most places the ascent from the
Shor Khaki to the Caspian Lowland is smooth. There are, however,
two clearly distinguished terrace-like ledges on the western slopes
within a short distance of the flats. The entire length of the
eastern side is bordered by the Sandy Naryn.
e. Sand Areas
Within the study area, sands are concentrated
primprily in the south. Except for the distinctive Sandy Naryn
region, scattered patches of sands occur (a) in ridge-like forma-
tions between Lake Baskunchak and the southern part of the Shor
Khaki, (b) in the slightly elevated sand plain to the west and
north of Lake Baskunchak, and (c) in dune-like hills 50 to 65 feet
high near Chernyy Yar on the right bank of the Volga River. In
most of the areas bordering Lake Baskunchak, sand mounds and
drifting dunes are the most conspicuous features of the landscape.
Interspersed among the sands east of Lake Baskunchak there are
numerous large but unexplored sinkhole-like formations that are
probably associated with karst conditions.
The Sandy Naryn region is composed primarily of alternating
strips of sand dunes and level, sandy steppes with a pronounced
northeast-southwest orientation. The two contrasting landscapes
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extend for more than 30 miles in winding parallel bands that
vary in width from 3 to 6 miles. Because of the relative
abundance of fresh groundwater and absence of soil salinity, this
region is particularly significant and is far more favorable to
human activity than the areas surrounding it.
In the dune strips, most of the individual dunes are 20 to
25 feet in height, but a few reach 50 feet. They are normally
flat-topped, with moderately steep slopes. Shallow interdunal
hollows of various shapes and strings of hollows occupy 20 to 30
percent of the area within the dune strips. Many of the larger
interdunal depressions are covered with thick growths of trees,
bushes, and grass, but some have been over-grazed and have become
dusty, lifeless basins surrounded by shifting sand.
Along the margins of the dune strips are narrow transitional
zones with rolling terrain and low dunes that seldom exceed 12
feet in height. As distance from the dune belt increases, the
amount of turf cover and agricultural utilization becomes greater.
Much of the transitional area is used for grazing and hay cutting,
but garden areas and orchards are numerous. Despite successful
but limited afforestation efforts, shifting dunes and dust storms
still present a hazard to agriculture and grazing.
The smooth-surfaced steppe zones between the belts of dunes
are slightly concave and slope gently southwestward toward the
Shor Khaki. The steppe soils are mainly sandy loam, which are
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generally covered with a thick sod. There are also patches of clay
and meadow soils. The steppe zones are widely used for pasture and
meadow. In the springtime temporary scattered ponds 3 to 8 feet
deep and up to a square mile in area are formed in both the transi-
tion and steppe zones. The waters are fresh during the early part
of the summer but later in the season become saline. There are also
some permanent ponds of stagnant, saline water.
Along the northeastern and southern flanks of the Sandy Naryn
the alternation of sandy and dune strips disappears, but an inter-
mixture of dunes and steppe continues for some distance. On the
north the transition to the desert-steppe plains, with their
characteristic clay and clayey-loam soils and scattered areas of
salt lakes and mud flats, is more abrupt. On the southwest the
transition zone is narked by alternating belts of steppe and low
sand dunes that parallel the Shor Khaki and lie at nearly right
angles to the general orientation of the Sandy Naryn. The combined
width of these belts averages about 3 miles. The final descent
to the Shor Khaki is slight but abrupt.
2. Vegetation
Although a complex, mottled pattern of soils and
vegetation has developed on the Caspian Lowland in response to
details of terrain configuration and the relative effectiveness of
the moisture supply) most of the area supports only occasional
bunches of coarse grass, desert shrubs, and cactus. The most
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typical plant throughout the lowland plain is wormwood. This is a
hard, many-branched shrub 1 to 3 feet high, which resembles sage-
brush in appearance. White wormwood is the most common type.
Black wormwood, which grows on the saltier soils, is almost
completely absent from the southern sandy areas, particularly
the zone northwest of Lake Baskunchak. Wormwood is used locally
for fuel and to obtain oil for absinthe.
The liman depressions usually have several concentric rings
of varied soil and vegetation. At the liman center; where water
remains, dark-colored meadow soils predominate, and the area is
covered with thickets of reeds, rushes, and other swamp vegetation.
Scattered clumps of salt grass surround the central swamp. In some
of the depressions without swampy cores, such vegetation occurs
at the center. The gentle slopes of the depression farther out,
which still have plenty of soil moisture, support a thick stand
of couch grass, steppe fescue; feather grass: and steppe shrubs.
These are the areas most widely used for grazing and cultivation.
On the drier, slightly higher parts, light-brown and light-chestnut
argillaceous soils of various degrees of salinity or freshness
predominate, and the typical vegetation is desert semishrubs --
wormwood, saltwort, and camphor bushes -- surrounded by tufts of
low grasses.
A notable characteristic of all sand areas within the study
area is the relative abundance of fresh ground water and the
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capacity of the depressions to support lush vegetation until late
summer. In the Sandy Naryn area, even the dunes are believed to be
10-15 percent covered with vegetation. The basic plants here
include sagebrush (which grows to 5 feet in height), reed grasses,
bunch grass, licorice, and sandwort. The latter reaches 1-1/2
feet in height and bears seeds that are high in nutritive value.
The seeds are collected and used in making bread, kasha, and
various other foods. In some of the interdunal valleys, woods are
fairly dense, consisting mainly of willow, interspersed with species
of poplar, oleaster, pine, and, in the lowest areas, cottonwood.
Laurel is also widespread. In the transition belts between the
Sandy Naryn and the steppe plains, pine, alder, acacia, and poplar
have been planted for purposes of afforestation, and orchards are
numerous. The thick grasses of the steppe strips within the Sandy
Naryn, which are noticeably richer than in any of the surrounding
areas, provide great quantities of hay.
The most highly salinized patches on the surface of the
Caspian Lowland are completely devoid of vegetation. They have a
hard salt crust, known as solonchak. The wormwood shrUbs? which
impart a grayish-green hue to the landscape, form a slight contrast
to the reddish-brown shades of the bare clay areas and the white,
snow-like appearance of the solonchak areas. For a brief period in
the spring, the entire area becomes alive with blossoms of varied
and brilliant colors, but by early August almost all vegetation has
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dried up, and by late summer only scattered wormwood bushes and
prickly pears have survived.
3. Fauna
Animal wildlife in the steppe-desert zone of the
Caspian Lowland is typically small in size but very abundant.
Rodents, especially the suslik (an earless marmot that resembles
the American woodchuck and prairie dog in appearance), lemming,
hamster, and nocturnal jerboa are the most numerous. Doan
mounds that indicate suslik burrows dot the surface of the plain
and form a very characteristic feature of the landscape, especially
in the north. Farther to the south the wildlife also includes
sand-eels (sand-launce), lizards, a multitude of green night toads,
swill sand boa constrictors, common mice, and innumerable hares.
Throughout the steppe, beasts of prey are common -- notably the
Tartar fox, steppe polecats ermines, weasels, and various kinds
of eagles, owls, and hen-herriers. In the winter, wolves invade
the southern parts of the area. Crows, larks, and a large variety
of other birds are numerous. Many of the birds nest in the walls
of wells or under the flat roofs of the native mud huts.
4. Trafficability
Cross-country movement within the Caspian Lowland is
generally unrestricted except during the spring thaw and immediately
following the infrequent summer shavers. In March and early April
the nearly bare surface of the lowland becomes muddy and nearly
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impassable for several weeks. This is especially characteristic of
the area north of the latitude of Lake Baskunchak. At other seasons,
Obstacles are of only local significance. The sticky plastic clays,
salty clays, and silty soils that predominate around the Sarpinsk
and other lakes and in the limany and other depressions may remain
difficult to traverse for a month or more -- in some cases, until
they freeze over in the winter. Most of the salty depressions on
the lowland, however, dry out and have a hard crust by mid-summer.
In many places the lakes, marshes, and intermittent rivers are
shallow enough to be forded without great difficulty. Gullies,
however, are numerous, especially along the Volga-Akhtuba Valley.
They are generally steep-sided and deep and are a definite Obstacle
to cross-country traffic. Loose sands are a hazard only locally,
chiefly in the southernmost part of the study area.
Unimproved dirt roads extend in all directions across the almost
level surface, avoiding marshes and areas of shifting dunes. The
roads are commonly rutty and even vehicular traffic is not
necessarily confined to them, except after showers. In the semi-
desert Caspian Lowland, roads and trails normally converge at wells
and other sources of fresh water.
In general, the availability of drinking water for man and
animals is the factor that most seriously restricts cross-country
movement. The ground-water table is fairly high in much of the
area (12-20 feet), but except in the southern sand regions the water
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is saline.* In many of the northern areas, especially to the east
of the Saratov-Astrakhan' railroad line, no potable groundwater is
found at less than 600 feet. Near Lake Eltton the situation is
somewhat more favorable. Here, there are some fresh surface waters,
and about 255 of the 430 drilled and dug wells (1932) are fresh.
Groundwater is also generally adequate in the immediate vicinity
of the Sarpinsk Lakes and in the southern sands, where lenses of
fresh water form as precipitation collects.
Fresh groundwater is found throughout the Sandy Naryn area at
shallow depths. In the valleys of the sand-dune strips, it may be
reached at 2 feet and almost always at depths less than 20 feet.
In the steppe belts, groundwater is more likely to be salty, but it
is usually found at depths of 3-1/2 to 10 feet.
As a rule, vegetation on the Caspian Lowland is not tall enough
to impede movement or to provide concealment. Along reedy lake
shores, in dense swamps, and in parts of the Sandy Naryn where the
growth of sagebrush is very heavy, passage is difficult locally.
? Wooded areas dense enough to provide concealment are limited to
mall, widely scattered patches in moist freshwater depressions
and to stretches of shelter-belt plantings. Throughout most of
the open plains area, shelter and cover is extremely scarce except
for the huge hay stacks left in the liman areas after the first
mid-summer mowings. These scattered mounds are normally about
* Locations of major wells are shown on map CIA 11995.
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25 feet long and 12 to 15 feet high. Although they are reduced
progressively to provide feed for stock they usually remain
through the winter.
In summer when the lowland surface becomes dry and dusty,
wind and moving vehicles stir up great clouds of dust. Saline
dust storms may last for several days or for weeks. They not only
greatly reduce visibility, but at times they render outdoor activity
almost impossible.
II. Climate (1-4)
A. General Characteristics
The climate of the study area is strongly continental,
with hot, dry summers and cold, severe winters. Both annual and
diurnal temperature ranges are great. The range between the warmest
month, July, and the coldest month, January, amounts to 33?-36?C
(59.4-64.8?F) (see range of temperature chart on CIA 12091 and
Appendix B).
Annual precipitation is scant, with the bulk occurring during
the warm season. The summer precipitation occurs in the form of
Infrequent, heavy rains, and much of the moisture is wasted either
through runoff or evaporation. In summer, evaporation rates are
high because of high temperatures, low humidities, and scorching
winds. Skies are characteristically clear in summer, and visibility
is only occasionally restricted by fog, dust, or storms.
The transitions between winter and summer are extremely rapid.
In the brief fall season, masses of cold air from Siberia and
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Central Asia quickly penetrate and soon dominate the weather. The
surface of the earth freezes and remains frozen throughout the long
winter.
Precipitation is more frequent in winter than in summer, but
the total is less. Nevertheless, the snow cover persists through-
out the cold season. The snow cover is distributed somewhat
unevenly because the winter winds blow the snow from the plains
into the ravines and valleys.
All of the study area falls under the Class D of the KOppen
climatic classification -- boreal climates with average temperatures
of the coldest month less than -3?C (26.6?F), and with the tempera-
ture of the warmest month in excess of 22?C (71.6?F).* In terms of
vegetation cover, the study area is further subdivided into a
steppe (DBSa) and a desert (DBWa) climate. (See Koppen chart on
CIA 12091.) Forest climate is encountered only far beyond the
limits of the study area, to the north of Saratov. Nowhere on the
plains south of Saratov is the available moisture sufficient for
the successful growth of forest vegetation. The area of steppe
climate extends south to within 200-300 kilometers (125-200 miles)
of the Caspian Sea. The area immediately adjoining the Caspian
Is a true desert.
* As modified by the Soviet climatologist, A.V. Voznesenskiy.
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B. Temperature
The average annual temperature of the study area is 7-8?C
(44.6-46.4?F) (see annual isotherm chart on CIA 12091). The
minimum monthly temperature occurs in January, when the average is
between -9? and -10?C (15.8-14.0?F). From February to May the
temperature rises rapidly and reaches a peak of 24-25?C (75.2-77.0?F)
in July. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 41.0?C
(105.8?F) at Stalingrad and -38.7?C (-37.7?F) at Akhtuba.
The duration of the warm season, which is defined in Soviet
climatic literature as the period with average daily temperatures
above 0?C (32?F), is almost eight months (235-245 days) in length,
usually beginning 21-26 March and ending 11-19 November (see warm
and cold season charts on CIA 12091). The length of the frost-free
period averages about 170 days. If spring is arbitrarily defined
as the period during which the mean daily temperatures range from
0?C to 10?C (32? to 50?F), the length of the spring season is about
a month (30-34 days). The fall transition period, defined by the
same range of daily temperatures, is some ten days longer (40-42 days).
During the summer months, the hot sun beats upon the soil
surface and the temperature of the upper layers actually becomes
higher than the air temperature. With the onset of evening,
temperatures begin to drop sharply, and the night temperatures are
markedly cooler than those of the day. In the winter, the thin
cover of snow is not sufficient to insulate the soil against the
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low temperatures, and the soil freezes to a depth of a meter
(3.3 feet) or more by February.
C. Precipitation
The average precipitation ranges from 200 to over 300
millimeters (7.9-11.6 inches) per year (see annual precipitation
chart on CIA 12091), the highest occurring in the Hilly Western
Fringe of the study area. Records for a 28-year period at
Stalingrad indicate that the yearly precipitation average is as
high as 362 millimeters (15.0 inches). At Tinguta, located in the
Yergeni Hills, precipitation averaged only 253 millimeters (10.0
inches) over a period of 31 years. Such low precipitation does
not seem to be representative and may be attributable to the
location of Tinguta in the rain shadow of a bluff. On the Caspian
Lowland portion of the study area, precipitation is markedly lower.
To the southeast, with increasing distance from the Hilly Western
Fringe area, the rainfall becomes progressively lower.
The seasonal distribution of precipitation is of great
importance to agriculture. Some 6o to 75 percent of the total
annual precipitation occurs during the warm season (see Krippen and
warm-,season precipitation charts on CIA 12091), with May and June
the peak months. Early summer rains, combined with the release of
accumulated winter soil moisture during the spring thaws, make
agriculture possible in spite of the low annual precipitation.
Since the precipitation is extremely undependable, deviating widely
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from the average from one year to another, drought is a recurrent
hazard to agriculture. A secondary precipitation peak, which occurs
in October and November, supplies moisture for winter crops.
Precipitation is lowest in February and March, at the end of the
cold season.
Precipitation is more intense but of shorter duration in
summer than in winter. Light summer rains are rare. When they do
occur, the moisture evaporates almost immediately. Heavy rains are
especially characteristic in the Volga Heights. Intensities
reportedly diminish on the lowland east of the Volga, and precipi-
tation of more than 30 millimeters (1.2 inches) a day is very rare.
In this area, however, rains of 50-60 millimeters (2.0-2.4 inches)
a day have been recorded.
The frequency of precipitation is higher during the winter,
but the daily amount is small. By 11-16 December a snow cover is
established (see snow-cover charts on CIA 12091). The cover
increases gradually to a maximum thickness in late winter (February
The maximum depth ranges from 10 centimeters (3.9 inches) in the
southeast to 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) in the northwest near
Stalingrad. Average snow depth, however, is difficult to estimate
because the winds carry the snow from the open to the sheltered
areas. The period of thawing continues for about a month, with
some snow cover generally persisting until the middle of March.
Local differences in exposure and depth of snow cover affect the
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rate of thawing somewhat and the snow cover persists slightly
- longer in the Hilly Western Fringe area than on the open Caspian
Lowland.
D. Other Climatic Elements
During the winter the relative humidity of the study area
is high, averaging about 80-90 percent. In summer the humidity is
very low. The chart on air-saturation deficiency* on CIA 12091
indicates that the study area has the lowest humidities in the
entire lower Volga region) which is the least humid part of
European USSR. The lower Volga region has an average annual
air-saturation deficiency of 4.5 millimeters or more. During the
warm season, the mean actual water-vapor pressure is 5.0 millimeters,
with an average air-saturation deficiency of 6.5-7.5 millimeters.
To express it in another way, the relative humidity of the study
area during May averages about 40 percent at 1300 hours. The
highest monthly figures for air-saturation deficiency (16-18
millimeters) are very close to the figures for the Central Asiatic
deserts.
Because of the low relative humidities and the high temperatures,
evaporation proceeds at a very high rate during the warm season,
reaching a maximum in July.
* This is a Russian concept which uses the difference between the
actual and the saturation vapor pressures as an index of the lack of
saturation of the air. Since it is expressed in terms of millimeters
of vapor pressure, it is not directly convertible to the more common
expressions of humidity without additional data.
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Strong winds are typical of the study area. Average wind
velocities are highest in the winter and early spring, and are
lowest during the months of June, July, and August. The mean annual
velocity averages about 4-5 meters per second (9.0-11.2 miles per
hour). Observations at meteorological stations within the area
indicate, however, that calms occur with surprising frequency. In
January calms were recorded on an average of 10 to 24 percent of
the observations, whereas in July the frequency increases slightly
to 19-34 percent.
In winter, the study area appears to be a transition zone
between areas of predominantly southerly winds to the north and of
predominantly easterly winds to the south. As a result, wind from
no one direction can be regarded as dominant. Prevailing wind
directions at adjoining stations are inconstant, with very low
frequencies for even the dominant winds. In summer, the wind
pattern becomes more settled, with northwesterly winds predominating.
Winds from any direction may be experienced during all seasons of
the year.
The area from Stalingrad east is characterized by many clear
days. Cloudless skies are especially typical of spring and summer.
In winter, some cloud cover can be expected 70 to 80 percent of the
time. The percentage decreases very sharply during the warm season,
averaging 30 percent in summer.
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Fogs are not as rare as might be expected in such a comparatively
arid area. From May to September, fogs are practically unknown,
but they are more frequent in spring, especially in March. These
fogs are of the radiation type and typically occur on clear nights,
When the surface of the earth cools very rapidly. Generally they
are quickly dissipated by the morning sun, but occasionally they
may persist for several days. Advective fogs, which are prevalent
over most of the Russian plain, are less frequent here because
the cyclonic storms with Which advective fogs are commonly associated
penetrate into this southeastern corner of European Russia relatively
infrequently-.
Dust storms are a more significant factor in restricting
visibility than are fogs. Strong dry winds frequently carry vast
quantities of soil, especially in the spring when the surface is
still bare of vegetation. No specific data concerning the frequency,
duration, and areal extent of dust storms are available, but they
are commonly associated with southeasterly winds.
III. Economy
A. Agriculture (4-10
1. General Conditions
Agriculture and animal husbandry are the primary
economic activities in the study area. In most sections of the
area, nearly 100 percent of the population is engaged in these
occupations. Although animal husbandry predominates, grain
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cultivation also is widespread and truck gardening is highly signifi-
cant locally. Within the study area the seeding dates for grains
and various vegetables range from the beginning of April through 20
June with the most important crops usually planted in mid-April
and early. May (14). Winter grain crops are sown in late August and
up to 10 September, depending on weather conditions (15).
The intensity of agriculture corresponds closely to the
availability of water and the density of population. According
to plans, the current trend towards agricultural extension and
intensification will be accelerated by the large-scale Soviet
projects which include the construction of irrigation canals, the
reclamation of swampland within the floodplain, and the planting of
trees in shelter belts and orchards. Large areas of potentially
productive land within the study area are still agriculturally
retarded because of an inadequate water supply, or because of
ignorance of or indifference towards modern farming practices.
2. Regional Agricultural Specialization
In the Hilly Western Fringe area, intensive agri-
culture is practiced along the rivers where a number of gullies are
dammed for irrigation. Fruit trees, berries, vines, and vegetables
are widely grown on irrigated land. The largest areas of irrigated
bottomland are located near Stalingrad and northward. The orchard
and vine acreage around Stalingrad represents a very large pro-
portion of the 1940 total for the entire Stalingrad Oblast (Figure 2).
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Field crops, including wheat, rye, maize, sunflowers, and fodder
crops, are raised on the more level areas and on the parts of the
interfluves that are not too dry. Mustard is also grown in
important quantities. Forty percent of the mustard growing area of
the USSR is in Stalingrad Oblast (19)1.7), and about 10 percent of
this is thought to be in the study area. Much of the higher, drier
land is given over to pasture and hzy fields. By area almost 45
percent of the Hilly Western Fringe area is in pasture, and about
35 percent is under cultivation. Over 70 percent of the cultivated
land is in grains, even though the climate is marginal and yields
vary greatly from year to year. Dairy-stock farms are numerous
within the hilly region and help meet the demand for dairy
products in the Stalingrad urban area. Cattle and sheep are
numerically the predominant types of livestock.
The rich alluvial soils of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain have a
high agricultural potential. Within the study area, the floodplain
is particularly noted for its lush meadows. Where embankments
protect the land from floods and irrigation is used, valuable truck
crops as well as excellent grain yields are obtained. The caMbina-
tion of soils and climatic conditions, accompanied by scientific
agro-technical methods, makes possible three crops of vegetables,
five mowings of lucerne, and two crops of grains each year, but
harvests in such numbers are seldom achieved.
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Most of the productive land of the floodplain is in meadow,
which is mowed for hay. The area used for grazing is more limited.
Dairying and other livestock industries are very important,
providing 36 percent of the farm income and employing 26 percent of
the labor. Despite the peculiar advantages for specialty crops,
the types and proportions of the various crops grown on the flood-
plain are much the same as for Stalingrad Oblast as a whole.
Grains, predominantly spring wheat, winter rye, and millet, occupy
75 percent of the sown area within the floodplain (1945) but provide
only about 15 percent of the farm income. Vegetables, melons, and
potatoes together occupy only about 11 percent of the seeded area,
but yield a much higher monetary return for the hours of labor
expended. Outstanding among the garden crops are tomatoes, red
peppers, cantaloupe, and watermelons (Figure 3). Orchard crops
including quince, apples, and table grapes, as well as berries
are grown in scattered patches throughout the floodplain. Technical
and industrial crops occupy only 5 percent of the sown area. Among
such crops are fibers, castor bean, and soy bean.
. Although parts of almost every island in the floodplain are
devoted to agriculture, the greatest development is in the area near
Stalingrad. The administrative rayons that are agriculturally most
progressive are Krasnoslobodskiy, lying wholly within the floodplain,
and Sredne-Akhtubinskiy, most of which is on the Caspian Lowland to
the east. The Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon is concerned largely with the
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production of fruit, vegetables, and animal products. In prewar
days the area delivered almost koo,000 gallons of milk a month to
Stalingrad. In 1939, about 26 percent of the total area of the
rayon was under cultivation. Of this, some 15 percent was devoted
to truck gardening. Of the livestock in the rayon, by far the
most numerous are cattle and swine. Horses, oxen, and camels are
important as draft animal (Figures 4 and 5). A terrific loss of
cattle and draft animals was incurred during the war. In 1946
the collective farms in the Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon had only 200,000
head of cattle or 6o percent of the prewar number. The quality of
the stock was also said to be lower (16). In the same year the
rayon had only 25 percent of the prewar number of horses and 30
percent of the number of oxen. Agriculture in general, however,
was optimistically expected to regain the prewar level by 1947 (16).
The section of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain near Stalingrad,
where many thousands of acres are enclosed by dikes and embankments,
is much better protected against floods than the areas farther to
the east and southeast. Floods are an especially severe hazard in
the south and southeast because they occur during the second half
of May and in June, shortly after the crops have been planted.
Most of the area, therefore, is not cultivated, but hay harvests from
the seasonally flooded meadows are exceptionally high.
The Caspian Lowland section of the study area is characterized
by an extensive type of herding. The proportion of the plains area
devoted to grazing varies locally from 55 to 70 percent, generally
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Increasing with distance northeastward from the Akhtuba River.
much smaller, but very important proportion of the plains is in
meadow, which provides hay for winter fodder. Meadow land averages
from 8 to 12 percent of the area. Another 10 percent of the land,
including parts of limany and a strip along the Volga-Akhtuba
Floodplain, is under cultivation. Sheep and cattle are the most
numerous types of livestock. The average number of sheep per acre
ranges from 3.5 to 5.5 and is greatest in the area just west of Lake
El'ton (1936). The average number of cattle per acre is 1.5 to 2.
Horses, swine, and camels are found in much smaller numbers but are
of great significance locally. Horses are of particular importance
on the sandy plain west of Lake Baskunchak. Farms (kolkhozes and
sovkhozes) on the Caspian Lowland are typically very large. Many
include 25 to 37 thousand acres and support herds or flocks of
several or more thousand head.
It is difficult to ascertain the location, conditions, and
extent of migratory herding, but it is probably practiced to a
considerable degree, even though the Soviet Government has strongly
encouraged the settling of the migratory peoples. Strenuous efforts
have been made to develop a new system whereby summer hay mowings
from the grassy liman areas are stored for winter stall-feeding and
whereby fodder supplies from especially productive areas are shipped
to the herds instead of moving the livestock to supply areas. How
effective such efforts have been and to what degree the traditional
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migratory system has been abandoned are not known. In some parts of
West Kazakhstan Oblast (possibly east of the study area), where a
system of summer-pasture and winter stable-feeding is already in
effect, the cattle are pastured for 225-265 days (including some
50 to 70 days of winter pasturing) and are stall-fed for 100 to
140 days (17). In most of the study area the time probably would
be somewhat more evenly divided between field and stall-feeding.
The scattered areas of cultivation on the Caspian Lowland
coincide closely witn the liman patches and are used chiefly for
grain production. The principal crops are winter and spring wheat,
winter rye, millet, and barley, with millet and barley becoming
progressively more important to the east. Vegetables, melons, and
industrial crops are also grown but in much smaller amounts.
Simple irrigation practices are employed in the liman areas, where
weirs and embankments are built to retain the waters from the
spring thaw and rains. Some parts of the plain proper, especially
in the area near the AkhtUba River, have also been cultivated by
using crude methods of dry farming. These areas, however, often
have dry saline soils and give very low yields. Many such plowed
areas have become wastes of wind-blown sand, even though windbreaks
have been established and snow fences of sorghum have been planted
in strips to check wind erosion.
Some parts of the Caspian Lowland are less productive than
others. For example, farming is considerably less important in the
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sandy areas west and scuth of Lake Baskunchak than in areas farther
north. On the other hand, a small area in the vicinity of Mt.
Bol'shoye Bogdo is the site of a successful experiment in afforesta-
tion and dry farming, which stands out like a large oasis on the dry.
steppe. Open fields between dense forest strips (which occupy 10 to
15 percent of the area) produce high-grade corn and other crops.
Fruit orchards are also well developed in parts of the plain notably
south of Urda in the Sandy Naryn, where fruit trees and many exotic
crops thrive. Fruits grown in this area are noted for their large
size and high quality.
3. Status of Productivity
The most outstanding factors influencing agricultural
productivity are (a) the local climatic hazards and the extent to
which they have been counteracted by irrigation, and (b) the
attitudes of the farmers towards collectivization, the fulfillment
of plans, the use of equipment and materials, and the adoption of
new methods and ideas.
On the basis of climatic conditions, the Caspian Lowland is a
submarginal agricultural area.? Droughts are experienced on an
average of one year in four. Many efforts hale been made to counter-
act the effects of drought by irrigation, but probably less than 1
percent of the cultivated land within the study area is currently
irrigated. Consequently, the agricultural economy of the whole
region is characterized by fluctuations and instability. In drought
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SECRET
years the yields of wheat, one of the hardier crops, are less than
1/5 those of wet years (6).
In the study area, there are at present three intensive
irrigation projects -- (a) at Svetlyy Yar, on the south bank of
the Volga about 11 miles east of Krasnoarmeysk; (b) in the
Nikol'sko-Zaplavnoye area, on the north bank of the Akhtuba River
east of Srednyaya Akhtuba; and (c) in the northwestern part of the
Volga-Akhtuba bottomland. Current plans call for the irrigation
of a total of 62,000 acres in these three areas in the near
future (6). (See Figure 6 and section on Projects and Plans for
further information on irrigation projects.)
The Soviet authorities apparently are dissatisfied with the
agricultural situation of the Stalingrad area. Besides a
shortage of workers, there has been much evidence of lack of
effort and general indifference on the part of the peasants.
Although potentially one of the outstanding truck-gardening
sections of the USSR, the area does not meet its own needs. In
1947, about one-half of the potato and vegetable requirements of
urban areas along the Volga had to be imported. Government
efforts to develop truck gardening have met with very little
success. In spite of the tremendous advantages to the faree
?of producing garden and orchard crops instead of field crops, the
proportion of such crops to the total cultivated area increased by
only 3 percent between 1935 and 1945 (6).
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Among the areas that produce garden crops, the range in yields
is great, in many cases as a result of the attitudes of the farmers.
Many of the exceptionally favored floodplain areas of Stalingrad
Oblast produced far less per acre (1940) than the average for the
oblast as a whole. A study of the 56 leading fruit-vegetable
"brigades" in the Stalingrad vicinity reveals that those composed
of reliable workers received from 1 to 4 tons more per acre than
those with indifferent workers (6). Except on a few outstanding
kolkhozes and sovkhozes, farmers have almost completely ignored
recommended rotations, optimum planting dates, and measures for
combating pests. Repeated planting of potatoes on the same land
for year after year has resulted in the development and spread of
destructive fungus diseases.
