SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200110001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 7, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 18, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
April 189 1958
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of Technical Services
'Washington 25, D. Co
Published Weekly from February 114, 1958, to January 2.9 1959.
Subscription Price 010.00 for the Series.
rAd
PB 131632-10
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PLEASE NOTE
Th.h.; report pre:3ents unevaluated information on Soviet ?floc
International. Geophysical Year activities selected from foreign-
lan/,vago publications as indicated in parentheses; . It it
publ.i shed as an aid to United States Government research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPI 'SICAL YEAR INFORMATION
1. General
II. Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
III. Cosmic Rays
JV . Geomagnetism
V. Oceanography
Vi. Latitude and Longitude
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Some Soviet IGY Achievements Reviewed at Academy of Sciences USSR Meeting
At the annual meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR which began on
25 March, V. V. Belousov, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR and deputy chairman of the Soviet IGY Committee, spoke in detail on
the great work being conducted under the IGY program by the USSR. Accord-
ing to the volume of its contribution, the Soviet Union has assumed first
place in the IGY. On the suggestion of Soviet scientists, two world centers
for the collection, storage, and dissemination of IGY materials were organ-
ized. One such center is located in Moscow and the other in Washington.
In his speech, V. G. Bogorov, Doctor of Biological Sciences and
director of the oceanological expedition on the Vityaz') spoke on investiga-
tion in the oceans which were conducted by the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Works was done in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans and in Antarctic
waters. During one of the Vityaz' expeditions, a new submarine mountain
and new currents were discovered, and unknown species of animals were found.
Many deep-water depressions were studied. The Soviet Union now has taken
the first place in this branch of science. The study of 14 deep water
depressions in the Pacific Ocean led to new discoveries. For example, as
was revealed, today, in these depressions, live such species of animals
which, it seems, vanished millions of ycnrs ago.
Academician V. A. Ambartsumyan spoke on the achievements of Soviet
astronomy and Soviet Astrophysics. Astrophysics, he said, in the past
decade, has turned into one of the most important contemporary natural
sciences. The launching of artificial Earth satellites has uncovered for
this science the prospects of research by new methods. The Congress of
the International Astronomical Union, which will be held in Moscow in
August, should be a major scientific event in 1958. (Moscow, izvestiya,
27 Mar 58)
II. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Launching of Sputnik III Termed Imminent
Magyar Ifjusag, central newspaper of the Hungarian Communist Youth
Federation, received in Vienna on 2 April, published an interview in which
Prof K. P. Stanyukovich,*"Soviet rocket expert," announced that the "launch-
ing of Sputnik III is imminent." Professor Stanyukovich asserted that "It
will be larger and heavier than Sputnik II, and we have several dogs trained,"
but he did not specify if the Soviets plan to send more than one dog into
space. The professor also revealed that the Soviets are experimenting with
nuclear-powered rockets.
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LF'YKC~H I
Nh :~^ .212 .dcag,, organ of the Hungarian Communist Party, has published
However, "they believe that no instruments could be placed in such a small
satellite and that launching such a satellite would be only a propaganda
move. It is therefore probable," added the newspaper, "that the next
hat onl later will
arocket with a satellite be launched to the Moon." Brussels, La Libre
Belgique, 3 Apr 5 CPYRGHT
Preliminary Results of Sputnik Egeriments Reported to Academy of Sciences
Academician A. V. Topchiyej chief scientific secretary of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, has reported the preliminary results of sputnik experiments
to the annual meeting of the academy which began on 25 March and lasted
several days. Pravda has published the full text of that part of Topchiyev's
speech dealing with satellite experiments as follows:
One of the interesting geophysical results obtained from an analysis
of the movements of the satellites is the determination of the density of
the atmosphere. Analysis of the observed change in retardation of the
satellites makes it possible to clarify and evaluate the latitudinal and
diurnal. variations in density.
From a number of ionosphere measurements,, the determination of the
electron concentration of the outer ionosphere according to observations
of the radio signals of Sputnik I should be noted. The exact times of
radio fade-in ("radiovoskhod") and radio fade-out ("radiozakhod") of the
satellite signals were determined.
The results of satellite radio signal observations received on 40
megacycles at six stations on 5, 6, and 7, October were processed. Com-
putations were made with the aid of the BESM highspeed electronic com-
puter.
