SOVIET BLOC IGY INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200010001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 29, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 7, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

UNCLRSSIFIEID .SOV IET'BLOL, IGY
~ w
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SOVIET BLOC
IGY
INFORMATION
Number 1 7 February 1958
Prepared by
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
Approved For Release 1
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
To: Recipients of the report Activities in the Arctic and
Antarctic
In view of the close connection of arctic and antarctic
activities with the International Geophysical Year program, infor-
mation on Soviet Bloc polar activities of IGY interest will appear
hereafter in the weekly report Soviet Bloc International Geophysi-
cal Year Information issued by the. Office of Technical Services, US
Department of Commerce. With the cessation of this report at the
close of the IGY program, such information will again be published
in the Activities in the Arctic and Antarctic.
All non-Soviet Bloc arctic and antarctic information and
Soviet Bloc polar activity not of IGY interest will continue to be
published in the report Activities in the Arctic and Antarctic.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information
on Soviet Bloc International Geophysical Year
activities selected from foreign-.language publi-
cations as indicated in parentheses. It is pub-
lished as an aid to United States Government re-
search.
SOVIET BLOCK INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION (1)
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Rockets and Artifical Earth Satellites
1
II.
Upper Atmosphere
15
III.
IV.
Meteorology
Glaciology
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I. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Study on Resistance of a Body (Satellite) Moving in a Rarefied Medium
M. L. Lidov, a member of the Interdepartmental Commission on Inter-
planetary Travel USSR, has written an article entitled "Resistance of an
Unoriented Body Moving in a Rarefied Gas." Lidov considers that a body
moving in a free molecular flow (in particular, the case of an artificial.
earth satellite), with no special orientation of the body relative to tiie
direction of its motion, will rotate relative to the center of its mass
with a vari?9bie angular velocity under the influence of random disturbances.
Consideration of an ideal-unoriented body in the work makes it possible
to calculate the average resistance of such a body without regarding the
resistance of the individual angi.es of attack.
The exact determination of the coefficient of resistance of a sphere
(this calculation is also reduced to the problem concerning the resistance
of an ideal-unoriented body) usually required the calculation of quadratures
which are a function of the parameter.
Lidov shows in the article that it is practically possible to expand
this integral according to this parameter and to limit the calculation to
the first terms. The coefficient of resistance of the sphere is calculated
by a simple formula with the aid of a single tabulated function. This is
useful in the analysis of a number of investigations which it is proposed
to conduct in the upper atmosphere.
Expressions are given for the heat exchange and aerodynamic forces
acting on the body, the number of particles striking a unit area per unit
time, the pressure acting on the area, the frontal resistance of the im-
pinging molecules, the influx of energy carried by these molecules per
unit time, the full frontal resistance of the body, and the calculation
of the coefficients of resistance of the sphere considering elastic or
mirror reflection and diffused reflection of the molecules. (Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 12, Dec 57, pp 1521.-1528)
[Comment: M. L. Lidov, together with A. G. Karpenko, secretary of
the Commission on Interplanetary Travel, has also published an article,
"On the Temperature Conditions of an Earth Satellite," which is summariz,.s
in the following item]
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Temperature Studies for Soviet Earth Satellite Program
A. G. Karpenko and M. L. Lidov, members of the Interdepartmental
Commission on Interplanetary Travel under the Astronomical Council of
the Academy of Sciences USSR, have written an article entitled "Tem-
perature Conditions of an Earth Satellite."
They say that temperature conditions in an earth satellite will be
determined by many factors connected with the design and orbital charac-
teristics of the specific project. Works published at present along
this line are devoted either to an evaluation of the extremes of tempera-
ture, which practically are unobtainable, or to the influence of separ-
ate factors, for example, the molecular affluence of a body, the corpus-
cular radiation of the sun, etc. Such an approach does not permit the
determination of the possible ranges of the satellite's temperature
fluctuations in its orbital mr1-!'n with sufficient accuracy.
The authors propose, as an ideal satellite, a body with infinite
heat conductivity completely without means of orientation in space, and
say that, with such a concept, the specific design parameters of the satel-
lite cannot be considered in the calculations.
The article presents calculations made for certain circular orbits
and graphs of the minimum and maximum temperatures attainable by the body
in relation to the nature and reflectivity of the surface. In this con-
nection the following quantities were calculated: the influx of energy
from an internal source, the influx of energy directly from solar radia-
tions, and the influx of energy from the earth in the form of heat radia-
tions and reflections of solar radiation. (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 4, Apr 57, pp 527-533)
Soviet Review of Equipment, Instrumentation, and Experiments on Sputnik II
B. S. Danilin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, has published an in-
formative article entitled "Invasion of the Cosmos," the full text of which
CPYRGHT follows .
When the news circled the world that the first artificial earth eatel-?
lite had been successfully launched in the Soviet Union, military and politi-
cal activists in the US applied their efforts to belittling the great signi-
ficance of this scientific and technical achievement. They said that the
satellite did not have any value for the conducting of scientific research.
They stooped even to such irrational statements as the assertion that the
small moon was only "a piece of iron hurled into space."
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CPYRGHT
The flight of the first artificial satellite made it possible for
our scientists to gain valuable information on the processes occurring
in the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere. Observations of the
flight path of the satellite and its rocket-carrier are making it possi-
ble to make more precise our notions concerning the density of the
earth's atmosphere at high altitudes and its physical properties which
condition the p~.ssage of radio waves of various frequencies, and to
clarify the indirect causes of the change in characteristics of the
ionized layers. These data are of primary significance in forecasting
radio-wave propagation and ensuring reliable radio communications.
The launching of Sputnik II,a complete flying laboratory, was a new
step forward in man's conquest of the cosmos. Scientific data and obser-
vations on the,experimental animal obtained with the aid of instruments
mounted on board Sputnik II have made it possible to significantly ex-
pand human knowledge in the field of physical processes occurring in
cosmic space and to follow the vital activity of an animal under condi-
tions of cosmic flight.