Collectivization of agriculture within the study area was 80-90
percent completed by 1935 (9) and by now is probably nearly 100
percent completed (see Figure 7). Stalingrad Oblast statistics for
1938 indicate that 40 percent of the cattle in the oblast were held
by collectives, but that only 23 percent of the sheep were in
collectives. Sheep are found in greatest numbers in the eastern,
more arid areas among the herds of the Kazakh nomads. For the
sedentary farmer in the area, collectivization has offered several
advantages. Teamwork has shortened the harvest period, thus helping
to prevent the destruction of crops by drying winds. Furthermore,
more equipment and special privileges are given to kolkhozes and
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sovkhozes. In 1946 for example, a new experimental type of
incentive was tried in Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon, Plots upta:5-
acres-werehassigned to the workers on collective farm
(kolkhozniki) to be cultivated in addition to their regular
commonaand and individual garden plots (an acre or less)., or
the produce, from the additional plot, the farmer was allowed to
keep for himself everything above an established quota (16).
It is-not known whether this system is still in effect:
Agricultural machinery in the study area has been inadequate.
Even tractort have been: in critically Short supply,,eventhaugh the
great Dzerzhinskiy tractor factory is located in Stalingrad. In
1935, there were about 1,700 acres of cultivated land for every
tractor in the northwestern part of the Volga-Akhttiba Floodplain.
Por Other parts of the study area the cultivated acreage per
tractor ranged from 1,100 to 2,000acres: During World War II,
28 machine-tractor stations in the Stalingrad Oblast were destroyed
By 1946, all had, been rehabilitated, but some had many fewer
tractors than formerly. The number of tractors at the one station
in Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon was reduced from 100 in the prewar period*
to 20 in, 1946 (16). On the other hand, 1951 data indicate that the
Krasnoarmeyskiy Rayon (just south of Stalingrad) then had over 200 :
tractors in contrast to 61 in 1936 (18).
The efficiency of the stations of the study area in developing
and putting into operation plans for plowing, seeding, cultivating,
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and harvesting has been extremely low. The efforts of the tractor
stations have been concentrated on grain lands, and areas of more
valuable vegetable crops have been neglected, even though they may
be located on irrigated land. This situation is illustrated by two
fairly recent reports. In the Krasnoarmeyskiy Rayon, where there
are more than 200 tractors, the machine-tractor stations were
reported to have plowedless than 280 acres (18).* The 1946 work
plan for the Kapustin Yar machine-tractor station called for the
plowing of about 32,730 acres of steppe land, most of which was to
be used for grain production. Nearly all of this work was accom-
plished, whereas in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain only 42 percent of
tile 5,325 acres scheduled for plowing actually were plowed (6).
B. Industry
1. Distribution
Most of the industrial activity within the study area
is concentrated along the Volga, particularly in the vicinity of
Stalingrad. The city occupies a narrow strip along the right bank
of the Volga and extends for a distance of approximately 30 miles
from Rynok southward to Krasnoarmeysk. The industrial development
of Stalingrad owes much to its location at an important junction for
river and rail traffic. The heavy industries of Stalingrad are
dependent almost entirely upon imports of raw materials.
* It is possible that many of these tractors are assigned to work
on shelter belts or the Volga-Don Canal construction site.
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With the exception of salt extraction at Lake Baskunchak,
industries of the remaining area are of the workshop type or are
small enterprises for processing agricultural products. Of these
smaller industries, many are located in settlements along the
Volga east of Stalingrad. Whereas Stalingrad industries are
large enough to produce for the national market, those of the
agricultural hinterland are primarily for the local market.
2. The Stalingrad Industrial Core
Among the chief industries of the Stalingrad
Industrial core are metallurgy, metal fabrication, machine
building, lumber processing and woodworking, manufacture of
chemicals, and shipbuilding. The major metals and machine
industries include the production of high-quality steel, refinery
and field equipment for the petroleum industry, excavation and
mining equipment, tractors, tanks, and ordnance; the repair of
ball bearings; and the processing of scrap metal for steel
manufacture. For the metals industries, Stalingrad is an area
of surplus production and exports products to other parts of the
USSR.
Despite its location in an unforested region, lumber and
woodworking industries have developed at Stalingrad as a direct
result of its favorable geographic location. Logs from the north
are floated down the Volga to Stalingrad and then in lumber form
are sent, mainly by rail, to the Ukraine, the Caucasus, and the
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Transcaucasus. Sawmilling comprises about 75 percent of the wood
Industry (19), but simple types of furniture and wood products are
also manufactured.
Minor industries of the Stalingrad area include textiles
(clothing and hosiery), manufacture of prefabricated houses, brick-
making, production of leather and shoes vegetable and meat canning,
and flour milling.
In terms of 1938 value of production, machine building and
metals fabrication were the leading industries, with about 50
percent of the total value; metallurgy ranked next with approximately
20 percent (19). These proportions appear to be valid still. Of
minor industries in Stalingrad, meat processing and canning are the
most important.
The overwhelming majority of the plants of the industrial core
area are located within Stalingrad proper. Most of the metals
industries are in the northern part of the city. The largest and
most important plants are the Krasnyy Oktyabe steel mill, the
Dzerzhinskiy tractor plant, and the Krasnyye Barrikady ordnance and
munitions plant, all of which are of national importance. To the
south are the two smaller, industrial nodes at Beketovka and at
Krasnoarmeysk. Administratively both of these settlements are part
of the City of Stalingrad, although they are distinct satellite or
suburban communities. In southern Stalingrad and Beketovka,
lumbering and woodworking industries are located along the Volga.
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Krasnoarmeysk is best known for its river shipbuilding activities,
and particularly the construction of steel barges. Chemicals are
also manufactured in the area, primarily in Beketovka.
The Krasnyy Oktyabri steel mill is a large producer of high
quality alloy steel. The plant has 15 open-hearth furnaces
(Siemens-Martin) with an annual capacity of 810,000 metric tons
and 5 electric furnaces with an ingot capacity of 25,000 metric
tons, thus making a total annual ingot capacity of 835,000 metric
tons (20). Pig iron and coal are imported by rail from the Donets
Basin, and scrap steel is gathered from the immediate environs of
Stalingrad or is brought in by barge from other industrial centers
along the Volga. Some quality limestone is available from quarries
just north of the city. The mill is the principal supplier of
steel for the Krasnyye Barrikady armament plant, the Dzerzhinskiy
tractor plant, and the Krasnoarmeysk shipyards. The labor force
was estimated at 5,000 in 1949 (21).
The largest single industry of Stalingrad is the manufacture
of tractors, and the Dzerzhinskiy plant is one of the four leading
tractor producers in the USSR, making caterpillar-type agricultural
tractors of 35 to 50 horsepower. The plant also manufactures tank
engines, which are shipped to Gor'kiy or other nearby assembly
plants (22). In 1949 the number of workers employed was estimated
at 20,000 to 40,000 (21).
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The Krasnyye Barrikady armament plant is engaged primarily in
making field, antiaircraft, and naval guns. Other products include
drilling equipment for oilfields, excavators, and possibly castings
for bombs and artillery shells (22). The labor force was estimated
at 7,000 to 10,000 in 1949 (21).
The Kuybyshev Lumber KoMbinat at Beketovka is among the
largest in the USSR. It processes about 1.3 million cubic yards of
logs annually (23). A fairly large wood-processing plant located
in Krasnoarmeysk cuts and impregnates timbers for use as telegraph
poles, railroad ties, and ship masts.
The Beketovka chemical plant, although small in comparison
with some of the other plants of the USSR (for example, the
chemical plant in Dzerzhinsk), produces a fairly large proportion
of the total Soviet output for several chemicals. It is one of
the largest chlorine-producing plants in the USSR. The 1951
production was estimated at 30,000 tons of chlorine, or approxi-
mately 13 percent of the national total. The estimated 34,C00
tons of caustic soda produced in 1951 is roughly 10 percent of the
national total (20). Unconfirmed reports have given the carbon
disulfide production as approximately 25 percent of the total for
the USSR. Among the other chemicals produced in fairly large
quantities are chloride of lime, soda ash, acetylene, ethylene,
sulphuric acid (100,000 tons per year) (21), alcohol, and oxygen.
Wood waste from sawmilling operations is repeatedly mentioned as a
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raw material for the Beketovka chemical industry. The plant has
equipment for filling cartridges with phosphorus, for refUzing
ammunition, and possibly for the manufacture of explosives.
Chemical warfare gases are also reported to be manufactured at
Beketovka (24).
The entire Stalingrad industrial area is served by a power
transmission system. In generating capacity, Stalingrad is rated
second among the 11 independent centers in the Volga River power
system (21). The key power plant for the net is the large
regional station known as the Stalingrad Thermal Power Plant
(StalGRES I) located west of the Beketovka railroad station. This
plant, which operates on anthracite coal brought in by rail from
the Donets Basin, roughly 125 miles to the west, has an installed
generating capacity of 133,000 kilowatts (25). Additional power
plants are located at various industrial sites, the three largest
being (a) the plant attached to the Dzerzhinskiy tractor works,
for which postwar reports give an estimated capacity of 58,000
kilowatts, (b) that of the Krasnyy Oktyahr' steel works, whose
capacity is estimated at 50,000 kilowatts (25), and (c) the 6,000
kilowatts plant of the Krasnyye Barrikady ordnance and munitions
plant. Some other industries have small generating stations with
capacities generally under 1,000 kilowatts. In spite of the heavy
demand placed upon the combined generating facilities of the area,
the present power supply is probably adequate for both industrial
and urban needs (21).
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Two transmission lines, leading northward and southward from
StalGRES I, distribute the power within the area. The three large
industrial stations are tied into the system, but they are primarily
consumers rather than contributors of energy. Thus the regional
transmission system is principally for the distribution of power
generated at the Beketovka plant. A high-tension line skirts the
western limits of Stalingrad and leads to the northern part of the
city, where the Krasnyy Oktyabr', Krasnyye Barrikady, and Dzer-
zhinskiy plants are tied into the system. Another high-tension
line parallels the railroad leading southward frond Stalingrad and
terminates at Krasnoarmeysk.
Upon completion, a gas pipeline now under construction from
the Archeda fields, 110 miles to the northwest, will make natural
gas for power and heat available to the City of Stalingrad (26).
A 10-inch petroleum trunk pipeline, Astrakhan'-Saratov-Kazan',
passes through the east-central part of the study area.
3. Industry Outside Stalingrad
Aside from Stalingrad, the study area has little
industry and few large centers of population. The greatest concen-
trations of industry are in the two urban areas of Dubovka, the
only other "city"* of the study area, and Krasnaya Sloboda, located
on the Volga floodplain opposite Stalingrad. Small industrial
* Classified as a city within the Soviet territorial-administrative
system.
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establishments are scattered throughout the agricultural
hinterland, especially along the banks of the Volga and Akhtdba
rivers.
The major enterprises at Ddbovka are wood processing
(principally sawmilling) and flour milling. The city also has
a plant for equipping tanks with guns, an agricultural-machinery
repair shop, a small clothing industry, a meat plant, a printing
establishment, and a quarry.
Krasnaya Sldboda, with,a population of over 10,000, ranks
second to Stalingrad in size but is classed as a "workers'
settlement" rather than a "city."* It is primarily a river-craft
repair center. Maintenance activity consists of overhauling motor
launches, tugs, and barges. No new construction is undertaken.
The shipyard is old and lacking in modern equipment. From November
to March the yard is shut down and is used for winter storage for
part of the Volga barge fleet. The arm of the river on which the
yard is located is subject to silting and must be dredged continuously.
The agricultural hinterland farther from Stalingrad has even
less industrial development. With the exception of salt extracting
and processing, the industries are scattered among the agricultural
villages on the banks overlooking the Volga-Akhtdba Floodplain,
* A workers' settlement (rdbochiy poselok) is defined as having a
minimum adult population of 400 and no less than 65 percent of its
workers engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
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chiefly the left bank. The plants are characteristically small and
process only local raw materials. The extraction and processing
of salt fran Lake Baskunchak is the only industry that attains
national significance, contributing 25 percent of the total USSR
salt production (27). The industries representative of the area as
a whole are flour milling, brickmaking, repairing of agricultural
machinery, vegetable and meat canning, and handicraft or workshop
type of sewing and shoe making. Of these industries, flour milling
and the manufacture of red bricks are the most important. These
two industries have larger plants and employ more workers per plant
than any of the other industries except salt. In a few settlements
ttle maintenance of river craft and sawmilling are of some signifi-
cance. Areas away from the floodplain are almost exclusively
agricultural and devoid of industry.
Salt extraction centers around Lake Baskunchak, in the eastern
part of the study area, Three communities associated with the salt
industry are classified as "workers' settlements" -- Nizhniy
Baskunchak, where the salt is extracted; Verkhniy Baskunchak, a
transportation and storage center for the salt; and Petropavlovka,
the chief processing center and Volga shipping port.
Although extraction of salt initially began at Lake El:ton,
Lake Baskunchak became more important at an early date. At
Nizhniy Baskunchak, excavators scoop up the salty crust of the lake,
and pumps tap the lower lying salt horizons. A railroad extends
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out over the salt crust to the site of the operations, and crude
salt is dumped or pumped directly into railroad cars for delivery
to Petropavlovka for processing. Extraction now appears to be a
year-round operation, whereas in the past the season usually
extended from April through November. At Petropavlovka, seven
mills process the salt and dispatch it to barges that transport
it up and down the Volga. Baskunchakskaya Sol', the extracting
combine, reported a production of 1,170,000 tons for 1946 (28).
The mills are generally repotted to have a capacity of about 7,500
tons per day. Apparently the plants operate on a 24-hour production
schedule. A large amount of salt is sent to Astrakhan', where it
is used by the fish-processing industry.
The chief agricultural villages having small industries are
Srednyaya Akhtuba, Leninsk, Vladimirovkal and Chernyy Yar, all of
which are located along the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain.
The principal industrial activity of Srednyaya Akhtuba is wool
washing. In additiOn the village has the usual flour mill, cannery)
shoe shop, print shop, and agricultural-machinery repair shop.
Leninsk, in addition to the characteristic small industries, has a
foundry that produces parts for the local agricultural-machinery
repair shop and for the Krasnyye Barrikady works in Stalingrad.
Chernyy Yar has no industries other than the small shops character-
istic of the hinterland as a whole.
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The urban complex of Vladimirovka-Petropavlovka, in addition to
salt processing, has a repair shop for river craft. The shipyard,
located about a mile and a half south of Vladimirovka, has an old
barge repair shop and a tug repair unit that was built during World
War II. As at Krasnaya Sloboda, the harbor facilities are used for
winter storage of barges. Between 100 and 200 barges can be
accomodated. The settlement also has the usual small industries.
Although salt extraction is the principal industry of Nizhniy
Baskunchak, it also has a railroad repair shop, a meat plant, and
a gypsum plant that processes gypsum from the deposit at nearby
Mt. Borshoye Bogdo. Bubble for ballast for railroad lines is
obtained from a nearby quarry.
A plant producing bromine and bromine compounds is reported to
be located in El'ton and probably began operation in 1942. The
establishment of such a plant was planned at the beginning of the
Second Five-Year Plan (29).
Hunting, especially for birds, and fishing play an important
part in the economy of the wide Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain. Fishing
kolkhozes are located in Vladimirovskiy? Chernoyarskiy, and Sredne-
Akhtubinskiy rayons. The amount of the catch and even the fishing
locations are not definitely known. The only known fish-processing
plant within the study area is in Nikorskoye.
Power in the agricultural hinterland is supplied by a number
of small generating stations located in settlements along the Volga.
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These stations have internal-combustion engines, with capacities
generally under 100 kilowatts. The largest is associated with the
salt combine of Nizhniy Baskunchak. There are no indications of the
existence of any transmission systems. Power stations are located
in Vladimirovka, Kapustin Yar, Nizhniy Baskunchak, Dubovka, Leninsk,
Tsarev, Srednyaya Akhtuba, and Chernyy Yar. El'ton also has a
power plant that supplies a health resort utilizing Lake El'ton
radioactive muds, which are of value for medicinal purposes only.
C. Mineral Resources
The only minerals present in the study area in quantities
of economic significance are various types of salts, gypsum, tripoli
earth, limestone, building stones, glass sands, and natural gas.
Of these, salt is the only resource whose exploitation has attained
nationwide proportions. Deposits of the other minerals are only
slightly developed for local use or are as yet unexploited.
1. Salt
The salt reserves may be divided into two categories,
salt lakes and rock salt. At present only the salt lakes are being
exploited. The two largest salt lakes in the area are Lakes
Baskunchak and El'ton. Several small self-precipitating lakes of
little present economic significance are scattered throughout semi-
desert portions of the area. In terms of salt production Lake
Baskunchak is more important than Lake El'ton, although its area
and amount of reserve are smaller.
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The Lake Baskunchak area ranks among the four chief salt-
producing regions of the USSR (30). Some of the salt is obtained
from natural brine by solar evaporation, but most of it is mechani-
cally extracted from bedded salt deposits (Figure 8). Only a
shallow depth of brine overlays an enormous reserve of salt deposits,
which are interbedded with clay. The actual depth of salt deposits
has not been determined, but in 1947 a drill sunk to a depth of
2,350 feet had not completely penetrated the salt beds (31). The
exploited upper layer is 30 feet thick and contains three main
strata: (a) an upper crust of crumbly, crystal salt known as
novosadka, (b) a layer of very hard salt referred to as "pig iron"
salt, and (c) a porous, easily worked layer containing 98 percent
Adium chloride, which is of greatest value to industry (4). This
third stratum is known as granatka salt.
Baskunchak is also a self-precipitating lake, and reserves of
the novosadka stratum are renewed through annual formation of a
thin salt layer as a result of summer evaporation. Salt is
supplied to the lake chiefly by saline springs flowing from the low
"salt-dome mountains" of Maloye Bogdo to the northeast and Bol'shoye
Bogdo adjacent to the southern shore. These features represent
intrusions of salts and gypsum of Lower Permian age into the more
recent surface formations. Leaching of the intruded rock salt feeds
salt to springs flowing into Lake Baskunchak.
Statistics of reserves are confusing since a number of generally
dependable sources disagree, probably because the various estimates
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are based on different depths of salt and because the rate of
replenishment varies greatly from year to year. ,The reserves to
a depth of 60 feet probably approximate 2.5 billion metric tons
(32). One figure places total reserve at not less than 22 billion
tons. Conservative reserve calculations for the currently ex-
ploited strata are placed at 750 million tons (4).
Analyses of Baskunchak salt show it to be of high quality,
with a negligible amount of admixture (4). The sodium chloride
content over the total area of the lake varies from 70 to 99
percent (30), but the percentages are in the 90's at most places.
The salt of Lake El'ton has a higher potassium, magnesium,
and bromine content than that of Lake Baskunchak. Consequently
it is less desirable as a food salt, although it may be of greater
value industrially. In 1947 an expedition of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR obtained positive results from a study of the
utilization possibilities of El'ton salt for industrial purposes
(31). Salt reserves of Lake El'ton are calculated at approximately
4 billion metric tons (29).
In 1931, a bed of high-quality rock salt with a reserve of
not less than. 100 million metric tons was discovered at Mt.
Bol'shoye Bogdo (29). This is the only significant rock salt
deposit in the study area. It has not been exploited because of
the ease with which salt can be extracted from Lakes Baskunchak
and El'ton.
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2. Other Minerals
Gypsum is found at Lake Baskunchak, Mt. Maloye
Bogdo, and Lake El 'ton, and in the vicinity of Chernyy Yar (33).
The Easkunchak deposit is the only one now under exploitation (3O).
Outcrops of gypsum-bearing Permian deposits almost encircle the
lake (3)-i-), the richest beds being on the western and northwestern
shores (4). As of January 1936, operating reserves were estimated
at 88.3 million metric tons and total reserves at 406.5 million
tons (30).
Although limestone appears to be widespread throughout the
area, exploitation is limited. Small quantities are used locally
as building stone, and deposits in the Stalingrad area are used for
flux in the Krasnyy Oktyabr' steel plant.
Quartzitic sands are also widely distributed, and quality
tripoli is found near Kamennyy Yar. Along the length of the left
bank of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain southward from Vladimirovka,
there are a number of deposits of fine-grained sand that has been
found to be of value as glass sand. Along the right bank of the
Volga northward from Beketovka are sand deposits of optical-glass
grade. The status of exploitation of these sands is not known (29).
In the coastal strip along the southwestern shore of Lake
Easkunchak, there is a layer 7 feet thick of reddish-brown ocher,
which contains 22 percent iron oxide and has the qualities
necessary for making good paint (4).
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For many years, natural gas has been known to exist in the
study area, but exploration and study were not undertaken until
about 1928. As of 1935, the following five gas-bearing regions
were established: Kargale, Kamennyy Yar, Lake El'ton, Lake
Baskunchak, and Mt. Bol'shoye Bogdo. The Kargale field is located
19 miles east-southeast of Urda (4). The Kamennyy Yar deposit,
associated with a known anticlinal fold, is located on the right
bank of the Volga, 3.7 miles south of Kamennyy Yar (35). Since a
number of exploration parties were sent into the area in the 1930s
and since the area is close to the Ural-Emba petroleum region, it
is highly probable that additional natural gas deposits have been
discovered since 1935. Insofar as can be determined, none of the
natural gas fields in the study area is currently being exploited.
D. Develament Pro'ects and Plans
1. Current Status
Several far-reaching Soviet projects directly
concern the development of the study area. Three of these -- a
widespread afforestation program, the construction of a dam north
of Stalingrad to provide power and water for a projected system
of irrigation canals, and the Volga-Don Canal -- are especially
important because they are actually under way, or because survey
and field research parties investigating various phases of the
projects are known to be working in many parts of the study area.*
* Details on the Volga-Don Canal Project are given under Inland
Waterways (p. 141).
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2. Shelter Belts
Although small-scale local reforestation and shelter-
belt planting have been carried on in the area for centuries, the
present planting program is thought by the Soviets to be of
sufficient magnitude to change the character of the environment
(Figures 9 and 10). Large-scale plantings of protective shelter
belts are expected to (a) reduce wind velocity, (b) help retain
soil moisture, (c) collect snow, and (d) anchor loose sands.
According to plans, the city of Stalingrad will be the focal point
of three sections of major state forest belts. The Kamyshin-
Stalingrad forest belt along the divide on the west bank of the
Volga River will approach the city from the north, and the
Stalingrad-Cherkessk state forest belt will join it from the
southwest. The third, a part of the Saratov-Astrakhan' belt, will
parallel both banks of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain for its entire
length within the study area. Stalingrad is also to be encircled
by a "ring of green," which will protect it from strong winds,
particularly those from the east. A fourth state forest belt will
extend from east of Lake Eliton southwestward, past Lake BatkulT,
and thence to the Volga just north of Vladimirovka. Except for the
Saratov-Astrakhan' belt, each state forest belt is to include three
or four parallel forest strips 200 feet wide and about 1,000 feet
apart. The Saratov-Astrakhan' forest belt will consist of a solid
330-foot strip on each bank of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain.
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Smaller local belts are to be established throughout the study area
by individual collective and state farms. In addition to these
belts, trees are being planted in ravines and hollows.
The main types of trees being planted are oak, poplar, pine,
alder, acacia, and willow. Many of the tree plantings are claimed
to have acquired a dense growth by the end of the second year,
with acacias and maples reaching a height of 7-8 feet. Black poplar
planted along the Mechetka River (north Stalingrad) in 1935 are
reported to have grown 16-20 feet in four years.
Before World War II, planting was begun in some of the belts
and much of the "green ring" around Stalingrad had been planted.
The only available specific information as to the present status
of the work was published in the 15 January 1949 issue of Pravda,
which states: "Komsomol members are undertaking to establish in
3-1/2 years a 170 km. .506 miles7 long national protective forest
belt from Kamyshin to Stalingrad and to complete all planting work
by the spring of 1952." In other areas of planned afforestation,
particularly in the Caspian Lowland Region, it is probable that very
little actual planting has been accomplished as yet. Mapping and
extensive soils and other scientific surveys and appraisals are
still in progress and detachments of specialists from Moscow
University and other organizations are continuously entering and
leaving the region.
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3. The Stalingrad Power and Irrigation Project
The second major project concerns a hydroelectric-
power dam at the north end of Stalingrad City and a gigantic
irrigation system to be fed from the resulting reservoir. Construc-
tion of the dam was to have been started in 1951, with 1956
scheduled as the date of completion. The planned generating
capacity of the power project is 1,700,000 kilowatts, and its
yearly production around 10 billion kilowatt-hours, which is to be
distributed far beyond the Stalingrad area (36). The completion of
the dam should greatly stimulate the industrial development of
Stalingrad, as will the completion of the Volga-Don navigation canal.
A natural-flow system of irrigation canals will carry water
from the dam to semiarid and desert land in the Caspian Lowland
between the Volga and the Ural rivers. The site of the dam
construction is near a settlement identified in one intelligence
report as Lotoshinok.* There are indications that work is already
in progress. A gravity-flow outlet canal about 370 miles long
will leave the reservoir from the east side and cross the terri-
tory between the Volga and the Ural rivers. According to Izvestiya
for 19 June 1951, the approximate route will be as follows: east
from Stalingrad to Saykhin on the Saratov-Astrakhan' Railway, where
it turns northeastward, detouring around the short Gorlkaya River,
* Lotoshinok has not been located on any map, but a settlement
named Latashanka is located just north of Stalingrad.
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then southeastward into the area south of Urda, and finally
northeastward again towards the Aral-Sor, which is beyond the
study area. A network of gravity-flow branch canals will extend
southward from the Stalingrad Canal, and supply water to local
canals and irrigation networks.
In July Of 1951, three survey parties were working in the
area along the proposed canal route, two in Stalingrad Oblast
and the other in the area within a 60-mile radius of Saykhin (18).
A statement made by the president of the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR that was published in Izvestiya on 5 October 1950 gave
the following information:
(a) Work on the canal to begin "next year."
(b) Before beginning construction on the canal "it is
necessary to carry out thoroughgoing and scientific
research work...."
(c) "Next year 43 exploratory parties and 7 static
ffixedi scientific-research points are being
organized." The 7 points mentioned are all east
of the study area.
(d) "A special committee comprising the most prominent
scientists has been appointed to cooperate in the
building of the Stalingrad Hydro-Power Station and
the Stalingrad Canal."
Plans for the Stalingrad power and irrigation project call for
the damming of the Akhtuba River near the point at which it leaves
the Volga and the diversion of water from the reservoir to the
Akhtuba by a canal, which will be equipped with locks to permit
continuous navigation. Another canal is being 'constructed,to
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connect the Akhtuba with the Volga on the south side of the dam
below the locks.
The chances that the project will be completed and operating
at full capacity by 1956 are very slight, since important technical
aspects still seem to be in the exploratory stage, much machinery
essential to maintaining a rapid construction pace is still being
designed, and there is a shortage of skilled labor necessary to
operate the machinery when or if it becomes available. Nevertheless,
the project has the important propaganda value of demonstrating to
the outside world that the Soviet Government is building for peace.
It also provides another rallying point for the morale of the Soviet
people themselves.
IV. Population
A.. Distribution and Density
The study area as a whole is sparsely populated, even
though Stalingrad is the southeastern point of the densely populated
triangle that includes three-fourths of the population of the USSR.*
* The First All-Union Census, 17 December 1926, is one of the most
complete accounts ever presented of the population of any country.
This census gives,a substantial basis for the study of later trends.
The summary data from the Census of 17 January 1939 comprise a
second reliable source, but the publication of the complete returns
from this census was interrupted by war. Fairly complete vital
statistics are also available for the years immediately preceding
and following the 1926 census. The publication of vital statistics,
however, was discontinued shortly thereafter, except for summaries
or selected data for individual years, for example, 1936 data
published in Rayonv i Naselennyye Punkty Stalingradskogo Kraya.
(See Source 37.)
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From the Stalingrad area eastward the population density becomes
progressively less, decreasing from a density of over 100 persons
per square mile to less than 3.
The Soviet trend, particularly in the western part of the
area, seems to be toward the concentration of population in cities,
towns, workers' settlements, and collectives of various types. In
the eastern plains areas the Soviet regime has long worked toward
the conversion of the traditionally migratory peoples into settled
farmers in agricultural villages and kolkhozes.
Before World War II the emigration-immigration ratio in
Stalingrad Oblast was 8 to 6, which indicates a relative loss of
population to other areas of greater economic activity, primarily
industrial. A comparison of prewar and postwar data, however,
indicates that there was a large population increase in the
Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon, located immediately east of Stalingrad
on the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain (9). The prewar emigration-
immigration ratio for the Kazakh SSR was about 3:15 (37), which
probably approximates the situation for the eastern part of the
study area. Currently, there is a deficiency of both industrial
and agricultural labor throughout the study area, especially in
the western part. A postwar Soviet source states that at least
23 percent more agricultural working strength is needed than is
available in the kolkhozes of Stalingrad Oblast (6). The same
source states that in order to fulfill the plans for agricultural
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projects, many of which are in the study area, workers must be
obtained by relocation and importation. The amount of resettlement
in the near future, however, was described as "in all prdbability
highly limited."
The distribution of settlements within the study area follows
a definite pattern. Large settlements are characteristically
situated along the banks overlooking the Volga and the Volga-
AkhtUba Floodplain. Stalingrad (Figures 11-16), the largest and
only outstanding urban concentration in the area, extends for 30
miles along the west bank of the Volga at the head of the Volga-
Akhtuba Valley. "Stalingrad City" includes all the area from
Rynok south to and including Krasnoarmeysk. Population figures
for this city range from about 445,000 in 1939 to the current
US Air Force estimate of 650,000. Despite this upward trend,
Its relative rank among cities of the USSR has reportedly declined
from thirteenth to fifteenth place (37). The relative decline
may be attributed to the very great depopulation during World War
II and to a disproportionately larger postwar increase in the
population of other cities in the USSR.
