SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200160001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 12, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 23, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMAT ION
May 23, 1958
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly from February 14, 1958, to January 2, 1959.
Subscription Price $10.00 for the Series
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information on Soviet
Bloc International Geophysical Year activities selected
from foreign-language publications as indicated in paren-
theses. It in published as an aid to United States Govern-
ment research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
Table of Contents
Page
I.
General
1
II.
Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
15
III.
IV.
Upper Atmosphere
Oceanography
23
V.
Arctic and Antarctic
25
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Ukrainian Conference Reports Fir.,t 5 Months of icf Results in Ukraine
The following comprises the, full text of a report by T. S. Lebedev,
Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences, on the Second All-
Ukrainian Conference of IGY participants which was held in Kiev on 28 and
29 November 1957. The First All-0 lrrai.ni.an Conference was held on 26 and
27 March 1957 to discuss progress in preparations for the IGY.
For more than 6 months. 16 scientific institutions of the Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Academy of Sciences USSR, Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation Ukrainian SSR, Ministry of Communications Ukrainian SSR, and the
Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Service, have been conducting systematic
scientific observations according to r;he IG'f program on the territory of
the Ukrainian SSR.
Solar activity and cosmic radiation, observations of artificial earth
satellites and meteors, aurora and variations of the geomagnetic field,
planetary and meteorological phenomena, structure nf the ionosphere and
radiowave propagation, pole precessions and latitude fluctuations -- this
is far from a complete list of the questions in which the Ukrainian scien-
tists are engaged during the 1Y',
The launching in the Soviet "_fnion of artificial earth satellites has
"significantly expanded the number of scientific problems whose development
will make it possible to solve certain important problems in geophysics,
astronomy, and cosmogony. in the Wtraine, observations of the artificial
satellites have already acquired significant extension.
It should also be emphasized that the principal scientific institu-
tions on the all-union level (Poltava Gravimetric Observatory of the
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Astronomical Observatory of Odessa
University, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences
USSR) are successfully accomplishing and coordinating the works of a whole
number of scientific instit'ations according to corresponding problems of
the IGY ("latitude fluctuations and precession of the Earth's pole,"
"study of meteors," "investigations of solar activity").
The first data of ICobservvations have been obtained and have already
been partially processed. The first months of work also carried with them
certain corrections and me`>hods; techniques., and even the program of inves-
tigations (for example, observations of artificial Earth satellites), were
made more exact. Shortcomings were also manifested which occurred during
preparations for observations. The latter now have been eliminated or
gradually are being eliminated in the process of conducting investigations.
Observation data is regularly sent to the appropriate all-union or inter-
national IGY center.
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The Second All-Ukrainian Conference of IGY Participating Institutions
was convoked by the organization committee for the conduct of the IGY under
the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR (V. G. Dondarchuk,
chairman of the organization committee and Academician of the Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian :.,SR) on 28 and 29 November 1957 in Kiev in the Academy
of Sciences Ukrainian CUR to discuss the first results of scientific in-
vestigations completed during the previous 5 months. A broad exchange of
informrition concerning progress and results of observations took place at
the conference. Also, sci2ntific papers and reports on various IGY prob-
lems were heard and discussed.
All sessions were under the chairmanship of Prof S. Subbotin,
deputy chairman of the organization committee and a corresponding member
of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR. Opening the co~ference, Prof
Subbotin emphasized the great role of Ukrainian scientists in conducting
scientific observations according to the TGY program and expressed the
certainty that the entire complex of investigations will be successfully
and promptly accomplished.
Information reports by the representatives of participating IGY in-
stitutions were heard and discussed the first day of the conference.
L. S. Galkin, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences and scien-
tific secretary of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, reported that the observatory was successfully conduct-
ing a large and composite work on a whole series of IGY problems and
subjects. The field of geomagnetic variations is being studied. Spectral,
spectrophotometric, and radar investigations of aurora and airglaw also
are of great interest. Significant work is being directed toward investi-
gating the state and structure of the ionosphere. There is a great scien-
tific and practical interest in investigations of fields of atmospheric
disturbances which affect radio communications. Special attention is being
given to work on the problem "investigations of solar activity." Hourly
recording of cosmic radiation intensity has been organized. A special sta-
tion for visual and photometric observations of artificial satellites has
been equipped at the observatory. A bulletin on observations is issued
regularly. In addition, data on a given period of time is obtained and is
systematically sent to appropriate scientific institutions in the Soviet
Union and foreign countries.
A. A. Yakovkin, director of the GAO (Main Astronomical Observatory)
of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR and a corresponding member of the
academy, told the conference participants about the work being conducted
according to the IGY program in the scientific institution under his direc-
tion. The GAO is participating in three IGY, themep.... _The,first.of, these
is the study of solar activity. Observations of the chromosphere and
photosphere of the Sun are being made with the aid of a chromosphere-
photosphere telescope. The second theme is "investigations of meteors"
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e1 s a o Bing worked on with sufficient success. Meteors are photo-
graphed with a, new original Soviet device, a "meteor patrol," which was
designed in the Astronomical Observatory at Odessa University and manufact-
ured in the Odessa "Kinap" plant.
Work on the theme "determination of the exact coordinates of the Moon
and stars" will make it possible to accumulate much new data on these para-
meters, which will aid in more exactly computing the possible f luctu:.tions
in the Earth's poles. Associates of GAO have designed a special film plate
holder with a 400-millimeter objective which allows photographing the Moon
and 10-15 stars simultaneously.
Wcr1 on determining the center of the Moon has certain theoretical
interest. The latter, for some reason, does not enter into the IGY subject
program, not only at GAO but throughout the entire Soviet Union, at this
time, when work on this problem is being conducted. Regular observations
of artificial earth satellites have also been organized at the observatory.
Prof M. S. Eygenson, director of the Astronomical and Magnetic Observ-
atory at Lvov University, in his report, told about observations of solar
activity. Since 5 October 1957, observations of the artificial Earth
satellites have been conducted. Sputnik I was observed in more than half
of all its revolutions, both visually and photographically, and 155 times
by radio. Visually it was observed three tinfes in Lvov. Sputnik II was
recorded 64 times by radio and was seen once. Eygenson informed the con-
ference participants on the All-Union Conference on Sun Service, which
was held in Lvov recently.
V. P. Tsesevich, director of the Astronomical Observatory at Odessa
University and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR, emphasized in his information report that Odessa Observatory is a
principal scientific institution in the USSR working on the problem "study
of meteors." In this connection, the goals toward which the problem is
directed were promptly made more exact, methods were developed, and a new
device, the "meteor patrol," was designed. During the period of operation
of the "meteor patrol" approximately 100 photographs of meteors were ob-
tained, but not all of them yield to suitable processing because of the
lack of exact geodetic tie-ins of an observed point.