How the Second Satellite Is Constructed
As distinct from Sputnik I, which had the form of a sphere
with a weight of 83.6 kilograms, Sputnik II is the final stage of the
rocket-carrier with the power supply, containers, and scientific appara-
tus mounted on it and having a total weight of 508.3 kilograms, This
is six times as heavy as Sputnik I. The maximum distance of Sputnik II
from the surface of the earth is 1,700 kilometers, which is approximately
twice the altitude achieved during the launching of Sputnik I. he per-
iod of revolution around the earth is 103.7 minutes, that is, 7.5 minutes
more than the revolution. period of Sputnik I at the instant of the be-
ginning of its movement.
These data can hardly be compared with those data which, accord-
ing to a preliminary assumption, are given for the-first American satellite.
In accordance with the IGY program, the Americans were supposed to have
launched their satellite in July 1957. As the official American press re-
ports now, the. American satellite will be launched no earlier than March
1958. Its diameter, as proposed, will be equal to 50 cm (20 inches);
weight, 9.8 kg (21.5 pounds); angle of inclination to the equatorial plane,
from 350 to 400; and maximum height of the flight path, !+00' km (300 miles).
On a published map of the proposed flight from the State of Florida, the
American satellite should cover a relat'vely narrow band around the Equator
not passing over European countries,
As is known, the dimensions of Sputnik II are significantly larger
than the dimensions of Sputnik I. This made it possible to install
on Sputnik II a greater quantity of different apparatus. The instruments
on the satellite are situated in the following manner. The head section
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CPYRGHT
of the rocket is equipped with a reinforced frame. An instrument for
investigating solar radiation in the ultraviolet and X-ray regions of
the spectra, a spherical container (the construction of which is anala-
gous to the first satellite) with radio transmitters, and a hermetic
cabin with an experimental animal, a dog, are located in the forward
section of the frame. An apparatus for studying cosmic rays, a radio
telemetering apparatus, and instruments for measuring temperature are
installed directly on the body of the rocket.
The external surface of the spherical container and the cabin
with the animal were polished and subjected to special processing. This
was done to reflect the sun's rays falling on them in order to prevent
overheating of the interior of the cabin and the container. The instru-
ments and containers installed on the frame were protected from the effect
of aerodynamic forces originating during the passage of the rocket into
the dense layers of the earth s atmosphere by a special cone which was
automatically jettisoned after the entry of the rocket-carrier into the
specified orbit.
Located within the spherical container, in addition to the radio
transmitters, were sources of electric power and the sensing elements which
record the changes in pressure and temperature, and also a system for regu-
lating these parameters. One of the radio transmitters operated contin-
uously on the 7.5-meter band. The signals of the second radio transmitter
operating on the 15-meter band had the form of telegraphic transmissions
with a duration of about 0.3 second with pauses of about the same duration.
In case the temperature and pressure within he spherical container changed,
the length of transmissions and the pauses oetween them also changed.
On the outside surface and within the cabin and also on the dif-
ferent structural elements and instruments, transducers for measuring tem-
perature were placed. Within the cabin itself, transducers were set up
with whose aid a continuous study of the vital activity of the animal was
conducted. The results of all measurements were periodically transmitted
to earth with the aid of a radio telemetering system.
Solar Radiation
What new data have we obtained as a result of the launching of
Sputnik II?
The investigation of short-wave ultraviolet and X-ray solar radia-
tion is of primary scientific and practical interest for physicists, astro-
nauts, and geophysicists.
It is known that the earth's atmosphere completely absorbs the
short-wave ultraviolet and X-ray radiation of the sun, protecting at the
same time living organisms from their harmf.tl action. At present, it
makes it impossible to observe short-wave radiation of the sun from the
earth.
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CPYRGHT
Even though the total energy of the short-wave radiation of
the sun in comparison with the energy radiated by the sun in the visible
portion of the spectrum is comparatively small, this radiation more or
less induces in the atmosphere various processes resulting in the forma-
tion of strongly ionizing layers which exert a substantial influence on
radio-wave propagation conditions.
Under the influence of physical processes occurring in the
little-studied external layers of the sun's atmosphere (chromosphere and
corona), the ionized layers of the earth's atmosphere undergo continuous
changes which may lead to the appearance of magnetic storms, disturbances
of radio communications, etc. The use of high-altitude rockets was the
beginning of research in this field of the solar spectrum. However, only
the utilization of artificial satellites for the first time make it possi-
ble to conduct systematic measurements of the short-wave radiation of the
sun over prolonged periods of time.
For this purpose, receiving devices were installed on Sputnik II.
They are special photoelectron multipliers situated at an angle of 1200 to
each other. This was done to increase the pr.)bability of solar radiation
striking the photo cathode of the receiver during the various positions
of the satellite in relation to the sun.
How do these receivers work?
Under the influence of impinging X-ray or ultraviolet radiation,
electrons emerge from the photo cathode. Bombarding a metal plate covered
with a special composition,-these electrons knock out of this plate so-
called secondary electrons. These secondary electrons in turn bombard
another plate and again knock out of it a great number of electrons. This
same process is repeated in all succeeding stages until the electron flow
with the final plate is gathered on a collector-anode. To obtain an idea
of how much amplification may be achieved in the multiplier, suffice it
to say that if each primary electron will knock out four secondary elec-
trons and the number of plates (so-called emitters) is equal to ten, then
the coefficient of amplification of the multiplier will be equal to one
million.
A disk with a set of filters is located in front of the multiplier,
and during the rotation of the filters the entry aperture of the photomul-
tiplier is alternately ^overed by films of aluminum, beryllium, lithium
fluoride, and polyethylene of various thicknesses. This makes it possible
to separate the various bands in the X-ray region of the solar spectrum
and the hydrogen line in the remote ultraviolet region. The transposition
of various filters (two filters per second) is accomplished with the aid
of a step-mechanism operating from a special ,generator.
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CPYRGHT
Revolving around the earth, the satellite part of the time
enters into the part of its orbit which is not illuminated by the sun.
Therefore, with the aid of photoresistors and a system of automatics, the
electrical circuits of the apparatus are switched on only when the sun
falls within the field of vision of one of the receivers of radiation,
This made it possible to use the electric power supply economically.