Of the settlements in the study area that have over 1,000
inhabitants, the great majority -- 41 out of 62 towns -- are
located along the banks of the Volga and Akhtuba rivers. The
remainaer are located either in the western third of the study
area or near Lakes Baskunchak and El'ton. The most conspicuous
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concentration of the settlements with over 1,000 inhabitants is
along the northern shore of the Akhtuba River. These large
villages are basically agricultural centers (usually with a
machine-tractor station), administrative centers and focal points
for cultural activities. The villages are spaced at an average
distance of about 7 miles and usually are the termini of the
principal roads leading from the Caspian Lowland plains.
Five-sixths of the villages with populations of over 1,000
have fewer than 4,000 inhabitants. Seven of the eight settlements
with populations known to be over 5,000 have some type of
manufacturing activity and five are administrative centers (see
map CIA 11995).
The vast majority of the settlements in the study area have
fewer than 200 inhabitants and are exclusively agricultural
(Figure 7). Those in the Hilly Western Fringe area are typically
situated along the valley systems, and in some valleys the string
of settlements is almost continuous. Throughout most of the
Caspian Lowland area, the smaller villages are much more evenly
distributed, availability of potable water being an important
factor in determining their exact location. In the relatively
richer zone along the left bank of the Volga and Akhtuba valleys,
the average distance between villages is 2 to 4 miles. To the
east, villages are progressively farther apart, most notably in
the area east of the Saratov-Astrakhan' railroad. line. In the
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extreme east a small section of the Sandy Naryn near Urda has a
noticeably denser population than surrounding areas. Some areas,
such as the extreme northern extension of the Kalmyk Steppe and the
Shor Khaki, are almost completely devoid of settlements.
Throughout the plains there are a large nuMber of settlement
sites that are used seasonally by migrant herders. Many of these
sites apparently have permanent buildings, even though they are
used only during one to three months of the year.* In addition,
there are probably a large number of traditional camp sites used
by the Kazakh herders for briefer periods.
Calculations of population densities are of necessity based on
1936. data. In the Hilly Western Fringe area near Stalingrad the
average density of population was 26 per square mile or, excluding
villages of over 1,000 population, a rural population of 6.5 per
square mile. Figured on the same basis, the average and rural
population densities on the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain near
Stalingrad were 108 and 65, on the Caspian Lowland near Stalingrad
were 20-38 and 13-18, on the Caspian Lowland farther from Stalingrad
but near the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain were 15-23 and 4-7, and on
the Caspian Lowland in the east were 8 and 5. If the pcpulation of
villages over 500 were also excluded, the rural population density
would be lower by about half throne-lout most of the area (9).
* Soviet maps of the study area at 1:200,000, published in 1941-43,
indicate a large number of settlements in the Plains as "let."
(summer), "letn. kkae (summer 'khutor' or farm), and "1.kh."
followed by a proper name. For most of these places, there are
symbols indicating several buildings.
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Postwar information on population shifts or conditions is
available for only four localities within the study area: (a) The
area northeast of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain reportedly has lost
some 3,000 persons through evacuation. (b) In the northern outskirts
of Stalingrad, along the Mechetka River and in nearby areas, new
settlements have been constructed (38). (c) The Krasnyy Oktyabri
Kolkhoz of the Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon was reported to have 110
households both before, the war and in 1946; at the latter date the
total population was 340 persons and the working force was 119
persons, of whom 87 percent were women (16). (d) Just north of
Verkhnyaya Akhtuba on the Akhtuba River a new town is reported
to be under construction in connection with work on the new
Stalingrad dam project (39).
B. Ethnic Composition, Language, and Religion
The population of the study area consists of two main
groups -- the Slays including the Great Russians and Ukrainians,
and the Turko-Tatars including the Kazakhs, the Tatars, and some
Kalmyks. A small number of Germans were also included in the
prewar population. The Great Russians, numerically the largest
population group, are concentrated in the Hilly Western Fringe
area and adjacent parts of the Volga-AkhtUba Floodplain. With few
exceptions, Great Russians dominate all of the larger settlements.
In 1936, most of the Ukrainians in the study area were located
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(and probably still are) in small settlements northeast of Stalingrad
on the east bank of the Volga.*
In terms of area occupied, the Kazakhs are the principal peoples
in the study region. They are largely migratory herders and occupy
practically all of the Caspian Lowland. Tatars and Kalmyks also
occupied sections of the Caspian Lowland before the war, but in
much smaller. numbers. In 1936, significant Tatar concentrations
were located in the vicinity of Leninsk (nearly 1,500 persons in 3
settlements) and in the area between Lake Sarpa and Krasnoarmeysk
(1,850 persons in 2 settlements).
The postwar 'fate of the two smallest minority groups mentioned,
the Kalmyks and the Germans, is unknown. Their status has
undoubtedly been affected by the fate of others of their ethnic
groups who lived in the Kalmyk ASSR and the German-Volga ASSR.
Both of these autonomous republics were abolished, the former in
1943 and the latter in 1941, for alleged collaboration with the
German invaders.
Since the study area is in the European-Central Asiatic
transition zone, physical characteristics of the different ethnic
groups comprising the population are not sharply defined (Figures
2-5, 16, and 17). The predominant characteristics of the Great
* About 3,000 Ukrainians were located just beyond the limits of
the study area in a zone 6 to 19 miles west and southwest of
Stalingrad. In this area numerous non-Russian elements were
distributed among several large villages and many smaller settle-
ments strung out along the Chervlenaya and Rassoshka valleys.
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Russians are fair hair, blue or grey eyes., and usually stocky
frames of medium height. The Ukrainians (also referred to as
Little Russians) tend to have darker hair, brown eyes, and swarthy
complexions. Both groups traditionally belong to the Orthodox
Christian (Pravoslavny)? Uniat (Greek Catholic or Eastern Rite),
or Roman Catholic faiths. The Russian and Ukrainian orthographies
are based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The languages differ but to
some extent are mutually understandable.
The Kazakhs are definitely mongoloid in physical appearance,
with evidence of considerable Caucasoid admixture in this
particular region. They are Moslems and speak a Turkic language.
The orthography, which was adopted in 1929, is based on the Latin
alphabet, with the addition of a few symbols for sounds not readily
expressed by Latin characters. In most aspects the culture of the
Kalmyks ip closely related to that of the Kazakhs.
C. Historical and Social Background of the Kazakhs (4o)
The Kazakhs, frequently referred to in the older
ethnographic literature as Kirgiz,* dominate at least 80 percent
of the study area. Before the era of Russian domination, local
groups, made up of related family groups migrating together, were
to a great extent independent or at least autonomous politically,
* The administrative area assigned to this people was established
as the Kirgiz Asp in August 1920 (this area is not to be confused
with the Kirgiz ASSR that later became Kirgiz SR). In June 1925
the Kirgiz ASSR was renamed Kazak ASSR. This unit was advanced
to the rank of Union Republic (SSR) in December 1936, and the
spelling of its name modified to Kazakh.
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although they were nominally subject to the khans or sultans who
at different times succeeded in gaining a measure of supremacy in
different parts of the steppe. The solidification of Russian power
brought important changes to social structure and the administration
of the Kazakhs. Russian occupation of the steppes became truly
effective about the middle of the nineteenth century, when the
capture of Tashkent in 1865 was followed by the conquest of all
Turkestan. In 1868 the entire steppe was divided into a number of
administrative units, among which the tribal groups yere
apportioned arbitrarily. Local officials were elected, subject
to government supervision, and Kazakh common law was systematized.
Tliere is some evidence that the native Kazakh political organization
was rather easily abandoned by the people. The names of the official
Russian civil divisions very quickly acquired more significance than
the old tribal names, and the clannish feeling for the members of
the same family group and tribe was transferred to the menthers of
the same volost and uyezd (Tsarist administrative divisions). The
regulations of 1868 remained in force until the revolution of 1917,
with only minor changes. As recently as 1936, however, natives
usually referred to former tribal organization in terms of Tsarist
administrative units.
Kazakh social structure is based on an elaborate family organi-
zation, much of which still persists in spite of Soviet efforts at
eradication. The average man has only one wife. According to
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Mohammedan law, however, a man is allowed four wives, but a rich
Kazakh may have a larger number of wives or several different
houses with a wife and children in each. First marriages are
usually arranged by the parents of the parties concerned. When
the financial status of the family permits, marriage takes place
at a very early age.
Class distinction among the Kazakhs is determined, first,
on the basis of hereditary castes and, second, by economic position
within the community. Wealth is based on ownership of cattle,
grazing lands, winter habitations, and other land.
According to ancient Kazakh tradition a passing traveler is
entitled to stop at any man's hut (kibitka) and remain indefinitely.
The host is responsible for the welfare of his guest and may be
tried for the murder of any stranger who succumbs to starvation or
exhaustion within the vicinity of the camp. In order to avoid the
burden of this obligation, the Kazakhs camp sites are generally
at a distance from much frequented routes or are concealed behind
hills. Although theoretically even enemies have the right to
hospitality, travelers seldom stop where they do not expect to be
welcome.
During the Tsarist era the herding economy experienced many
changes, but changes have been far more radical in the last few
decades. The impact of collectivization of agriculture, urbani-
zation, and the introduction of new industries has had a pronounced
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effect on the social structure of the population. Despite the drive
for changes, cultural traits of the Kazakhs that are not readily
adaptable to current changes have persisted and manifest themselves
in various forms of resistance to the Soviet system.
D. Political Attitudes
The political attitudes of population groups are expressed
in various ways. The cohesiveness of Mohammedan family life remains
a serious obstacle to Soviet encroachment and domination. Persistent
efforts have therefore been made by the Party to stir up discord
between youth and the older generation and to alienate youths from
the influences of home and family. Moslems, in general, have been
opposed or indifferent to the Communist agricultural system and
many of them have been arrested and sent to Siberia. Moslem
religious practices are still observed in private, and in the
smaller and more remote communities, public worship persists. The
Mohammedan religion is not limited to a family or local community.
The ties between the Moslems in the Soviet Union and the rest of the
Moslem world are stronger than the Soviets would like to admit.
There is little basis for estimating the political attitudes
of the indigenous Great Russians since relocation (generally a
source of grievance) is not involved, and numerous reports indicate
that the average citizen is rather poorly informed as to conditions
outside the USSR. Nevertheless, agricultural reports written as
recently as 1951 decry the indifference and lack of cooperation
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among the peasants in Stalingrad Oblast and particularly in the
vicinity of Stalingrad City. Although there are several outstanding
pro-Bolshevik sovkhozes and experimental farms in the study area,
the majority characteristically, fall short of planned production
and are slow to accept new programs.
The Ukrainian minority consists of people who were transported to
the study area for economic or political reasons. Under the Soviet
system, it is not uncommon to transplant a group of people to form
a working nucleus for the development of same type of economic
activity in which they are experienced. Some of the Ukrainian
migrants were brought in as skilled laborers 'rom the industrial
centers of the Ukraine and others as agriculturalists with
experience in ,a specific type of farming. These people are
generally pro-Ukrainian by tradition and sentiment, which has
been known to breed an anti-Soviet attitude. This attitude was
reflected in the conduct of some Ukrainians during the German
invasion and by periodic Soviet purges.,
Political migrants are usually people in political disfavor or
Party cadre assigned to an area to perform special functions. Those
in political disfavor may be sent out to do heavy physical labor or,
in the case of artists or intelligentsia, to spread culture in more
primitive surroundings. People of this type are usually anti-Soviet
in attitude. On the other hand, the Party cadre are likely to be
Party trouble-shooters or functionaries who are staunch Soviet
supporters.
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E. Health and Sanitation
Information on the status- of health and medical facilities
for the study area is based on reliable 1936 data, supplemented by
more current information wherever possible (9). Throughout the
populated area, medical facilities are fairly evenly distributed in
relation to the density of population. The quality of these
facilities cannot be ascertained. The comparatively low infant
mortality and relatively young population, coupled with a low
morbidity from endemic diseases (with the exception of malaria),
indicates a generally favorable health situation.
Five years before World War II, a record of medical facilities
for Stalingrad Oblast as a whole listed the average hospital cot
accomodations as 4.6 per 1,000 persons and 1.2 per 1,000 for the
rural villages. Yearly visits to medical dispensaries average
6 per person in urban centers and 1.4 in the villages. At this
time the goal for the USSR as a whole was to increase cot facilities
to 72 per 1,000 persons in urban centers and 20 per 1,000 in rural
villages. By 19500 however, cot facilities available in rural
areas throughout the USSR were still only 2.75 cots per lloola
persons.
On the basis of 1936 statistics for nine administrative rayons
whose areas are still included in the area of study, medical
facilities were as follows: (a) from 1 to 5 hospitals per rayon,
with more than five rayons having 2 hospitals; (b) from 17 to 50
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cots per hospital, with the majority of hospitals having 20 cots;
(c) from 2 to 6-Medical dispensaries per rayon, with an average of
4 per rayon; and (d) from 4 to 9 first-aid stations, with an
average of 7 per rayon. In addition, there are a few sanatoria
and workers' rest homes within the study area.
Sanitary Control is maintained by the government to aid in
the preservation of health and to control the spread Of epidemics.
A four-point sanitary program is based on the home and community,
school, industry, and governmental food control. Within a rayon,
sanitation work is directed by the rayon Sanitation inspector
who sometimes has an assistant. Occasionally one inspector will
serve several rayons under an inter-rayon setup. Each rayon
sanitary epidemic station has a laboratory, a disinfecting point,
a disinfecting chamber, a mobile disinfecting unit, a vaccination
centerla milk-control center, and a sanitary-education point with
a mobile educational display unit.
may also include units for malaria
measles control (41).
A 1929 survey indicates that malaria morbidity for the study
area is relatively high, reaching a yearly average of from 400 to
600 patients per 10,000 persons. At that time, there was a malaria
control station located in Stalingrad. The highest malaria
morbidity record for the USSR. is 1,000 or more cases per year per
10,000 population (in the southern Caucasus area). The floOdplain
The
sanitary control station
control, pasteurization, and
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of the Volga and Akhtuba rivers is infested with malaria-carrying
mosquitoes during the summer. The worst months are August and
September (42).
A survey of the morbidity of typhus in the study area discloses
the lowest number of cases in the USSR. - 0.9 per 10,000 persons per.
year. A maximum number of patients are affected in February (43).
The number of cases of typhoid in the area, 5.0 per 10,000, is
also the lowest in the USSR. The disease is more prevalent in
urban than in rural areas. The number of patients with typhoid
reaches a maximum in the fall (September) and minimum in the spring
(April to June) (44).
The area ranks second to the lowest in the USSR in the number
of occurrences of smallpox, averaging 1.0 patient per.10,000 in-
habitants. The maximum number of cases is reported in March. A
law in the RSFSR requires that all persons be vaccinated against
smallpox by the age of one and then revaccinated at the ages of 11
and 21 (45)..
Throughout the entire USSR, lice and bedbugs are two of the
most pernicious insect pests, not only from the standpoint of
bodily discomfort but also as mediums for the spread of disease.
Most cities and urban settlements have delousing stations connected
with industrial establishments or sanitation centers, but usually
the measures taken are not thorough and provide only limited, control
rather .than complete eradication. In some factories, workers are
regularly deloused every two weeks.
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Ticks are also a common pest. A recent release by the
Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences reports the "discovery" that ticks
(ixiodiae) are also carriers of microbes that cause many serious
human and animal diseases.
The water supply of the study area presents numerous health
hazards. No part of the area is equipped with entirely adequate
water purification and sewage disposal facilities. Much of the area
uses unprocessed ground waters and is completely without disposal
systems. Along the Volga and at Stalingrad the situation is least
primitive. Water for the Stalingrad industrial district is taken
primarily from the Volga and, to a much lesser degree, from wells.
It is purified by sedimentation, filtration, coagulation, and
chlorination. Facilities for purification, however, are believed
to be very old and to be inadequate for current demands. Sewage
water is discharged into the Volga and its tributaries. Of the
daily discharge, about 65 percent is industrial waste. A large
proportion of the waste is unprocessed or inadequately processed,
and the Volga becomes heavily polluted by mid-summer, when the
water level is lowest. The Tsaritsa and other small streams in
the area are always badly polluted. Even away from densely
populated areas the water supply is not good and becomes considerably
worse in the dry season. According to an official 1934 source the
water in the area north of Stalingrad "in 70 percent of the in-
habited places is polluted by discharges, in 33 percent by livestock
watering, and in 33 percent by clothes-washing" (4).
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F. Educational Facilities
Educational facilities are widespread throughout the
area and include pre-school nurseries and kindergartens, elementary
or primary schools, incomplete secondary schools, secondary schools,
and institutes.
In 1936 the educational facilities of the 9 administrative
rayons of Stalingrad Oblast that are located in the study area
included approximately 115 elementary or primary schools, 33 in-
complete secondary schools, 5 secondary schools, and 1 teacher-
training school. Most of the larger villages have at least one
elementary school. Some villages ranging in size from 2,000 to
over 8,000 inhabitants have more than one elementary school. In
1936, three villages had 2 elementary schools each, one had 3,
and one had 4. The 33 incomplete secondary schools are distributed
throughout the rayons in proportion to the population. Because
of its central location with reference to surrounding villages,
Kamennyy Yar has 2 secondary schools although its population numbers
only 2,000. The entire nine rayons are served by five secondary
schools (9).
The utilization of increasingly large numbers of women in
Industry and agriculture has increased the need for nurseries and
kindergartens. Some operate the year round, others only during
the seasons of peak agricultural work.
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The only known school of higher education in the study area is
a teachers' institute in Stalingrad. Kazakh higher education is
primarily oriented toward the more densely populated areas of
eastern Kazakh SSR beyond the study area, particularly toward Alma
Ata.
G. Forced-Labor Camps
1. Soviet Forced-Labor Organization
Plans for increased industrial development of the
study area and the completion of programs for afforestation, dam
construction, and canal, road, and railroad building are to a large
extent dependent upon the use of cheap forced labor. The forced-
labor system in the study area is part of .a nation-wide program.
The Soviet Union is divided into a number of camp systems whose
borders are often coterminous with those of the administrative
dblasts. The central organization is Gulag (Glavnoye Upravleniye
Lagyeriy) in Moscow. The camp systems, which are supervised by
Gulag and administered by the secret police of the Soviet Union
(MVD), are divided into districts (otdeleniye), which are further
subdivided into labor gangs (lagpunkty). A labor camp may include
from several hundred to several thousand inmates and a labor gang
from 600 to 1,800 prisoners. The three main types of civilian
forced labor. -- detention at the worker's normal place of employment,
exile, and confinement to a place of detention -- are all represented
in the study area (46).
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In addition to Soviet civilians, forced laborers have been
impressed from the ranks of wartime non-Soviet displaced persons
and prisoners of war. In many cases the latter were convicted on
trumped-up charges to enable the MVD to retain skilled labor.
A substantial portion of the study area is a part of the
Osobostroy slave-labor district, which includes the Stalingrad and
Krasnoarmeysk, Kamyshin, Krasnyy Yar, and Engels areas all with
headquarters at Kamyshin (124). Long-range economic activity of
Gulag in this district emphasizes (a) construction and maintenance
of canals, roads, and railroads, (b) building of .fortifications,
(c) construction of factories and installations for war industries,
and (d) factory work. All activities involve both men and women.
Information about forced labor in the area is based largely on
reports from German prisoners of war who spent some time in the
area and worked at the various installations. Some were in the area
as recently as May 1949. The reports are of little value in
establishing specific locations or precise statistical data, but
the strikingly similar descriptions in the various reports lends
some credence to their general reliability and renders them of use
in providing background information on the area.
2. The Stalingrad-Beketovka Area
The Stalingrad-Beketovka area employs both skilled
and unskilled forced labor. Most of the unskilled laborers are
engaged in construction work. Skilled and semi-skilled workers are
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employed in a number of the factories of the area. In many cases
it is difficult to distinguish between forced and regular laborers,
because security measures are in evidence throughout the plants and
there are numerous off-limits areas and enclosures. Plant areas
are generally surrounded by concrete walls and wooden or barbed-wire
fences.
The largest utilizers of forced industrial labor are the
Krasnyy Oktyabr' iron and steel plant and the Krasnyye Barrikady
armament plant, hut large numbers are also employed at other
installations. A total of 10,000 prisoners, together with about
the same number of civilians, are employed daily in two 8-hour
shifts in the five sawmills of the area. The Beketovka electrical
power plant employs 300 prisoners of war and 600 civilian laborers,
working in three 8-hour shifts daily (50).
In the Stalingrad area, many forced laborers and political
prisoners have been interned in camps originally constructed for
German prisoners of war who have gradually been repatriated. The
transition from P-W to civilian-prisoner camps could be identified
by the replacement of barbed-wire fences by high wooden fences to
prevent visual contact between prisoners and the outside.
Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7362/1 is located in the
western outskirts of the city of Stalingrad about one-half mile
west of the Dzerzhinskiy tractor plant (18). It consists of from
7 to 10 wooden barracks, each 65 to 100 feet long and 20 to 25 feet
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wide. The barracks have flat roofs covered with dark roofing paper.
Prisoners of war have stated that the last of their group was removed
in December 1949, at which time Soviet political prisoners moved
into the enclosure. During the summer of 1949 the barbed-wire fence
was replaced by a wooden fence 10 feet high. Up to December 1949
an unknown number of IND guards patrolled the camp. The camp had a
capacity of over 2,000 prisoners, a small percentage of whom were
employed at the Dzerzhinskiy tractor plant in Stalingrad.
Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7362/2 is also located in the
western outskirts of Stalingrad, a little to the west of Enclosure
7362/1. It was used as a hospital enclosure and has about seven
wooden barracks, each approximately 50 feet long and 15 feet wide,
with flat roofs covered with roofing paper. Together the buildings
can accommodate 11-00 to 500 inmates. The enclosure was still in
operation as a prisoner-of-war camp in April 1950, but the barbed-
wire fence was being replaced by a high wooden one, an indication
of a probable shift. Except for some modern X-ray equipment,
the hospital equipment was primitive and in poor condition.
Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7362/3 is located in the
same general vicinity as the other two and is about 5,000 feet west
of the Dzerzhinskiy plant (49). It consists of 8 or 10 earth bunkers
with only the windows and the flat, paper-covered roofs above the
ground level. Each bunker is about 50 feet long, 25 feet wide,
and 15 feet high and can accommodate 150 men. The interiors are of
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wooden construction. The enclosure also includes three two-story
brick structures about 65 feet long and 25 feet wide. In 1949,
one building served, as a hospital, and the other two were occupied
by prisoners. There were also 10 wooden guard towers, each about
15 feet high. Eight of the towers were equipped with stationary
electric lights and the remaining two with revolving searchlights.
Two of the brick buildings also had searchlights. Some 150 guards
patrolled the installation and lived in a building just outside
the enclosure. When on patrol outside the fence the guards were
accompanied by dogs. About 200 of the prisoners of war were
employed at the Dzerzhinskiy plant. During the summer of 1949
the barbed-wire fence was replaced by a wooden fence 10 feet
high, and the last of the German prisoners left on 23 April 1950.
The erection of the wooden fence indicates the camp will probably
continue as an enclosure for civilian prisoners (47, 48).
Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7362/11 is located approxi-
mately 1 mile south of the Dzerzhinskiy plant on the west side of
the main double-track railroad to Stalingrad. The layout consists
of four bunkers about 50 feet long and 15 feet wide, with only the
flat, paper-covered roofs and small windows above ground. Along-
side these is another bunker of the same dimensions and type of
construction, except that about half of the building is above
ground. Each bunker can accommodate some 90 men. Three additional
flat-topped wooden barracks, measuring about 50 feet long and 20
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feet wide, were built to house operational facilities, such as bath
house, tailor shop, and shoe-repair shop. The enclosure has five
or six wooden guard towers 15 feet high. In 1950 the place was
guarded by some 40 guards with dogs. In January 1950 a wooden fence
10 feet high was constructed, and in March the German prisoners were
replaced by 250 Rumanian and Hungarian Volksdeutsche.
A Soviet prison camp that has always been for civilians is
located about 1,600 feet west of the Stalingrad city prison and 650
feet east of the double-track railroad leading north and south
through the city. The area is surrounded by a high wooden fence
and is patrolled by MVD guards with dogs. In December 1949, Soviet
citizens and German prisoners of war stated that 20,000 civilian
prisoners were to occupy this enclosure (48).
Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7362/14 is located at
Beketovka at the southwestern edge of the Stalingrad industrial area
and contains four wooden barracks about 60 feet long and 25 feet
wide, with shed-like roofs covered with paper. There are also three
earth bunkers 50 feet long and 25 feet wide, with only sod roofs
and windows above the ground level. A wooden fence 15 feet high
surrounds the area. On either side of the fence and 15 feet away
from it are barbed-wire fences 5 feet high. In 1949 the enclosure
contained about 1,000 prisoners, 300 of wham were employed on canal
construction, together with civilian laborers of both sexes.
German prisoners were replaced by Soviet civilian prisoners in
late September or early October 1949 (48).
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Another German prison camp is located at the southweptern edge
of Beketovka in the section known as Staraya Otrada. It is about
1,600 feet west of the main highway leading south from Stalingrad
to Krasnoarmeysk. The enclosure contains about five buildings and
is surrounded by a high wooden fence. It is not known whether
this camp has been converted into a civilian prison camp.
3. The Krasnoarmeysk Area.
Krasnoarmeysk is a center for forced labor on
construction work, primarily on the Volga-Don Canal Project and
the Volga-Don Highway. Plans for this work are reported to include
the construction of five forced-labor camps which will be spaced
at 6- to 9-mile intervals along the course of the canal between
Krasnoarmeysk and Tundutovo (51).
A settlement of Russian forced laborers, Gorodok Vokhra,
is located on the southeastern outskirts of Krasnoarmeysk.. In
May 1949 the settlement, which is surrounded by a double wooden
fence 6 feet high (49), consisted of three wooden barracks (170
feet long, 40 feet wide, and 15 feet high), a kitchen, a mess hall,
and a kennel for dogs. Three additional barracks of the same size
were in early stages of construction. In March 1949, an unknown
number of Uzbeks, Cherkessians, and Turkmens were transferred to
the Gorodok Vokhra barracks to help in the construction of the
Volga-Don Canal. The majority of these workers were between the
ages of 17 and 20. According to Russian workers the settlement is
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to be extended to the east and south to accommodate a total of
10,000 or 12,000 forced laborers. About 1,000 Uzbeks are being
trained to guard these laborers.
Two known prisoner-of-war camps in the Krasnoarmeysk area have
been converted into civilian forced-labor camps for construction
work. Former Prisoner-of-War Enclosure 7108/1, consisting of 10
barracks and 4 auxiliary buildings, housed 3,000 prisoners. By
December 1949, all German prisoners had been removed, four additional
barracks had been built, others were under construction, and
civilian laborers had begun to arrive. Former Prisoner-of-War
Enclosure 7108/T was also converted into a forced-labor camp,
which houses about 3,000 Soviet civilians.
Two other forced-labor camps in this area, one containing
5,000 prisoners and the other an unknown number, are also in
operation, but their exact locations are not known. One camp
consists of two sections, one for men and the other for women.
Laborers at the camps range in age from 16 to 60 and come from all
parts of the USSR. Most of them are employed on the construction
of the Volga-Don Canal.
Other installations in the Krasnoarmeysk vicinity that were
known (1949) to use prison labor either in construction or opera-
tions are as follows: (a) a shipping station that employed 300
prisoners of war and 200 civilians in 3 shifts, 6 days a week;
(b) a sawmill that employed 500 prisoners of war and 100 civilians
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in 2 shifts, 6 days per week; (c) a cement plant; (d) a shipyard;
(e) an alcohol plant; (f) a kolkhoz belonging to a power plant
west of Krasnoarmeysk; (g) a butter and fat factory; and (h) the
Volga-Don Canal Project Motor Pool No. 1. Construction of the
motor pool was almost completed by December 1949. It was then
equipped with 60 to 70 dump trucks. Facilities included a garage
and repair shop of brick construction, 2 storage sheds, and 6
wooden barrack-type workers' billets, with 10 more under
construction (50, 52).
V. Transportation
A. Transportation Pattern
The transportation network within the study area is most
nearly adequate around Stalingrad and adjacent to the Volga-Akhtuba
Floodplain. In this area it consists of major railroads and roads
that are well maintained and trafficable throughout the year,
supplemented by the navigable Volga River and air transportation.
Apart from the Stalingrad center there are only two railroads
in the study area -- one paralleling the south and east bank of
the Volga from Post Paromnaya to Vladimirovka and continuing
eastward to Lake Baskunchak and the other crossing the eastern half
of the study area from north to south, passing through El'ton and
Baskunchak and continuing on to Astrakhan'. The road net also
becomes progressively less dense with distance from Stalingrad and
from the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain. Except for a new improved dirt
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road that is under construction from Urda westward towards El'ton
or Zhitkur (117) and short sections of improved dirt roads near
Lakes El'ton and Baskunchak, the road net in the eastern part of
the study area consists of seasonal unimproved dirt roads, trails,
paths, and caravan routes. To the north and south of Shor Khaki,
the net consists almost exclusively of caravan routes. Currently
the only actively maintained airports are in the vicinity of
Stalingrad.
The 10-inch Astrakhan'-Saratov-Kazan' oil pipeline reportedly
passes through the eastern part of the study area'in a generally
north-south direction (72, 73). The Astrakhan'-Saratov section was
constructed during World War II, when water-borne traffic on the
lower Volga was interrupted by the German advance and an alternate
channel of supply had to be established. Crude oil from the
Caucasus oilfields is currently transported by this pipeline to the
refineries at Saratov. Information as to the alignment of the
pipeline is vague, being based solely on reports that pumping
stations are located at Eli-ton, Verkhniy Baskunchak, Vladimirovka,
and Udachnoye (125). For this reason it is not shown on the
accompanying map, CIA 11995.