For meteor observations, three stations have been built which are
located at the vertices of the angles of a right triangle (Mayaki, Krizh-
anovka, and the Botanical Garden of the university at Odessa). Radar
observations of meteors are also being conducted. In Mayaki, besides the
meteor station, several pavilions for the astrophysical observatory have
been constructed.
At Odessa Observatory, broad observations of artificial satellites
have been organized.
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Z. M. Aksent'yeva, director of the Poltava Gravimetric Observatory
and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, told
about the work of the observatory and the fact that regular observations
according to the IGY program were begun promptly on 1 July 1957. The
program has been expanded on account of the investigations of peculiarities
of operation of instruments. In this direction, a significant volume of
investigations has been completed.
The Poltava Gravimetric Observatory is the all-union center of lati-
tude service, which unites seven stations. As the principal institution,
the observatory should collect and process all data in the Soviet Union,
but data from the seven stations (Kazan, Pulkovo, Irkutsk, Moscow, Kitab,
Blagoveshchensk) are not being received regularly. This hinders prompt
sending of information to the world center in Moscow, the Scientific Re-
search Institute of Aeroclimatology.
Experimental works on the study of pole precession according to the
data of azimuthal observations are being accomplished. AlsO, research on
the study of gravitational variations are being conducted. For this pur-
pose, a special observation point in one of the mines in Krivoy Rog, at a
depth of 250 meters, has been equipped and is functioning. In the future,
it will be necessary to build a similar post in one of the mines in the
Carpathians.
Ye. V. Sandakova, senior scientific associate of the Astronomical
Observatory at Kiev University and a Candidate of Physicomathematical
Sciences, elucidated on the results of observations which are being con-
ducted at Kiev University.
A major task was accomplished for putting in operation meteor stations
(at Tripillyn in Obukhovskiy Rayon and at Lisnyaki in Kieyvo- Svyatoshinskiy
Rayon), where a "meteor patrol" has been established. A device for cali-
brating meteors was designed. Also, radar observations of meteors are being
conducted.
Investigations of solar activity are proceeding in an entirely satis-
factory way. Observations have already been conducted on 133 days.
Spectrohelio-chromosphere flares were observed on 82 days. Unfortunately,
during a world interval, very few observations were made because of cloudy
weather. Data on solar activity are being processed and sent to the appro-
priate centers.
Since 6 October 1957, observations of satellites have been made regu-
larly. By using optical barriers, the moment of passage and the coordi-
nates of the satellites are determined exactly.
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The p(J.ar expedition of the university, which went to Bulrlita Tiksi
in the summer, is completing preparations according to plan for observa-
t 1r)n work there.
A. T. Chokirda, Cand-L.tate of Physicomathematical Sciences and deputy
director of the Astronomical Observatory at Ithnr'kov University, told the
conference about they work on solar activity, time service, and satellite
observations being conducted successfully. A spect-roheliograph for inves-
tigating the chromosphere of the Sun has been made at the observatory.
The chromosphere is being photographed in the calcium and hydrogen line.
:polar radiation is recorded by a special mirror with a 6-meter diameter.
Time service is provided with the best quartz clock-frequency standard
in the country.
Arificial Earth satellites are observed photometrically, optically,
and by radio signals.
Docent B. L. Kashcheyev, head of the Chair of Fundamentals of Radio
Engineering at Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, reported on the state of
observations in appropriate IGY themes. The chair is conducting research
on meteor activity and ionosphere structure. Observations of meteors
began on time. At the beginning of November, 10,150 meteors had been
recorded. The chair has developed and placed into operation a system for
eliminating industrial disturbances. Devices were constructed for deter-
mining the velocity of meteors.
The study of the homogeneity of the ionosphere is also proceeding
normally, but rests chiefly on the enthusiasm of the associates, owing to
the periodic curtailments of necessary personnel by the administration of
the institute.
Observations according to the IGY program are being conducted by 25
stations and many ship installations of the Hydrometeorological Service
Ukrainian SSR. Emphasizing this, V. M. Vasil'yev, senior engineer of the
Ilydrometeorological Service Ukrainian SSR, reported further that on the
territory of the Ukraine, visual and instrument observations are being
made of wind direction, general visibility, cloudiness, soil moisture,
noctilucent clouds, aurora, etc. The complex study of hydrographic and
hydrometeorological peculiarities of the Black Sea Basin has been widely
extended.
M. I. Goys, scientific associate at the Ukrainian Scientific Research
Hyd.rometeorological Institute, told the conference that the institute is
conducting the major part of its IGY work at its Agrometeorological Station
(Bagrinova Gora, Kiev). Since the beginning of the IGY, a number of prob-
lems in meteorology, actinometry, evaporation from the soil and others is
being worked on. Observations of the spectral composition of r"ar radia-
tion with the aid of special devices are being conducted. Study of the
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y::llrnr-?r n part of tiro : i.cctrurr Ira:: begun. Positive attention is being
ry L ton 1,o tI: ~ :,tuJy of itn ):;pheric electricity (it is planned to conduct
ob ;erv-l~, i ~n: of current p,.!nks from airplanes at an altitude of 7,000 meters.
in addition, in 1958, c:xpuxl:Ltlonnry re:~carcir will be made by a special mari-
tirve :;hip, the
On obr_rvntion:, of variations of the Earth's magnetic field, which are
being mad.. by the Odessa Magnetic Station of the Ministry of Communications
Ukrainian ,JJR during the IGY, A. I. Storozhinskiy, senior engineer, spoke.
`i'he ;cation was organized at the end of the last century on the initiative
of Prof 0. V. Klosovskly. P. T. Pasalskiy, a leading magnetologist, was
the first director of this station. Continuous recording of all elements
of the geomagnetic field are conducted with the aid of complex instruments.
The 2l-hour course of the magnetic field, secular variations, magnetic
storms, and effects of solar flares are studied.
A. P. Bondarenko, senior scientific associate of the Institute of
Geology of Useful Minerals of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, re-
ported that the institute has built and has begun to equip three stations
(near Uzhgorod, Striy, and Rovno) for observations of short period varia-
tions of the Earth's electromagnetic fields in connection with the IGY pro-
gram. Record.ngs at all stations are made continuously.
Head of the magnetic station of the Institute of Geological Sciences of
the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR (Demidiv, near Kiev) G. A. Krzhivanek,
Candidate of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences, informed the conference that
the station was built for the study of variations in the geomagnetic field,.
Seven reports and papers were read at the morning session on 29 November.