Signals from the receiver in the form of voltage pulses the
number of which are proportional to the intensity of the radiation
falling on the photo cathode are fed into a digital-integrating circuit
coupled with a radio telemetering system with whose aid the transmission
of signals to earth is accomplished,
Messengers From Outer Space
The use of artificial satellites for investigating cosmic rays
uncovers prospects no less broad. Falling on earth from outer space,
cosmic rays present themselves as streams of atomic nuclei possessing
great energy. Falling on the earth's atmosphere, cosmic "heavy" nuclei
are broken up into more easily forming new particles -- mesons, during
whose decomposition electrons and photons originate.
The earth's magnetic field strongly bends the trajectory of
movement of cosmic rays, creating around it something of peculiar energy
barrier. The height of this 'barrier is at a maximum at the equator and
gradually decreases toward the poles. Only particles having very high
energy can reach the earth and low-energy particles reach only those
regions situated near the North and South Poles,
As a result of the number of processes which occur in outer
space with cosmic rays, the intensity and structure of cosmic rays change.
Usually, the intensity of cosmic rays is faintly changed with the passage
of time. However, during the time of storm processes on the sun, it
greatly increases. During the past 15 years, five strong disturbances
of the intensity of cosmic radiation were recorded; the strongest of these
was observed on 23 February 1956. In this case the intensity even at sea
level changed several times. Thus even during observations from the earth
of short-wave radiation if the sun, the presence of the earth's atmosphere
significantly hinders the investigation of cosmic rays. Therefore, that
is why the observations which were conducted on the satellite for the first
time at an altitude of several hundred kilometers from the earth's surface
were so important.
For recording charged cosmic particles, two instruments were
mounted on the satellite. The axes of the counters of both instriunents
were placed on the'body of the rocket-carrier perpendicular to each
other. In this case when an electrically charged particle passed through
the counter, a spark was induced which gave an impulse to a radio circuit
designed for counting the number of particles of cosmic radiation.
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Then, when a specific number of particles was counted, a signal
was sent to earth with the aid of a radio telemetering device, and the
counter again began to register the particles, and when the number of
pulses achieved the former value again a signal was transmitted to earth.
The intensity of cosmic rays (that is, the number of particles passing
through the counter per second) may be computed if one divides the num-
ber of registered particles by the time during which they were counted.
During the flight of Sputnik IT, both instruments functioned
normally, and the relation of cosmic radiatiL?o to geomagnetic latitude
was distinctly manifested. By knowing this relation, the distribution
of particles according to energy can be determined; that is, we can know
the energy spectrum of cosmic radiation and can follow the changes in it
during the entire period of operation of the apparatus, having compared
these changes with those processes which take place in the space which
surrounds us,
First Cosmic Passenger
In addition to information on processes occurring in the upper
layers of the atmosphere, a no less important problem being solved with
the aid of Sputnik II was the study of the behavior of a living organism
in cosmic space. This is the first time that a living being had pene-
trated the cosmos. Observations of the animal will assist in clarifying
a number of important rules for future cosmic flight.
The successful realization of prolonged flight of the animal in
cosmic space was preceded by a large and broad program in research con-
ducted with rocket ascensions of animals to an altitude of 100-210 km.
Initially, the animals ascended in hermetically sealed cabins equipped
with special small-size systems for regenerating air. After automatic
separation from the rocket, the cabin descended to earth by parachute.
Later, the animals were placed in special high-altitude suits to
which parachutes were attached and at an altitude of 1QO km were automati-
cally ejected from the cabin. The descentby parachute from that altitude
lasted approximately one hour. In other cases, the animals completed "the
slow jump" from an altitude of 40-45 km in which the parachute automati-
cally opened only at an altitude of 4 km, The experiments conducted indi-
cated that animals survived the flight in a completely satisfactory manner,
experiencing no harm to the organism afterward.
However, it should not be forgotten that the conditions of short-
period flight in rockets essentially differ from those in which the animal
will be placed during prolonged flight in an artificial earth satellite,
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CPYRGHT
After the launching of the multistage ballistic rocket, the
flight velocity begins to increase rapidly until it achieves a magnitude
necessary for overcoming the earth's gravitation. The effect of accelera-
tion on the living organism depends on its magnitude, the duration of
the influence, the rate of increase, and the direction in which the force
of acceleration acts on the body of the animal.
During extended training the animals gradually were accustomed
to endure such real accelerations which may occur during the movement of
a rocket-carrier in the active part of its flight path to the entry of
the satellite into its orbit. In addition, at present, for this purpose
special pressure suits counteracting the disturbance of cerebral blood
circulation which can occur as a result of the action of accelerations
were created.
Then, when the satellite enters its specified orbit, the action
of accelerations connected with the increase of velocity disappears, the
force of the earth's gravitation also disappears, and the animal enters
into new, extraordinarily peculiar conditions -- complete weightlessness.
The effect of weightlessness on the living organism, besides the short-
period tests with rocket flight, of digs, was studied also during air-
plane flights under specially de:relo)ed conditions. It was established
that, in the majority of cases, short-period exposure to the state of
weightlessness does not produce any substantial disturbances of physiolo-
gical functions in the living organism. However, the stability of the
organism to the effects of weightlessness varies. Sometimes a disorder
in the coordination of movements is observed, blood :irculation is dis-
turbed, and illusory sensations of various types originate. It is inter-
esting that in repeated exposures of the organism to conditions of weight-
lessness the human gradually becomes adapted to this unusual state, be-
gins to sufficiently and freely orient himself in space, and acquires an
ability to perform accurately coordinated movements.
In order that the animal in the hermetic cabin of the satellite
may more painlessly endure the effect of accelerations and the prolonged
period under conditions of weightlessness, it is most expedient to place
him in a prone position, the body restrained by straps in a special tray,
but in such a manner that the animal is able to move its head freely and
to take food.