B. Railroads
1. Regional Distribution
Railroad facilities in the study area can be divided
into the following four units: (a) the Stalingrad center; (b) the
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three major railroads that converge at Stalingrad; (c) the railroad
line from Post Paromnaya, via Vladimirovka, to Nizhniy Baskunchak;
and (d) the railroad from Saratov to Astrakhan', which connects the
salt-producing areas of Lakes El'ton and Baskunchak with Astrakhan'.
Administratively he lir*t;two units are part of the larger
,
Stalingrad Railroad System and the other two units belong to the
Ryazan'-Ural Railroad System.
2. The Stalingrad Railroad Center
Stalingrad Is A important rail center for all of
southeastern European USSR. It is linked by rail with Astrakhan'
(200 miles southeast), with the main Transcaucasus line at
Tikhoretsk (240 miles southwest); with the Donets Basin Via Likhaya
(175 miles west); with Saratoir (210 miles northeast); and with
Moscow (500 miles northwest). These lines, converging upon the
city, are linked to each other by a systen of belt lines that
encircles Stalingrad proper and enables through traffic to bypass
the city (21).
Of the 13 railroad stations and yards within the Stalingrad
railroad center, eight handle almost all the passenger and freight
traffic as well as most of the railroad repair work. Four of the
eight, including the main passenger station for the entire. area,
are in Stalingrad proper. Two others are located in the towns of
Beketovka and Krasnoarmeysk, south of Stalingrad proper. The
remaining two are in Gumrak and Krutenlkiy, both of which are
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located to the west of the urban area of Stalingrad. The important
rail yards in the Stalingrad area appear to have the dual functions
of car storage and classification (21).
The main terminal, referred to by the Air Force as Stalingrad
Railroad Station, Yards and Shops North (I),* is in the center of
Stalingrad proper. Besides the large passenger station, Stalingrad
North has extensive freight sidings with an average width of 20
tracks, a small transshipment depot, and important facilities for
locomotive repair and servicing, including a turntable and a water
-tower (21). Although the station was severely damaged during World
War II, apparently little repair work has been undertaken (56).
All the significant traffic through the city on the line from the
Caucasus to north-central USSR and the Ukraine is handled at this
depot.
Stalingrad Railroad Station, Yards and Shops South (II) is
located two miles southwest of the main railroad station. It has
important freight-handling equipment, multiple sidings with 10 to
15 tracks, and several warehouses, as well as minor locomotives and
passenger-car repair shops. The majority of the buildings in. the
area were destroyed in April 1943. Stalingrad South straddles the
railroad lines connecting Stalingrad with the Caucasus and Ukraine
(21).
* The terminology used for station titles follows that of source
21 listed in Appendix F-1.
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The third significant installation in Stalingrad proper is
the Bannaya station and yard which parallels the southern section
of the port area. In addition to the small passenger station,
there is an 11-track storage yard, with a warehouse and six
auxiliary buildings, that services the port area and possibly the
Krasnyy Oktyabr' steel plant (21).
On the southern fringe of Stalingrad proper is the Stalingrad
Railroad Classification Yard "Yel'shanka," which has a 10-track
storage yard, a medium-sized classification yard for traffic to
the Caucasus, a single-story warehouse, and an L-shaped building
assumed to be a passenger station (21).
Farther to the south is the Stalingrad Railroad Classification
Yards "Beketovka." It includes a passenger station and a small
storage yard described by one source as having a width of 7 tracks
(21). According to another source, however, the installation has
a medium-sized classification yard 10 to 15 tracks wide, with
sidings approximately 4,000 feet long. The installation, handles
local and Caucasus-bound traffic.
The station at the northwestern end of Krasnoarmeysk is
listed as the Stalingrad Railroad Station, Classification Yards,
and Shops "Sarepta." It is the main station in Krasnoarmeysk and
had been described as the "southern gateway to Stalingrad." An
important function here is the transloading of freight from rail-
road to Volga steamers and barges, but a considerable amount of
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freight for Stalingrad also passes through Sarepta. Among the
facilities at the station are storage yards, important locomotives
and car repair shops, a roundhouse of nine-locomotive capacity, a
turntable and a turning "Y," and a water tower (21). Damage in
1942 appears to have been slight.
Six miles west of the city, at the junction of the northern
part of the belt line and the main line leading northwestward toward
Moscow, is the Stalingrad Railroad Station and Yards "Gumrak," which
includes a passenger station and an 11-track storage yard. The
small classification yard handles traffic to north-central USSR.
Eight auxiliary buildings are reported to have been destroyed in
April 1943 (21).
Seven miles south of Gumrak and six miles west of Yel'shanka
is the relatively small Stalingrad Railroad Station and Yards
"Voroponovo" (known also as "Krutenlkiy"). Like Gumrak, it is
located at a junction of the belt line (central section) and a
main line leading out from Stalingrad. Voroponovo, which serves
the railroad line to the Donets Basin, has 11 tracks, 5 auxiliary
buildings, and possibly a passenger station (21).
The most important railroad bridge within Stalingrad is the
bridge over the Tsaritsa River. It is a double-track, steel-trestle
bridge about 530 feet long, with an estimated web height of 5 feet.
The ends of the bridge are on concrete abutments, and the support
piers are of steel lattice-work construction (21, 53).
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Although there are several bridges along the belt line, exact
information as to location or construction is available for only
two, both of which are on the northern ection. The Orlovka River
is spanned by a single-track, arch-type bridge 200 feet long,
possibly of masonry construction. Near the eastern end of the
northern belt line section, a single-track bridge 350 feet long,
possibly of masonry-arch construction, crosses the Sukhaya
Mechetka River (21). The Korennaya River also is crossed by a
bridge located on a branch line (from the vicinity of Dzerzhinsk)
that connects with this northern section. It is a single-track,
nine-span bridge 275 feet long, of arch-type masonry construction
(21).
Within the dock area the Banniy Ravine is crossed by a three-
span, steel-girder bridge 335 feet long that carries a single
track (21). It is located on a short branch line, most of which
Is double tracked that runs along the bank of the Volga River
for a distance of 6 miles and serves the port of Stalingrad.
The postwar reconstruction program for railroad facilities
in the Stalingrad area includes many changes and general moderniza-
tion in the transportation system, which has always been
unsatisfactory. A railroad ran the entire length of the city,
occupying a large strip of land, intersecting many streets, and
dividing the city into two parts. Heavy freight passed through
the city and repair facilities were located in the center of
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Stalingrad. According to the reconstruction plan, a new peripheral
railroad about 13 miles long will surround the city.. The freight
yards and repair and maintenance shops are to be moved from the
center of the city to the outskirts and will be connected with the
new belt line. Freight entering Stalingrad will be distributed, by
means of the new line to the appropriate freight terminals. At both
ends the peripheral railroad will be connected with the dock area
to permit the transferral of freight to barges and steamers for
shipment to points north and south along the Volga River. Only
passenger traffic and freight destined for Stalingrad proper will
be handled in the heart of the city. The new arrangement will
facilitate the handling of local passenger traffic within. the 30-mile-
long city (21, 5)., 55).
In the central part of Stalingrad proper the main north-south
railroad will run through a shallow subway, which will reduce the
nuMber of grade crossings and leave uninterrupted areas for parks
(21). According to one report a large underground railroad station
is to be built within the city. This report is substantiated to some
extent by the fact that little repairing has been done on the
severely damaged main railroad station (56).
Passenger transportation within Stalingrad is handled mainly
by streetcars and buses. The streetcars have bow-type collectors
and run on Russian standard-gauge tracks. Except for the line from
the center of town to the northeastern suburban industrial area,
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all streetcar lines are single tracked. An interurban line runs
from Beketovka on the south to the tractor plant in the northern
part of the city. Before the war a line also ran from Stalingrad to
Gumrak but it was damaged during the war and has not yet been
repaired. Most of the streetcars are in poor condition and
appear to have no springs. Travel is slow, averaging 10 miles
per hour, and requires frequent transferring (56).
Streetcars and buses are supplemented by commuter service on
the railroads. A local train makes 10 round trips daily between
the northern and southern sections of the city, and it is reported
that three daily workers' trains run between the industrial
of Beketovka and Krasnoarmeysk (57, 21).
3. Lines Converging at Stalingrad
a. Stalingrad-Tikhoretsk-Krasnodar
This line from Stalingrad to the western
areas
Caucasus is double tracked from the main
North, through Sarepta to Krasnoarmeysk,
southwest through Salsk to the junction
Rostov-Baku line at Tikhoretsk and on to
station, Stalingrad
then single tracked
with the important
Krasnodar (21). The
roadbed is in very good condition. Ballast consists of granite
chips, and the ties are of oak (58). Agricultural and petroleum
products from the Caucasus, timber from the northern areas, fish
from the Black Sea, and machinery and oil-field equipment from
Stalingrad are the important products carried over the line
(21, 59, 6o).
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Branching off from the main line at the Tundutovo railroad
station (southwest of Krasnoarmeysk), a new railroad built on an old
roadbed runs in a generally northwest direction and connects with
the main Rostov-Stalingrad railroad line. The branch is single
tracked, with a sand roadbed and wooden ties (48, 61). A 1951
Soviet source indicates that this line was completed and put into
operation in autumn of 1949 (62). Plans have been made to construct
a railroad bridge where the railroad intersects the Volga-Don
Highway to replace the present level crossing. Surveying for the
bridge was under way in December 1949 (82). There is a possibility
that the bridge is either completed or that a temporary structure
is now being used by through traffic.
Most freight entering Krasnoarmeysk on this line either
continues north to Stalingrad proper, or is transloaded to river
carriers. The Sarepta station is a principal transshipment point
for grains (63). Grain from the Stalingrad region, some of which
is locally processed, is shipped north along the Volga. Wheat and
barley is received from the Ukraine and the Caucasus area (Kuban')
from June to October and is transloaded to Volga barges by means
of conveyor belts (64). Because of 'the activity connected with
the construction of the Volga-Don Canal, the station has also become
a busy terminal for all kinds of building and construction materials
(65). The Beketovka freight consists largely of coal, wood, and
scrap iron, which are sent to the Stalingrad Chemical and Chemical
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Warfare Plant "Beketovka" 91, to the Stalingrad Thermal Power
Plant, Gres I and. to other local establishments (21).
b. Stalingrad-Likhaya
This line provides direct communication
between Likhaya in the Donets Basin and the Stalingrad industrial
complex. The line is double tracked from the main or north station
of Stalingrad west to the Stalingrad Railroad Station and Yards
"Sioroponovo" (also referred to as "Kruten'kiy"), then single
tracked to Likhaya, where it joins the Voronezh-Rostov line. The
heavy incoming freight traffic on the line includes manufactured
products, coal, and ores from the Donets Basin, and iron from
Krivoy Rog (21). From May to October, coal shipped by rail from
the Donets Basin to Stalingrad is loaded on wooden barges and
transported via the Volga to Saratov (64). Timber from the northern
areas makes up a large portion of the return freight to the Donets
Basin.
c. Stalingrad-Moscow
This line to Saratov is double tracked for the
12-mile stretch from the main Stalingrad station to the Stalingrad
Railroad Station and Yards "Gumrak," and then proceeds on a single
track to Ilovinskaya. At Ilovinskaya it turns northwest to Gryazi,
where it joins the double-track line to Moscow. This is the most
direct route between Stalingrad and MOSCOW. A branch line turns
northeastward from Ilovinskaya to Saratov, thus providing a through
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rail route between that important river port and Stalingrad. The
Stalingrad-Moscow line is an important traffic artery for manufactur-
ed goods from the Central Industrial Region (Moscow) as well as for
northbound industrial products and oil shipments from Stalingrad.
The oil shipments make up a large share of the northbound traffic.
According to a report, three oil trains of 40 to 50 cars each travel
northward daily (67). The shipment of prefabricated concrete houses
to Moscow and Voronezh is also important (68).
4. Th_2222-_tParomnanka-Nizhniy Baskunchak Line
This railroad line, which extends in a generally east,
west direction across the study area, is important primarily because
it connects Stalingrad with the salt-producing center located at
Lake Baskunchak and provides rail connection with the Caspian Sea
port of Astrakhan'. Large quantities of salt are transported yearly
over this rail line to Petropavlovka, the salt port of Vladimirovka,
where the salt is transferred to Volga barges. In the following
paragraphs, details of the line are given roughly from west to east.
The sector from Post Paromnaya, the railroad terminus on the
eastern bank of the Volga River, to Vladimirovka was built during
World War II as a vital supply route for the defense of Stalingrad
(69). Connection with Stalingrad is maintained by ferry service
between Post Paromnaya and Latashanka, about 12 miles northeast of
the main Stalingrad railroad station (21). At this point, where
the river is approximately 2.5 miles wide, the ferry provides
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crossing facilities for both road and rail transport (64). In the
Latashanka area, there are two ferry stations -- the northern is
used for low-water crossing and the southern for high-water
crossing (118). No information is available as to high- or
low-water ferry stations on the east bank of the Volga. Soviet
sources and recent reports indicate that a rail and road bridge
has been constructed over the Volga River to replace the time-
consuming ferry service, but the U.S. Embassy personnel who passed
this point in daylight as recently as September 1951 saw no such
structure. The bridge reportedly is located immediately north of
the ferries and is said to be 2.8 miles long. Apparently it is
to serve both railroad and highway traffic (21, 70).
The Post Paromnaya.Nerkhniy Baskunchak line is single
tracked and of Russian standard gauge.* Leaving Post Paromnaya,
the railroad passes the stations of Paromnaya Bezrodnoye, and
Zaplavnoye. West of Leninsk and 1-1/2 miles northeast of the
center of Bakhtiyarovka the line crosses a bridge over a deep,
narrow ravine tributary of the Akhtuba, which at this point is 120
feet wide. Structural details of the bridge are not known. The
Leninsk station is located about 1-1/2 miles north-northeast of
the center of town. On the north side of the main track are three
loop spurs, each approximately 940 yards in length. At the east
* Unless otherwise indicated, information related to the Post
Paromnaya-Kapustin Yar sector is based on Source 71.
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end of the station, two dead-end sidings 400 yards long parallel
the main track on the south, and a single-track branch line runs
about 3 miles southeast to Malyayevka. The Leninsk station has no
permanent buildings, platforms, or repair facilities.
Available information indicated that in 1942 the branch line
41/4.
to Malyayevka terminated at a quarry one-fourth mile northwest of
the center of the village. By February 1943 this spur reached the
north bank of the Akhtuba River about a mile from the center of
Malyayevka, where a landing pier probably is to be constructed.
Along this spur, approximately 270 yards north of the landing, a
siding branches off to the southeast, terminating in a building 280
feet long and 25 feet wide. Another short track, reported under
construction in April 1943, leaves the main spur line at a point
just southeast of the old quarry.
In the Malyayevka area there are two railroad bridges. At a
point 2.5 miles north of the center of Malyayevka a small gully
tributary to the Akhtuba River is crossed by a two-span bridge with
two central columns, which may be of the suspension type. The
over-all length of the bridge is 180 feet, and the shore-to-shore
distance is 130 feet. A little beyond this, where the line crosses
another gully, two parallel bridges can be seen on air photos.
Currently, the railroad passes over the southern bridge, and the
rails appear to have been removed from the old bridge to the north.
The two bridges are of similar construction, both having long
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approach ramps. Over-all lengths are 900 feet and clear spans 120
feet long.
At Solodovka the station is located 2 miles northwest of the
center of town. A loop spur 1,100 yards long runs alongside and
to the north of the main track. No buildings or platforms are
visible on 1943 air photographs, but the photos indicate that a
shallow cut extending in an east-northeast direction was then
being dug at the eastern end of the station. This cut may be
either the beginning of a new line or a siding to a nearby airfield.
At points 350 and 900 yards east of the station/ the line crosses
small gullies by means of culverts.
Approximately 1.5 miles northeast of Kolobovka, the line
crosses a deep, broad, marshy valley. The crossing consists of
a viaduct that appears to span the top of a concrete dam. The
viaduct crosses the north or upstream side of the dam. Over the
eastern half of the dam the viaduct is of multispan lattice
construction whereas over the western half the construction is
more solid. The eastern half of the dam is higher than the western
half, which contains 6 or 7 sluices. The over-all length of the
dam is 630 feet; the eastern half is 150 feet wide and the western
100 feet wide.
The station of Kolobovka is located 3 miles east of the center
of town. No buildings or platforms are visible on air photos. A
loop spur 900 yards long runs alongside the main line. In February
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1943, 22 holes (each 20 feet square) had been excavated around the
station. Although probably designed for storage, all were empty at
the time. Another bridge crosses over a water course at a point
about 3.5 miles north-northwest of the center of Stasov.
At Stasov the station is located 3 miles northeast of town,
and a loop spur 800 yards long runs alongside the main line. From
the east end of the loop, a spur extends 240 yards to the northwest.
No platforms or buildings are visible on 1943 photos, but there were
large stockpiles of some type around the station.
Approximately 4 miles southeast from the Stasov railroad
station is the village of Kapustin Yar. The railroad station is
located 3 miles southeast of the center of town. A spur approxi-
mately 1,200 yards long runs to the south of the main line.
From the eastern end of the spur, a dead-end siding extends west-
ward for 800 yards. At the station is a group of 11 closely spaced
huts, with average dimensions of 30 by 20 feet. Three miles
southeast of Kapustin Yar, a gully is crossed by a bridge of single-
span construction, with long approach ramps. The span clearance
is 75 feet, and the over-all length, including ramps, is 280 feet.
About one-half mile due north of Solyanka the line crosses a
ravine tributary to the Postepka River. The bridge is of single-
span, bowstring type, constructed of either steel or reinforced
concrete, probably the latter. The over-all length, including
ramps, is 890 feet. From the bridge the line proceeds in an
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easterly direction for 4.3 miles and then turns to the southeast
toward Vladimirovka, passing the stations of Pologoye Zaymishche
and Pokrovka. At the northern outskirts of Vladimirovka, a spur
branches off to the southeast from the main line and rejoins it
just east of Akhtuba, thus by-passing both towns. Vladimirovka,
with its port facilities at Petropavlovka approximately 2 miles
to the south, is the main transshipping center fOr salt received
from Lake Baskunchak. From the Petropavlovka railroad station,
located on a branch of the Volga River, spur lines run north and
south, connecting docks and shipyards. Petropavlovka is connected
by a single-track railroad line with the main line at the western
edge of Akhtuba, where there is a railroad engine depot (9).
Leaving Akhtuba, the main line proceeds in an easterly direction
to the important railroad center of Verkhniy Baskunchak. In the
stretch between Akhtuba and Verkhniy Baskunchak, there are several
railroad stops and stations -- siding "Kilometer 15," Kochevaya
station, siding "Kilometer 33," and Solonchak station. About a
half mile north of Verkhniy Baskunchak the line from Akhtuba joins
the north-south Saratov-Astrakhan' line at Post Peredacha station.
This station, in turn, is connected with the main station of
Verkhniy Baskunchak by a spur that branches off to the south of the
main line (117). Railroad facilities at Verkhniy Baskunchak consist
of general maintenance shops, enginehouses that can accommodate 50
locomotives, a railroad-engine depot, and a railroad-car repair
shop and depot (9, 74).
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The section of the line from Verkhniy Baskunchak to its terminus
at Nizhniy Baskunchak is 7.4 miles long. Here junction is made
with what may be an electrified spur running north and south along
the shore of Lake Baskunchak. A 1930 Soviet map indicates that
the northern spur was being extended along the northern shore line
of the lake. Another spur 4.3 miles long is laid out over the salty
crust of the lake almost to its center, where salt is pumped
directly into waiting railroad cars. A caterpillar truck moves
both the salt pump and sections of track to sites of active
operations (75). Salt extracted along the northern shores of the
lake is transported by railroad to Nizhniy Baskunchak.
5. The Saratov-Astrakhan' Line
This single-track, Russian standard-gauge trunk line,
which cuts across the study area from north to south, connects the
Caspian Sea port of Astrakhan' with Saratov, which is connected by
rail with both Moscow and the industrial Ural regions. Raw materials
from the Ural region, as well as manufactured goods and machinery
from the Moscow area, are transported to Astrakhan' for transshipment
to Baku and Krasnovodsk. The route is also important for the
transport of salt from Lakes El' ton and Baskunchak to Astrakhan'.
Verkhniy Baskunchak is the junction point with the Post Paromnaya-
Nizhniy Baskunchak line. The 63.3-mile sector of the line from
"Kilometer 299," the northernmost stop within the study area, to
Verkhniy Baskunchak is being converted to diesel-engine traction,
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which will materially reduce the consumption of water. The first
consignment of new diesel locomotives are now being sent to Verkhniy
Baskunchak from the Khar'kov locomotive works (76).
Entering the study area from the north, the line follows a
straight southerly course, passing sidings "Kilometer 299" and
"Kilometer 307."* At El'ton an industrial spur 3.7 miles long
branches off to the salt-producing areas at Lake El'ton. On
reaching the shore the spur line continues across the salty crust
of the lake for a distance of &put one-half mile.
Between El'ton and Saykhin (northeast of Lake Batkul') stations,
there are four small bridges, located 1.1 miles, 1.9 miles, 4.8
miles and 19.4 miles south of El'ton. The main bridge crosses
the Samaroda River. From Saykhin, the line follows a southeasterly
direction for a distance of 5.5 miles. A railroad bridge is
located about 2.5 miles southeast of Saykhin (78). Three miles
farther south the line turns southward toward Verkhniy Baskunchak,
passing siding "Kilometer 365," Shungay station, and sidings
"Kilometer 401" and "Kilometer 408" (77). Near Verkhniy Baskunchak
the line is joined by the Verkhniy Baskunchak-Nizhniy Baskunchak
section of the Post Paromnaya-Nizhniy Baskunchak line. Approxi-
mately 2.5 miles south of Verkhniy Baskunchak, a spur line branches
* Sidings along the main line are named according to kilometer
distances from Pokrovsk, the terminus of a 7-mile branch line from
Anisovka (15 miles southeast of Saratov) (77).
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off to the east of the main track to stone and ballast quarries
located southwest of Nizhniy Baskunchak. Individual quarries are
serviced by feeder lines of the main spur.
From siding "Kilometer 427," 6.8 miles south of Verkhniy
Baskunchak, to Bogdo there are many cuts and fills along the line.
South of Bogdo, the line passes siding "Kilometer. 459," and at
Verblyuzh'ya station approaches within 2 miles of the Volga-Akhtuba
Floodplain. Southeast of Verblyuzh'ya the railroad generally
parallels the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain. The last stop of the line
within the study area is at siding "Kilometer 486" (77).
C. Roads
1. General Characteristics
The road system in the study area is relatively
poor. Although maps show a dense net, it is composed mostly of
unimproved dirt roads of seasonal trafficability, trails suitable
only for foot or animal traffic, and caravan routes. The roads,
therefore, cannot be classified in the usual manner as first,
second, and third class. All of the seven major roads in the
area focus on Stalingrad and are trafficable throughout the year.
Of these, the three entering the region from the west, northwest,
and northeast are classified as highways. All of the roads have
some improved dirt stretches, and at least a part of each is paved
or has a metalled roadbed. Within Stalingrad, the quality of the
major roads improves and they become part of the street pattern of
the city.
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2. LIL.a.jor Roads
a. Stalingrad-Kursk-Moscow Highway
A small portion of the Stalingrad-Moscow
Highway lies within the study area. From south-central Stalingrad,
the highway arches northwestward and meets the Stalingrad-Ilovlinskaya
Railroad two miles east of the "Gumrak" station. Beyond this
point the highway parallels the east side of this main line for
the remaining distance to Frolovo, near the edge of the study area.
Air coverage of the road is at too small a scale and of too poor
quality to provide the basis for a detailed description. The
road is about 25 feet wide, apparently with a packed earth or gravel
surface (66). Prisoner-of-war information as of 1948 states that
at least part of the road is paved with asphalt and is wide
enough to carry two lanes of traffic (79).
b. Kazan'-Saratov-Stalingrad-Astrakhan' Highway
This highway is a major trunk line fran Kazan'
to the Volga at Saratov, and along the river to Astrakhan' on the
Caspian Sea. It serves all the major river cities and at several points
branch roads connect with a main east-west highway that leads to
Moscow. From Saratov the road parallels the high right bank of
the Volga, lying at a distance of 1 to 4 miles inland from the
river and cutting across the alternating interfluves and deep
valleys at right angles. It is in fairly good condition, having
an improved dirt surface (or possibly gravel) and an average width
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of 30 feet. On entering Stalingrad the road widens considerably
and merges into the general street pattern. The road, which
becomes one of the main north-south routes through Stalingrad City,
is approximately 40 feet wide, asphalt-surfaced, and in very good
condition (56, 60.
Beyond Stalingrad, the road follows the right bank of the
Volga River east and southeastward from Krasnoarmeysk, connecting
most of the larger villages situated on the river bank. The
roadbed is approximately 30 feet wide and is either metalled or
gravel-surfaced. Wide dirt trails run alongside the road, making
a total width of some 160 feet. Apploximately 10 miles east-
southeast of Krasnoarmeysk, the road is crossed by an improved dirt
road that connects the Volga port of Svetlyy Yar with Bolishiye
Chapurniki on Lake Sarpa. Between Lake Sarpa and Liman Tarmanskiy
this road is still under construction.
Continuing in a generally southeastward direction the
Astrakhan' road passes the southern outskirts of the Volga port of
Raygorod and of the town of Solodniki. Two miles south-southwest
of SolOdniki, a number of dirt tracks converge on the main road to
cross a bridge 220 feet long and 25 feet wide. Some of the tracks
lead to the water course, an indication that vehicles may cross the
river bed during the dry seasons. A second bridge, located 2.5
miles southeast of Solodniki, seems to have an over-all length of
145 feet, an over-all width of 25 feet, and a shore-to-shore width
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of 90 feet. From the bridge eastward, the road appears to be of
more recent construction and better surfaced.
Four and a half miles southeast of Solodniki, the road forks,
the main road continuing due southeast to Vyazovka and the left
branch running northeast to Kamennyy Yar. The main road runs- in
an east-southeast direction. About 8 miles beyond Solodniki a
causeway 35 feet wide carries the main road above ground that
appears to be low and marshy. An improved dirt road that runs
south from Kamennyy Yar forks north of the main road -- one branch
joining it 2 miles and the other about 1-1/4 miles west-northwest
of Vyazovka. Available information indicates that, as of September
1942, work at the western section of the causeway had been
completed only as far as the west bank of a small tributary of
the River Vyazovka located at the western end of the village of
Vyazovka. Apparently a bridge was to be built at this point. In
1942 the road crossed the river at a ford approximately 40 yards
farther downstream. In the center of the town, the Vyazovka
River is crossed by a single-span bridge, probably of reinforced
concrete. The bridge has an over-all length of 210 feet and a
width of 25 feet. Seven and a half miles southeast of Vyazovka,
a branch road runs north-northeast to Stupino and rejoins the
main road, via Pady 2-1/2 miles northwest of Staritsa.
In the Vyazovka-Staritsa section the road does not run on a
causeway and consists of perfectly straight sections connected by
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gentle curves. Little information is available on the section of
the road from Staritsa to Tsagan-Aman, just beyond the study area.
The highway continues as an improved dirt road with an average
width of 30 feet. Within the study area, the road passes through
the river ports of Chernyy Yar and Nikol'skoye and improved dirt
roads connect it with the villages of Solenoye Zaymishche, Grachi,
Prishib, and Vetlyanka. Between Solenoye Zaymishche and Prishib,
several bridges cross small watercourses and ravines, but no
information is available as to their lengths or widths.
c. Stalingrad-Kalach-Rostov Highway
The highway from Krasnoarmeysk to Kalach is the
Volga-Don Highway and was recently reported as completed.
Construction proceeded from both Krasnoarmeysk and Kalach, with
the two sections meeting at a point between Tundutovo and Gavrilovka
(61). Construction of the road is the responsibility of the Volga-
Don Highway and Volga-Don Canal companies, under the direction of
Road Construction Unit I, which is headed by MVD officers (82).
The road distance from Krasnoarmeysk to Gavrilovka is approximately
25 miles.
The eastern half of the highway runs generally parallel to the
route of the Volga-Don Canal. From Kalach the road continues to the
important transportation center of Rostov. Available reports agree
that the highway from Krasnoarmeysk to a point north of Tundutovo
runs 1,000 to 1,300 feet north of the canal. Beyond that point,
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however, there is disagreement as to the exact position of the road.
Most of the sources indicate that it crosses the canal north of
Tundutovo and then proceeds in a northwesterly direction along the
south side of the canal (82, 83). This route is said to lie some
300 to 1,000 feet south of the railroad line, which is now under
construction. Other reports, however, suggest that the highway
may continue along the north side of the canal toward Gavrilovka
(84).
The highway is 20 feet wide and on either side has low
shoulders 6.5 feet wide. The elevation of the road above the
surrounding land varies from 5 to 10 feet (82). The roadbed
consists of a well-constructed foundation of rolled sand,
crushed rock, stone, and tar, surfaced with an asphalt layer
0.4 to 1.6 inches thick. Road signs and drainage ditches are
lacking.
Along the section of the highway between Krasnoarmeysk and
Andreyevka, there are a number of bridges and culverts. The
bridges are generally of reinforced concrete construction, without
piers, and are about 20 feet wide. The bridge 1.5 miles east-
southeatt of Chapurniki railroad station has a 100-foot span and
3-foot sidewalks on both sides. The bridge a mile north-
northwest of Solyanka has a 130-foot span, with iron protecting
rails on the sides. Two other bridges are located in the
western outskirts of Solyanka and approximately 12.5 miles
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west-southwest of Krasnoarmeysk. The lengths of the spans are not
known but the first has iron protecting rails and the second has
both sidewalks and rails.
A wooden emergency bridge is reported to be in use where the
highway crosses the Volga-Don Canal route. Plans call for the
replacement of this temporary structure by a reinforced concrete
bridge and the construction of three new bridges which will span
ravines ranging from 20 to 33 feet in depth in the area west of
.the canal site.