V. P. Tsesevich, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrain-
ian S SR from Odessa ("On Photographic and Photometric Observations of Arti-
ficial Earth satellites"), talked about the number of peculiarities in the
movements of the satellites. Change of orbit, rotation, brightness of the
flash of the satellites, etc., permits the study of a whole number of physical
peculiarities of the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the obtaining of new data
on the displacement of the mass within the Earth. Within the USSR, 66 sta-?
tions for satellite observation have been organized. At the observation sta-
tion of Odessa Astronomical Observatory (Mayaki), the rocket carrier of Sput-
nik I was photographed with a seven-camera astrograph. Shortcomings in photo-
graphic fixes of rockets or satellites are hindrances in determining coordi-
natc:s .
Observations of the rocket-carrier showed that the change in the bright-
ness of its flash depends on the distance and coefficient of absorption of
light on the way to the observer, the position of the satellite in orbit (the
phase of its rotation around a certain axis:), from the change of the coef-
ficient of light absorption on the way from the Sun to the satellite, and
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perhnu:; on other factor:;. To .;o]vc this problem correctly, it is necessary
i;o perform muss ob.;cer?vat;ions; of the brilliance of the flash, both visually
.rr;.a by phc,tot raphic rc:ans. V i s,ual.ly, the degree of brightness of the sate 1-
I ite can be compared vrith the stars against whose background the satellite
rno'r ::' . The ;c determinations can be performed. with an uccuracy of 0.1 star
magnitude. During photographic recording, standardization of negative
;nat ria]r and photographic cameras is necessary.
1 M. Migulin's paper on the "Lifetime of Artificial Earth Satellites"
evoked special. interest from the conference participants. Calculation of
the lifetime of satellites was made on the following assumptions: the satel-
lite moves in a circular orbit (this means that the eccentric force and the
force of gravity are equal); the temperature in the orbit is constant. Con-
sidering these factors, a number of sufficiently complex mathematical calcu-
lations for various specified radii of the satellite orbit were made. Cal-
culations showed that the end of the life of the rocket-carrier of Sputnik I
would come on 11 December 1957 and Sputnik I itself would cease on 27 Januar
1.958. In such a way, the rocket-carrier existed 67 days and the satellite,
116 days. A permissible crror in calculations of ? one day occurred.
Migulin presented two orginal photographs of the rocket-carrier on the
background of the Big Bear Constellation which were taken by the "FED" camera
and the "Kiev" camera.
Docent B. L. Kashcheyev of iQiar'kov ("Investigation of Meteor Activity
by Radar Method During the Existence of a Significant Level of Disturbances")
stated that Kharkov Polytechnic Institute is conducting investigations of
meteor activity on a frequency of 72 megacycles. For conducting these ob-
servations, the Chair of Fundamentals of Radio Engineering has developed,
built, and placed in operation a special apparatus. One of the most impor-
tant components of this apparatus is the protection unit against disturb-
ances, in whose design the differences in frequency spectra of useful signals
and disturbances are made use of. Kashcheyev demonstrated to the conference
participants photographic recordings which graphically showed the effective-
ness of operation of this protection system.
Around 10,000 meteors were recorded during July-October 1957. Approxi-
mately 10 percent of the total number of meteors were observed for a period
of more than one second. The diurnal course of meteor activity indicated
the maximum as occurring (luring night time. The state of the maximum changes
during the course of the year. The greatest hourly number of recorded
meteors occurred in July. Here, meteor streams were recorded even during
the day.
The report of B. S. Dudnik, scientific associate in the Chair of Funda-
mentals of Radio Engineering at Khar'kov Polytechnic Institute, entitled
"Radar Measurements of Meteor Velocities," was devoted to clarifying the
design features and possibilities of using still another new radar instal-
lation for determining meteor velocities. The diffraction character of
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 radio ij:,?nals which are reflected from meteor trails was used for measuring
velocities. The velocities of approximately 500 meteors were measured at
a frequency of 8.13 meters. Peflections of radio signals received from
meteor trails are very diverse and require additional investigations.
A. I)voryashin, head of the magnetic station of the Crimean Astro-
physics Observatory of the Academy of Sciences USSR delivered a paper on
"Short Period Variations of the Earth's Magnetic Field." Short period
geomagnetic variations are being studied by means of an induction loop which
iu coupled to a fluxmeter. With the aid of this method, variations with a
period fom deciseconds to several minutes and with an amplitude of not less
than 10-E oersteds can be recorded. It is apparent that short period vari-
ations of the Earth's magnetic field are directly connected with solar ac-
~,I.vlty. This principle serves as a starting point for clarifying the-nature
of geomagnetic variations. It is apparent, also, that the Sun radiates ac-
tive particles-corpuscles, which, on their way to the Earth, significantly
change their velocity and have a great influence on the Earth's magnetic
field. In addition, Dvoryashin elucidated on the question of peculiarities
of propagation of this effect towards the Earth's surface.
A. P. Bondarenko, senior scientific associate in Lvov, in his i,aper,
"On the Character of Geographic Distribution of Short Period Pulsations of
Earth Currents," stated that the existence of periodic character of pulsa-
tions of Earth currents is connected with fluctuations of the height of the
ionosphere layers, rapid shifts in the ionosphere of stratified ion clouds,
invasions of streams of corpuscles and meteor dust, periodic motions of
charged electrical particles in the Earth's magnetic field, and other iono-
spheric phenomena. To this time, it was held that pulsations with periods
from 40 seconds and more are manifested simultaneously over nearly the
entire globe.
Data of simultaneous recordings of pulsations by oscillograms at
stations in Uzhgorod and Korets indicate that the form of pulsations at
such a distance (approximately 550 kilometers) does not change. However,
in the nature of polarization of the field, sufficient essential differences,
which, evidently, are connected with peculiarities in the geological struc-
ture of these regions, were observed.
On the basis of the processing of standard recordings for the first
months of the IGY, some of the general rules of distribution of pulsation
periods per unit time were established. The basic maximum number of slow
impulses (period length of more than 40 seconds) are observed between 0500
and 0600 GMT. Fluctuations with 30-40 second periods occur at 0400. Maxi-
mum fluctuations with a 20-30 second period occur at 0300 and with a 10-20
second period, from 0200 to 1200. Rapid fluctuations (less than 10 second
period) are observed mainly 'uring the night.
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M. I. Goys and L. Z. Prokh (Kiev), scientific associates at the
Ukrainian Scientific Research Hyd.rometeorological Institute, delivered a
report "On the Results of Meteorological and Actinometric Observations for
the Period July.October 1957 in Kiev." Analysis of single-station observa-
tions (Agrometeorological Station on Bagrinova Mountain in Kiev) has a
number of shortcomings. However, all these diverse meteorological elements
being observed made it possible to study the rules of certain atmospheric
processes. The value of these conclusions is significantly increased in
examining them in the context of synoptic data of the second half of 1957.