The data obtained on the electron concentration have made it possible
to determine more precisely the distribution of the density of neutral
particles at the various heights at which the satellites moved. From the
results of the measurements, the conclusion can be drawn that beginning at
an altitude of 2,000-,3,000 Ion, the density of neutral particles approximates
the density of interstellar gas. This has a fundamental significance for
ionospheric physics.
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Radio observations of the satellites have made it possible experiment-
ally to check the possibility of determining the parameters of the satellite
orbit by the Doppler effect. For increasing accuracy, observations were
made of the 40 megacycle signals which, to a lesser degree, are subject
to the influence of the ionosphere and where the Doppler effect is stronger.
Observations of the signals of the first Soviet satellites show that
the Doppler effect can be used successfully for determining the parameters
of the satellite's orbit.
Measurements of the intensity and variations of the intensity of
cosmic rays were made by putnik II. Processing of the results of observa-
tions permit clarification of the relation of the number of particles to
altitude. In the altitude range from 225 km to 700 km, up to an increase
up to 40 percent in cosmic ray intensity dependent on a basic lessening
at high altitudes of the effect of the Earth's magnetic field on cosmic
radiation was observed.
Data was also obtain:d on the number of cosmic ray particles at
different latitudes and longitudes. Analysis of these results led to the
conclusion that lines of equal intensity of cosmic rays do not coincide
with geomagnetic parallels.
Thus, there is a significant discrepancy between the characteristics
of the Earth's magnetic field, obtained, on the one hand, with the aid of
cosmic rays and, on the other, by measurements of the magnetic field on
the Earth's surface.
Observations of cosmic rays by the satellite gave evidence of the
variations of the intensity of its radiation. These variations evidently
are connected with the condition of the interplanetary medium near the
Earth. One case of a sharp rise to 50% of the number of particles of cos-
mic radiation was observed. Excellent agreement of readings of both
instruments exclude the possibility of explaining this case as due to
errors in the apparatus. At the same time, cosmic ray ground stations did
not detect a substantial increase in cosmic ray intensity at this time.
At present, a detailed study of this occurrence is being made. It is
possible that they are caused by a new phenomena, namely, by generation of
cosmic rays of very low energy on the Sun which are strongly absorbed by
the Earth's atmosphere.
The most unique experiment on Sputnik II was the verification of the
possibility of survival of a living organism under conditions of cosmic
flight. The purpose of the investigations was to study the conditions of
basic physiological functions of an animal during various stages of flight
of the satellite.
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The b!,havior and condition of the animal during the most, difficult
stage of oc.tollite flight (the launching and entry into orbit) from the
biological viewpoint is of great interest. The motion of the satellite
was accelerated, and the magnitude of the acceleration exceeded gravity
acceleration several times. Simultaneously with the action of accelera-
tion, the effect of vibration and noise of the operating engine of the
rocket on the animal were shown.
Interpretation of the data indicated that immediately after launching,
the frequency of cardiac contractions increased approximately three times
in comparison with the initial frequency. Later on, when the action of a
acceleration not only continued but also increased, the frequency of heart
beats decreased. Analysis of the recordings of biological currents of the
heart (electrocardiogram) did not reveal any symptoms. A typical chart
of heart beat repetition, so-called sinus tachycai?c1 ia, was noted.
According to the measure of increase in the apparent weight of the
body of the animal, respiration became more shallow and frequent. At the
peak of the effect of acceleration, the frequency of respiration exceeded
the initial frequency three to four times.
Analysis and comparison of the obtained data with the results of
previous laboratory experiments make it possible to conclude that the
animal endured the flight of the satellite from launching to orbit entry
with complete satisfaction.
During subsequent movement in orbit, the animal was placed in a
state of dynamic weightlessness. The respiratory rate decreased, the
frequency of cardiac contractions continued progressively to decrease
and return to the original [normal] value.
Analysis of the electrocardiograms recorded during that time disclosed
certain changes in configuration of its elements and the duration of separate
intervals. The electrocardiogram chart reflected transient neuro-reflector
shifts in the regulation of cardiac activity. In spite of the unusual
condition of weightlessness, the respiratory activity of the animal was
moderated.