At altitudes where the movement of the satellite takes place,
atmospheric pressure, as a matter of fact, is lacking (billionths of a
millimeter of a mercury column), Therefore, the maintenance in the
cabin of Sputnik II of the necessary gas composition was accomplished
with he aid of highly active chemical compounds providing the oxygen
necessary for breathing and absorbing carbon dioxide' and the excess water
vapors. The amount of matter participating in these chemical reactions
were automatically regulated with the aid of a special device. Since
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CPYRGHT
mixing of air was lacking under conditions of weightlessness, the crea-
tion of a system of pcsitive ventilation was required. The maintenance
within the cabin of a specific temperature regime was accomplished by a
special system of heat regulation.
r
The problem of feeding the animal under conditions of cosmic
flight was just as vital. You see, for maintaining the normal function-
ing of the animal organism, a liquid food is necessary. Under conditions
of weightlessness, liquid, as is known, does not fall down in a specific
direction and may therefore easily be circulated over the entire cabin.
The giving of separate portions of food through earlier precisely deter-
mined intervals of time may be, for example, accomplished with the aid
of a special programing mechanism and special relay devices.
The first animal, accomplishing prolonged cosmic flight around
the earth, passed through an intensive preliminary training period. It
was trained to spend long periods in special clothing in a hermetically
sealed cabin of small volume. Gradually, the dog developed a resistance
to the effects of vibrations and overloadings. As a result of this train-
ing and owing to the fact that in the hermetically sealed cabin all nec-
essary conditions were created for ensuring normal vital activity of the
animal, the animal excellently endured the prolonged effect of accelera-
tion: during the entry of the satellite into its orbit and the subsequent
state of weightlessness.
The program of scientific research connected with the obtaining of
data from Sputnik II was designed for 7 days, after which the radio sta-
tion of the satellite and the inboard telemetering apparatus discontinued
operation.
The medic obiological data obtained during these 7 days on the condi-
tions of existence of living organistas during prolonged cosmic flights
and the materials on the intensity of solar radiation and cosmic rays,
on radio-wave propagation, and on temperatures and pressures are of posi-
tive interest to science. At present all these data are being subjected
to careful processing and study.
Measurements of the intensity of the signals received from the satel-
lites have very great significance of the study of radio-wave propagation
conditions. The results of the reception of radio signals and the measure-
ment of their intensity indicate that in the 15-meter band these signals
frequently were received over vast distances exceeding 15,000 kilometers.
Under certain conditions radio waves were received not through the short-
est distance but by means of circling the earth in a very long arc. In
separate cases, the phenomenon of round-the-world echo of radio signals
was observed. All these phenomena point to the presence of ionospheric
radio wave guides, and the position of the satellite near the area of
maximum ionization creates especially favorable conditions for their uti-
lization.
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CPYRGHT
Ilowever, thiu by no mcana Ilmlta the circle of queationa connected
w L t;h t;he crtuvly 01' the upper r.ttmooplrcrc and coamic apace. New automatic
labor1etur11?ci whLCII, undoubtcdiy, will appear in the cosmos, will hermit
t.lie cunduc t [ ut; of wuorr. dr. tt.t:.led mcaaurementa of pressure and. density of
tlrc app's Iayoru of t;ho atnwapherc, the d'terrnining of thr_ degree of
loni;:crLion, the Lnvcnti.gat;ton of the comttuo.tion of the ionized .Layers,
the rneauurcmer1t o1' the intenu1ty or tho earth'u magnetic field and the
invcstilfAiOtt of the corpuccu.Lar atreanw of the null. The investigation
of the n trcama of meteoric part is ].eu occurr1ng in the eurth's atmosphere
from interplanetary' upr.tcc also hau t;rrat significance for the study of
conditions of future cosmic 1'ltt.;ltt;s?
The uucceuuful launching In the I):Stt of the first two artificial
Carth aate]..Iites, the 1nvest1 ationa of the upper layers of the atmos-
ptrcrc conducted by therm and the prolonged flight in cosmic space of a
hit;h.l.y developed .1 tving ?r.1n1; are a tremendous contribution of Soviet
nclence to the suc.c.easful. so.lution of important problems connected with
undcrutundint; the universe and its conquest by man.
(Note: The article is uc.corrrprcnied by a diagram illustrating the
relative positions of the following equipment in the head section of the
rocket-carrier: (1) protective cone, (2) instrument for investigating
short-wave ultraviolet and X-ray solar radiation, (3) spherical container,
(4) cabin with the experimental animal, (5) apparatus for studying cosmic
rays, (6) radio telemetering apparatus, and (7) electric power supply.]
(Nauka iZhizn') No 12, Dec 57, pp 4-8)
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A. A ~;tlt..crtll'r.J'd.'rl`Jp, ,:i: 111alfurm Project Described
1s1. it 'f .iuttJc pwnphlut, ontlAied. Iukuut;tvunrl ~utni.k ,',cmli (Arttfi-
ctal. 1;clr'h. Yu. A. Pobcdonoataev cL.eacrIbus A. A. Shternfel'd'u
CPYRGHT dl.'Jl ' I'c'ir !., !:pr.t(:c.? pJ.nt furor n^ follow';:
"kn art I.1' t C 1.ct 1 nrT n. coam.Lc ch l,p, according to
Shtcrrcfca.'dl ":l nhouj.A, hog conat,rllct ed and teat..cd, In the beginning
on the ea rL'.I. Tt)erl, It cotioctl..1. he dl. 0)39 -,ern ,ied. and placed in parts In a
prr..v i oc.w.l y ouLcOcd ortiAt wtu: ro 'Jgrr.Lrl It. w1.1.1 be nccessa.ry to asacanble
It Into a rutnplet(. utu.Lt...
"\cCOrlltl(i to the 1c.' gn, 'lie construct.,ion of the sa ell.Lte will
bo:gtn wi.tr, t.n' J.oil.uirhtrlt,, of n. tt).rer? or fou.r-ata.ge rocket.
"a', U.' .Lma~?lue Ttrrt :!le to ia.+t, stage of the .rocket eata.bJ.tshing
on art IYLc1al cr tr.th you fly a. second rocket, then third and
fourth .... Al.l then r. ?:o(,10- '.l rc ,Jo t necl Into one unl.t. The cabins and
tartko cmpt.Lc:d of fuel. an'. appropr Lntely equipped previously on earth
cerve no 11ving quart?r;:, 1nl,o.r.sa*.or.i.eu, workshops, etc. In all these
quart;ur.; art.tfic:Ial U!,mo~:lphere Is (.,reate?i, and so that the air will not
e3Capc the vnt l rc :,t !uc t.ur(. It- rw it leak-proof.