Attention was also turned to the irregularity of significant meteoro-
logical elements of the given period. To such irregularities belongs the
excessive moisture of September and the dryness of October which had the
least number of rainfalls in the last 8 years.)
The possible nature of these phenomena was clarified in detail. It
was explained that the irregularities of precipitation and solar radiation
to a certain extent are conditioned by processes of a global character.
Nevertheless, such conclusions require further confirmation.
In the evening closing session of the conference on 29 November., four
more papers were read, a discussion of all reports and papers was held, and
resolutions were adopted.
Prof M. S. Eygenson, Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences., delivered
the first paper on "Contemporary Phase of Solar Activity, its Probable
Secular Course and Geophysical Effects." The era of solar activity in
which we: are living is unprecedented in the secular cycles of the last
350 years. The extremely high maximum of the 11-year cycle being observed
in 1957 indicates the existence of other cycles in the life of the Sun. The
secular cycle of the 20th Century began in 1913 after an absolute minimum
of solar activity. After this, activity., as a whole, gradually increased
and is still increasing. Possibly, in 1957 it was the greatest for the en-
tire time of observations. From previous data it was foreseen that the maxi
mum of activity would occur in November 1957, but in 1958, it is doubtful
whether the phase of the maximum will be revealed. Before the end of the
secular cycle, two or four more 11-year cycles are anticipated.
The relation of change of solar activity with the level of the Caspian
Sea was also established. Helioforecasting was done with precision -- the
level of the Caspian rises sharply during a decrease in solar activity.
A. A. Yakovkin (Kiev), corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR, read a paper on "Irregularity of the Earth's Rotation and
Ways of Studying it." The first indicatiras on the irregularity of the
Earth's rotation were obtained as a result of observations of the Moon. The
Earth changes its moment of rotation. The secular acceleration of the
Earth's rotation should also be called to attention. The hypothesis on the
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lengthening of the day at the expense of the loss of energy of rotation
during the friction of tidal waves is expressed. The sharp jumps in
angular velocity of the Earth as recorded since 1785 were left unexplained.
It was established that in the last 250 years, the length of the day has
increased by 0.0014 seconds. There are annual variations in the rate of
the Earth's rotation. For their computation, an analytic relation was
found. It can be assumed that the Moon is the custodian of time. In this
connection, observations of its longitude take on the character of time
service. Progress in the study of this problem lies chiefly in the im-
provement of observation methods,,
I. V. Gavril.ov (Kiev), scientific associate at the State Astronomical
Observatory (GAO) of the Academy of Scienceo Ukrainian SSR, reported on
"Photographing the Moon Simultaneously With the Stars for Determining the
:Aeon's Exact Coordinates." Determination of the exact coordinates of the
Moon has a great significance for the solution of a number of problems of
a geophysical nature. For the solution of these problems, Markowitz's
method is used, according to which the Moon is photographed through filters
which attenuate its illumination and compensate for its motion, thus making
it possibly obtain a suitable photograph of the Moon, together with the
stars. Associates of the GAO made a special device for photographing the
Moon by this method. A method of observations and processing of photographs
according to the IGY program was worked out.
Ye. A. Gurtovenko (Kiev), Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences,
delivered the last report on "The AFR-2 Telescope of the State Astronomical
Observatory of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR and Observation Prac-
tice With it." The superiority of this new telescope lies in its simplicity,
which makes it much better than spectroheliographs, which it will gradually
replace. The telescope makes it possible to obtain short exposures. Gurto-
venko explained the principles of operation of the interference-polarization
filter with a 0.5 Angstrom band pass. The telescope is equipped with a movie
camera. Photographs of the Sun which were taken with this telescope were
shown. There photographs present a remarkable image of the chromosphere and
prominences. Besides the Sun service, it can be used for a whole number of
investigations in the field of physics of the Sun.
After the reading of the final paper, a discussion on the reports and
scientific papers was held. The first results of investigations completed
in the Ukraine according to the IGY program were unanimously lauded and
means for eliminating certain shortcomings still evident in the work of the
IGY participating institutions were indicated. The papers which were pres-
ented reflect positive scientific achievement obtained by Ukrainian scien-
tists during the 3 months of observations. All scientific papers received
a high evaluation and were recommended for publication.
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At the conel.uaion of the conference, a resolution was adopted in which
the satisfactory state of IGY observations in the Ukraine was emphasized.
As a result of t;heae observations, the first 5 months of investigations
have produced new, valuable and interesting data.
Calling attention to the dependence of the majority of geophysical
processes on the state of solar activity, the conference considers the
conduct of the Fourth International Geophysical Year during the next maxi-
mum of solar activity, which is expected in 1967 and 1968, as expedient.
For the discussion of preliminary results of observations for the
entire IGY period it was resolved
Conference of IGY Participants in November 1958.1 (Vionyk Akademii Nauk
Ukrains'koi RSR, No 3, Mar 58, pp 56-62)
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Sc,vL.:t, IGY Ofi'Icia.L Reports on Progress in USSR
In an articl.c written for the readers of a Soviet newspaper, Valeria
Al,:kr,e jc~vrul Troitskaya, secretary of the Interdepartmental Committee for
the Conduct of the IGY, presents iriCormation on the prolrresc of this
work In the Soviet Union.
;More than 1.00 scientific institutions are engaged in IGY investiga-
tions in the Soviet Union. Many thousands of scientists, technicians,
and observers are employed. About 600 stations organized and controlled
by the institutions are scattered throughout all the territory of the
USSR. These stations conduct numerous observations specified by the IGY
program in all the divisions of geophysics which enter into the program,
meteorology, geomagnetism and earth currents, aurorae and night sky il-
lumiriation, the ionosphere and meteors, cosmic rays, solar activity,
Latitude and longitude, oceanography, glaciology, seismology, gravimetry,
and rocket and artificial earth satellite investigat-!ons. Supplementary
information on different geophysical phenomena is collected from scientists
of numerous hydrometeorological stations, working according to a more
limited program than that of the IGY stations, from airplane and ship
crews, from the country's radio clubs and stations conducting observa-
tions on the artificial earth satellites, and from a wide circle of
amateur observers.
More than two complex expeditions will be organized by Soviet inves-
tigators during the IGY. Among these must be mentioned the expeditions
in the Antarctic, Arctic, the high mountain regions of the Pamir, the
Tien Shan, the Suntar-Ihayata mountain range, and the Pacific, Atlantic,
Arctic, and Indian oceans.
The nonmagnetic sailing ship Zarya must make a magnetic survey in
the waters of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean,
a total voyage of 50,000 miles. About a fourth of this total was covered
up to the first part of January 1958. During this time many new findings
were made on the distribution of the magnetic field on the oceans.