Normalization of functional indicators of blood circulation and
respiration during the period of weightlessness testifies to the fact that
this peculiar factor by itself did not cause any substantial and persistent
changes in the condition of the physiological functions of the animal.
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These are only preliminary results but they show that artificial
satellites are powerful instruments for scientific research. It should
be noted that, together with satellites, in connection with the IGY pro-
gram, various types of rockets are being used in our country for
geophysical investigations.
If a satellite provides the invaluable opportunity for conducting
prolonged measurements of various parameters in different regions of the
globe, then high-altitude rockets make it possible to obtain a vertical
profile of the atmosphere through its entire depth.
Using the achievements of Soviet reactive technology which makes it
possible to launch and place in orbit containers with scientific apparatus
weighing many hundreds of kilograms, our scientist can now raise very dif-
ferent problems in the investigation of the upper layers of the atmosphere
and in the cosmic space region closest to the Earth. It is clear, also,
that the solution of problems of future flights'in cosmic space and attain-
ment of other planets lies only in nreatinza tellitag of great weight.-
T10--cows Izvestiya, 26 Mar 58)
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Photo ,rank of C,'LImera Used by Soviets in Tracking Sputnik
The mounting of a camera for photographic observations of artificial
Barth satellites has been completed at the Tashkent Astronomical Observa-
tory, according to a caption to a photograph appearing in Pravda. With
the aid of such a camera, the time of passage of a satellite can be deter-
mined with a high degree of accuracy.
The photograph in Pravda shows Prof V. P. Shcheglov, corresponding
member of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR and director of the Tashkent
Astronomical Observatory, and A. A. Latypov, Candidate of Physicomathe-
matical Sciences and a senior scientific associate, preparing the new
camera for photographic observations of the artificial Earth satellite.
(Moscow, Pravda, 26 Mar 58)
Sputnik II Visible in Moscow on 25 March
Many thousands of residents of Moscow flocked into the streets to
see Sputnik II on 25 March 1958 as it passed overhead from southwest to
northeast at 1952 Moscow time. (Moscow, Pravda, 26 Mar 58)
East German Observatories Tracking Earth Satellites With Soviet Equipment
The Sonneberg Observatory is making preparations to track artificial
earth satellites with the utmost accuracy. About ten observers each are
to lay "optical barriers" across the sky with their telescopes in two dif-
ferent directions. Twenty small telescopes, which were developed by the
Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences USSR,_are available for
this purpose. Other East German observatories also received these small
telescopes, which possess great light intensity and a wide visual field.
(Suhl, Freies Wort, 28 Jan 58)
Soviet Investigations of Upper Layers of Atmosphere and Record High-
Altitude Geophysical Rocket
On 27 March 1958, the Soviet IGY Committee announced in Pravda the
successful launching on 21 February 1958 of a single-stage geophysical
rocket to a new world record-breaking altitude of 473 kilometers. Under
the general heading of "Soviet Investigations of the Upper Layers of the
Atmosphere With the Aid of Rockets," Pravda devoted 1-1/3 pages to the
Soviet IGY Committee's announcement, and articles "New Important State
of Research"; "Program of Methods and Investigations"; "Ascent of a Soviet
Rocket to an Altitude of 473 Kilometers," "Brief Results of Investigations
Conducted on Geophysical Rockets." The latter includes a discussion of
air pressure, composition of the ionosphere, investigation of micrometeors,
concentration of electrons in the ionized layers, and biological investi-
gations during flights in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
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The Pravda articles are accompanied by six photographs showing:
(1) launching of a Soviet geophysical rocket to an altitude of 212 kilo-
meters; projecting instrument canisters are visible on the side of the
rocket; (2) launching of the Soviet Geophysical rocket on 21 February
1958; canisters with research apparatus are visible in the forward sec-
tion of the rocket; (3) canister with geophysical apparatus after descent
from an altitude of 212 kilometers; (4) ionization and magnetic manometers
undergoing a check-out before installation on the rocket; (5) dispersion
radio-frequency interferometer; and (6) canister with apparatus and ex-
perimental animals after a successful descent from an altitude of 212 kilo-
meters. In the foreground is "Modnitsa," the dog which has just returned
from a flight.