"Gradually tho ti t a. - ion Ls e nipper i with. special equipment brought
tip from earth. Gars '.urhirles, vftriou^ irltit.rument,s, an-1 the remains of
fuel nnri ox Ld1. xer. token from the rocke t,s moor. ems. together may be used on
the art tf.Lcial .e.tellite.
"Ar t t f i c i al gra v.i i.y rnn y he c r. ca t e . on the sa.',elli t e by means of a
device rotating around a. prl.rt of it .
"In t.hIs art.Lcle Shtirrxfe11ii proposes +-o use the final stage of the
rocket, which Is orbiting with the so'ellite awl empty of fuel, as con-
3truct1o11 e1exnt?nt,s of the a.r+.ificL?l e7rrth sate].litc.. It is reckoned
T. _t
recelvi. oods e uL nest' nn1 -ovisions r earth." ." (Moscow, Iskus-
a t.vcruiyy Sputnik Zeal..., 1957, p 38)
P.ro1o . ed Life P.relArted for_' punLk II CPYRGHT
In an article enti?lei. "'rhe Secon.i Satellite and it.. Passenger.,"
CPYRGHT by ee .Qr lie1erzazi of the Lorani Eot.vc . Geophysical Institute the au-
thor says +ha.t Duriz;g the pinning stages, it wn.s he general belief
at the a.r.tificia sat-t--11.0-es would stay q. 1o t only a. few days, or, at
the most, a few week.:. Recently. however, the o in' has
that Sputnik II may 9t..v 91oft, .o2? as
Repules, No 9, Dec 57, p 11)
CPYRGHT
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North Korean Autrunorni.cal Obaervat.ory Obr?crvea Sputnik Il
Workers of the Pyongyang AA.utrorrornical Obaorvatory observed Sputnik
11 on 5 Novernbur 195( at O64'( hours. According to Yi Nak-pok, head of
the obaervo tc ry, the . atc'll Lte could, be !seen with the naked eye travel-
I:rt; a went to north d.Lrec lion In the northwestern sky at an angle of about
60 degrccu. (P'yongyang, M:Lnju Chouon, 6 Nov 5'O
j,utni.k Potelltl.al 1.11 Ca by
In an article onr.Ltl.ed. "The Uses of i tifi.cial Satellites in Geodesy
and Cartography," Gyorgy Errt.L -K.r, Sus z, Hungarian un l.versity lecturer,
speculates on the possibility of photog.ra.phy from. a satellite.
According to th(! nuthor, a spherical surface having a spherical
radiu,n of 3,359 kllornt:t.c,r. i Ls visible at. an altitude of 1,000 kilometSrs
above sea level. The area of this spherical surface is 34,631,000 km .
At a height of 500 kilometer., ',he spherical radius of the spherical
surface would be 2,446 k.i.lometerc and its area 18, 559,000 km .
If these areas were to be photographed with a camera having a focal
length of 20 centimeters, a 128 by 128 centimeter film would be required
in the former case, while a 96 by 96 centimeter film would be required
in the latter case. However, from the cartographic view point, it must
be remembered that the lateral rays reach the earth's surface tangentially,
which creates considerable distortion. Consequently the entire area which
would appear on the film could not be evaluated photographically.
There are ways of eliminating the distortion effects; however, it
is very important that the ).Lcture be +.a.ken from a perpendicular direc-
tion and that it be possible to establish geographical location and al-
titude at the time the picture is t.nken.
Two questions remain opens one concerns which or what details the
film would show if one were to make a map from it directly, and the other
is how the film could be recovered. It is, of course, quite conceivable
that the photograph could be televised.
A map made on this basis would exclude the more distorted portions
of the film and would, con?3equently, be on a scale of between 1: 3, 000, 000
and 1:6,000,000. (Budapest., TermeszettudomAnyi Kozlony, No 10, Dec 57,
p 437 )
Biographic Information on Soviet Artificial Earth Satellite Scientists
An article entitled "Artists of the Links of the Chain" in a Hun-
garian source gives a. brief biographical sketch of Soviet scientists
whose work is associated with the conquest of space.
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CPYRGHT
Leould ;cc.iav wau born In 1907. After completing studies at Rostov
Uu i vcru I. ty and at, the Phyu l eu Faculty, Moscow Univc:rui.ty, he bean work
at t.hc, Cc:sstrnl At rohydroelyraamicu Inutltutu, where his major fl.eld was
that or ljyrlr.()d,ynarn[r._.. In 1.93'() he was already teaching at Moscow State
Ura lvi.src;1. t.?y . The di. ;> cover:turi ho rrviAc wh I. le i.nvcutigat i.ng 1 i quid and gau-
couu bod i c:U hcrvi. c: ar i.chu 1. nc;trophya.l c9 In two important f1cldu: the In-
terac t ton of 1 I l,ht phunomc.na and t:hr: calculation of t.hu menu of ccleutial
bodies. flu lo also renown d for h.ln research on so-called "conmi.c ex-
ploolonu." In 195; anti 1957, lau pnrt?l.cipo.ted Ln the International Cosmic-
Dynamic Cossgre L' [n '?he US aivi at?tunded the Int.cr.nattorral Conference on
Aotronautic;.
Anatoliy B1agonravov was born In 1394. He attcndcd, the Conference
on Rocket;,? la.u:l S~a!.c:1.1 [ t.?ct, In the US at the time of the launching of Sput-
rail; I. After compli:tirsg the univer.3it.y, he lectured on the technology
of modern a 't,llic:r.y :=hells at the military academy. In 1936, he ac-
qui.red the t[tlc of Doctor of Sciences; then, as a member of the Academy
of Sc [ence_;, he continued. h [,~; work as professor at the academy. Ii.i.s more
recent res(arrh [n the i'.tela of ballistic weapons has been tremendously
effective. lie d.us.i.gnt r1 the "electronic brain" which is known to have
played ;o decisive a role In the launching of the sputniks.