In the Central Arctic Basin continuous observations on diverse geo-
physical phenomena are made by two drifting stations, "North Pole 6" and
.North Pole 7." One the most northern complex stations newly organized
before the IGY is the station on the Island of Heiss (80037' N), where
observations for meteorological phenomena, cosmic rays, the ionosphere,
the Earth's magnetic field, Earth currents, aurorae, seismic phenomena,
etc., are conducted.
In Antarctica Soviet researchers have built several scientific bases
from which they conduct daily observations in conjunction with scien-
tists from all over the world. The main base in the Antarctic is Mirnyy.
Other stations are Pionerskaya, located at an altitude of 2,700 meters,
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375 1:'i l c,me i,c r u it, the o1' the coni; Lnent; Oaz.Ls, located at a dic -
tauc0 cat 00 l;tLowe er?u, of' Mirnyy; VoStok 1, located at an altitude
c?L' 3,lrO) irio'.orc crud 635 1c.Llornc.tc.rs :inland fron. Mlrnyy; and the now station
Vc.,,;tc,!:, ort;anlz:ed Lrr the rei;t0n of the c,outh geomagnetic pole. Meteoro-
! c.>t;icat lnvrei, t? Ltrai i.on:: the c.: have Jhown than the atmospheric pressure in
the Aiitarc tic is lower. ed in the course of the whole year, during which its
yearLy opposite to the yearly course in the northern hemisphere,
and Lri winter the pressure is lower than in summer. The tropocphere to the
Antarctic is colder in o ummer. arid. winter tnan in the Arctic in these
same latitudes , In coni.-cast to the Arctic, the stratosphere in the Ant-
arctic is hit;tier in wini,er than in summer.. The average yearly humidity
of the -dc in the vicina. i;y of Mirnyy is 67 percent; falling to 26 percent
In the wir.?t::r. According to the distance traveled into the interior of
the continent, the temperature drops. The minimum temperature registered
at Pionerskaya was near 70 degree s below zero. Winds have been recorded
at 60 meters per see-or,d at; Oazis. The average temperature at Vostok I
during July 1Q57 was minus 58 degrees, and it rarely dropped below 70
degrees een.7 i td.e
Glaciological roves t.igati.ons showed that in the region of Pioner-
skaya station., 375 kilometers from the coast, the bottom of the glacier
is several hundred rnr tars below see level. The continental ice there is
more than 3,000 meters thick. The discovery of only separate parts of
land rising above sea leirel near the shore raises doubts as to existing
ideas concerning Antarctica as a single continent. In any case it pre-
sents the bets-is for a. r.:r.v?i.sion of notions concerning the size of this
continent if only in its eastern part..
Many oceanological investigations are under way in the Soviet Union.
The expeditionary ships Ob' and Lena .:have. already made important investi-
gations in subantoactic waters. In the Pacific ocean the Vityaz has
gathered much information on the bottom profile of the ocean. Its most
notable discovery was r submarine mountain 3-4 kilometers higher than
the ocean hoc'. In the Mariana depression a record depth of 10,900 meters
was registered.
A new oceanographic ship, the Miltiail Lomonosov, began investiga-
tions in the north Atlantic. in February 1958.
E tens lye glaciological .investigations under the IGY are conducted
in all the main glacier areas of the USSR. Among these are the Fedchenko
glacier in the Pamirs, the glacier fields in Novaya Zemlya, and the
glacier and ice fields in the region of the Suntar-Ihayata.
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A covl.c t; a s trolphy:; i.cal c:.pedition under the direction of Academician
Feucnl:ova ha: returned to the USSR after conducting observations on zodia-
caL Light; in Lgyplt together w:Lt-h 1 gyptian scientists. The region selected
was the Nubian Desert, since it :Ls there that zodiacal light lies perpen-
dicular to the horizon, substantiaJ.:Ly facilitating observations. Similar
obu;.rvat Loris hero; conducted. ;; imul.taneously in Alma-Ata.
3ov: L solar observatori.cu continuously conduct observations on the
state of the Sun. The best-known of those is the Crimean Astrophysical
Observatory, which reports its data on solar activity to the Soviet r,^,i-
ter of World Days, which is connected with the centers in Paris, Tokyo,
and Washington. This same center notifies all Soviet observatories
which conduct observations for complex magnetic phenomena, of the iono-
sphere, the aurorae, cosmic rays, the Earth's magnetic field, and earth
currents, of the probable corning of the so-called world intervals.
"It is known that in accordance with the obligations accepted under
the IGY program artificial earth satellites were launched in the Soviet
Union. Thanks to these sputniks, scientists throughout the whole world
were given the opportunity of obtaining information on the nature of
various geophysical phenomena in the upper atmosphere from heretofore
inaccessible altitudes. It is difficult to overestimate the value of the
scientific data obtained in connection with the launching of the Soviet
artificial earth satellites. Thus, for example, observations on the
propagation of radio waves radiated from the sputnik are of great value.
Up to the present the principal information concerning the ionosphere was
obtained as a result of studying radio waves sent from the Earth and re-
flected from the ionospheric region lying below the zone of maximum ioni-
zation of the Ionospheric layers. The launching of the sputnik made it
possible to receive radio signals over a long period of two different
frequencies from parts of the ionosphere not previously accessible for
long-period observation lying above the maximum ionization, and, probably,
the ionosphere as a whole.
Observations during the flight of the sputnik carrying the dog Laika
show that the condition of an animal during orbital flight remains satis-
factory. There is no doubt that the investigations conducted are a signif-
icmuzt contribution to the successful realization of interplanetary flights
and will serve as the basis for developing the means of ensuring the
safety of man's flights in cosmic space.
Completely new possibilities of observations during primary cosmic
radiations are presented with the use of sputniks. Moving at a speed of
8 kilometers per second, the sputnik through a very short interval of
time passes from one latitude to another and makes it possible to study
the very important and interesting latitudinal effect of cosmic radia-
tion, that is, the variation of the number of particles with geomagnetic
latitude. The determined latitudinal effect of this radiation makes it
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posyLblc to study the distribution of cosmic particles according to energy.
The d:is tr1.butiou of cosmic particles according to energy gives an indirect
indication concerning the processes originating at great distances from
the Larth and also from the solar system. The preliminary processing of
data conic: rriing cosmic rays transmitted from the second sputnik showed
that both the ins tru.merits functioned normally. The relationship between
the nsmber of particles of cosmic radiation and the geomagnetic latitude
was apparent. A11 the data obtained with the sputniks are being processed
and in time will be sent to IGY world data centers.
Material on observations already has begun to arrive in Soviet IGY
data centers from stations in the Soviet Union as well as from many
foreign countries. The exchange of material between centers has also
begun.
A consideration of the problems concerning the processing of IGY
results will be made by an assembly of CSAGI (Special Committee for the
IGY) being called this year in August in Moscow. Taking part in this
assembly will be a wide circle of scientists, specialists in various
fields of geophysics, and representatives of all countries participating
in the IGY.