Culverts, which are placed in the smaller earth-bridged
ravines, consist of concrete pipes 6.5 feet in diameter. Two
culverts, located about 1.2 miles south of Krasnoarmeysk and a
mile west of Solyanka, have single reinforced concrete pipes.
Two other culverts about 1.7 miles northeast of Tundutovo,
consist of three reinforced concrete pipes, the two on the bottom
laid parallel and the third resting on top.
d. Stalingrad-Kalach Alternate Road
The road to Karpovskaya generally follows the
alignment of the Stalingrad-Likhaya railroad line, crossing fairly
flat terrain (66). It connects Stalingrad with Krutenikly and
leaves the study area near Karpovskaya. At Kalach it joins the
Stalingrad-Kalach-Rostov Highway. Soviet sources indicate that
the road has an improved (packed) dirt-on-gravel surface and is
39.4 feet wide (117). Because photo coverage of the road is at
small scale and of poor quality, a detailed description is not possible.
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e. Stalingrad-Mikhaylovka-Astrakhan' Road (71, 117)
This road, paralleling the northern and
eastern edge of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain, is a seoond main
route from Stalingrad to Astrakhan'. It has an improved dirt
(possibly gravel) surface, is approximately 30 feet wide, and is
well maintained and usable at all seasons. In a number of places
the road ascends and descends steep banks and ravines along the
edge of the floodplain.
The road, actually, has no direct connection with Stalingrad
but begins at the village of Krasnaya Sloboda on the floodplain
opposite the city. Traffic from Stalingrad is carried by ferry
to Krasnaya Sloboda. From there the road proceeds in an easterly
direction over the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain, crossing two small
bridges over water courses at Burkovskiy and Rybachiy. At the
town of Srednyaya Akhtuba the road reaches the Akhtuba River,
which is crossed on what appears to be a dam or an embankment (117).
In Srednyaya Akhtuba the road connects with two improved
dirt roads -- one leading west-northwest to Verkhnaya Akhtuba and
Sredne-Pogromnoye and the other leading 10 miles northeast to a
point about 2.8 miles north of the Urochishche Bol'shoy Liman.
Eastward from Srednyaya Akhtuba the main road follows the north
bank of the Akhtuba River, passing through the western outskirts
of the town of Zaplavnoye to the center of Leninsk, where it
divides into several main thoroughfares. The southernmost is
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generally used for through traffic. The roads converge at the
eastern end of town. Approximately 1.5 miles east of Leninsk an
improved dirt road about 25 feet wide branches off the main road
and leads northeast to Budennyy. By now, this road may have been
extended to Bol'shevik to join an improved road that runs toward
Zhitkur and El' ton.
Six miles east of the center of Leninsk the main road crosses
a tributary of the Akhtuba on a bridge 120 feet long and 20 feet
wide. At this point, the shore-to-shore width is 60 feet. On the
northern outskirts of Solodovka, an improved dirt road forks to
the northeast for a stretch of 5.5 miles and terminates near an
inactive airfield. Two miles northwest of Kolobovka the main road
descends the valley of an intermittent tributary, which it crosses
on a single-span bridge at considerable height above the water
level. An embankment connects the southeastern end of the bridge
with the plateau. The following information is available on the
crossing: span of bridge, 160 feet; width of bridge, 25 feet;
northwest ramp, 320 feet; southeast embankment, 120 feet; and
shore-to-shore distance, 75 feet.
Immediately to the west of the present bridge is an old and
apparently unused bridge. At a distance of 2.5 miles west of
Kapustin Yar, the main road crosses a watercourse and divides into
two branches, both of which pass through Kapustin Yar. A number
of dirt roads lead to the north and northeast from Kapustin Yar.
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One terminates at the village of Konstitutsiya, in the immediate
vicinity of Kapustin Yar airfield.
The two branches of the main road converge about 2 miles
east-southeast of the center of town. Air photographs as of 1942
show numerous tracks alongside the main surfaced road as well as
several parallel earth tracks about a mile due east to the Kapustin
Yar railroad station. About 4.5 miles southeast of Kapustin Yar
the road crosses a dry watercourse by means of an embankment, which
was probably constructed for protection against flood water. The
embankment has an over-all length of 180 feet and is 50 feet wide.
North of the center of Solyanka the road descends into the
valley of the Postepka River, which it crosses on a single-span
bridge of steel-arch construction. The bridge is 250 feet long
and 25 feet wide, with a shore-to-shore distance of about 140
feet. The road which is 30 feet wide, ascends the steep eastern
side of the valley by means of a deep cut 950 feet long, with a
width of 140 feet at the top. Three-quarters of a mile east of
Solyanka, the road crosses a small stream on a single-span, steel,
bowstring-type bridge, which has an over-all length of 125 feet
and a width of 25 feet.
Thereafter, the road follows a generally southeastward
course to Vladimirovka. It crosses several unimproved dirt roads
that lead to Akhtuba River villages of Pologoye Zaymishche,
Dimitriyevka, Pokrovka, and Pechnevka. In Vladimirovka a road
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26.2 feet wide, with an improved dirt or gravel surface, branches off
in an east-northeasterly direction. The branch road is only 11 miles
in length. From Vladimirovka the main road continues its general
course paralleling the Akhtuba River. It crosses the Vladimirovka-
Nizhniy Baskunchak railroad east of Akhtuba at a level crossing.
Between Akhtuba and Novonikolayevka the road crosses several steep
but short ravines. No information is available on bridges or
culverts. One mile northeast of Novonikolayevka another improved
road with dirt or gravel surface crosses the main road and runs
northeast to the center of Verkhniy Baskunchak. At Verkhniy
Baskunchak this road turns northward, then westward, for 8 miles
toward Vladimirovka, paralleling the south side of the Saratov-
Astrakhan' railroad. It is anticipated that the westward extension
will ultimately be extended to Petropavlovka, thus forming a second
and shorter traffic route for salt shipments from Lake Baskunchak
to the Volga River.
Southeast of Novonikolayevka the main improved section of the
Astrakhan' road suddenly terminates to the north of the desert area
around Bolkhuny. An unimproved stretch of dirt road leads to
Bolkhuny and Pirogovka. Beyond Pirogovka the main road turns
southeastward to the Saratov-Astrakhan' railroad line at Verblyuzh'ya
station. After running parallel to the line for a distance of 2
miles, it turns southwest to Mikhaylovka. Two unimproved dirt
roads connect Mikhaylovka, the last village within the study area,
with Sasykoli.
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f. Stalingrad-Stepnoy-Caucasus Road (661 3,17)
This road leading southward has an improved
dirt or gravel surface and is approximately 25: feet wide. It
passes through flat country that is subject to flooding in the
wet season, and alternately runs along the west and east sides of
Lakes Sarpa, Tsatsa, Barmantsak, and Prishib. Lake Prishib and
the town of Malyye Derbety lie beyond the limits of the study area.
The road is characterized by long straight stretches. just south
of Krasnoarmeysk and about 1.8 miles northwest of Lake Sarpa,
it crosses a tributary of the lake by means of a deck-type bridge,
probably of concrete construction. The bridge is 100 feet long
and 4o feet wide. The road then follows the western shore line
of Lake Sarpa and at Malyye Chapurniki crosses a second tributary
of Lake Sarpa on a, concrete bridge 440 feet long and 70 feet wide.
In the center of Bol'shiye Chapurniki an improved dirt- or gravel-
surfaced road branches off towards the west to Tundutovo, where it
connects with the Volga-Don Highway. ?At Dubovyy Ovrag 26 miles
south of Stalingrad, a bridge of concrete construction carries the
road over a third tributary of Lake Sarpa. This bridge is reported
to be 230 feet long and 120 feet wide. The shore-to-shore distance
is 180 feet. ? South of Dubcmyy Ovrag the road passes east of the
Bol'shaya Tinguta, an intermittent stream tributary to Lake Tsatsa,
and follows a southward course east of Lakes Tsatsa and Barmantsak.
Immediately south of the study area the road diVides into two
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sections. One branch crosses the narrow water passage between Lakes
Barmantsak and Prishib on a small bridge and then skirts the
western side of Lake Prishib, via Malyye Derbety. The other branch,
reported under construction, runs straight south along the east side
of the lake. Approximately 1.8 miles southeast of the lake, the
two branches converge. From the study area the road leads into the
North Caucasus by way of Stepnoy and eventually connects with the
Tbilisi highway system near Dzaudzhikau.
g
Stalingrad-Solyanka-Abganerovo Road
Although this road is of local significance only,
it has an improved dirt surface and is trafficable throughout the
year. It leads in a general southwesterly direction. From
Krasnoarmeysk, it runs south to Bolt shiyeChapurniki, where it
turns weStward for a distance of 10 miles to Tundutovo. From
Tundutovo, the road follows the west side of the Stalingrad-
Tikhoretsk-Krasnodar railroad line southwestward. At the Abganerovo
station the road turns southeast to Abganerovo village. The road,
which crosses fairly level terrain, is generally straight, with
only a few sharp curves. It is approximately 30 feet wide (117 66).
3. Streets and Roads in the City of Stalingrad
All of the main streets in Stalingrad are paved. They
have been cleared of wartime rubble but in some respects still show
surface damage that resulted from fighting during World War II (79).
The average street width ranges from 20 to 4o feet. Smaller streets
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are unpaved, usually of packed earth, and are poorly drained and
maintained (56). Within the city, there are a number of bottlenecks
and sharp corners that restrict movement of heavy traffic. Streets
in the industrial and harbor areas are particularly narrow (79).
The main north-south highway route leading through Stalingrad
proper, Beketovka, and Krasnoarmeysk has been greatly improved
since the war. At present it is heavily used for transporting
materials to the construction site of the Volga-Don Canal (80).
Reconstruction of the Stalingrad-Beketovka section began in the
summer of 1948 and was completed by 1949 (81). The old road,
which was formerly constructed of cobblestones, is now surfaced
with asphalt. Four to five miles north of Beketovka the new
highway forks off the old road but meets it again in the southern
outskirts of the suburb. The highway that passes through the center
of Beketovka is elevated 3.3 feet above the surrounding land. In
this area, the road is approximately 26 feet wide. Although part
of the road is paved with asphalt, the remainder is still cobble-.
stoned. Soft shoulders and drainage ditches parallel the road on
both sides (80). North of Beketovka the foundation is being laid
for a bridge that will span a ravine.
The section of highway from the southern outskirts of Beketovka
to Krasnoarmeysk has also been built on top of the old cobblestone
road (55). Reconstruction of this section began in spring of 1948.
The new highway has a base about 4 feet deep of coarse sand, topped
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with a gravel and asphalt layer 1 to 1.5 inches thick. Soft
shoulders 5 feet in width line the road on both sides. This
section of the highway has no bridges, but it has five or six
culverts consisting of one or two parallel concrete pipes. No
drainage ditches, kilometer markers, or road signs have been
reported. A row of wooden telephone poles parallels the road on
the east (80).
A considerable amount of reconstruction is in progress along
other main thoroughfares in the central part of Stalingrad. Several
plans for reconstruction have been approved by the Architectural
Affairs Committee attached to the Council of Ministers of the
USSR (85). The plans call for a system of squares interconnected
by broad avenues. In the city blocks bounded by Moskovskaya,
Komsomol'skayal Sovetskaya, and Oktyabr'skaya streets, the clearing
of ruins and the carting away of debris has been completed. Public
buildings to house oblast and city executive committees and other
agencies are to be built in the region around Ploshchad' PaIrshykh
Bortsov (Square of Fallen Fighters). The square will be connected
by Alleya Geroyev (Avenue of Heroes) with Ploshchad' Pcbedy (Victory
Square) on the Volga River. Broad terraces along Alleya Geroyev
will be adorned with monuments to the defenders of Stalingrad and a
statue of Stalin in commemoration of the Stalingrad Victory (86).
One of the main north-south thoroughfares, Prospekt im. Stalina
(Avenue Stalin), which will be lined with apartment houses and public
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buildings (85), leads into the city from the south and terminates
at the main railroad station. Beyond the railroad station it will
be extended to the northern outskirts of the city (the Tractor
Plant Stalingrad III) as Ulitsa Krasnyy Armeysk (Red Army Street).
Recent reports describe both of these sections as cobblestoned
and 20-33 feet wide (56).
Other main streets are the Ulitsa Pionerskaya and Ulitsa
Mira (53). The first begins at the main railroad station and extends
northward. It is 4o feet in width, with asphalt surface and
concrete curbs and gutters. The second has recently been completed
and was opened for traffic in December 1950. It has the same
width and type of surface as Ulitsa Pionerskaya. A recent Soviet
source claims that an asphalt-surfaced motor road is being
constructed from Stalingrad to the village of Rynok, approximately
2 miles to the northeast (70). It is probable that the main north-
south highway route follows parts of several of these thoroughfares.
Several highway bridges have been built across tributaries of
the Volga. Detailed descriptions of these bridges are given in
Appendix C-1.
4. Roads Near Urda (117)
A significant road construction development is noted
in the Urda area. A Soviet map series at 1:200,000, published in
1942 by the General Staff of the Red Army (117), shows three roads
with improved dirt or gravel surfaces extending to the northeast,
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north, and northwest. The first two roads have improved surfaces
for approximately 2 miles each, and then continue as unimproved dirt
roads. The road leading northwest in the direction of Saykhin
is completed for 3 miles and under construction for 12.4 additional
miles. If completed to Saykhin, this road would connect Urda with
the Saratov-Astrakhan' railroad line. The reason for the existence
of these improved road facilities to Urda, a rather isolated urban
area, is not known.
5. Minor Roads, Trails, and Caravan Routes (117)
Aside from the eight main roads leading out from
Stalingrad, the network in the study area consists of a number of
unimproved dirt road; (Figures It. and 10), caravan routes, and trails,
whose seasonal character creates serious transportation problems
for large sections of the study area. During rainy seasons un-
improved roads are usually impassable ruts, with mud axle-deep.
In the dry season, they are dusty but trafficable for motor vehicles.
Unimproved roads are adequate in number to serve the area
north of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain and west of the Saratov-
Astrakhan' railroad. Many of these roads lead from towns located
along the Akhtuba River northeastward to the larger centers in the
Caspian Lowland, such as Zhitkur, Shungay, and Verkhniy Baskunchak.
Others focus on small villages and hamlets and serve only local
traffi-.
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West of the Volga River, a number of northwest-southeast
unimproved dirt roads focus on the Stalingrad area and on other
settlements along the right bank of the river. Most of the traffic,
however, moves along the improved roads that radiate from Stalingrad.
Within the swamp areas of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain, except
at the western end near Stalingrad, there are no true roads,
merely trails and footpaths, which are impassable even On foot
during flood periods. Pack-animals and camels are often used to
transport bulky freight and merchandise.
South of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain, the number of roads
decreases. Most of them head outward from larger settlements on
the right bank of the river, usually in a southwesterly direction.
East of the Saratov-Astrakhant railroad line, even unimproved
dirt roads decrease in number and become practically nonexistent
in the desert areas northeast of the Shor Khaki (salt flats) and
south and southwest of Azgir. Transportation in these areas
?
follows caravan routes and trails. The active trade formerly
carried over the caravan routes from USSR, via Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan,
and Turkmenistan, to Iran and Afghanistan has to a large extent been
absorbed by recently built railroads and the expanding of. shipping
facilities on the Caspian Sea. Today, the caravan routes are used
chiefly for the seasonal movement of cattle and camel herds and
for some local trade.
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D. Inland Waterway Transport
1. General Characteristics
Inland waterway transportation within the study area
Is concentrated along the broad, navigable Volga River. Little
traffic uses the Akhtuba River because of its many obstructions and
shallow water. The Volga-Don Canal, which is now being constructed,
will greatly increase both the volume and value of water traffic
within the area by affording direct access to the Donets Basin and
the Black Sea and by providing a direct connection with the White
Sea.
Port installations are concentrated in the Stalingrad area
(Stalingrad-Beketovka-Krasnoarmeysk) and at Petropavlovka the port
for Vladimirovka. The major ports are especially equipped to handle
the types of products shipped in or out of the area. Many of the
smaller landing places along both banks of the Volga have no port
installations (docks, piers, etc.) and are used primarily for local
trade.
2. Volga River Traffic
The Volga River is the most important inland water-
transport route in the USSR. Reliable sources place the tonnage
carried by the river and its major tributaries, the Kama and the Oka,
at about one-half the total inland waterway shipping of the USSR.
About one-tenth of the Volga shipping is concentrated in the
400-mile section between Stalingrad and the Caspian Sea (88).
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Through its Major tributaries and connecting canals, the Volga
links a number of the economically most important regions of the
USSR. The Volga system provides a route for traffic in crude oil
and fish from the Caspian area cotton from Turkestan, ores from
the Urals, cereals from the middle and lower reaches of the Volga
Region, timber from the upper reaches of the Volga and salt from
LakesBaskunchak and El'ton, as well as various industrial products
from the Stalingrad area (87).
As a means of transport the Volga River is even more
important than the rail lines of the study area. In 19330 for
example, the total volume of freight turnover at Stalingrad was
4.1 million tons, of which 2.9 million tons were classified as
river freight (21)
Navigability or. the Volga and the operation of several of
the ports can be maintained only by systematic dredging of sand
bars and silt accumulations. Any slackening of this operation
would cause a serious traffic tie-up and would considerably reduce
the tonnage that could be shipped, especially in late summer when
water is lowest. To maintain the depths required for loaded vessels,
it is necessary to dredge and clear the bottom of the approaches to
wharves (Stalingrad-Beketovka-KrasnOarmeysk) as well as the main
channel. Dredging of the channel to maintain a depth of 7 feet
begins as high waters start to recede in the early summer (4).
Management and maintenance of the river navigation is handled by
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Volga Administration for River Transport (VURT). The Stalingrad
Section of VURT is responsible for the stretch from Kamyshin to
Vladimirovka and the Astrakhan' Section for the stretch from
Vladimirovka to the mouth of the river. Volga shipping is also
interrupted each year by freezing, which lasts for long periods
ranging from 90 days at the mouth to 160 days in the upper reaches
The average freezing period at Stalingrad is 110 days. The average
date for the beginning of navigation at Stalingrad is 7 April (88).
Craft commonly used for Volga traffic consist of freight-
passenger steamers, tugs, and barges. The freight-passenger
steamers are generally side-wheeler or diesel screw driven, but
they vary in size and in freight and passenger capacity, according
to the stretch of the river in which they operate. The largest
vessel noted by an American observer was 230 feet long (21). Most
of the tugs used are about 130 feet long. The most powerful, 300
to 900 horsepower, are used to pull petroleum.barges. Harbor tugs
commonly are 4o to 130 horsepower. Barges are of several types,
depending on the commodity transported. Oil barges are generally
of steel construction. Wooden dry-freight barges are used for
carrying bread, salt, and metals. In freight capacity they range
from 1,500 to 3,000 tons and in length from 164 to 328 feet. The
low-decked iron or wooden barges (barksy) used to transport timber
and grain are generally 164 to 278 feet long (4).
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Although Stalingrad is a large market for industrial and
civilian goods, the bulk of the freight, both rail and water, passes
through the city en route to other areas. The principal bulk
commodities handled are timber and petroleum. An estimated 40
percent of the total freight in 1933 consisted of south-bound
timber (Figures 18 and 19), much of which waS unloaded at
Stalingrad, processed in its large woodworking plants, and shipped
by rail to the Donets Basin. Of the total river freight,. 30
percent consisted of north-bound petroleum from the Transcaucasus.
Because of the quantity transshipped to the Donets area,
Stalingrad has become a major petroleum storage center.
Other items arriving at Stalingrad by way of the Volga are
fish from the south and manufactured products from the north.
Large quantities of coal and iron and other ores now enter
Stalingrad by rail from the west and are transferred to the Volga
for shipment northward to the Central Industrial Region (Moscow)
(21).
The port of Stalingrad proper extends for a distance of
3-1/4 miles along the river near the heart of the city. Port
facilities (Figures 20-25) include piers, quays, conveyors,
cranes, and mechanical cargo-handling and transshipment equipment
for grain and other products. The port also includes two coal
transshipment areas that are served by spurs of the Stalingrad-
Tikhoretsk-Krasnodar railroad.
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A large timber transshipment area, "Lesobaza," is situated near
the Krasnoarmeysk section of the city (117). On the north side of
Krasnoarmeysk is the Sarepta harbor, which is situated in a backwater
of the Volga. At the entrance of the Sarepta harbor'there are 11
wharves, of which one serves the shipyard and four appear to be coal-handling
wharves. The shipyard occupies a walled area of 900 by 600 yards
in extent. A broad-side launching slip, 360 feet wide and 1,600
feet long, is situated on the eastern side of the yard (66). Ships
built here are towed away by small tugs
Another shipyard of the Stalingrad
bank of the Volga River at the northern
Krasnaya Sloboda.
(89).
area is
edge of
This yard handles repairs of
located on the
the village of
river craft
east
exclusively, including tugs, motor launches, and barges (90, 91).
?
Krasnaya Sloboda is connected with Stalingrad by a ferry, which
runs on a regular schedule. It is believed that there is an oil
barge unloading platform northeast of Krasnaya Sloboda, with an
underwater pipeline to the oil-tank farm on the west bank.
Stalingrad has two docks for river passengers. One handles the
local traffic up and down the west bank, as well as ferries to
Krasnaya Sloboda and excursion boats to the "park of culture" across
the river. The other passenger dock is about 50 yards farther south
and handles long-distance inter-city traffic. Both docks are located
in the heart of the city.
There are five ferries in the Stalingrad area in addition to
the Krasnaya Sloboda ferry. Of these, the Latashanka-Post Paramnaya
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ferry is most significant. It carries the Stalingrad-Astrakhan'
road and rail traffic across the Volga. Recent reports however,
indicate that a dual-purpose bridge spanning the Volga just north
of the ferry line has been planned to replace the ferry (21, 70).
The other ferries carry traffic between the island "Sarpinskiyll
and Beketovka and Yel'shanka (119).
The second-ranking port in the study area is Petropavlovka
(1.6 miles south of Vladimirovka). It serves both rivers, since
it is situated on the Akhtuba River at a point where it connects
with a navigable side channel of the Volga River. Cereals, lumber,
potatoes, and vegetables are brought to the port by wooden.barges
Of about 5,000 tons capacity, towed by oil-fired tugs (92).
Petropavlovka ships out almost all of the Lake Baskunchak salt
after it has been processed at the local salt mills. Salt is
transloaded onto wooden barges for shipment to Stalingrad or
Astrakhan'. Petropavlovka also has ship repair shops for both
tugs and barges of the lower Volga River Fleet (93). The barge
repair shop is old and its equipment is in poor condition. The
tug repair shop, however, is relatively new, having been built
during the latter part of World War II. In winter the harbor is
used for storing over 100 barges (94).
Salt shipping procedures in Petropavlovka have been reported
to be unsatisfactory. The People's Commissariat for the River Fleet
(NKRF) reported that, during the 1943 navigation period, the barges
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received from the Upper and Middle Volga Shipping Administration
were so filthy that .salt shipments had to be delayed (95). On 20
April 1946, Izvestiya stated that salt producers failed to have their
cargoes ready in time for scheduled shipment. During the first days
of navigation in 1946 a critical situation arose on the Lower Volga
River. Although the salt-shipment quota of Petropavlovka had been
set at 5,500 to 7,000 tons of salt a day, the Ministry of Food
Industry delivered only 12,500 tons of salt to the port between 24
March and 12 April.
Other landings in the study area are of two types: those with
docking installations and those without installations. The former
includes Dubovka, Pichuga, Yerzoyka, Latashanka, Svetlyy Yar, Gromki,
Raygorod, Chernyy Yar, and Nikoltskoye. The latter group includes
Legkodimov, minor landing points in the Stalingrad and Beketovka
areas, and a small ferry service south of Krivusha (117).
3. Akhtuba River Traffic
Traffic on the Akhtuba River is limited to very small
flat-bottom barges and motor boats because the river bed is shallow,
narrow, and unregulated. Available information indicates that in the
near future the Akhtuba will be dammed at the point where it now
leaves the Volga and a canal connecting the two rivers will be built
a little to the south. Large dredges have arrived to start on the
construction of the canal, which will connect the Akhtuba and Volga
rivers near the site of the planned dam (96).
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4. The Volga-Don Canal
The "Greater Volga Plan" and the building of the
Volga-Don Canal will greatly improve the river-transport system
of the European USSR. Strategically it will provide a secure.
internal connection from the Baltic and White Seas to the Black
Sea. Cheap water transport between the industrial north, south,
and east will lighten bulk shipment on railroads. The Volga River
terminus of the canal is located south of Krasnoarmeysk. From this
point the canal will proceed due south for a short distance and
then gradually turn toward the southwest along the valleys of the
Chervlenaya and Karpovka rivers and finally northwest toward the
Don River. The canal is scheduled for completion by the spring
of 1952. Judging from current intelligence reports and past
Soviet performance in construction work it is very doubtful
whether this canal will be in full operation by 1952. With the
completion of the canal it is expected that the volume, composition,
and direction of traffic along the more important waterways and
railroads throughout the Soviet Union will be radically changed.
According to reports, canal traffic will release for other
uses 400,000 two-axle freight cars within the next 3 or 4 years.
The necessity for the double railroad transshipment of cargo, at
Kalach and at Stalingrad will be greatly reduced or eliminated,
and the center for freight transshipments may be shifted from
Stalingrad to some point possible as far west as Rostov (97).
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It has been estimated that the total freight turnover within the
Don Basin will be increased five- or sixfold (98).
The main freight to-be transported along the Volga-Don Canal
will be coal from the Donets Basin, which will be delivered to the
large manufacturing towns on the Volga and to the steel-producing
centers in the Urals (99). The canal will also make it possible to
ship Ukrainian wheat and fish from the Don and Kuban' rivers to most
of the major towns in the Volga Basin. Timber from the Kama, Vetluga,
Unzha, and Kostroma river areas will form an important part of the
return traffic to the Lower Don region and the Ukraine. Chemical
fertilizers, largely apatites from the Kola Peninsula, will be
sent to the south along the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Volga-Baltic
Waterway System, and the Volga System. Machines, equipment metal,
and industrial goods will be sent to the Ukraine and North Caucasus
from the Leningrad, the Moscow, and the Ural areas (10C). Much of
the local freight needs of the 118-mile stretch along its route will
also be met by the new canal.
The Committee on Construction for the Volga-Don Canal has
reported the following statistics concerning the number, dimension,
and capacity of vessels to operate on the canal: maximum dimension,
56 by 394 feet; maximum draught, 9.4 feet; and maximum number of
vessels during the navigation period, 9,400 (101).
E. Airfields (21, 58, 71, 102-106, and 108-112)
Within the study area there is a total of 77 airfields
(see Appendix C-2). All of these airfields were active during the
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severe fighting in the Stalingrad area in 1941 and 1942. According
to the latest available information, only five of the airfields
are now classified as active.
The active fields are located west of the Volga River within
a 12-mile radius of Stalingrad (see Appendix C-2 pp. 7-8). The
Stalingrad-Beketovka Field, near Beketovka, the largest airfield
in this area, is used by the Soviet Air Force for paratrooper
training. The Stalingrad-Gorodishche Field, located northeast of
Stalingrad near Gorodishche, is a medium-sized field, but no
information is available as to its current use or facilities.
The Stalingrad-Gumrak Field, located west of the rail junction
at Gumrak, is the second largest field in the Stalingrad area.
Recent reports indicate that jet fighters and four-engined
bombers may be based at this field. The Stalingrad-Konnaya Field,
northeast of the Konnaya railroad station, is also reported to be
a training base for paratroopers. The Stalingrad-Southwest
(Voroponovo) Field, southwest of Stalingrad, is operated jointly
by the Soviet Civil Air Line "AEROFLOT" and the Soviet Air Force.
Since the abandonment of the Stalingrad-Tsaritsyn Airfield as an
active field (58), the Stalingrad-Southwest Field is believed to
have assumed the handling of all civil air service of the Stalingrad
area.
The inactive fields are largely concentrated in an area
extending northward and eastward from the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain
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to the Saratov-Astrakhan' Railroad. Information on these fields is
based primarily on 1942-44 sources, with postwar intelligence data
for a few of the fields. During World War II, many airfields were
developed hastily and had few facilities. Virtually no information
is available as to which of these fields have been totally abandoned.
Probably many are being maintained on an inactive basis so, that
they could be put into operation with a minimum of effort should the
need arise (102).
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,ft-T
?
e
?
Figure 1. Dissected west bank of Volga River north of Stalingrad.
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I
Figure 1. Dissected west bank of Volga River north of Stalingrad.
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
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I
Rural scene near Stalingrad. July 1946.
to.
cu
rq
gi)
44
Figure 6. Preliminary work for construction of dam. Enough water will be stored
to irrigate several hundred acres of land near Stalingrad. July 1946. "MOM.,
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Approved For Release 1999/094/ 1 18A000100020001-8
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Probably 1948.
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Shelter belt
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e ease DP79T01018A000100020001-8
4
Figure 11. Prewar view of Central Square of Stalingrad from air. After severe
war damage the city is now in the process of reconstruction.
8-1?000Z0001.000V81?01?016/dCIU-VIO : 1Z/60/6661. aseeieu JOd peACLICIdV
Figure 12. New housing construction in Stalingrad. 1946.
8-1?000Z0001.000V81?01?016/dCIU-VIO : 1Z/60/6661. aseeieu JOd peACLICIdV
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Figure 14. New apartment house on Tsiolkovskiy Street in Stalingrad.
Prior to 1949.
'meM,HIP
Figure 15. View of Stalingrad from barge on Volga River. July 1946. `19MFM.'
8-1?000Z0001.000V81?01?016/dCIU-VIO : 1Z/60/6661. aseeieu JOd peACLICIdV
Figure 16. Russian passengers on barge in Volga River. View of Stalingrad in
background. July 1946. "miSILIMerpm
8-1?000Z0001.000V81?01?016/dCIU-VIO : 1Z/60/6661. aseeieu JOd peACLICIdV
Figure 17. Chairman of collective farm addressing visiting American guests
and minor officials. Note the clothing of the Russian officials.