Yevgenly Fedoroir was born in 1910. He completed his studies at the
Physics Faculty, Len:inTrad University. When he graduated at the age of
22, he was sent to the polar research station, where he studied the mag-
netic phenomena of the atmosphere. lie was a member of the expedition
which set up the first Soviet research station at the North Pole In 1937
and 193-3. Since 1945, he has been director of the Geophysics Institute
of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Petr Kapitsa is one of the most, renowned living atomic scientists.
He was born .iri Brasov in 1694. Ile was studying at the university in St.
Petersburg at the time of the Great. October Revolution. In 1921, he lost
both his wife arid child during an epidemic. After this, he went to Great
Britain, continued his studies at Cnmbr:[dge, and later became an assistant
professor at TrinJ.t.y College. He was elected member of the Royal British
Scientific Society. He returned to the USSR in 1931+ and continued his
work in atomic research. He is a. member of the academies of sciences of
France, Great Britain, and the US.
The persons most immediately connected with the launching of the
sputniks are Kasatkin, famous for research in the field of rocket pro-
pulsion; Ambartsumyan, the ou+.sta.nding Armenian astronomer; Skobel'tsyn,
astrophysicist, director of the Institute of Physics of the Soviet Acad-
emy of Sciences; Maksutov, who built the world's most powerful telescope
at Pulkovo; Blokhintsev, director of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Re-
search; Pobedonostsev, renowned expert in the field of upper atmosphere
research; Mikoyan, expert on flight technology, who worked with Tupolev
on the construction of the TU planes; and Pokrovskiy, physiologist in
whose institutes the sputnik dogs were trained, and who is studying the
reaction of the livirip organism to high altitudes and
Budapest, Orszag Vilag, No 30, 17 Dec 57, PP 2-3)
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CPYRGHT
ioytut aGY liocketu to fumbur 133
CPYRGHT
in an arttclc entitled "The Uacs of the Satellites ir, Astronomy,"
Ivan Almar of the Institute of Astronomy Hun aritan Academy of Sciences
wrttcs: T e Uov1ct Uul.on.... w.il.l. fire a total of 133 rockets hi the
(;Jute: The official Soviet IGY program calls for the firing of 125
research rockets during the IGY.]
Kozlony, No 10, Dec 5'(, p 440
"Efforts are being made to :solve uickl the robs erl r
(Budapest, Texneazcttudomanyl
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Loiwn; )ttori~ utt D.i.clu;oti Iti,lund
CPYRGHT
'1'hc Col I.ow:111 .1u tt cowp!ete lru1lu1atJ.on of the urt1ca.e, "Ionosphero
;tatJott cat ll.l.cl:::;can I:;1urid," by A. 1CJt. 1C1tr( inn.
The Arctic ScJerttifi.c 11eioarch Ituititute (ANTI) and the Mottcow State
Uctiveer:;ity (MGU) arc Jointly or6rattizint, ionoopherc obsez'va1Jorte in the
wcu t?er n occ for of the Soviet Arctic on Diclcoon Island. The program for
obt;crvutlons and wort; at the Dicl:run Jonosphere otation will be extremely
cxtc,nc;ive, ericornpausint, t;tud.Lcu of electron concentration in the upper
1.aycrt; of the :lonosphere, their variations in different seasons and on
di;;turbed attd quiet days, and observations on the abcorpt:Lon of electro-
magnetic woven ill the ionosphere.
The location of the station, which is practically on the main belt
of maximum recurrence of aurora (on the average about 240 days per year
with radiations) and magnetic storms;, imparts particular importance to
in observations. Here, the periods of long polar nights and days pre-
sent the interesting possib:i.lity of observing the processes of ionization
and recombination of ions. Of particularly great significp,nce is the
PYRk1Ted study of the connection of ionospheric and magnetic disturbances
to the phenomenon of radio-wave impenetrability repeatedly occurring in
the polar regions. At the boundary of the regions of polar days and
nights, there appear great variations of temperature and correspondingly
strong air currents. Such a form of current has already been discovered
in the lower layers (to 30 lvn) and undoubtedly exists in the ionosphere,
where it affects its structure. It is already known that turbulence has
been observed in the ionosphere. Estimates of the dimensions of the
"turbulent bodies" appearing in layers of the ionosphere are now avail-
able.
An automatic panoramic ionosphere station constructed at Moscow
State University has already been set up in an installation assigned to
the Arctic Scientific Research Institute on Dickson Island. Such a sta-
tion is already in operation at Moscow State University. This station
makes it possible to take high-frequency characteristics automatically
for a 7-sec period and in the range from one to 18 Me. The station is
completely automatic and can operate on several programs without an opera-
tor, photographint; the high frequency characteristics through i4 sec,
5 min, 15 min, etc.
The station was set up and adjusted by L. K. Nerovnya, associate at
Moscow State University. The operation of the station and the process-
ing of its observations is under the direction of A. 0. Vyal'tsev, Moscow
State University, and P. I. Astakhov, Arctic Scientific Research Insti-
tute. The station has been operating regularly since the end of Decem-
ber 1956.
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CPYRGHT
A tuecond iononpheric titat.I.o:r wuu aunrmba.ed by Moscow State Univernity
Cc,r Wol:;.toii Iulruid. With :Ltu 11e11,, it r,houid be pouui.blc to obunrve the
nhuorl)tJ.ou cal' eLcctrornrxfnetjC: WaVOU in the ionosphere. Such p.roblcrrw con-
rlcctod with Lhc_ dyuam1cu of the Iououphere uu the effoctivc frequency of
ulccLror, coLI.iu.1 orIli , t;umperaturo, do rIli Ity, a 1c., w:LI1. be Inve:itigaLed on
the hawIu oL' the hitjr-frecr:tcrrcy characteriutic-; and data on abuornt:lon.
M':Zhdlurarodnyy Gcof.LzJ.chc:,k:1y (sc)d, Infornratuionnyy Byc.ra. Leten' , No 3,
1.957, p 93)
Murman:i 1,. Prcpurationu for Aurora Invuatioations
CPYRGHT The following is a complete translation of the art?:Lcle, "Preparations
for Investigation of the Aurorn irr Murmansk," by S. I. Isayev.