The full text of the Pravda articles follows:
1. Soviet IGY Committee Announcement
"The Soviet IGY Committee has reported on the launching in the
USSR of a geophysical rocket to an altitude of 473 kilometers.
For a number of years, the Soviet Union has been conducting a
study of the upper layers of the atmosphere and the phenomena occurring
in cosmic space with the aid of high-altitude research rockets.
"Launchings of geophysica;, and meteorological rockets are con-
ducted systematically to altitudes of from several tens to 200-210 kilo-
meters.
"In carrying out the program of the IGY, on 21 February 1958 at
1142 hours, Moscow time, a single-stage geophysical rocket, which attained
a record altitude of 473 km, was launched from the territory of the Euro-
pean part of the USSR in the middle latitudes. Geophysical instruments for
comprehensive investigations of the upper layers of the atmosphere were
installed on the rocket. The total weight of geophysical scientific ap-
paratus, radio telemetering devices, power supplies, and auxiliary systems,
together with the instrument container, was 1,520 kg.
"The following geophysical instruments were installed on the
rocket: (1) an ultra-short wave dispersion radio interferometer for measur-
ing the concentration of free electrons in the ionosphere; (2) an instru-
ment for measuring the ion composition of the atmosphere; (3) an apparatus
for studying the concentration of positive ions in the atmosphere; (4) an
instrument for measuring electron temperature; (5) ionization and magnetic
manometers for measuring air pressure; (6) instruments for recording the
impact of micrometeor particles; and (7) a solar spectrograph for recording
the ultraviolet region of the spectrum.
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 "The rocket was stabilized during the entire course of its
flight, including its launching stage, with the aid of special devices
that prevented its rotation around vertical and horizontal axes. This
circumstance considerably increases the accuracy and value of the scien-
tific investigations being conducted.
"The flight of the rocket was made from a small angle to the
vertical in a specified direction, after which the rocket landed precisely
in a predetermined area.
"A preliminary examination of the materials obtained indicated
that the apparatus operated satisfactorily during flight,
"As a result of this ascent of the geophysical rocket, conducted
on 21 February 1958, the distribution of the concentration of free elec-
trons in the ionosphere to altitudes of 473 km was obtained for the first
time. The distribution of air pressure to an altitude of 260 kilometers
had been recorded previously. The collision of the rocket with micro-
meteors has been noted and a number of other geophysical measurements
have been made. The data obtained is being processed."
2. A New Important Stage in Research
"Scientific investigations of the upper layers of the atmosphere
and the phenomena occurring in the region of cosmic space closest to the
Earth has been conducted in the USSR for a number of years with the aid
of rockets. The first ascent of a research liquid-motor rocket was ac-
complished in the USSR in 1933-
it Since 1949, the launching of rockets equipped with scientific
apparatus, gradually became one of the basic means for studying the upper
layers of the atmosphere in the USSR. In May 1949, the first vertical
launching of a rocket to an altitude of 110 kilometers was conducted. An
entire series of rockets of this class was launched.. In the first of these
rockets the weight of scientific apparatus comprised a total of 120-130
kilograms.
"With each new launching the program of scientific investigations
was expanded and new apparatus was used. The weight of scientific ap-
paratus on rockets launched in recent years attained a total of 1,500 kilo-
grams. It should be noted that in some launchings of geophysical rockets
the simultaneous recovery by parachutes with favorable landings on Earth
of five compartments and containers with scientific apparatus and experi-
mental animals was accomplished.
"A new stride in research of the upper layers of the atmosphere
manifested itself with the creation of a rocket which in May 1957 with
experimental apparatus with a general weight of 2,200 kilograms attained
an altitude of 212 kilometers. In this case, the scientific research
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apparatus and the experimental animals were successfully returned to Earth.
An entire series of such flights was accomplished.. The year 1958 is marked
by new achievements in the field of research of the upper layers of the
atmosphere thanks to the creation of a more powerful single-stage geophysical
rocket which, on 21 February 1958, with scientific apparatus having a total
weight of 1,520 kilograms ascended to an altitude of 473 kilometers and es-
tablished a world altitude record for a rocket of this class."
3. Program and Methods of Research
"A great number of launchings of geophysical rockets for scientific
research purposes is stipulated under the IGY program. The rockets should
be launched according to a specific plan from various points of the globe --
in the Arctic, in the middle latitudes of Europe, Asia, America, Australia,
in the oceans and Antarctica. The launchings are being accomplished by
scientific institutions of the USSR and a number of other countries.