July 1946.
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rai
Transporting rafts of timber down the Volga.
11
C
CD
CD
CD 1-
CD
CD
CD
? ?
CD
0
0 jt
CO
0
0
0
0 '4tfi
0
0
0
03
0
0
0
0
0
CO
Figure 19. Transporting timber on the Volga by low-decked wooden barksy.
Prewar.
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Figure 22. Unloading of Volga River vessels at the port of Stalingrad.
8-1?000Z0001.000V81?01?016/dCIU-VIO : 1Z/60/6661. aseeieu JOd peACLICIdV
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Volga River docks at Stalingrad.
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River-boat dock at Stalingrad; believed to be a floating dock.
0
cq
4
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SECRET
APPENDIX A
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
The following administrative units were wholly or partly included in
the study area as of 1 October 1950 (116).
Administrative Unit
A. Stalingradskaya Oblast (RSFSR)
Entire area of:
Ktasnoarmeyskiy Rayon
Krasnoslobodskiy Rayon
Leninskiy Rayon
Sredne-Akhtubinskiy Rayon
Parts of:
Gorodishchenskiy Rayon
Dub ovskiy Rayon
Proleyskiy Rayon
El'tonskiy Rayon
B. Astrakhanskaya Oblast (RSFSR)
Entire area of:
Vladimirovskiy Rayon
Kapustinoyarskiy Rayon
Parts of:
Nikol'skiy Rayon
Sasykol'skiy Rayon
Chernoyarskiy Rayon
Administrative Center
Stalingrad City
Svetlyy Yar (village)
Ktasnaya Sloboda (workers' settlement)
Leninsk (village)
Srednyaya Akbtuba (village)
Gorodishche (village)
Dubovka (village)
Lugovaya Proleyka (village)
Zhitkur (village)
4strakhan' City
-1 -
SECENX
Vladimirovka (village)
Kapustin Yar (village)
Nikol'skoye (village)
Sasykoli (village)
Chernyy Yar (village)
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Administrative Unit
C. Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya Oblast
(Kazakhskaya SSR)
Part of:
Urdinskiy Rayon
SECRET
- 2 -
SECRET
Administrative Center
Ural'sk City
Urda (village)
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SECRET
APPENDIX B
CLIMATIC DATA
1. Temperature
Station
No. Years of
Observation
Average Temperature
in Degrees C
Lowest Absolute
Temperature in
Degrees C
Highest Absolute
Temperature in
Degrees C
Yr. Jan July
Kamyshin
33
6.2
-10.6
23.1
-37.2
40.8
Stalingrad
32
7.6
- 9.2
24.2
-34.6
41.0
Tinguta
26
7.5
- 8.9
23.7
Saratov
37
5.7
-11.1
22.5
-41.4
40.7
El'ton
2
7.0
-10.6
24.4
Urda
9
7.2
-10.3
24.5
Akhtuba
24
7.6
- 9.4
24.3
-38.7
40.1
Baskunchak
8
7.7
- 9.8
25.3
Novouzensk
6
5.3
-12.5
23.1
-44.5
41.0
Astrakhan'
35
9.3
- 6.8
25.1
-32.7
38.9
-1 -
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SECRET
No. of
Years
2.
Mean,
Precipitation
Precipitation
Annu-
Maximum, and Minimum
in Millimeters
Monthly
Station
Observed
I
II
III
IV
V
VI VII VIII
IX
X
XI XII
al
Kamyshin
38
18
19
16
18
27
33
34
80
26
29
32
27
312
53
71
47
44
119
87
110
118
70
84
85
91
452
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
6
2
180
Dubovka I
24
25
21
15
19
28
36
32
23
30
30
36
29
324
61
46
42
45
113
104
71
68
75
70
84
75
620
4
2
2
3
0
4
2
2
0
0
8
7
202
Dubovka III
6
44
25
28
15
56
52
36
60
55
17
32
50
470
Sredne-Pogromnoye
7
16
20
14
13
22
29
31
19
27
30
29
34
284
Stalingrad
28
32
30
21
19
32
43
34
23
31
30
38
44
377
88
63
76
59
129
137
95
79
112
97
113
108
715
1
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
196
Tsatsa
8
24
16
19
18
29
36
26
27
29
14
20
29
287
Tinguta
31
14
10
13
16
32
32
30
22
23
18
22
21
253
38
31
60
49
182
235
89
82
56
68
66
65
524
1
0
1
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
2
76
Saratov
26
29
23
20
22
38
40
34
37
31
35
37
36
382
88
49
47
47
99
87
110
131
82
83
98
86
589
3
0
2
4
1
2
3
4
1
0
7
9
233
Urda (Khanskaya
17
16
11
8
15
23
24
21
24
21
17
29
21
230
Stavka)
Akhtuba
27
18
18
12
15
20
28
25
18
21
19
23
24
241
52
70
30
40
77
111
80
63
51
70
63
75
399
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
2
137
Baskunchak
29
20
17
10
15
25
22
21
18
17
20
24
22
231
50
57
31
43
102
68
73
74
46
78
61
62
380
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
6
120
Chernyy Yar
7
19
14
8
22
24
26
27
21
20
20
26
24
251
Astrakhan'
34
12
11
9
12
21
19
14
13
17
11
13
17
169
38
60
32
56
95
107
48
42
49
34
47
55
282
0
10000000001
86
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SECRET
3. Snow Cover
tad
Annual Snow
ci-i
Cover in
0 -P S-1 0
$-1 cH
fl eg
0 -P A
e.,
.._, . 0. ww 0 cH Centimeters
hp,' rd d) -1-)
o
A F-1 1=-1t00 APO ..i,-; .crr rcoSb .9
1
(UCO0 -P0 WOO 0 -P q-i 0 El
No. of a.) ..-1
0
0 al 0 ?M cll ,1 A 0 ?ri
'''' ?N
0
d 0 p.,
a) cd 0 o Vcii
o d.) 0
? f-i
cd
0
Winters c
(I) ci-1 F-1 cd
Station Observed o to o-ics __., cn
Kamyshin 8 5/xii 15/111 . 5/11
Dubovka 24 15/XII 15/III 15/II
Sredne-Pogromnoye 7 15/XII 25/11 25/1
Stalingrad 27 15/XII 15/III 15/II
Tinguta 8 15/XII 10/III 5/11
Saratov 27 5/XII 5/IV 25/II
Urda 15 15/XII 5/III 15/II
Akhtuba 24 15/XII 15/III 5/II
Chernyy Yar 9 15/x11 25/11 25/1
? 3 ?
SECRET
P P4 0
lai ?H
100
38
46
18
90
28
42
23
72
31
26
16
90
28
74
31
85
47
18
121
39
78
42
80
18
21
14
90
38
42
18
72
31
32
13
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_
9
2
5
7
9
17
1
3
6
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4. Meteorological Stations
AkhtUba
48?18'N-46?09'E
Astrakhan'
46?211N-48002'E
Baskunchak
4E.3?10'N-46?49'E
Chernyy Yar
48?04'N-46?07'E
DUbovka
49?03'N-44?50'E
El'ton
49?06'N-46?50T
Kamyshin
50?05'N-45?24'E
lovouzensk
f
50028'N-48?11'E
Saratov
51?32'N-46?03'E
Sredne-Pogromnoye
48?56'N-44?47'B
Stalingrad
48?421N-44?31'E
Tinguta
47?56'N-44?34'E
Tsatsa
48?12'N-44?42T
Urda (Khanskaya Stavka)
48?45'N-47?33'E
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Cherry picking on fruit farm near Stalingrad.
1
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: CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
unafniu ullur niuifi&u 111U111.11IJ po_upitunuu Ill
Middle-latitude desert 113BWal:-::
Southern type
steppe (DBSa)
Nt,.?......
Astnakhan*iVrtg:1'"
, 4\2'
CASPIAN SEA
DBWa Cold desert climate with warmest month over
22-C and at least four months over 10?C.
DBSa Cold steppe climate with warmest month over
22iC and at least four months over 10?C;
January average below .3-C.
Db Cold forest climate with warmest month below
22`C and at least four months over 10-C.
4 SO 52
Beginning of
the Warm Season
(period with average daily temperatures
above 0?C)
our nsk 50
3
Alcksandrov.- Chapayevo
Gay
5
27 MAR.
-
Sarah:,
Length of the Warm Season
220
(in days)
Kanwshih
.0 ?Ni
0
liCostycheyka
Imykovskaya
?!Tangura
Akhru Oa
Baskunchak
haranak
25 - ' 255
4,Arik :11)116.1?', 7r..260
? 7011177? 265
52
260 Wa
CI.
No?ou7ensk
ostvchevka
Beginning of
the Cold Season
Novou ens
-0
CD
0
0
CO
Kantvo
Leninsk
khtuha
unchak
21 NOV.
-- 6 DEC.
A ,
DEC.
6 NOV
SaraPov
Average Annual
Air Saturation Deficiency*
(in millimeters)
* the difference between the actual
and the saturation vapor-pressure.
Me8 4. ostynhe a
Kamys ih
0 Nik lskoye
ovomensk 50 i 1
Aleksandrov- Chapayevo
Gay
62
ubovk
00? Elton
? Zhitkur
talingrad
Leni.sk
5
Kharabali
Astrakhan' - ?????
.*kl*
5.0 100
MILES
4
46
40
50
Average
Maximum Snow Cover
(in centimeters)
Saratov
Average Annual Isotherms
(in degrees C`)
?Nik Ask,Z,
Novomensk 50 I
A lek sandro, Chapayevo
V g
Se.
Duhovka
Lenins
EPron
? Zhirkur
?;fingurd
70:4*.1 i PI k -.II I I ri,41c1
?han
04*%.?113 '
?../4ititi. r. ?
t.o
,4 f
7'
-A..
\.-
-,:\
100 , -?A\
; \? '
5,0
MILES I
Satato
(O.o.se, source 2)
Beginning of
Persistent Snow Cover
osrychevk a
Novomensk
drov, ChaPaYbv0
Leninsk
e:Tinguta
Kharahali
Stepn
Annual Range of
Average Monthly Temperatures
(in degrees C?)
End of
Persistent Snow Cover
21 MA
Karnyshi
ovo ns 50
31 MAR.
Aleksandrov- ' Chapayevo
Gay
11 MAR.
Elton
? Zhitkut
Leninsk
Kharabali
Stepno
RESTRICTED
SECURITY INFORMATION
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
of the
Volga-Caspian Lowland
0100020001-8
i TURKEY
, U
/f-44,6?4, ,,/,zr" ,.?, ?
5,?... ../'
1
L ii, :i'..-'1:'.0 IRAQ
-------4.-----___ '--'-'-",' ,/,.C.'''.-...--..^?..,
1,, ,rt A n.i.Z.....
, ----
1-
0.
0.
AS'AIT
s5
The Govr,,e,5LrI,e Ureed States has not ,ecsgs red the
iscaeaorsees Estonie Lsoia, ass .ehuaroa mro t^e So,et
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDIRERIR1018A000100020001-8
APPENDIX C
TRANSPORTATION
1. Road Bridges in the Stalingrad Area (66)
a A concrete road bridge crosses the Orlovka River 8-1/2.mdles
NE of the Stalingrad main railroad station. The bridge has
embanked approaches 280 feet long on either side.
Length: 715 feet
Width: 55 feet
Shore to shore: 180 feet
b. A narrow bridge, probably capable of carrying single-lane
traffic, crosses the Orlovka River 8 miles NE of the Stalingrad
main railroad station and 450 yards west of bridge No. 1.
Length: 860 feet
Width: 14 feet,
Shore to shore: 800 feet
c. A narrow road bridge crosses the Orlovka River 800 yards west
of bridge No. 2 and approximately 7-1/2 miles NE of the
Stalingrad main railroad station. This bridge is believed to
handle single-lane traffic only.
Lengt4: 360 feet
. Width: 10 feet
Shore to shore: 340 feet
d. A concrete bridge carries a good metalled road (probably the
Stalingrad-Saratov Highway) over the Orlovka River some 650
yards west of bridge No. 3.
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Approved For Release 1999/09/DECEM-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Length: 215 feet
Width: 25 feet
Shore to shore: 140 feet
e. Three miles NE of the main railroad station, a concrete bridge
carries a secondary road over a loop line of the Stalingrad
railroad system.
Length: 100 feet
Width: 20 feet
f. A concrete road bridge over a small tributary of the Volga
River is located 1 mile NE of the main railroad station.
Length: 250 feet
Width: 65 feet
A bridge of concrete construction carries a good surfaced road
over a tributary of the Volga approximately 1 mile SE of the
main railroad station.
Length: 500 feet
Width: 65 feet
h. Two and a half miles SW of the main railroad station, a concrete
road bridge crosses a loop line of the Stalingrad railroad system.
A 35-foot section of the bridge was destroyed in 1942. The
g.
bridge has embanked approaches on either end.
Length:
Width:
380 feet
86 feet
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAOHDRITT01018A000100020001-8
i. Five and. a half miles SW of the main railroad station, a
single-span beEim-type bridge carries the main road to
BeketovkEts over a tributary of the Volga River.
Length: 175 feet
Width: / 30 feet
- 3 -
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2. Active and Inactive Airfields in the Study Area
a. Complete List of Airfields
Name Coordinates
o in
Akatovka 48 53 oo N
44 4o oo E
Akhtuba 48 17 00 N
46 13 00 E
Batayevka 48 09 00 N
46 19 00 E
Bogdo 47 59 oo N
46 47 oo E
Bolkhuny 48 oo 00 N
46 27 00 E
Bol' shiye Chapurniki 48 24 oo N
44 34 oo E
Breyusova 48 37 15 N
45 53 15 E
Chernyy Yar 48 03 oo N
46 06 oo E
Davydovka 49 18 00 N
44 39 oo E
Dryukov 48 29 00 N
46 29 oo E
Dubovka North 49 06 oo N
44 46 oo E
Dubovy 49 12 00 N
44 31 oo E
Dubovyy Ovrag 48 20 00 N
44 37 oo E
Dzhitkurinskiy 48 46 oo N
46 28 Oo E
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Name
El'ton I
El'ton II (Mololkin)
Gorno Vodyanoye
Imeni Shestnadsatogo Partsuyezda
Ivanovka
Kapustin Yar
Kardayev
Kochergin
Kochevaya
Kolobovka
Kolod Krestovich
Kovzalov
Krasnyy Oktyabr'
Leninsk
Leninsk-Kirov (Kirov)
-5-
Coordinates
o II
49 03 00 N
46 55 oo E
49 03 oo N
46 56 oo E
49 14 11.0 N
44 57 lo E
49 00 00 N
45 55 00 E
48 28 15 N
44 23 45 E
48 40 00 N
45 44 00 E
48 35 oo N
46 17 00 E
49 01 00 N
46 16 00 E
48 16 00 N
46 26 00 E
48 42 00 N
45 30 00 E
49 11 00 N
46 16 oo E
48 43 oo N
46 01 00 E
49 08 oo N
45 38 00 E
48 44 oo N
45 13 00 E
48 48 oo N
45 31 00 E
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Name
Lisiya Balka
Loznoye
Lugo-Shirokoye
Lugo -Vodyanoye
Morozov
Nikitin
Nikol'skoye
Novonikol'skoye
Novyy Byt
Peskovatka
Pologoye
Raygorod
Sara shun
Saykhin
Shungay
- 6 -
Coordinates
u
49 18 00 N
46 42 oo E
49 16 30 N
14.14. 25 14.0 E
49 17 00 N
44 59 oo E
49 15 00 N
45 00 00 E
49 15 00 N
46 49 oo E
48 55 oo N
45 08 00 E
47 45 00 N
46 22 oo E
49 05 00 N
45 01 00 E
48 57 oo N
45 58 00 E
49 06 00 N
14.14. 52 oo
48 29 oo
45 58 00 E
48 25 oo N
44 55 00 E
48 21 oo
46 51 oo E
48 48 oo
46 48 oo E
48 32 oo N
46 46 oo E
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RagenT01018A000100020001-8
Name
Skudry
Solodovka
Solotukha-
Spartak
Sredne-Pogromnoye
Srednyaya Akhtuba
Stalingrad I (Tsaritsyn)
* Stalingrad7Beketovka
* Stalingrad-Gorodishche
* Stalingrad-Gumrak (Gumrak)
* Stalingrad -Konnaya
Stalingrad/Krasnoarmeysk
Stalingrad/Orlovka
Stalingrad/Pichuga
* Active airfields.
- 7 -
Coordinates
48 46 oo N
44 11.0 oo E
48 11.0 00N
45 23 00 E
47 48 oo N
46 45 oo E
49 06 55 N
11.11. 31 30 E
48 52 25 N
44 44 30 E
48 44 oo N
44 52 00 E
48 45 oo N
11.11. 30 00 E
48 33 00 N
44 24 oo E
48 50 00 N
11.11. 35 00 E
48 46 oo N
44 22 00 E
48 52 00 N
44 22 00 E
48 32 00 N
11.11. 36 oo E
48 50 oo N
44 31 00 E
48 58 00 N
44 41 00 E
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Name Coordinates
o I It
Stalingrad-South 48 39 oo N
14.14. 25 oo E
* Stalingrad-Southwest (Voroponovo) 48 40 oo N
44 20 00 E
Staritsa 48 14 oo N
45 53 oo E
Stolyarov 49 13 00 N
45 30 00 E
Svetlyy-Yar 48 28 oo N
44 47 oo E
Tsatsa 48 11 45 N
44 4o 35 E
Tuntak 48 37 oo N
44 4o 35 E
Ushakovka 48 24 35 m
45 09 oo E
Verkhne -P ogromnoye 48 58 oo
14.14. 54 oo E
Verkhniy Baskunchak 48 12 00 N
46 42 00 E
Verkhniy Baskunchak-East 48 14 oo
46 44 oo E
Verkhnyaya Akhtuba 48 46 00 K
44 46 oo
Vladimirovka 48 18 00 N
46 lo oo
Vladim I rovka-North (Pokrovka) 48 27 00 N
46 11 oo E
* Active airfields.
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Name Coordinates
o
II
Vyazovka
48
17 00 N
45
41 00 E
Yerzovka
48
55 30 N
44
38 00 E
Zaplavnoye (1)
48
43 00 N
45
00 00 E
Zhitkur
48
57 00 N
46
17 30 E
Zhitkur-South (Repeva)
48
53 00 N
46
14 00 E
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Approved For Release 1999
litT CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
b. 122.2E121ption of Active Airfields
(1) Stalingrad-Beketovka (21, 102, 103)
Coordinates: 48?331N - 44?241E.
Date latest information: December 1949.
Location: 12-1/2 miles SSW of Stalingrad and 3-1/4 miles
WSW of Beketovka; 5 miles west of the Volga
River. The airfield is located on a plateau
which is approximately 260 feet above the Volga
River. Terrain conceals airfield from observa-
tion from town.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: 9,840 x 5,570 feet ENE/WSW.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: Prepared or concrete runway reported but
unconfirmed.
Extensibility: Extensible S and W for undetermined distance.
Taxiways: No information.
Parking: A minimum of 15 revetments reported.
Obstructions: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Radio station reported in one of the buildings.
Communication: Teletype.
Weather service: Station at field.
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Lighting: Air base not equipped with night lighting
facilities.
Fuel: Refueling by truck reported in 1949.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: Two small hangars reported in 1949. Primitive
construction, consisting of steel framework
and metal sheets, with barrel-type sheet-metal
roof.
Misc. buildings: None visible. Minor servicing probably
carried out in an open compound situated
beyond western boundary of airfield.
Access:
Road: Secondary road leading to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Stalingrad-Sal'sk Railroad located 4 miles
to the east of airfield.
Users and operators: Used by the Soviet Air Force as a
Photo coverage:
training field for paratroopers.
Jumps being made from gliders at
altitudes of 700 feet.
Figure 26.
(2) OIEj.ingrad-Gorodishdia (Alternate name: Stalingrad 4)
(21, 102)
Coordinates: 48?50'N - 44?351E.
Date latest informatim: June 1948.
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Location: 9-1/4 miles NE of Stalingrad and 5-1/4 miles
NE of Gorodishche; 3-1/4 miles west of Vclga
River.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Rectangular shape;
3,600 x 2,050 feet
WNW/ESE.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: No runway reported 1942.
Extensibility: Extensible NNE 2,300 feet.
Taxiways: No information.
Parking: Open.
Obstructions: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Probable station located SW of airfield.
Communication: No information.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: 1 small hangar, severely damaged in August 1942.
Misc. buildings: 2 small auxiliary buildings, minor
repair facilities.
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( 3 )
Access:
Road: Secondary road, Stalingrad-Dubovka, just east
of airfield.
Railroad: Railroad service at Stalingrad.
Users and operators: No information.
Photo coverage. Figure 27.
aallEgrad-Gnmrak (Alternate name: Gumrak) (21, 66, 102-106)
Coordinates: 48?46'N - 44?22'E.
Date latest information: May 1951.
Location: 7-1/2 miles NW of Stalingrad and immediately
west of the rail junction at Gumrak; 9-3/4
miles west of Volga River.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Roughly rectangular
shaped; 7,870 x 5,200
feet NNW/SSE.
Surface: Sod with good natural drainage.
Runway:
Dimension and orientation: Old runway 3,800 x
250 feet ENE/WSW;
newly constructed
runway seen in 1947.
Surface: Concrete.
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Approved For Release 1999/09SEMTA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Extensibility: 1,600 feet to WSW.
Taxiways: Taxiway connecting both ends of runway.
Parking: 35 revetments to SE.
Obstructions: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communication: No information.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: 1-4 hangars reported in 1949. Blister type,
approximately 130 x 95 feet.
Misc. buildings: A small number of shops and domestic
buildings, reported in 1942; situated
at the east side of the field.
Access:
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Gumrak railroad station located SE of field.
Users and operators: Field is used by Soviet Air Force.
Was reported as badly damaged in
1943. Recent information indicates
possible use as a long-range bomber
base. Source ,stated that he saw some
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4-engined aircraft similar to B-29's
flying in formation over Stalingrad.
Believed the air base was located
about 3.1 miles west of Stalingrad
since planes circled low and dis-
appeared at this point. A German
PW interned in Stalingrad from
July 1949 - April 1950 reported jet
aircraft with swept-back wings
flying in the vicinity of Gumrak
airfield. No night-flying reported
at base in 1949.
Photo coverage: Figure 28.
()1) Stalingrad-Konnaya (102)
Coordinates: 48?52'N - 44?22'E.
Date latest information: October 1947.
Location: 11-3/4 miles NW of Stalingrad and just NE of
Konnaya railroad station; 13 miles W of Volga
River.
Landiag_LLEea:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Limits of the field
are not clearly
defined, appears to
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :gjeftlpP79T01018A000100020001-8
be a rectangular
area; 7,630 x 2,920
feet ENE/WSW.
Surface: Sod.
Runway: No information as of 1942.
Extensibility: No information.
Parking: 11 revetments to the SE.
Obstructions: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communication: No information.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: No information.
Oil: No information.
Hangars: None.
Misc. buildings: None.
Access:
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Stalingrad-Saratov Railroad located just
SE of field.
Users and operators: Field is reported as a training base
for paratroopers.
Photo coverage: Figure 29.
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(5)
Stalingrad-Southwest (Alternate name: Voroponovo) (102)
Coordinates: 48?40'N - 44?20'E.
Date latest information: May 1951.
Location: 7-1/2 miles SW of Stalingrad; 6-3/4 miles
NW of Beketovka and just S of Voroponovo RR
station.
Landing area:
Field:
Dimension and orientation: Rectangular shape;
6084o x 4,620 feet
E/W
Surface: Sod.
Runway: None.
Extensibility: No information.
TaxiwlyE: None.
Parking.: Open parking reported in 1950.
Obstruction: Probably none.
Facilities:
Radio: Station at Stalingrad.
Communication: Telephone and telegraph.
Weather service: No information.
Lighting: No information.
Fuel: Refueling by tank-truck of 1,000-gallon capacity
(estimated).
Oil: No information.
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : MMDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Hangars: 2 small blister hangars reported in 1942; in
1950, no hangars observed.
Misc. buildings: 3 shops, 3 probable warehouses, and 4
unidentified buildings along the north
and west sides of the field.
Access:
Road: Secondary road to Stalingrad.
Railroad: Service at Stalingrad.
Users and operators: Soviet Air Force uses field for
training purposes (1947); Civil air
line, Aeroflot, operates DC-3 type
planes from field.
Photo coverage: Figure 30.
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Figure 26. Air photo of Stalin?
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Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Figure 27. Air photo of Stalingrad-Gorodishche (alternate name: Stalingrad 4) airfield,
A4096tetri Fe416811A. 1 41: ibign 1:96X-Riiiiillitit 8A000100020001-8
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Figure 28. Air photo of Stalingrad-Gumrak (alternate name: Gumrak) airfield, 48?46'N--44?22'E.
13 July 1942
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Figure 29. Air
1* 11111111.611 111111111111640111111m.
I : CIA-RDP79T
.59
Figure 30. Air photo of Stalingrad-Southwest (alternate name: Voroponovo) airfield,
Apprian#144-4201919./01/140WititiMPIND.141041.1MOMM001-8
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APPENDIX D
GAZETTEER
The following list includes every settlement shown on the
base map of the study area. Population data were Obtained from
Sources 9, 122, and 123. Significant non-agricultural activities
and lower-order administrative centers and administrative
designations are noted under emarks. All settlements for which
an administrative designation is not listed are agricultural
villages.
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o 1
Abrashov
48 57 N
less than 100
46 o8 E
Agbayev Pervyy
48 49 N
less than 100
46 54 E
Agbayev Vtoroy
48 57 N
less than 100
46 56 E
Akatovka
48 53 N
44 4o E
341
Sel'sovet
center
Akelin
49 12 N
31
45 13 E
Akhtuba
48 16 N
1,621
46 12 E
Akpuka
47 52 N
47 52 E
Aksayev
48 47 N
46 54 E
Aksenov
48 53 N
less than 100
46 31 E
a/ Population undeterminable, probably less than 500.