"The Murmansk Branch of the Scientific Research Institute of Terres-
trial MuCnetium, Ionosphere and Radio-Wave Propagation (MO NIZMIR) of the
M:Lnie,try of Communications USSR is conducting observations in the IGY
program. A u,,,nificant position in the work progrcun of the branch will
be occupied by investigations of the most interesting geophysical phenom-
enon, the aurora.
"The C-180 wide-angle camera, which was constructed in the Soviet
Union under the supervision of Prof A. I. Lebedinskiy, was set up for
photographing the aurora. Thirty four stations equipped with these cam-
ems are :Located in the high geomagnetic latitudes: in the Antarctic and
Arctic, Normansh and Yakutsk, Verlchoyansk, and on Mys Chelyuskin, Mys
Zhelaniya, and others (see Section IV of programs of the IGY in Byulleten'
MGG, No 2, 1957). Unlike ordinary equipment, this camera, with 35-mm
movie film, can automatically photograph the entire firmament down to the
horizon. A convex aluminized mirror is used to reflect the slay.
"The wide-angle C-180 camera set up at the Murmansk Branch of the
institute is represented in Figure one.
"An international test period for conducting observations of the
aurora occurred in March of 1957, with the help of the C-180 camera. Tak-
ing into account the illuminations of diverse intensity, cloudy conditions,
and other weather pecularities, still. more than 3,000 pictures were taken
with the C-180 camera for various programs (disregarding experimental and
focusing shots). Synchronized experimental films of aurora and ionograms
with exposures at minute intervals were obtained. The ionograms were de-
veloped at the automatic panoramic ionosphere station of the Murmansk
Branch of the institute.
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CPYRGHT
"III ruld.1L10n Lo L11c C-1.1.10 Ccunerl.tu, a ,ij)ectral wide-anl;l.c C-1.130-0' cam-
r,r1t (I)att'i)1 opcr.Lrogr-11p)I) :I.:; u.l.uo 1.11:Lai1id in Murn;anuk. Other polar stl.t-
I our. orl 1.311 l;hldt Ti l;hlty:t, M;; ; [,(,lit iJ II , DJclc;;on It-l.und, 1 tiI.hLri, TiItoI, ot;c
w 1. 11. bo I., i11J l)I)':d w 11,11 :;I1c11 r,runcrctc; dllriug the IGY.
"f1?o1' A. I. L(h~x.1.1 n:; I:J.y 11.11(1 V. I. 0311Ll.rr;11:1.kov) the .Lead int, dcu:1Lner
1)f l;hc C-13') ltnil camcrtw, wet'(' prcae;lt In Murmunak for tutu 01,
the 1.tpj)araLti ; .
''The au joc gat;co o.1.' the Mur:nan k Branch of the :gnu Li Lute, I. G. Frishn,ui,
A. Yc. Vol.] cr, L. U. Yovl.ushlu, and also the young opccia1:toto N. I.
Dzyubcnl:o, D. A. Andriycul:o, B. S. Mo ocyov, and G. V. Starhov participated
In the C-1B0 ctuncru tests.
"Photonlct;r. is Lcuti of var:Ioul; types of film for photograph Itig the
aurora were cotlclucted, along with inspections of the apparatus. Lxpcri-
mcrlt'al. measirroment:i of the brightncsu of various forms of aurora were ob-
taLned, and a comparison wau made with data on the ionosphere.
"During February and March, the observers were occupied with a 2-
111o11th course in preparation for the polar stations of the Main Administra-
tion of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic Scientific Research Institute.
More than 20 persons studied in the course.
"Spe-tral and photoelectric equipment for special investigations are
being operated in addition to those for investigation of the aurora.
"In June, the Murmansk Branch of the Scientific Research Institute
of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio-Wave Propagation partic-
ipated in the test weeIr of notifications from the world center concerning
the appearance of magnetic-ionospheric storms and aurora. The adopted
system of notification proved successful.
"Observations of the aurora with the C-180 and C-180-S cameras were
h of fhn ina11fiii-a nf. +.hr- haginn?ing nr fha
(Mezhdunarodyy Geofizicheskiy God, Informat-
sionnyy Byulloten', No 3, 1957, pp 86-87)
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CPYRGHT
Central Acro1o4:jctd. Observatory in the IGY
The following is a compl_ote translation of our article untitled "Prep-
aration of Lhc Central Aerological. Observatory for the International Geo-
physical. Year," by V. D. Rcshctov.
During the IGY, the Central. Aerological. Observatory (T3AO) will
carr; out a wide range of aerological observations (radiosonde, airplane,
weather balloon, radar, and observations with the aid of captive balloons).
Its ass,)ciatcs, together with the associates of other organizations of
the 1M'Gain Administration of the Ilydrometeorological Service USSR will take
part in the expeditions of the Academy of Scicnceu USSR on the continent
of Antartica, in the Atlantic on the expeditionary ship Lomonosov, and in
expeditions of the Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route and the
Art-ic Institute in the Artic.
The Central Aerological Observatory, as the leading institution on
aerological problems, will work toward the improvement of observation meth-
od. In the aerolo ical stations of the Soviet Union. Stations being en-
listed for aerological observations during the period of the IGY are equipped
through the assistance of specialists of the observatory with the new
"Ma,lakhit" radiotheodolite (Figure one), capable of highly accurate observa-
tions. This radiotheodolite, already installed on the grounds of the ob-
servatory, was tested and gave good results. The use of radiotheodolites
permits wind observations up to altitudes of 20-30 kilometers in any kind
of weather to be made. With the aid of radiosondes, simultaneous measure-
ments will be made of the temperature, pressure, and humidity of the air.
An international conference was held in Payerne, Switzerland, in May
1956 to arrange for the possible comparison of results of radiosonde at-
mospheric observations. According to the decision of the World Meteorolog-
ical Organization, representatives of 14 countries participated in comparing
radiosonde data. The Soviet Union was represented by a group of scientific
workers of the observatory and the Institute of Hydrometeorological Instru-
ment Building, headed by G. I. Golyshev, director of the observatory.