"Soviet scientists are conducting investigations with rockets at
three points: in the Arctic (on Franz Josef Land, in the middle latitudes),
in the European part of the USSR, and in Antarctica in two areas (near Mirnyy
Observatory and in the ocean aboard the Ob').
"The locations of rocket launchings, as in the case of the position
of the orbit of the satellite launched from the USSR, were selected to obtain
characteristics of the phenomena being studied in various regions of the
globe and above all at different latitudes.
"The use of satellites and rockets for geophysical research has its
own peculiarities. The placement of scientific apparatus on a satellite
provides us with an invaluable possibility for conducting measurements for
a prolonged period of time over various areas of the globe. In addition,
it is necessary to consider the fact that the orbit of the satellite should
be placed no less than 200 kilometers in order that its lifetime would be
sufficiently long. In this connection with atmosphere in the region lying
below 200 kilometers cannot be studied with the aid of satellites.
"A'satellite launched into its orbit possessing considerable el-
lipticity, passes through different altitudes in the atmosphere; however,
at every latitude the satellite is only at two altitudes (corresponding to.
the two directions`of its movement -- direct and reverse). At different
altitudes, the satellite passes over different geographic regions, to obtain
an altitude profile of the atmosphere (that is, to fix these or those prop-
erties of the atmosphere at one time at. various altitudes) in one and the
same geographic region with the aid of satellites is impossible. This is
why the launchings of high altitude geophysical rockets are an important
part of atmosphere research, together with the development of geophysical
research with the aid of artificial satellites.
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"A combination of data obtained during investigations with
rockets and satellites and also with the aid of various indirect methods
(ionosphere sounding, meteor studies, aurora studies and others), per-
mits the obtaining of a correct notion on the different processes them-
selves which occur in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
"Great attention in Soviet works is given to the recovery of
scientific instruments and experimental-animals raised in rockets, to
the appropriate positioning of apparatus on the rockets themselves, and
also to the special containers which are separated from the rockets for
the purpose of guaranteeing the greatest accuracy in the experiment. The
basic problems of scientific research,which will be worked out by rockets
during the IGY in the USSR, are the determination of the temperature,
pressure and chemical composition of the atmosphere at various altitudes,
a study of the properties of the ionosphere concentration of'ions and
electrons, 'electron temperature and others;, the investigation of cosmic
rays, the study of short-wave ultraviolet part of the 'solar spectrum, and
a study of micrometeors.
"In the period of the IGY just past, launchings of rockets of
various types and designations were conducted. At the high-latitude ob-
servatory on Kheys Island (Ostrov Kheysa), Franz Josef land, located at
80-31 North latitude, investigations of the atmosphere by means of vertical
launchings of meteorological rockets are being conducted. Six rocket
launchings have been made on Kheys Island up to the present time. The
rockets are launched to the zenith. During flight, the container with
instruments for measuring temperature and air pressure is separated from
the rocket and is exposed to the air for 40 minutes -- in the beginning
rising upward, then floating down by parachute. The results of measure-
ment are transmitted from on board the rocket to Earth by radio telemetry.
."The first launching of a research rocket in the Antarctic was
made from aboard the expeditionary ship Ob' in the Davis Sea in the region
of the South Polar Antarctic Observatory, Mirnyy, in December 1957. Other
rocket launchings were made from the ship in the sea along the Ob's expe-
ditionary itinerary along the coast of Antarctica eastward from Mirnyy
observatory. To the present time, four launchings have been made from the
Ob'. As a result of..the rocket soundings of the atmosphere conducted in
the Arctic and Antarctic, data on the distribution of temperature and
pressure of the air in middle altitudes in these regions have been obtained
for the first time. During the IGY, future rocket launchings will be
conducted here."