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Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o I
Aleksandrovka 48 47 N 192
44 25 E
Alekseyevka 48 41 N 178
114 20 E
Amancha Shalash 48 20 N
46 51 E
Andreyev Prud 49 10 N less than 100
Lai. 37 E
Anikin 49 13 N less than 100
46 12 E
Antonov 48 18 N 2/
45 24 E
Antoshkin 48 48 N 34
46 13 E
Arakantsev 1.4.9 02 N less than 100
44 14 E
Asiy-Stan 48 24 N ai
46 55 E
Aubeker 48 54 N less than loo
46 54 E
Aulet 48 21 N El
46 4o E
Aulet 48 21 N a/
46 51 E
Auz-Ashik 48 40 N a/
47 26 E
Avdeyenkov 48 47 N less than loo
46 18 E
Aymeken 48 37 N ' a/
47 4o E
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Name Coordinates
o
Azerbayev 48 43 N
46 50 E
Azgir 47 50 N
47 54 E
Azhen 48 57 N
47 17 E
Population Remarks
less than 100
Babkin 48 25 N 151
46 28 E
Baboshin 48 33 N 37
45 49 E
Bakhtiyarovka 48 43 N 323 Selisovet
45 09 E center
Balkuduk 47 49 N a/
47 33 E
Barahovka 48 07 N 399
46 05 E
Bashkov 48 36 N less than 500
46 01 E
Batayevka 48 08 N 493 Sel'sovet
46 18 E center
Bater Bek 47 58 N 2.1
47 49 E
Bavanov 48 43 N a/
46 47 E
Baykadan 1.1.9 12 N 112
47 01 E
Bazarkin 48 23 N less than 100
46 17 E
Bedin 48 17 N 35
46 03 E
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Name
Bednyy
Beketovka
Coordinates Population Remarks
,
48 44 N
46 13 E
48 34 N 2,000-10,000 Urban Rayon
44 26 g of Stalingrad;
chemicals;
sawmilling
Bek-Saut 48 33 N
47 53 E
Bektas 48 31 N
47 37 E
Belonosova 48 39 N
45 51 E
Bereykin 48 16 N
45 23 E
Bezuglov 48 11 N
46 31 E
Bibul 48 36 N
47 30 E
Birkali 49 20 N
46 53 E
Biyatov 48 42 N
46 53 E
Biryukav 48 51 N
46 35 E
Bobrov 48 11 N
45 29 E
Bobrov 48 43 N
4434 E
Bobyli 48 41 N
44 29 E
Bodgo 47 58 N
46 49 E
- 4 -
al
a/
si
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Name
Bolkhuny
Coordinates fspulation
o
47 59 N 4 418
46 25 E
Bol'shaya Karakul' 48 26 N
46 37 E
Bol' shaya Kazinka 47 45 N
46 34 E
Bol'shaya Khanata 48 53 N
46 24 E
Bolshoy Lemeshkin 48 44 N
46 04 E
Bol'shevik 49 02 N
45 54 E
Bol ' shiye Chapurniki 11.825 N
44 36 E
Bol'shoy 49 18 N
45 20 E
Bol' shoy Ostrov 48 06 N
46 11 E
Bondarenko 49 17 N
46 16 E
Bondarev 48 54 N
46 o7 E
Bondarev 48 31 N
46 04 E
? Bor'ba s Zasukhoy 48 42 N
45 28 E
Borkulev 48 17 N
46 23 E
Borodin 48 04 N
'i-613 EY
-5
331
455
35
1,777
a/
291
a/
46
a/
16h-
a/
Remarks
Sell soyet
center
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Sel'sovet
center
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Name
Bosov
Botkhul'
Botov
Boykiye Dvoriki
Brekharin
Breusova
Bruny
Brykov
Budennyy
Bugryanskiy
Bukash
Bundareva
Bundin
Burkovskiy
Burov
Coordinates
o
48 30 N
46 22 E
48 43 N
46 36 E
48 59 N
46 37.E
49 13 N
44 35 E
48 52 N
46 38 E
48 38 N
45 53 E
48 44 N
44 44 E
48 40 N
46 06 E
48 55 N
45 36 E
48 11 N
46 38 E
48 12 N
47 32 E
48 33 N
45 57 E
48 25 N
45 28 E
48 42 N
44 40 E
49 19 N
46 51 E
- 6 -
Population Remarks
less than 500
si
a/
361
815
a/
a/
286
199
a/
Sel'sovet
center
Sel'sovet
center
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Name Coordinates
o
Buryakov 48 46 N
46 15 E
Bushnev 48 33 N
46 27 E
Bychkova 48 4o N
45 59 E
Bykhalov 48 44 N
46 10 E
Chandy 48 03 N
47 10 E
Chapayevets 48 35 N
44 51 E
Chapurniki 48 27 N
44 31 E
Chekay 48 23 N
46 41 E
Chelyuskin 49 03 N
44 39 E
Chenin Pervyy 49 18 N
46 47 E
Chernaya Polyana 48 29 N
45 07 E
Chernikin 48 29 N
46 07 E
Chernoguzov 48 35 N
46 26 E
Chernoguzov 48 27 N
46 28 E
Chernyshev 48 16 N
46 29 E
- 7 -
PoDulatiork Remarks
less than 100
a/
less than 100
a/
184 Small shipyard
for river craft
a/
233
164
101
less than 100
less than 100
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Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o
Chernyy Yar
48 o4 N
46 07 E
3,865
Rayon center;
sel'sovet
center; brick
making; food
processing
Chervlenyy
48 25 N
44 22 E
620
Sel'sovet
center
Chirkov
48 58 N
less than 500
45 08 E
Chivilenkov
48 28 N
less than 100
46 31 E
Chungunkin
49 07 N
2/
45 22 E
Chugunov
49 16 N
45 51 E
Dalbun
48 48 N
less than 100
46 50 E
Danilicheriko
48 13 N
a/
46 27E
Daum
48 oo N
a/
47 13 E
Davlit
1.1.8 49 N
a/
46 48 E
Davydechko
48 43 N
EY
46 22 E
Davydovka
49 18 N
44 39 E
721
Sel'sovet
center
Dayunov
49 00 N
a/
46 45 E
Demchenkov
48 23 N
PI
46 22 E
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Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o
Demidov 49 13 N 161
45 22 E
Demin 49 12 N less than 100
44 49 E
Demkin 48 44 N 15
45 58 E
Derevyanskiy Val 48 50 N a/
46 20 E
Deryabin 48 50 N
45 58 E
Dikova Balka 49 04 N 56
44 38 E
Dmdtriyevka 48 25 N 118
46 oo E
Dobryakov 48 52 N 2/
46 30 E
Dolgiy 48 31 N 214
45 06 E
Doroshev 48 03 N a/
46 42 E
Drobakhin 47 59 N 2/
46 17 E
Dryukov 48 31 N less than 100
46 22 E
Dubinin 48 10 N 21
46 35 E
Dubovka 49 03 N 2,000-100000 City of rayon
44 50 E subordination;
rayon center;
sawmilling;
food processing
- 9 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CRACROP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RES010101018A000100020001-8
&at Coordinate s y ovulation
Dubovyy Ovrag 48 20 N 2,841
44 37 E
Dulin 49 11 N
45 30 E
Duynovo 148 23 N
45 11.11. E
Duyunov 49 09 N
46 19 E
Dvor Kolkhozny 47 43 N
146 04 E
Dvoynoy 48 20 N
46 25 E
Dyatiny 48 38 N
45 08 E
Dzhalpak 48 13 N
47 55 E
? Dzhamantau 148 28 N
47 o6 E
Dzhan-Gendyr 48 01 N
47 11 E
Dzhanzapsn 48 07 N
47 22 E
Dzhasankol' 47 57 N
47 15 E
Dzhasbuyn 47 57 N
47 30 E
D zha s -Kayrat 47 46 N
47 11.1 E
Dzhauken Kstau 47 54 N
47 53 E
e_d
294
less than 500
- 10 -
a/
s/
a/
a/
a/
Remarks
Seltsovet
center
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-ROBIBB'D1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : 6ittir79T01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o 1
Dzhmangpaiyev 48 38 N al
47 35 E
Dzhuldubayev 48 11.11. li al
46 48 E
Dzhunaatka 48 46 N less than loo
46 36E
Dzbumugale-Karambayev 48 36 N
46 44 E
a/
Dzhurpash
48 09 N
al
47 47 E
El'ton
49 08 N
46 51 E
1,524
Sel' sovet
center;
bromine
plant; health
resort
Enbek
48 38 N
46 54 E
Faleyev
49 11 N
46 08 E
Filimonov
48 31 N
a/
46 42 E
Vinogenov
49 19 N
a/
46 34 E
Finogenov
49 15 N
al
46 23 E
Fokin
48 48 N
46 4o E
Fomin
49 03 14
less than 100
46 18 E
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAMORIVT01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-ROM9Ffl1018A000100020001-8
Name
Frolov
Frunze
Ganshin-Tsagan
Ga shuk
Gatka
Gavrilov
Gavrilovka
Gema
Glazov
Glukhov
Glukhoy
Glushchenko
Gnedykh
Gnutenkov
Godunov
Coordinates
o
48 01 N
11.11. 38 E
48 11.0 N
44 40 E
48 04 N
45 16 E
48 04 N
44 56 E
48 14 N
46 04-E
49 12 N
46 01 E
11-8 31 N
44 11 E
48 19 N
46 35 E
48 06 N
46 57 E
49 04 N
45 23 E
11-8 28 N
45 23 E
49 04 N
46 32 E
48 40 N
45 50 E
48 50 N
46 03 E
48 12 N
45 06 E
- 12 -
P opulat on
a/
a/
a/
a/
298
83
a/
Remarks
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CECOREE79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21: CIASKfigibT01018A000100020001-8
Name
Golyy
Gonchara
Gorbachenko
Gorbanev
Gorbanev
Gorlkogo
Gorno-Vodyanoye
Gorodishche
Gorodyanov
Govorunov
Grachev
Grachi
Grachi
Grachi
Coordinates Population
o
48 42 N
46 23 E
48 47 N 93
11.11. 17 E
48 54 N a/
46 20 E ?
48 49 N
46 09 E
48 51 N
46 38 E
49 13 N
45 58 E
49 15 N
44 57 E
48 49 N
44 29 E
48 13 N
46 32 E
48 10 N
46 38 E
48 45 N
45 46 E
48 28 N
45 36 E
47 48 N
46 16 E
48 57 N
11.11. i8 E
- 13 -
154
19
a/
1,11.38
3,031
a/
a/
a/
2,183
a/
114
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDMIN1018A000100020001-8
Remarks
Sel'sovet
center;
grain milling
Rayon center;
sel'sovet
center; brick
making
Selisovet
center
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
SECRET
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o t
Grishakovka 48 12 N 100-500
46 17 E
Grishin 49 19 N 2/
46 39 E
Grishin 49 09 N 11/
46 o4 E
Gromki 148 30 N 153
44 54 E
Gromov 48 33 N 672
46 03 E
Gromova 48 21 N a/
45 54 E
Groshev 48 57 N a/
46 38 E
Groshev 48 29 N Si
46 19 E
Gubanov. 48 59 N 32
46 13 E
Gudkov 149 18 N a/
' 115 32 E
Gumrak 48 146N 273
44 23 E
Gunazin 48 12 N 2../
46 27 E
Gupikin 49 12 N a/
45 33 E
Gurkin 49 15 N Si
45 21E
Gurkin 48 45 N 28
46 04 E
- 14 -
SECRET
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAWAlk01018A000100020001-8
Name
Gusareva
Gusarov
Gushchin
Igolkin
Iki -Malan
Iksbay
Il'cherikov
Il'enchkov
Ileskin
Il'ichev
Il'inka
Imeni Chapayeva
Imeni Kalinina
Imeni Kalinina
Imeni Kuybysheva
Coordinates Population
,
48 35 N
45 56 E
48 4o N 17
46 15 E
48 36 N a/
.46 03 E
48 48 N less than 100
46 24 E
48 ol N a/
45 40 E
47 55 N a/
47 39 E
48 39 N al
46 22 E
48 26 N a/
46 08 E
48 25 N a/
45 37 E
48 41 N a/
45 47 E
49 12 N 18
11.11. 44 E
48 35 N a/
46 54 E
48 4o N 611
44 57 E
48 53 N a/
46 35 E
48 41 N a/
44 51 E
-15-
Remarks
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RAE9M1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : Cl/ro1DigT9T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Imeni Lenina
Imeni Stalina
Imeni Vbroshilova
Irkatan
Isintayev
Istyk-Pay
Ivanovka
Izbachenkov
Kabakovo
Kalabukov
Kalashnikov
Kalinkin
Kalinovka
Kalkhan-Kul'
Kalman
Coordinates Population Remarks
o 1
48 57 N PI
46 52 E
49 00 N 2/
46 58 E
49 06 N 1,288
45 47 E
48 02 N a/
47 15 E.
48 42 N less than 100
46 47 E
48 37 N less than 100
46 36 E
48 28 N 761 Sel'sovet
44 23 E center
48 43 N a/
46 01 E
48 o6 N 16
46 42 E
49 07 N a/
46 09 E
48 45 N 13
45 56 E
49 02 N a/
46 25 E
48 55 N less than 100
46 33 E
48 54 N
46 51 E
47 54 N a/
47 43 E
-16-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :9BLIENDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CEEMIP79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Kalinovka
Kamennyy Buyerak
Kamennyy Yar
Kand-Kuduk
Kapustin Yar
Karabidachka
Karagalinskiy
Karagay
Karagay
Karagay Khuduk
Karantinka
Karasev
Kardayev
Karev
Kargin
Cobrdinates Population Remarks
o
48 19 N 421
45 38 E
48 48 N 118
44 23 E
48 27 N 1,950 Seltsovet.
45 34 E center;
brick making
48 23 N
46 35 E
48 35 N
45 45 E
49 03 N
46 55 E
48 51 N
47 42 E
48 39 N
47 38 E
48 23 N
46 38 E
47 48 N
47 55 E
49 04 N
46 42 E
48 07 N
46 59 E
48 34 N
46 15 E
49 13 N
46 59 E
48 06 N
46 12 E
-17-
al
9,487
Rayon center;
sel'sovet
center
a/
21
a/
16
a/
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-FR1Mlar01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
SECRET
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o v
Karpov 48 07 N a/
45 40 E
Karpov 49 13 N 187
46 53 E
Karpov 49 00 N a/
464o E
Kasin 48 29 N a/
46 35 E
Kasymtay 48 36 N a/
46 55 E
Katarkul 47 59 N a/
47 14 E
Katkov 48 29 N 23
46 lo E
Kayp 48 36 N a/
46 49 E
Kayudino 48 00 N a/
46 42 E
Ka za chkov 48 34 N a/
46 23 E
Kazanchenkov 48 o4 N a/
46 56 E
Kazennyy 48 19 N a/
45 29 E
KeRzhegora 48 3.6 N. 2/
47 30 E
Khara 49 14 N 89
46 39 E
Khara-Usun 48 25 N a/
44 19 E
SECRET
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-REE1I01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Po ulat ion Remarks
o
Kharbulya 48 05 N 2/
44 54 E
Kharlashkin 48 17 N
45 10 E
Khleborob 49 14 N 83
46 11 E
Khlynov 49 03 N a/
46 32 E
Khokhlatskiy 48 28 N 146
45 34 E
Khomichev 48 11 N 2/
45 01 E
Khonut 48 06 N 2/
45 16 E
Khrenovoy 48 55 N 22
46 22 E
Khutora Solodovskiye 48 34 N a/
, 45 16 E
Kilyakovskiy 48 44 N 92
44 47 E
Kiri chkov 48 49 N less than 100
46 05 E
Kirova 49 06 N a/
44 57 E
Kirovets 48 46 N i
44 44 E
Kirnosov 48 24 N ill
46 20 E
Kir sanov 48 38 N 2/
46 23 E
- 19 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RE 1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : COURTERP79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
clgQriaLaLes
191a11.11?1.01
Remarks
o
Kletskiye
48 37 N
379
44 44 E
Klimenkov
48 34 N
fil
46 20 E
Klimkin
48 45 N
less than loo
46 22 E
Klochkov
48 40 N
124
46 18 E
Klochkov
48 36 N
less than loo
46 23 E
Kobylin
48 20 N
a/
46 20 E
Kochergin
49 02 N
70
46 16 E
Kochevaya
48 16 N
53
46 26 E
Kochevnoy
49 00 N
Ell
46 31 E
Kochkurov
48 57 N
a/
46 42 E
Kolkhoz Imeni
48 52 N
Kaganovicha
45 20 E
Kolkhoz Imeni
48 28 N
398
Kirova
44 30 E
Kolkhoz Imeni
48 oo N
ai
Kuybysheva
47 18 E
Kolkhoz Imeni
49 00 N
a/
Shestnadsatogo
45 55 E
Parts"yezda
Kolkhoz Imeni
48 48 N
30
Voroshilova
45 31 E
- 20 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :8111ARRIDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
SECRET
Name
Kolkhoz Imeni
Vtoroy
Pyatiletki
Kolkhoz Lenin
Zhol
Kolkhoz Novyy Put'
Kolkhoz Put'
' icha
Kolkhoz Vpered
Kolkhoz
Yekpenderkurlus
Kolkhoznaya Akhtuba
Koldbovka
Kolomiytsev
Komarov
Komissarov
Kommunar
Komrakta
Kondrashov
Konev
Coordinates
o
48 57 N
45 10 E
49 20 N
47 07 E
48 oo N
47 08 E
48 56 N
45 52 E
49 17 N
46 19 E
47 49 N
47 17 E
48 42 N
44 48 E
48 140 N
45 28 E
48 56 N
46 45 E
48 14 N
45 03 E
48 58 N
46 o6 E
48 49 N
45 13 E
47 48 N
4-7 33 E
49 10 N
46 11 E
48 09 N
45 10 E
.Population
150
Remarks
a/
525
less than 100
a/
36
356 Sel'sovet
center
a/
- 21 -
a/
SECRET
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
SECRET
Name Coordinates Population 13.9P-Mka
o f
Konovalov 48 27 N a/
46 06 E
Konovalov 48 31 N 2/
46 14 E
Konstituts iya 48 40 w
45 45 E
Korchevataya 48 34 N 188
44 44 E
Kordon 48 10 N 362
46 50 E
Korochin 48 39 N a/
46 12 E
Korolev 48 52 N a/
45 57 E
Korolevskiy 48 59 N 29
14625 E
Korneyev 48 27 N
46 12 E
Korshavityy 48 27 N 760
45 19 E
Korzhov 48 19 N a/
46 29 E
Koshmanov 48 14 N a/
46 33 E
Kosopan 48 33 N less than 500
46 36 E
Kostenkov 48 47 N less than 100
46 08 E
Kostin 49 12 N 299
44 50 E
Kosukhin 48 51 N less than 100
46 06 E
- 22 -
SECRET
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAWKW9T01018A000100020001-8
,
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Kosunov
Kovalev
o
48 54 N
46 16 E
48 36 N
46 12 E
a/
a/
Kovalev
48 56 N
less than 100
46 30 E
Kovalev
48 15 N
.a/
46 16 E
Kovzalov
48 46 N
less than 500
1.1.6 00 E
Kozelin
47 43 N
a/
46 13 E
Kozhanov
48 11.0 N
a/
46 49 E
Kramarev
48 33 N
less than 100
46 10 E
Kramarev
48 46 N
46 07 E
Krasnaya Derevnya
49 08 N
46 30 E
35
Sel'sovet
center
Krasnaya Slob oda
48 42 N
44 34 E
over 10,000
Rayon center;
workers'
settlement;
river craft
repairing
Krasnaya Zvezda
49 16 N
45 47 E
308
Agricultural
machinery
repairing
Krasnoarmeysk
48 31 N
14.14. 34 E
over 10,000
Urban rayon
of Stalingrad;
river ship-
building
-23-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDFEWIliM18A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA8MT01018A000100020001-8
Name
.Coordinates
PopulatiOn
Remarks
o I
Ktasnoye Selo
48 03 N
45 13 E
Krasnyy
48 37 N
44 48 E
787
Selfsovet
center
Krasnyy Buksir
48 43 N
44 42 E
Krasnyy Oktyalor'
48 40 N
Sel'sovet
144 141+ E
center
Krasnyy Oktyabr'
49 08 N
less than 500
45 38 E
Krasnyy Sad
48 40 N
LL/
44 54 E
Kravtsov
48 41 N
17
46 09 E
Krestovyy
48 34 N
11.14. 30 E
Ktivusha
48 32 N
117
44 45 E
Kruten'kly
48 41 N
14.11. 20 E
Kryachkov
49 03 N
46 38 E
Kryk-Kudtk
48 o6 N
21
47 14 E
Ktylov
49 08 N
21
11.14. 46 E
Krysalov
14852 N
21
46 18 E
Kryuchkov
49 14 N
130
46 56 E
Approved For Release 1999/09/21$4CMRDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIVMD1018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population
Remarks
Kubayev
KUbek
Kulkin
o
48 40 N
46 51 E
48 46 N
46 46 E
49 02 N
45 20 E
a/
a/
Kumak Vtoroy
48 54 N
21
46 49 E
Kumkuduk
48 47 N
less than loo
46 46 E
Kupriyanov
48 oo N
2.1
46 35 E
Kursanov
49 08 N
a/
45 27 E
Kurtkuk
48 04 N
a/
45 09 E
Kuyandy
48 03 N
a/
47 18 E
Kuyandy
47 59 N
a/
47 18 E
Kuygen Kul'
49 18 N
a/
47 59 E
Kuzhnoy
?49 16 N
45 15 E
Kuzmicheyvskiye
48 36 N
286
44 140 E
Kuz'michi
48 54 N
413
Sel'sovet
44 22 E
center
Kuznetsova
48 35 N
a/
45 51 E
-25 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIN7M1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : erAMP79T01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Renarks
0 I
Kylykov Sad 49 17 N a/
45 47 E
Kyporoshoye 48 40 N a/
14.14. 29 E
Kyzyldzhar 48 31 N a/
47 00 E
Kzyl-Tu 49 11 N 5_11
47 31 E
Lanin 48 51 N a/
46 12 E
Lankin 48 36 N a/
1.4.6 33 E
Lantsiya 49 15 N 257
46 31 E
Lantsug 49 14 N a/
46 37 E
Lapin 48 40 N less than 500
46 06 E
Larin 47 41 N a/
46 12 E
Latanov 48 49 N less than 100
46 07 E
Latashanka 48 51 N a/
14.14. 39 E
Laykov 48 16 N a/
46 46 E
Lebedev 48 34 N a/
46 11 E
LegeWkin 48 17 N a/.
46 02 E
-26-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : $31A1RIDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21: CIA-INEME0T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Legkodimov
Lekseyenko
Lemyakin
Leninsk
Lesobaza
Lin'kovo
Lis'ya-Balka
Litvinov
Litvinov
Lomakin
Lopanev
Lopinskiye
Loshchina
Loznoye
Coordinates Population Remarks
o I
48 59 N 229
46 16 E
49 05 N a/
46 27 E
49 18 N a/
46 37 E
48 42 N 4)537 Rayon center;
45 13 E sel'sovet
center; iron
foundry; food
? processing
48 33 N
11.11. 29 E
48 39 N
46 oo E
49 18 N
46 42 E
49 06 N
46 22'E
48 23 N
46 23 E
49 04 N
46 02 E
49 09 N
46 14 E
48 31 N
45 24 E
48 58 N
46 14 E
49 17 N
44 26 E
a/
103
less than 100
a/
a/
a/
- 27 -
278
1,163 Sel'sovet
center
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDIN9100018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDP79T01018A000100020001-8
SECRET
Name
Coordinates
o
Lugo-Shirokoye
49 17 N
45 01 E
Lugo-Vodyanoye
49 15 N
45 01 E
Lukpan
48 34 N
47 31 E
Lyagushatnyy
48 36 N
11.11. 34 E
Malakhov
47.57 N
46 12E
Malaya Karakul'
48 26 N
46 32 E
Malaya Kazinka
47 45 N
46 34 E
Malaya Solyanka
48 30 N
45 54 E
Malaya Solyanka
48 30 N
46 54 E
Mal'tsev
48 20 N
46 18 E
Malyayevka
48 41 N
45 17 E
Malyy Lemeshkin
48 43 N
?
46 04 E
Malyye Chapurniki
48 29 N
44 35 E
Mamayev
48 48 N
46 59 E
Mamtsev
48 17 N
46 35 E
- 28
Population Remarks
917
1,578 Sel' sovet
center
a/
al
less than 100
126 Sel'sovet
center
a/
1,670 Sel' sovet
center
!EY
a/
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :q19NDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21: ciA-Neizer01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Papulation
Remarks
Mamtsev
Mars
o
48 11 N
46 34 E
49 10 N
46 25 E
a/
a/
Martykhin
48 55 N
2/
46 31 E
Maseykin
48 16 N
a/
45 19 E
Maslov
49 12 N
46 56 E
Matveyevskiy
47 59 N
209
46 09 E
Mayak Oktyabrya
49 14 N
49
45 39 E
Mednikov
48 46 N
less than 100
46 13 E
Medvedev
49 08 N
a/
45 19 E
Medyanka
48 12 N
a/
46 37 E
Melekhin
48 47 N
49
46 11 E
Menigdvay
47 53 N
a/
47 10 E
Merezhkin
49 06 N
a/
46 12 E
Meshchanskiy
49 16 N
a/
46 19 E
Mikhaylovka
47 39 N,
2,399
Sel'sovet
46 52 E
center
-29-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDMIE011018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CMgd79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o
Milayev
48 57 N
less than 100
46 23 E
Milovodskiy
48 49 N
less than 100
46 02 E
Minina
48 42 N
a/
44 26 E
Mirskoy
48 29 N
a/
46 15 E
Mishakov
49 18 N
45 21 E
Misyurin
48 35 N
a/
46 00 E
Misyurki
49 05 N
a/
46 24 E
Mochazhki
48 29 N
a/
46 05 E
Molokanskiy
48 13 N
45 13 E
Molokanskiy
48 15 N
less than 100
46 45 E
Mololkin
49 03 N
46 56 E
Morozkov
48 23 N
a/
46 30 E
Morozov
48 24 N
less than 500
46 32 E
Morozov
49 15 N
113
46 48 E
Morozovka
49 02 N
a/
46 55 E
- 30 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/2tegIRDP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-Ftiglag701018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population
o 1
Moskal'tsov 48 23 N a/
46 25 E
Most ovoy 48 02 N a/
46 41 E
Mplchambet 49 18 N a/
46 53 E
Mtkhet 48 15 N 9-1
47 20 E
Mtkovnikov 48 14 N 91
45 08 E
Mtmantsin 48 08 IT a/
45 23 E
Murat-Say 49 13 N Ri
47 10 E
Myshkin 48 26 N .9-./
45 25 E
Nachevkova 48 37 N a/
45 59 E
Nachevnov 49 04 N a/
46 47 E
Nago1in57 48 04 N 278
'46 11 E
Narezki 148. 57 N
45 57 E
Nariman 49 14 N a/
47 29 E
Neserin 49 09 N a/
45 18 E
Nevidimka 48 36 N 86
44 48 E
- 31 ?
Remarks
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIMM1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : COMI31119T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Nezhintev
Nikol'skoye
Coordinates Population Remarks
o
49 01 N a/
46 19 E
47 46 N 4,929 Rayon center;
46 24 E seltsovet
center; brick
making; fish
processing
Nikonovo 48 31 N
45 42 E
Nitipanav 48 31 N
46 01 E
Nizhnaya Kilyakovka 48 43 N
44 47 E
Nizhne-Pogromnoye 48 52 N
11.11. 43 E
Nizhneye Zaymishche 48 01 N
46 07 E
Nizhniy Baskunchak 48 13 N
46 5o E
Noskav 49 19 N
46 27 E
Novi 48 54 N
45 26 E
Novaya Derevnya 49 06 N
46 18 E
Novaya Nadezhda 48 50 N
44 18 E
Navenikiy 48 06 N
45 28 E
-32-
25
a/
less than 100
3,628
less than 100
250
Workers'
settlement;
salt extrac-
tion; gypsum
processing;
railroad car
repairing
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CiligGRIMP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-
01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o 1
Novenikiy
48 37 N
a/
46 15 E
Noven'kiy
48 18 N
a/
46 28 E
Noventkiy
48 58 N
a/
46 46 E
Novikov
49 18 N
a/
46 48 E
Novokalinovka
49 16 N
less than 500
46 24 E
Novokalinovka
49 04 N
a/
46 12 E
Novonikolayevka
48 o4 N
46 22 E
2,561
Sel'sovet
center
Novonikol'skoye
49 08 N
45 00 E
2,513
Sel'sovet
center
Novyy
48 15 N
a/
46 24 E
Novyy
47 41 N
2.1
46 lo E
Novyy Byt
48 57 N
less than 500
45 58 E
Novyy Klochkov
48 44 N
46 27 E
Nozdrin
49 09 N
a/
45 28 E
Oblova
48 36 N
a/
45 51 E
Ogloblin
49 04 N
45 30 E
-33-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-EINIMT01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAMORITT01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population RPrarks
o 1
Ogurt soya 48 22 N a/
45 52 E
' Okhon-Kul' 48 55 N a/
46 59 E
Olen'ye 49 10 N 544 Sel' sovet
44 53 E center
Omet 48 18 N a/
46 32 E
Opytnaya Stantsiya 48 44 N 168
44 23 E
Orlov 48 30 N a/
46 07 E
Orlov 48 50 N less than 100
46 14 E
Orlova 48 22 N a/
45 51 E
Orlovka 48 51 N 1,346 Sel' sovet
44 32 E center
Osadnaya Balka 48 48 N 260
44 43 E
Ostapenkov 48 49 N less than 100
46 29 E
Otgonnyy 49 02 N a/
46 33E
Otgonnyy 48 37 N a/
46 18 E
Pady 48 15 N 811
45 53 E
Panichkin 49 07 N 81
46 56 E
- 314. -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIAAIDIVDT01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-Iggitilter01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o
Pashchenkov
48 26 N
less than 100
46 21 E
Pavlovskiy
48 35 N
a/
44 29 E
Pechenevka
48 21 N
198
46 07 E
Pechenov Ugol
48 41 N
a/
44 57 E
Perevayev
49 05 N
a/
46 19 E
Perevayev
48 30 N
a/
45 05 E
Pervomayskiy
48 38 N
a/
44 54 E
Peschanka
48 4o N
44 20 E
1,900
Selisovet
center
Peschanka
48 30 N
a/
45 28 E
Peschanyy
48 4o N
89
44 35 E
Peschanyy
48 38 N
197
44 42 E
Peskovatka
49 07 N
44 52 E
?1,114
Sel'sovet
center
Peski
48 19 N
1'.615 E
Petropavlovka j/
48 16 N
46 lo E
6,078
Workers'
settlement;
salt
processing;
salt shipping
1/ Petropavlovskiy on most recent Soviet maps.
- 35 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIDIMMI018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIPeRM9T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o
Pichuga
48 59 N
44 43 E
1,399
Sel'Sovet
center
Pirogovka
47 53 N
46 37 E
2,398
Sel'sovet
center
Pisakin
49 07 N
a/
45 11 E
Piskunov
48 01 N
a/
46 51 E
Plaksina
48 34 N
a/
45 59 E
Plodovitoye
48 08 N
a/
44 22 E
Pochta
49 30 N
20
44 48 E
Pochtarev
48 40 N
31
46 08 E
Podbereznikov
49 07 N
a/
45 31 E
Podsobnoye
48 51 N
a/
Khozyaystvo
44 14 E
Pokrovka
48 22 N
46 04 E
1,268
Sel'sovet
center
Pokrovka
48 28 N
45 03 E
574-
Sel'sovet
center
Polenevskiye
48 35 N
a/
44 4o E
Pologoye Zaymishche
48 30 N
45 56 E
2,186
Sel'sovet
center
Polovnikov
48 02 N
46 09 E
- 36 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : MigiF79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDIWRI018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o T
Polubabkina
48 37 N
a/
45 48 E
Polyanskiy
49 10 N
!I/
46 20 E
Popovichev
48 37 N
46 07 E
Popovicheva
48 37 N
67
45 56 E
Poselok
48 50 N
a/
46 43 E
Predkov
48 22 N
less than 500
46 15E
Presnyakov
48 53 N
a/
46 4o E
Presnyy Liman
49 09 N
a/
46 31 E
Prishib
47 41 N
46 29 E
3,164
Sel sovet
center
Pronin
49 20 N
127
46 38 E
Pron'kin
48 37 N
46 36 E
Pronyashina
48 36 N
a/
45 55 E
Pryamaya Balka
49 14 N
14.11. 43 E
723
Sel' sovet
center
Pryshchenkov
48 27 N
a/
46 14 E
Pryshchevskiye
48 36 N
a/
44 11.0 E
?