The comparison showed that the RZ-49 radiosonde, being used at present
in aerological stations, was overheated by the Sun's rays at high altitudes.
Radiation correction is introduced by Great Britain, Japan, and Finland
as a means of eliminating the effects of overheating on radiosonde read-
ings. At present, a system of radiation correction is also being developed
at the observatory for radiosondes launched in the USSR. This system al-
lows for correction for heating in relation to the heighth of the Sun,
the flight altitude of the radiosonde (air density), the vertical velocity
of the weather balloon, and certain other conditions.
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CPYRGHT
MEMEMEMENINIMM
MEMEMEMEMEM
MIIIIIIIIM
Pill 1, IN
MOMMIgg
Me zhdunarocliyy
Geofizichesl:iy God, Informatsionnyy Byulleten', No 3, 1957, pp 83-35)
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New SJovic b C:I.oud Atlau
CPYRGHT Tic fo.1.l.owinj, is a complete tranal.ation of the article "Now Cloud
Atlas . "
(Mezhdunarodnyy EGeofMizicheskiy
God, Informatsionnyy Byulleten', No 3, 1957, pp 111-112)
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Inv,..jtiUutlo+l:i at the Zsgoruk SLaLlun
C PYRG HT The following is a complete traualation of an article entitled
"Investigationn at the Zagorsk Station", by I. Ya. Baranov.
Included in the network of IGY stations is the Zagorsk glaciologi-
cal station, which was established on the base of the permanent Institute
of Frost Science imeui V. A. Obruc,hev near Moscow, located 20 kilometers
west of the city of Zagorsk in Moskovskaya Oblast.
Basically, the program of investigations set forth here consists of
complex problems of heat and moisture exchange between the soil and the
external environment, the importance of these processes in the seasonal
freezing and thawing of the soil, and also the heat balance in the tropo-
sphere, the heat regime of the underlying surface, and their intercon-
nection. Up to now, geophysics as a whole paid little attention to the
investigation of inflowing radiant energy of the sun to the earth's sur-
face and its transformation on the surface of the soil into heat. The
whole complex of problems of heat and moisture exchange is indicated as
being very slightly studied in view of the scantiness and infrequency of
the investigations. During the IGY, these problems will be studied in
their unity and in their interrelations.
In equations of heat balance, up to this time, the quality of the
different problems of radiation balance, and the heat and moisture bal-
ances, were considered jointly. Meanwhile, they should be considered
separately, more deeply, and comprehensively than is done at present.
On the basis of investigations, the interrelation and interaction
of radiation and heat balance and their relation to the moisture balance
in the atmosphere and soil, it is seemingly possible also to obtain em-
pirical data which will make it possible to determine the real interrela-
tion and trace the whole complex of these most intricate physical and
geophysical processes. The heat balance equation does not embrace all
aspects of the geophysical processes connected with the entry of radiant
energy and with its transformation into heat and conversion into chemical,
mechanical, and other forms of energy in connection with its action on
different (as regards composition and properties) spatially combined media.
The solution of similar problems will constitute a new era in the develop-
ment, of the natural sciences.
Contemporary data on heat balance as yet does not permit solving
problems concerning the concrete conditions of seasonal and perennial
thawing and freezing of the soil..
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CPYRGHT
Calculations of the heat balance of soil which are carried out accord-
ing to the data of temperature observations are doubly empirical and not
connected with the naturally energetic interaction of the soil and of the
external environment. They do not reflect the nature of the changes aris-
ing in the soil in the course of year.
The practical side of this problem is very real. Its solution can,
in time, have a very substantial effect on agriculture and on the dif-
ferent kinds of construction, which, in this or any degree, depend on
the general heat and moisture regime in the soil, the phases of conversion
into ice and the reverse processes, and also their dynamics. In particu-
lar, the study of the last problem, which is connected with the study of
the processes of freezing and thawing, will give a solution to problems
of soil improvement, of combating drought, salt-contamination of the soil,
and the formation of cyrogenic soil structures, which cause heaving and
settling and leads to the deformation of buildings.
Attempts to solve the problems will determine the relative problems
which will be developed at the Zagorsk station. The Institute of Frost
Science imeni V. A. Obruchev, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Institute
of Geography, Academy of Sciences USSR, will take part in these investiga-
tions in the IGY.
The investigations mentioned have a particularly geophysical content
and fit into the IGY program in the part on glaciology. These investiga-
tions will be carried out for certain multilayer natural systems different
in structure:
1. Surface layer of airsoil with a bare surface
2. Surface layer of air - snow covers - plant (forest and meadow)
covers - soil
3. Surface layer of air - snow and ice covers - water - bottom
deposits
The following problems will. come under this study:
1. Radiation and heat balance on the surface of the soil and in the
outer medium
2. The temperature regime of soil and of bodies of water
3. Foil moisture regime
4. Heat flows in soil and in bodies of water
5. Heat-physical characteristics of thawed and frozen soils
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CPYRGHT
6. Evaporation of moisture from the soil and from a water surface,
and the condensation of moisture into the soil and on a water
surface
7. Mechanism of seasonal freezing and thawing of the soil and others
Of particular interest are studies on snow cover: the study of its
dynamics, metamorphism, heat-physical properties, etc. Snow covers are
studied not only as a dynamic medium in which processes of heat and mois-
ture exchange occur, that is, as the seasonal structural element of a
physical system of the heat exchange of two interacting media, but also
as the external condition of its heat exchange with air.
Four observation platforms are arranged in the station, each of which
corresponds to the problems noted above. The platforms are provided with
appropriate apparatus with an eye to the greatest utilization of self-
recording instruments, among which are those with remote control, permit-
ting the procurement of continuous photographic records.
Certain types of observations which do not lend themselves to con-
tinuous recording are conducted on the spot and in central observation
points at specified periods.
It is natural that the study of the above ..mentioned problems cannot
be completed during the period of the 1Gt. It is also natural that what
is accomplished during this time will undoubtedly have great value for
thonrv anA granting and will aprvp as n valuable contribution to geo-
(Mezhdunarodnyy Geofizicheskiy God, lnformatsionnyy
Byulleten', No 3) 1957, pp 74-75)
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