The period of preparation for the IGY and its first months have al-
ready shown that the noble aims of the IGY are capable of arousing great
forces. The IGY is a lever, with the aid of which the study of the
Antarctic and the study of the course of planetary processes, the knowl-
edge of which is necessary to solve the knotty problems of modern geophys -
icc, were undertaken. Finally, within the frame of the IGY artificial
earth satellites will be launched, opening to scientists new, unknown
worlds. There is no doubt that the IGY opens new borders not only in the
history of the development of geophysics, but also in the history of in-
Litva, 6 Mar 58)
Vil'nyus, Sovetskaya
II, ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Third Sputnik Launching May Have Had Some Failures
The es Berlin newspaper Der Kurier has implied that the USSR re-
portedly tried to launch a third sputnik before 1 May but that the at-
tempt apparently failed or was postponed. The newspaper has published a
photographic copy of a cover of the East Berlin review Neue Berliner I1 -
lus trierte greeting the "launching of Sputnik III into the universe.
According to Per Kurier, the cover was printed on 13 April for the 1 May
issue of Neue Berliner Illustrierte, and shortly thereafter, it was seized
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n orders of the governmental press service. Der Kurier added that this
[the seizure] would seem to confirm that the launching of Sputnik III was
to have taken place before 1 May but that it must have been postponed.
brussels, La Libre Delgique, 2 May 5
Sputnik and the Geoid
A popular science article, titled "Geodesist of the Sky," by Ye.
Saparina, includes the following statements:
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"We know that the Earth is not a true sphere, but the exact figure
of our planet has not been determined. With the launching of artificial
earth satellites, this problem has once more become the center of attrac-
tion for scientists.
"Gravity, in general, depends on the distribution of the Earth's
core and on the attracting masses at its surface. The layers of the
Earth's core, however, vary, and the weight of the crust as a whole,
compared with the Earth's core, has a different density and thus attracts
bodies to a varying degree.
"The gravimetric survey of the territory of the USSR and surrounding
seas was begun in 1932, and the force of gravity has been determined for
more than 20,000 points. Gravimetric surveys are included in the program
of the IGY, and will be carried out at difficultly accessible places,, in-
cluding the Antarctic.
"By measuring the force of gravity at various geographical locations,
it is possible to determine the form of the earth -- the geoid. A geoid
cannot be described graphically; there is no such geometric figure. One
essential requirement which the geoid must meet is that the plumb line
at any point must be perpendicular to the surface of the geoid. This is
about all that is known about it.
"With the aid of angular and gravitational measurements, the Soviet
geodesist, Zhongolov:lch, was successful in determining over 60 constants
(actually infinite in number) which characterize the figure of the Earth.
With -the aid of the Regular moon it is possible to detect only two such
values -- the degree of flattening [ellipticity] and its size. Other ir-
regularities of the Earth have no influence on the Moon. But now the
sputnik is detecting everything.
"In this regard, the polar sputnik, that is, the Soviet satellite,
is more convenient; since it flies around a greater surface of the Earth.
The motion of the equatorial sputnik tells us only of the equatorial ir-
regularity.
16
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"AL Tire t glance it seem: stran;;e: How can L.his satellite, located
r u Ls :ide the Earth, be able to say whaL is happening inside our planet?
Rut this is true. The satellite moves in the Earth's gravitational fiel
and very de:LicateLy reacts to all irregularities of this field. The
satellite, for example, is able to 'sense' that under it are located
deposits of heavy iron, and to 'distinguish' rock from the lighter water
of the ocean.
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"By studying the motion of the sputnik (single 'local' clistarbanees
of its orbit), we are able, so to speak, to probe the gravitational
field of the Earth, to determine its 'concentrations' and its 'gaps,'
that is, to know where deposits of great density are located within the
Earth and to what depth and distance they extend.
"In order to learn of the internal structure of the Earth, we need
only determine carefully the coordinates of the sputnik with an accuracy
of up to dozens of meters. In the territory of the USSR there are over
60 special observation points, each of which has 20-30 observers. In
addition, there are a number of stations for more accurate
o nervations. (Znaniye-Sila, No 3, Mar 58, pp 30-34)
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rc ] e ri.c i.on Techniques in Astronomy
The use of television techniques in astronomical practice as a means
or d.ecr?oasing the exposure time in photographing heavenly bodies is dis-
cur.ced by N. F. Kuprevich, Candidate of Physic omathematical Sciences,
Main Astronomical 0bdervatory, Academy of Sciences USSR (Pulkovo), in an
article which recently appeared in a Soviet periodical,
In astronomical practice it has long been realized that a reduc' on
in exposure time during the photographing of celestial objects always
iurproves the quality of the picture, since by doing so the effect of the
Eirth's atmosphere (which is never at rest) on the picture is decreased.
`I'.lw motion of the air masses causes various optical distortions of the
images of distant astronomical objects.
Long exposures give washed-out pictures in which details are lost.
1 c,hort exposures, about one fiftieth of a second, very sharp pictures
~i.ve '.teen obtained in various occasional photographs. The use of in-
;;t;o.r.teouc photography is not always possible. Its drawback is the com-
paratively small illumination with which astronomy must deal. To over-
come this it is natural to turn to increasing the size of the telescope.
This is a costly and technically difficult procedure. In the most modern
telescopes concave mirrors are used. With the level of engineering today,
1rrors of about 5 meters can be considered the largest feasible. This
is explained by the difficulty of making such large mirrors and by the
fact that the great size of the mirror causes it to bend under its own
-a'::Cght in the different positions of the instrument, which in turn causes
distortion of the image.
he most widely used telescopes have an aperture of 0.5-1.0 meter.
Since the sensitivity of photoplates has not been appreciably increased
Jr. .the last few years, it is necessary to seek another solution to the
pro"blem of shortening the exposure time during the photographing of astro-
tomical objects.
A photocathode photoelement is approximately 100 times more sensitive
a photoplate. Therefore, using it as a receiver of light only one
'~.rir..dred.th. of the usual exposure time is required. However, use of the
photocathode for obtaining images is not as simple as would be the use of
the ?hotoplate. The specific properties of the photocathode find applica-
,:iou either in the so-called electron-optical converter or in the trans-
mi.ttLng television tube used with appropriate apparatus. Here the photo-
cathode, in comparison with the photoplate, can be considered a light
i:rtensifier. In this case the use of the photocathode has the effect of
increasing the aperture of the telescope. Thus the use of the electron-
optical converter with a 0.5-meter-diameter telescope is equivalent to
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the usual telescope having a 5-meter diameter. However, the gain here
will be in raising the sensitivity and not in increasing the resolv-
ing power (the optical diameter is not changed).