-37-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDME4018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : 9019f79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Pshenichnyy
Pshenichnyy
Pupuskov
Pushnin
Putilin
Pyatov
Pylev
Rakhinka
Rakov
Ras svet
Raygorod
*
Coordinates Population Remarks
o
48 21 N a/
46 20 E
48 14 N less than 100
46 08 E
47 57 N a/
46 15 E
48 11 N
45 12 E
48 03 N less than 500
46 10 E
48 o3 N 2/
46 58 E
48 39 N a/
46 31 E
49 02 N
44 50 E
49 13 N
45 18 E
49 09 N
46 23 E
48 25 N
44 55 E
Razgulyayevka 48 46 N
14.14. 30 E
Rep'ino 48 33 N
44 49 E
Repnev 48 4o N
45 50 E
Reshetnikov 48 31 N
45 24 E
1,655
2,527
202
107
28
Sel'sovet
center
Sel'sovet
center;
grain
milling
Sel'sovet
center
- 38 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : 90N79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDMI41O18A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o
Re shetnyakov 48 55 N
46 24 E
Rodniki 49 18 N 436
1.14. 56 E
Rogozhin 49 09 N 32
46 28 E
Rogozin 48 42 N less than 500
46 02 E
Romanenkov 49 02 N 90
46 23 E
Romanov 47 41 N
46 09 E
Rozhdestvenka 48 06 N 692 Sel' sovet
46 20 E center
Rudetkov 48 48 N less than 100
45 42 E
Ryaboy 48 13 N 2../
46 30 E
Rybachiy 48 42 N 2.../
44 45 E
Rybnikov 49 06 N a/
45 14 E
Rybvod 48 35 N a/
11.14. 30 E
Rybzavod 48 24 N 2.1
45 39 E
Rykunov 49 10 N 2/
46 15 E
Rynok 48 33 N a/
44 42 E
-39-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDIBMET018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CHAT79T01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates E2Enlation Remarks
I
Rynok 48 50 N a/
44 38 E
Sabinin 49 12 N a/
46 18 E
Sadki 49 11 N 229
44 26 E
Sagunov 48 26 n a/
46 18 E
Sakhnov 49 03 N _1..1
46 14 E
Sakhnov 48 31 N a/
45 25 E
Salipov 48 31 N a/
46 o8 E
Salygbay 48 21 N less than loo
46 43 E
Samarina 48 20 N a/
45 16 E
Samilov 48 lo N a/
46 43 E
San'-Mantsyn 48 02 N a/
45 22 E
Sarafanov 48 34 N a/
45 27 E
Saranzhin 48 20 N less than loo
46 46 E
Sarbasta 48 18 N IL/
47 03 E
Sarepta 48 31 N
44 32 E
- 40 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : cdimp79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RUMCINC1018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population
o 1
Sareptskiy Perekat 48 34 N a/
44 36 E
Sarpiyev 48 22 N a/
46 36 E
Sartuligen 49 00 N a/
47 04 E
Sartul'gen 48 55 N 21
47 03 E
Sarvasty 48 51 N a/
46 54 E
Sarvastykskiy 48 54 N .11/
Zhaylev 46 53 E
Sary-Kstau 48 50 N a/
46 51 E
Sary-Stan 48 24 N a/
46 51 E
Satanov 48 05 N a/
46 50 E
Saykhin 48 51 N El/
46 5o E
Saykhin 48 49 N a/
46 46 E
Sedenkov 48 42 N E/
45 45 E
Semiglazov 48 02 N LI/
46 33 E
Semkin 48 06 N
11.11. 35 E
Shamak 48 26 11 less than 100
47 514E
-41 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-REIMM1018A000100020001-8
Remarks
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : Cltggit79T01018A000100020001-8
Nave Coordinates
o
Shaposhnikov 1.1.7 40 N
46 07 E
Sharapka 48 58 N
46 18 E
Sharon 48 01 N
11.14. 46 E
Shchelkunov 48 19 N
46 37 E
Shchepkin 48 09
45 17 E:
Shcherbakov 48 59 Er
46 32 E:
Shcherbakov 49 00 N
46 lo
Shchuch'ye 48 35 N
44 41 E
Shilikhin 49 18 N
46 31 E
Shilov 48 50 N
46 19 E
Shinkarev 48 52 N
46 13 E
Shirokov 49 07 N
11.14. 16 E
Shiehkin 49 11 N
46 22 E
Shishkin 49 12 N
46 36 E
Shishkin 48 17 N
46 26 E
Population
a/
less than 100
-42 -
al
a/
50
a/
28
a/
Remarks
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : Ca7FM79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDMM018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population
o
Shishkin 48 25 N
46 18 E
Shishkin 48 14 N
46 26 E
Shishkin 48 16 N a/
46 31 E
Shishkin 49 02 N . a/
46 12 E
Shiyanov 48 28 N a/
46 21 E
Shiyanov 48 39 N a/
46 28 E
Shiyanov 48 54 N a/
46 39 E
Shkol ' nyy Aul 48 49 N a/
47 24 E
Shovgyr 47 49 N a/
47 42 E
Shtyrev 48 40 N a/
46 37 E
Shtyrin 48 41 N 51
46 oo E
ShUbin 48 32 N 26
46 32 E
Shubin 48 47 N less than 100
46 03 E
Shugayev 48 09 N a/
45 05 E
Shungay 48 32 N a/
46 46 E
- 43 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21: CIA-RDEngt1018A000100020001-8
Remarku
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIATRaP79T01018A000100020001-8
SEE.1!
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Shunguli
0 ,
48 17 N
46 48 E
less than 500
Shut ovka
48 33 N
146
14.14. 43 E
Shut ovy
48 33 N
a/
44 41 E
Siyun
48 12 N
Ri
47 11 E
Sklady
47 52 N
2/
47 41 E
Sklyarov
48 33 N
less than 500
46 33 E
Skorikov
48 38 N
45 44 E
Smirnov
49 11 N
126
46 58 E
Smolyakov
49 14 N
a/
46 21 E
Smyslina
48 33 N
23
45 53 E
Sokrutovka
47 55 N
1,937
Sel' s ovet
46 32 E
center
Sokur-Kart
48 28 N
a/
47 43 E
Soldatskiy
48 35 N
168
44 41 E
Solenoye Zaymishche
47 56 N
3,526
Sel' sovet
46 07 E
center
Solenyy
48 37 N
424
14.14. 55 E
- 44 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : SEMP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RD 1018A000100020001-8
Name
Solodniki
Coordinates Population
o I
48 25 N 3,924
45 17 E
Solodovka 48 4o N
45 23 E
Solokhin 49 01 N
46 15 E
Solonchak 48 15 N
46 43 E
Solov'yev 48 38 N
44 18 E
Solov'yev 49 05 N
45 16 E
Solyanka 48 25 N
45 22 E
Solyanka 48 31 N
45 52 E
Solyanka 48 26 N
44 28 E
Soplyakov 48 48 N
46 16 E
Sovin 48 27 N
46 26 E
Sovkhoz El'tonskiy 48 55 N
46 45 E
Sovkhoz Gornaya 48 38 N
Polyana 44 23 E
Sovkhoz Lebyazh'ya 48 47 N
Polyana 44 42 E
Sovkhoz Opytnoye 48 53 N
Pole 44 24 E
-45-
470
a/
91
720
421
a/
682
a/
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDMITM018A000100020001-8
Remarks
Sel'sovet
center;
sawmilling
Sel'sovet
center
Sel'sovet
center
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : ffEl79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
0 r
Sovkhoz
49 04 N
a/
Prigroyodnoye
44 54 E
Sovkhoz
48 14 N
a/
Privolzhskiy
44 36 E
Sovkhoz Proletariy
49 15 N
a/
44 22 E
Sovkhoz Sila
49 19 N
a/
45 02 E
Spartak
49 06 N
a/
44 20 E
Spartakovets
48 49 N
a/
44 37 E
Sredne-Pogromnoye
48 55 N
3,498
Selysovet
44 46 E
center;
wool washing
Srednyaya Akhtuba
48 44 N
5,610
Rayon center;
44 52 E
sellsovet
center; wool
washing; food
processing
Stakhanovets 48 39 N a/
44 47 E
Stalingrad 48 42 N 1939 Census, City of
44 30 E 445,000 republic sub-
1950 estimate, ordination;
650,000 oblast center;
machine manu-
facturing;
metallurgy;
sawmiLling;
woodworking;
food process-
ing
Stalingradets
48 37 N
44 47 E
a/
- 46 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 ?sopP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RERZPITV1018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarlcs
o
Stalingradskiy
48 46 N
a/
44 26 E
Stamgazi
47 54 N
47 45 E
.Staro-Daovka ?
48 39 N
115
44 19 E
Staraya Otrada
48 33 N
2,000-10,000
44 28 E
Staren'kiy
48 45 N
176
11.11. 39 E
Staritsa
48 14 N
4,287
Sel'sovet
45 56 E
center
Stasov
48 36 N
192
45 37 E
Stolyarov
49 18 N
185
45 24 E
Strel'no Shirokoye
49 18 N
608
Sel'sovet
11.11. 56 E
center
Stupino
48 19 N
828
Sel'sovet
45 48 E
center
Saotnikov
48 53 N
59
46 05 E
Suchiy
48 06 N
a/
45 27 E
Sukhodol
48 37 N
481
Sel'sovet
44 54 E
center
Surganov
48 55 N
44
46 09 E
Surgol
48 34 N
a/
47 03 E
-47 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIM19FQ1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : GAcipp79T01018A000100020001-8
Name
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
o
Suyunduk
48 08 N
47 37 E
Svetlyy Byt
49 17 N
57
45 31 E
Svetlyy Yar
48 29 N
3,052
?
Rayon center;
44 47 E
s el' sovet
center
Svitachev
49 01 N
a/
46 09 E
Syangerayk
48 08 N
a/
44 58 E
Syrikov
48 24 N
a/
46 lo E
Syrmolotov
48 lo N
LI/
45 35 E
Syytyk
48 37 N
a/
47 07 E
Taldapan
48 10 N
a/
47 08 E
Talovoy
48 35 N
112
44 59E
Tamarov
49 01 N
a/
45 29 E
Tarabarin
48 33 N
8i
46 18 E
Tarasov
48 37 N
IL/
46 16 E
Taskuduk
48 45 N
less than 100
46 14.6E
Tay-Gora
48 28 N
a/
46 48 E
48 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : gitriN1379T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RDINGEM1018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o
Tazikov 48 37 N
46 06 E
Terekhov Pervyy 1i.8 50 N less than 100
46 32 E
Terekhov Vtoroy 4-8 51 N less than 100
46 22 E
Teren-Kuduk 48 24 N PI
47 11 E
Tereshkin 48 29 N a/
46 18 E
Teteryashnikov 48 20 N fli
46 02 E
Teteryatnikov 48 36 N 82
46 19 E
Tinguta 48 13 N a/
44 25 E
Tishanka 49 09 N PI
44 4o E
Tkachev 48 19 N less than 100
46 21 E
Tkachev 48 02 N a/
46 53 E
Tkachev 48 18 N less than 100
46 42 E
Tokarev 41.8 35 N 163
45 11.0 E
Toktarov 48 57 N a/
46 04 E
Tonkonozhkin 49 12 N a/
46 19 E
- 49 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RD 1018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : Chclie'79T01018A000100020001-8
Name-
Coordinates
Population
Remarks
Tonkonozhkin.
Traktorstroy
Tretiy ReshayuShchly
o I
49 01 N
46 27 E
49 03 N
45 34 E
48 41 N
44 43 E
less than 500
602
503
Tri Khutora
49 00 N
a/
46 49 E
Trishin
49 02 N
less than 100
45 15 E
Trudolyaiye
48 15 N
a/
Sel'sovet
44 51 E
center
Tsarev
48 40 N
972
Sel'sovet
45 22 E
center
Tsatsa
48 12 N
3,846
Sel'sovet
11.14. 41 E
center
Tsatvalda
48 02 N
a/
7 09 E
Tsyganskaya Zarya
48 41 N
a/
44 140 E
Tull skiy
47 56 N
a/
46 14 E
Tumak
48 N
360
44 38 E
Tumanov
49 19 N
46 41 E
Tumsnov
49 01 N
a/
46 54 E
Tundutovo
48 25 N
211
44 25 E
- 50 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : FrARP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RE 1018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o
Turgay 48 19 N a/
46 56 E
Tutovyy 48 44 N 158
44 44 E
Tveritin 48 48 N a/
45 54 E
Tyulyugen 48 08 N a/
47 42 E
Tyyu-Gostov 48 44 N 11.1
46 42 E
Udachnoye 47 44 N 1,693 , Sel' sovet
46 45 E center
Udarnik 48 47 N
44 140 E
Ukolov 48 51 N a/
45 54 E
Ulzhatay 48 04 N a/
47 25 E
UMet 48 50 N 404
45 50 E
Unege 49 15 N a/
47 24 E
Urda 48 46 N 2,000-10,000 Rayon center
48 26 E
Ushakovka 48 25 N 1,118 Sel'sovet
45 07 E center
Uspenka 48 13 N 1,420 Sel' sovet
46 15 E center
UVarovka 48 48 N a/
44 28 E
- 51 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-ROBE9101018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : ght.A1F79T01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
Varakin
Varchenkov
o
49 17 N
45 35 E
48 38 N
46 35 E
a/
Vasil'yev
48 03 N
a/
11.11. 35 E
Vendelovskiy
49 17 N
a/
46 49 E
Verblyuzh'ya
47 43 N
a/
46 53 E
Verkhne-Pogromnoye
48 58 N
605
Sel'sovet
44 51 E
center
Verkhniy Baskunchak
48 14 N
4,988
Workers'
46 14.14. E
settlement;
food
processing;
transportation
and storage
hub for salt
extracting
Industry
Verkhnyaya Akhtuba
48 48 N
2,214
Sel'sovet
14.14. 44 E
center
Vershinin
48 51 N
35
46 02 E
Vetla
48 11 N
46 39 E
Vetlyanka
47 38 N
1,604
Sel'sovet
46 38 E
center
Vinnovka
48 52 N
171
14.14. 140 E
Vit chinkin
48 15 N
21
46 02 E
- 52 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 :filegrpP79T01018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RMOM1018A000100020001-8
Name
Vladimirovka
Coordinates Population Remarks
o
48 18 N 6,920 Rayon center;
46 10 E sel'sovet
center; river
craft repair-
ing; brick
making; iron
foundry
Vlasov 47 45 N a/
46 06 E
Volgostroy 48 33 N a/
1.11. 33 E
Voloaarskiy 48 10 N a/
46 42 E
Vorobiyev 48 45 N less than 100
45 53 E
Voroponovo 48 40 N 304
44 20 E
Vostok Pervyy 49 03 N less than 100
46 29 E
Vostok Vtoroy 49 04 N less than 100
46 28 E
Vyazovaya Griva 47 54 N 34
46 18 E
Vyazovka 48 19 N 1,927 Sel'sovet
45 36 E center
Vyazovka 48 39 N 528
44 46 E
Vyazovyy 48 33 N a/
44 33 E
Vyreznoy 48 15 N 25
46 38 E
-53-
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : CIA-RIAPEM018A000100020001-8
Approved For Release 1999/09/21 : Glikthigp79T01018A000100020001-8
Name Coordinates Population Remarks
o
Yalkhi 48 34 N 68
44 17 E
Yamy 48 39 N 347
44 140 E
Yarkin 48 01 N a/
45 29 E
Yarmoshkin 48 13 N less than loo
46 22 E
Yefremkin 48 42 N a/
46 16 E
Tegrashkin 48 23 N 20
46 14 E
Yekaterinovka 49 12 N 416 Grain milling
11.14. 53 E
Yeksmeter 47 58 N a/
47 53 E
Yepikhin 48 16 N Pil
45 14 E
Yermilin 49 19 N a/
46 44 E
Yerminay 48 11 N
47 51 E
Yershov 49 N less than 100
46 15 h
Yereovka 48 57 N 12,557 Sellsovet
44 38 E center; brick
making;
quarrying
Yevdokimov
49 03 N
46 53 E
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Name
Coordinates
PoPulation
Remarks
Yezhovka
48 43 N
44 22 E
Yurta
48 08 N
a/
45 31 E
Zakurdayev
48 46 N
a/
46 06 E
Zakutskiy
48 39 N
196
14.14. 14.0 E
Zaplavnoye
48 43 N
3,916
SelisoNet
45 01 E
center;
grain milling
Zarya
48 43 N
a/
44 41 E
Zaslavskiy
48 20 N
46 32 E
Zasypkina
48 39 N
176
45 48 E
Zaychiki
48 37 N
a/
44 33 E
Zelenskiy
48 17 N
2.1
46 31E
Zemskiy
48 29 N
a/
46 02 E
Zhanali
49 19 N
2/
46 54 E
Zhas-Khayrat
49 19 N
a/
47 140 E
Zheltukhin
49 01 N
75
44 38 E
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Name Coordinates Population Remarks
0 ,
Zheltyy 48 23 N a/
46 13 E
Zhigalkin 48 15 N less than loo
46 36 E
Zhilga 48 14 N 451
46 14 E
Zhitkov 48 54 N a/
46 04 E
Zhitkav 48 57 N
46 22 E
Zhitkur 48 57 N 2,000-10,000 Rayon center;
46 16 E sel'sovet
center;
agricultural
machinery re-
pairing
Zhivakov 48 36 N
46 lo E
Zhizhimov 49 02 N
46 38 E
Zhukov 49 00 N
46 24 E
Zhurbin 48 29 N
46 14 E
Zhu?bin 48 o6 N
46 27 E
Zimovka Dzhaysan 47 52 N
47 24 E
Zimovka Kara Bulak 47 50 N
47 11 E
Zimovka Kara Khuduk 47 57 N
47 07 E
a/
65
a/
21/
6
a/
a/
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Zinin
Zloy
: CIA-RDIEZ9W1018A000100020001-8
coordinates Population
Remarks.-
o I
49 09 N
45 15 E
48 22 N
46 22 E
fLi
El
7meykin
49 11 N
22
45 22 E
Zolin
48 00 N
fli
46 33 E
Zolotukhp
47 49 X
2,336
Sell sovet
46 44-E
center;
grain milling
Zonal'nyy
48 44 N
44 42 E
Zorin
48 12 N
a/
45 11 E
zotov
48 35 N
94
44 44 E
Zubovka
48 38 N
910
Sel' sovet
45 31 E
center
Zubovka
48 09 N
103
Sel' sovet
46 02 E
center
Zubricbev
48 34 N
less than 100
46 31 E
Zubrichev
48 44 N
less than loo
46 25 E
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APPENDIX E
GAPS IN INFORMATION
The most critical gaps in information, with regards to both
quantity and quality of data, concern the sociologic and economic
conditions in the study area. Physical descriptions of terrain,
vegetation, and soils are adequate for most of the area, but the
detail of treatment is not consistent. In some cases, good
descriptions were omitted because the limits of the areas to which
they applied could not be determined precisely. Large-scale
topographic map coverage is significantly deficient, except for
the Stalingrad vicinity and a few smaller areas scattered throughout
the Caspian Lowlands. Apparently the Russians themselves have
explored parts of the study area only superficially. Documentary
results from numerous detailed surveys that are known to have been
conducted recently within the area are not available.
Postwar information concerning peoples, industry, and
transportation is scant, spotty, and unreliable. The lack of
population data is probably the most critical gap. Although Soviet
legislation enacted since 1940 has undoubtedly resulted in radical
changes in population distribution, ethnic composition, settlement
pattern, and political attitudes, there are no positive quantitative
or descriptive records of these changes. As regards industry, both
current production data and information on the type and location
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of industrial establishments are available for the area tmmediately
adjacent to Stalingrad only. Transportation information concerning
the volume of traffic flow and the commodities currently being
carried is notably deficient. In the case of roads, descriptions of
recent construction, realignment, and improvements are generally
lacking. The numerous prisoner-of-war reports that mention road
surface, width, or conditions are in many cases contradictory or
apply to only very short stretches of road. Even PM reports are
not available for most areas bpyond the immediate vicinity of
Stalingrad. Although many airfields within the study area are
known to have been in operation during World War II, their current
status is not recorded. Only the five active airfields near
Stalingrad are adequately described.
Normally physical features remain unchanged for long periods or
time, but the gigantic canal construction, irrigation, drainage, and
afforestation projects in progress within the study area are
reportedly causing changes in the hydrography, vegetation, local
soils, and microclimatic conditions. Climatic data are inadequate,
chiefly because the number of stations for which records are available
is insufficient and because the data collected at the various
stations are not comparable from the point of view of factors
observed, methods of measurement used, and length of records. Many
of the records are old, dating back to the Tsarist period.
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APPENDIX F
SOURCES AND EVALUATION OF SOURCES
1. Evaluation of Sources
The bulk of the descriptive information included in this
study was taken from published Soviet sources. Although some of
the sources were available in translation, most were in the
Russian language. Soviet publications of a strictly scientific
nature -- those concerning hydrography, climate, vegetation,
soils, etc. -- are usually both comprehensive and completely
reliable. Such studies are free of bias and propaganda, and their
value is limited only by the quantity and quality of recorded
data available at the time of publication. The less scientific
studies used, such as the semi-popular textbook-type of regional
study, are usually of more recent date, but facts are inter-
mingled with propaganda. Although such publications usually tell
the "truth," there are obvious omissions and disproportionate
emphasis is given to minor achievements and plans. The same
criticism applies to Soviet encyclopedias, and many articles in
current technical and scientific periodicals, handbooks, instruction
booklets, and other technical and informational pamphlets. Such
sources provided fairly recent information on the status of
agriculture, industry, and plans and projects. Soviet statistical
publications, although official, show discrepancies that indicate
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careless recording or editing. This applies particularly to
population surveys. Soviet newspapers, nonscientific magazines,
and radio broadcasts provided supplementary bits of information,
few of which could be checked-. Many Soviet sources of unknown
reliability were used, chiefly for background information or for
checking the validity of other reports.
The principal English-language materials utilized for this
study include intelligence information (both raw data and intelli-
gence reports) and academic studies. Most systematic studies are
based on Russian-language publications, and consequently are even
more general than their Soviet sources. Several intelligence
reports are compilations rather than analyses, and much of the data
included is incomplete and cannot be verified. Documents of this
type were used extensively for topics such as airfields, but they
were checked against each other wherever possible. Only one of
the English-language sources (4o) represents actual field work.
Many types of intelligence documents were used for the study.
A large number were interrogation reports, principally from German
prisoners of war; ethers were translations or abstracts of German
or.Soviet materials. Although information in many of the intelli-
gence documents could not be checked, they are considered to be
reliable in general. Additional data were supplied by travel reports
of embassy personnel, which are recent and useful but are limited
in area and in type of information presented.
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Several topics are covered only by intelligence documents. In
other cases, intelligence documents provide the only postwar
information available. Interrogation reports, in general, are of
limited scope and deal with conditions shortly after the end of
World War II. Intelligence documents provided much of the
information included in the sections on forced labor and transperta-
tion. If information from reports that contradicted other available
sources or that could not be checked was considered significant
enough to be included in the study, the limitations have been
noted. Wherever possible, raw data were discussed with other
components of ORB and other IAC units before they were included.
Maps comprised a principal source of information and provided
an important basis for checking other sources. Soviet maps
covering the study area are of high quality. The dates of those
used range from 1935 to 1951. The main factor restricting the
use of many of the maps was their relatively small scale and, in
some cases, their early date. Maps were used extensively as sources
for topics such as terrain, trafficability, population distribution,
and transportation.
Photography provided detailed information on peoples (appearance,
costumes, etc.), transportation, and vegetation. Most ground photos
can be located and dated accurately. Aerial photography, with
accompanying interpretations, was relied on heavily for airfield
information and for information on several small areas for which
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aerial photos were available. Most of fhe aerial photography,
however, is dated 191.1.2 to 1944, and some of the transportation
data included are superceded by more recent information on changes
and improvements.
Personal interviews with intelligence analysts provided
considered estimates of current industrial production, its signifi-
cance, and the trade characteristics of the study area.
2. Sources
(1) Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Institut Geografii Nizhneye
Povolzh'ye, Fiziko-Geograficheskoye Opisaniye, Moscow, 1948.
(2) Borisov, A.A., Klimaty SSSR, Moscow, 1948.
(3) Tikhomirov, I.K., and Ryazantseva, Z.N., imat ZavolzhI/IL
(Vypusk a), Moscow 1939.
(4) Tsentralinoye Byuro Vodnogo Kadastra, Spravochnik po Vorta
Resursam S.S.S.R., Vol. 5, Nizhneye Povolzh'yel Leningrad, 1934.
(5) Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Botanicheskiy Institut im. V.L.
Komarova, Karta Rastitel'nosti Evropeyskoy Chasti SSSR, Leningrad,
1950.
(6) Borodino I.A., prigorb?mmt,Mglmg_t_m_ELyalabLyft,
Moscow, 1947.
(7)
1950.
Kovda, V.A., Pochvy Prikasplyskoy Nizmennosti, Moscow,
(8) Pokshishevskiy, V.V., Povolzh've, Moscow, 1951.
(9) payony i Naselennm_EumAty Stalingradskogo Ktaya,
Stalingrad, 1936.
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(10) Yakubov, TJF., "Peski Nary-n. Polupustynnogo Nizhnego
Zavolzh'ya," Trudy Pochvennogo Instituta imeni V.V. Dokuchaveva,
Vol. 17, 1938, pp. 7-117.
(11) Bol'sbaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1st ed., Vol. 52,
1947, PP. 635-638.
(12) Gerasimov, "Geograficheskiye Nablyudeniya v
Prikaspii," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geograficheskaya,
No. 4, 1951, pp. 3-15.
(13) Sovetskaya Agronomiya, No. 8, 1950,
(14) Stalingradskoye Oblastnoye Upravleniye Sel'skogo
Khozyaystva, Agroukazaniya pa Plodovoshchnym Kullturam diSa
Kolkhozov i Sovkhozov Stalingradskoy Oblasti, Stalingrad, 1951.
(15) Stalingradskoye Oblastnoye Upravleniye Sel'skogo
Khozyaystva, Agroukazaniya pa Vozdelyvaniyu Osnovnykh Sel'skokho-
vaystvennykh Kulitur v Stalingradskoy Oblasti, Stalingrad, 1950.
(16) Department of State, Moscow Report No. 59, 19 August
1946 (Restricted).
(17) Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya,
No. 1, 1951.
(18) Pravda, Moscow, 28 July 1951 (translated by "Treasure
Island").
(19) Bollshoy Sovetskiy Atlas Mira, Vol. I, 1937, and Vol.
II, 1939, Moscow.
(20)
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(22)
Oftimmmair
(23) Treasure Island No. 85791; extract from Geografiya v
Shkole, 1949, No. 6, Novi-Dec., p. 22.
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(27) Shabad, Theodore, Geography of the USSR New York, 1951.
(28) Treasure Island No. 057127; extract from Vokrug Sveta,
April 1947.
(29) Samsonov, Yefimov, and others, editors, Nizhneye
Povolzhiye, Stalingrad, 1934.
(30) Shimkin, Dmitri, Minerals Self-Sufficienc of the USSR,
Cambridge, Mass., 1949.
(31) Izvestiya, Moscow, 14 August 1947 (translated by "Treasure
:sland").
(32) Fersman, A.E., and Shcherbakov, D.I., Khimiko-Tekhnicheskji
qpravochnik, Leningrad, 1925.
(33) Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Gips, Moscow, 1926 (translated by
"Treasure Island").
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(34) Geologicheskiy Komitet, Izvestiya, Vol. 48, Nos. 1-5,
1929.
(35) Golybyanikov, V.D., and Reyneke, V.I., PrirodwYe ia
Moscow, 1935.
(36) Stroitel'naya Promyshlennost', No. 11, November 1950.
(37) Lorimer, F., The Population of the Soviet Union: Hictory
and Prospects, League of Nations, Geneva, 1946.
(38) Izvestiya, Moscow, 16 April 1946 (translated by "Treesure
Island").
(39) Vechernyaya Moskva (newspaper), 16 November 1951
(translated by "Treasure Island").
(40) Hudson, A.E., "Kazakh Social Structure," Yale
Publications in Anthropology, No. 20, New Haven, 1938.
(41) Bolishaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, Special Vol.,
Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respliblik, Moscow, 1948.
(42) Bol'shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopediya, Vol. 16,
Moscow, 1931.
(43) Bol'shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Moscow,
1928.
(44) Bol'shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopediya, Vol. 321 Moscow,
1935.
(45) Bol'shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopediya, Vol. 23, Moscow,
1932.
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Next 6 Page(s) In Document Exempt
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(122) Administrativnaya Karta Stetlingradskoy Oblasti,
1:500,000, Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy SHyemki I Kartografii,
N.K.V.D. SSSR (Chief Administration of State Survey and Cartography,
NKVD USSR), 1938, AMS Call No. 28N 2-28-57013-500/2.
(123) LL 500,000 500,000 Series7, General'nyy Shtab 1Crasnoy Armii
(General Staff, Red. Army); Sheet M-38 V, Stalingrad, 1941, AMS
Accession No. 94122; Sheet M-38 G, Eliton, 1911-1, AMS Accession Nc.
94124; Sheet L-38 A, Elista, 1942, AMS Accession No. 70080; and
Sheet L-38 B, Yenotayevka 1941, AMS Accession No. 166331.
(124) Map of Concentration Camps in Soviet Russia, no scale,
no date, CIA Map Library Call No. 1481488.
(125) USSR: Pipelines, 1:11,750,000, Army Map Service, May
1951, AMS 1668 ( Confidential ).
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(122) Administrativnaya Karta Stetlingradskoy Oblasti,
1:500,000, Glavnoye Upravleniye Gosudarstvennoy SHyemki I Kartografii,
N.K.V.D. SSSR (Chief Administration of State Survey and Cartography,
NKVD USSR), 1938, AMS Call No. 28N 2-28-57013-500/2.
(123) LL 500,000 500,000 Series7, General'nyy Shtab 1Crasnoy Armii
(General Staff, Red. Army); Sheet M-38 V, Stalingrad, 1941, AMS
Accession No. 94122; Sheet M-38 G, Eliton, 1911-1, AMS Accession Nc.
94124; Sheet L-38 A, Elista, 1942, AMS Accession No. 70080; and
Sheet L-38 B, Yenotayevka 1941, AMS Accession No. 166331.
(124) Map of Concentration Camps in Soviet Russia, no scale,
no date, CIA Map Library Call No. 1481488.
(125) USSR: Pipelines, 1:11,750,000, Army Map Service, May
1951, AMS 1668 ( Confidential ).
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