An image obtained on the screen of such an electron-optical converter
when photographed with a special light-intensifying objective results in
the reduction of the exposure time to from one fourth to one sixth.
Use of a converter with a photocathode which is sensitive to infrared
rays makes it possible to see objects otherwise invisible to the eye. Us-
ing the converter in photographing the sky led to the discovery of many
new objects previously undiscovered because of the low sensitivity of photo-
plate emulsions to this field of the spectrum. For increasing the bright-
ness it is possible to use several converters, projecting an image from
the screen of the first converter to the screen of the second, and so on.
Sometimes two converters are joined in one two-step block. In such a
block the screen of the first converter is separated from the photocathode
of the second converter by a glass plate several tenths or thousandths of
a millimeter thick. The over-al]. intensification given by such a block
is more than the intensification of brightness by using the preceding
system. Under favorable conditions photographing from a screen can give
a brightness 100-130 times greater.
Another method of increasing the brightness of an image is by tele-
vision techniques. The use of television apparatus has a number of ad-
vantages. First, it permits transmitting an image from a telescope for
a great distance, which in some cases is essential. Second, its use
makes it possible to obtain a much larger image than that originally pro-
jected on the photocathode of the transmitting tube. Finally, it permits
smooth regulation of the size, contrast, and brightness of the image.
The shirtcomings of the television method are due to the great complexity
of the equipment.
The basic part of a television apparatus, the transmitting tube,
transforms a luminous image into electrical signals. These electrical
signals are conveyed through appropriate apparatus to a receiving tube,
the kinescope, where they are converted into a brighter image. The
principle of transmitting an image from a photocathode on a receiver
screen, on which the image is studied, differs in these two methods. In
the electron-optical converter the electron image is wholly projected on
the screen, where it is also transformed into a visible image. In tele-
vision apparatus the transmission of the image occurs in succession, from
point to point. Here the image unfolds in a horizontal direction accord-
ing to lines, and in a vertical direction according to squares.
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In television tethn:Lgie 5eviera L types of tiansmitt.ing tubes having different
iij;ht characteristics and possessing different sensitivity are: used. In
astronomical practice for photographing, at exposures of one fiftieth of
a second, sufficiently bright objects, such as the Moon and Mars, the
most suitable type of tube appears to be the "Ortikon" with an image con-
verter.
A television apparatus has been developed and constructed in the Pul-
kovo Main Astronomical Observatory especially for photographing celestial
objects from a telescope screen. The electrical system of the apparatus
is somewhat more simplified than the systems used in television centers.
The installation provides a definition of the usual television standaxd
of 625 lines. Experiments photographing the surface of the Moon were made
on the horizontal solar telescope in the Pulkovo observatory in the fall
of 1956.
The horizontal telescope is located in a large pavilion. There is
no actual telescope tube; a room 50 meters long fulfills this role.
Mirrors, w'vich can be shifted along special rails for focusing the optical
image on suitable light receivers, are mounted on bases.
The light from a celestial object, in this case the Noon, falls ini-
tially on the plane mirror of a target follower, which is equipped with
a clock mechanism. The purpose of the target follower is to follow the
shifting object in the celestial sphere in the course of the daily rota-
tion of the Earth. Further, the rays of light fall on an additional
mirror, also flat, and are reflected from it onto the concave mirror of
the telescope. The diameter of the mirror is 500 millimeters, and the
focal distance, 16 meters. The diameter of the image of Moon in the
focus of the mirror is 14.5 centimeters. For obtaining an image larger
in diameter, a supplementary mirror with a very small convexity can be
used. Both these mirrors together have a focal distance of 56 meters.
The diameter of the Moon's image attains 500 millimeters (second focus).
A television tube can be located at either of the two points, at the
focal distances of 16 or 57 meters, correspondingly. Since the aperture
of the transmitting tube (photocathode) is 28 x 28 millimeters and of the
receiving tube is 180 x 240 millimeters, then on the television screen
the Moon's image is 6.5 times greater, and on it a part of the lunar sur-
face is seen which is equal to a diameter of 940 millimeters for the first
focus and 3.3 meters for the second.
The image from the television screen is photographed on motion picture
film by a small camera. An electronic synchronic shutter Is used during
photographing which provides an accurate exposure of one fiftieth of a
second and permits making only one frame. Here during the introduction
of the special starting impulse, the synchronous shutter controls the
brightness of the receiving tube screen. Before photographing the elec-
tronic rays of the kinescope "are locked," and the image on the screen is
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abs,nt. From the moment of the beginning of the frame, i.e., with the
appearance of the first lines, the rays are "unlocked," and the image
aPn(!ars on the televisor screen. For photographing the following frame
it is necessary to introduce the starting impulse again. It is practi-
cally impossible to obtain good photographs without a synchronous shutter,
since it is not possible to open the shutter exactly at the moment of the
beginning of the frame and to close it at its end. A small error in tim-
ing causes the appearance of white or dark streaks on the photograph.
Satisfactory photographing of a screen can be obtained by increasing the
exposure time by only one fifth of a second. In this case several frame
are photographed and superimposed, making the streaks become almost in-
visible. This method is excluded from the operating conditions in use.
It is also impossible to reduce the exposure time, for instance, down
to one hundredth of a second, despite the sufficiently bright image on
the screen. With an exposure less than the time of the scanning of a
frame, the photograph will yield only part of the lines, and consequently,
only part of the image. For shortening the exposure time it is necessary
to shorten the scanning ti.we of the frame. However, this is not always
possible for fixed apparatus. With an image of the Moon, 14.5 centimeters
in diameter, the illumination in the first quarter will not exceed 0.05
lux, and direct photographing with an exposure of one fiftieth of a second
gives a negative with a hardly noticeable black saturation.
The illumination of an image on a television screen reaches 30-40
luxes. This permits obtaining contrasting negatives during the photo-
graphing of a television screen with the usual objective with a rela-
tive opening of 1:3.5.
Reference is made to the use of television techniques in astronomy
in other countries. Experiments in this direction which were conducted
in Cambridge, England, and which gave favorable results are cited.
At present, work has begun on the adaptation of methods of elec-
tronic intensification of the brightness of astronomical pictures.
Undoubtedly, future work in this direction greatly increases the possi-
b?i!? et
8.1 (Priroda, No 3, Mar 58.,
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Soviet Observatories to be Provided With Iar er Telescopes
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, taking note of the
insufficiency of large telescopes in Soviet observatories and the ever-
increasing need for such instruments, has taken measures to overcome
this shortcoming.
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The most important problems of the structure of the Milky Way and
other [,,lactic systems, as well as the new problems which have arisen as
the result of the launching of artificial earth satellites and future
problems of interplanetary vehicles or rockets require powerful light-
gathering telescopes for their solution.
In this connection, the Presidium created a special laboratory in
the system of the Academy of Sciences USSR for designing and organizing
the construction of a reflecting telescope with a speculum 6 meters in
diameter. This is in addition to a reflector with a 2.6 meter aperture
being built for the Krimean observatory. This laboratory will conduct
experimental testing of new ideas and construction principles of Soviet
telescope assemblies, the grinding and polishing of the basic optical
units (including the main 6 meter mirror), and the selection of the most
favorable (in an astroclimatic sense) point for the erection of the tele-
scope.
Up to the organization of the laboratory, work on the large telescope
will be conducted by the Main Astronomical Observatory.
The Presidium engaged the Institute of Electromechanics to develop
a small photoguide and apparatus for photoelectrically compensating the
deflections of the telescope tube and for providing automatization of
special observational apparatus to conduct specific work according to
the tasks of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory.
The Division of Technical Sciences must provide for the development
of work on the automatization of instruments used in astrophysical in-
vestigations in their own plans, and the Division of Physicomathematical
Sciences must provide for the continuation of the work on the large
telescope in the Main Astronomical Observatory, the expansion of the
Department of Astronomical Instruments of the Crimean Astrophysical Ob-
f for electron photo-
(Vestnik Akadcmii Nauk SSSR, No 3, Mar 58, p 106)
Rcle of Thermal Fields in Jet Stream Evolution
The relationship between changes in the temperature field of the
troposphere and the evolution or jet streams is considered in an article,
by K. F. Ugarova. A total of 11 cases of jet streams ?ocated for the
most part over the european territory of the USSR in the cold months
(October-April) of 1951E-1956 are analyzed. Selection of the cases was
based on a value exceeding 100 kilometers per hour at the 300 mb level.
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comp'uiiei? by the formation of h:tgh-altitude troughs, while in the remain-
Lr.i , five, the deformations were small. Variations in the intensity of the
.j _A 3treaur3 were studied. at the 300 mb level, as this surface is the most
representative in the determination of the location and intensity of the
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t:ion processes. (Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, No 1, Jan 58, pp 22-?27)
It was found that a variation in the intensity of the jet stream and
a change in the concentration of temperature contrasts in the troposphere
are closely interconnected. Changes of the temperature field of the tropo-
sphere in the jet stream region substantially effect not only the hori-
zontal transfer but the vertical movements as well. In addition, the verti-
cal movements do not form any single nucleus of circulation on the extent
of the jet stream as a whole. The character of the vertical circulation
across the jet stream changes in relation
Rumanian Radio Sounding Reaches 30,000 Meters
ominia Libera, .10 Apr 5d, p 2
Radio sounding done by Rumanian meteorological authorities in connec-
tion with research for the IGY has recently attained heights which were
not reached in earlier years. Equipment imported from the USSR for this
purpose and installed at Bucharest-Baneasa and at Cluj, has proved of
superior quality. This year, radio waves reached the following altitudes:
5 January, 30,508 meters, 25 January, 31,519 meters; 10 February, 30,308
meters; 2 c , J0,350 meters; and April, meters. Bucharest,
Soviet 0cearogra ric_ Expeditions
CPYRGHT
The s 2ientific e xplora-ory fleet of the Academy of Sciences USSR now
numbers about 30 different ships and is widely engaged in the work of the
IGY progrwn. In an interview given to a Soviet newspaper, Chief Maritime
Inspector S. I. J-hakov, a captain of long experience, gave aome informa-
tion on the. expeditions these ships are engaged in.
The flagship of the fleet., the Vityaz, under the command of Capt I. V.
Sergeye-v- -r. the next to embark on a scientific voyage under the IGY program.
This spring, the course of the ship will be from north to south through
the Pacific Ocean from the latitude of. Vladivostok down to the shores of
New Guinea. Approximately every 60 miles, the scientific complement of
the expedition under the direction of V. P. Perelin, candidate of geo-
graphical sciences, will conduct complex oceanographic investigations,
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la:Lnin;-, important data concerning the temperature, chemical content,
and physical properties of the ocean waters at different depths. Data
on the climate and the weather, soils lying on the bottom of the ocean,
and ocean currents also will be collected.
The return route of the Vityaz to Vladivostok, where the ship will
arrive in June, will pass near the Philippine archipelago and the islands
of Japan. The equator will be crossed eight times during this trip. In
the fall, the ship will embark on another voyage and-will conduct scien-
tific investigations throughout the Pacific Ocean, this time in a lati-
tudinal direction.
The new expeditionary ship of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the
Mikhail Lomonosov, commanded by V. S. Rudnykh, will work in the Atlantic
in the first part of the year. Prior to May, the staff of the expedition,
uLlder A. A. Ivanov, Doctor of Physicomathematical Sciences, concluded
large oceanographic investigations from the Iberian peninsula to the
shores of Newfoundland. From there, the ship will proceed to the region
between Iceland and Scotland, where the Gulf Stream meets the waters en-
tering from the central Arctic basin.
In the waters adjoining the glacial shores of Antarctica, the Ob'
has successfully completed its work. Now it is going to the Chilean port
of Valparaiso, from whence it will sail through Drake's Passage at the tip
of South America and up the coast, stopping for a visit in Buenos Aires.
From there, it will cross the Atlantic arriving in the USSR in July.
The Sevastopol Biological Station of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
the oldest scientific marine institution in the Soviet Union, will organize
an expedition on the ship Academician Kovalevskiy this swrer. A large
group of Soviet scientists under Professor V. A. Vodyanitskiy, Correspond-
ing Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukranian SSR and director of the
station, will conduct much complex work in the Black Sea near the shores
of Rumania and Bulgaria and undertake a scientific voyage in the Adriatic
Sea.
Investigation of the fish resources of the Barents Sea will be per-
ad of
Sciences De in Moscow,
Izvestiya, 1 May 58) CPYRGHT
Ob' in South Pacific
A radio report from V. Tkachev, first mate on the Soviet diesel- CPYRGHT
' miles south
of Easter Island in the Pacific. (Izvestiya, 5 May 58)
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Polish IGY Expedition to Spitsbergen
CPYRGH A 20-member Polish scientific expo
ICosiba, meteorologist and glaciologist
scheduled to leave for Spitsbergen via
? Professor Kosiba recently spent 3
Polar Institute, the Meteorological Ins
and geologists on the
bergen. (Oslo) Aftenposten (PM edition;
CPYRGHT
Ition headed by Prof Aleksandrev
f the University of Wroclaw, is
romsoe, Norway, on 6 June.
eeks In Oslo to consult with the
itute, and Norwegian geographers
scientific explorations in SY~t, n_
29
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Apr 58)
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USCOMM-DC-36453
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