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4. Ascent of a Soviet rocket to an Altitude of 473 Kilometers
"The launching of a Soviet geophysical rocket on 21 February 1958
in which the apparatus was raised to an altitude of 473 kilometers is an
important stage in upper atmosphere research. Not only because of the alti-
tude achieved, but also because of the broadness-of the scientific program
accomplished during the launching, this ascent considerably exceeds experi-
ments on upper atmosphere research with rockets conducted to this time in
the USSR and other countries. A great number of different kinds of apparatus
were installed on the rocket. The measurement of air pressure was made with
the aid of ionization and magnetic manometers; special piezo electric trans-
ducers recorded the energy and the number of micrometeors colliding with the
rocket; special dynamic electrometers recorded the voltage of the electrical
field on the surface of the rocket. The ion composition of rarefied gases
in the upper layers of the atmosphere were determined with a radio-frequency
mass-spectrometer.
"Ion traps mounted on the surface of the rocket measured the concen-
tration of the positive ions and the measurement of the electron temperature
was made by means of sounding characteristics. The concentrations of elec-
trons in the various regions of the ionosphere were measured by a dispersion
interferometer. A spectrometer, mounted on the rocket, photographed the
solar spectrum in the short-wave ultraviolet region.
"It should be noted that during the course of the entire flight,
including the launching stage, the rocket was stabilized with the aid of
special devices that prevented its rotating around the vertical and the
horizontal axes. This considerably increased the accuracy and value of
the scientific investigations being conducted.
"A careful determination of the trajectory of the rocket with the
aid of appropriate optical and radio measuring apparatus made it possible
to determine the altitude at which the various measurements were made. The
results of the measurements were transmitted to ground recording stations
by radiotelemetry or were recorded on board the rocket on tape which was
subsequently recovered.
"The total weight of the scientific instruments, radio telemeter-
ing apparatus, power supplies and auxiliary systems together with the instru-
ment container was 1,520 kilograms."
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5. Brief Results of Investigations Conducted With Geophysical Rockets
"Clarification of the laws of distribution of pressure, density,
temperature, and the composition of the Earth's atmosphere at an altitude is
one of the most important tasks in atmospheric physics. To the present time,
direct measurements of pressure were made with rocket launchings to altitudes
of 160 kilometers and the density of the atmosphere to 220 kilograms. Only
very general and, in a large measure, conflicting ideas on relatively high
altitudes have existed until recent times. An analysis of the movement of
the Soviet artificial Earth satellites made it possible to obtain data on
the distribution of the density in the atmosphere to several very high
altitudes. However, only direct measurement of air pressure in the upper
layers with the aid of rockets and satellites will make it possible to obtain
sufficiently accurate data. During rocket investigations of the atmosphere
for measuring pressure, membrane, heat, magnetoelectric discharge, ionization,
and other types of manometers were used. The usual magnetic manometers were
suitable for measuring pressure in a range 10-2-10-5 millimeters of mercury.
"Pressure of around 5.10-8 millimeters of mercury can be measured
with ionization manometers of the usual design. In subsequent investigations
ionization and magnetic manometers were used making it possible to measure
pressure to 1.10-y millimeters of mercury. The currents of manometers pro-
portional to the pressure, are amplified by amplifiers and are put into the
input of a radio telemetering system. The manometers themselves are mounted
on the outside of the hermetically sealed instrument container on the rocket
and through special vacuum devices are connected with the amplifiers. The
glass tubes of the manometers located on the outside are protected by special
metallic cases. During ascent to a specified altitude these cases are ejected
and the tubes of the manometers are uncovered and exposed to the external sur-
roundings. Values of pressures are continuously transmitted by telemetering
apparatus to ground receiving stations. The unchanging position of the rocket
body during its ascent makes it possible to take into account errors originat-
ing during measurement of air pressure as a result of aerodynamic causes, and
to make the appropriate corrections during the processing of results. With
the aid of the apparatus described, measurement of pressure to an altitude of
260 kilometers were made not only during ascent but also during descent of the
container. A pressure up to 10-7 millimeters of mercury were recorded.
Composition of the Ionosphere
"The composition (both neutral and ionized molecules) of the
atmosphere and ionized molecules at great altitudes was not known. In rais-
ing of special flasks for taking air samples, it was possible to determine
the composition of the atmosphere to an altitude of around 100 kilometers.
To select an air sample from a high altitude which is suitable for analysis
is difficult for many reasons; therefore, it becomes necessary to use differ-
ent methods here.
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 "The macs spectrum of positive ions was analyzed with the aid
of a mass spectrometer mounted. in the container which was raised to an
altitude of more than 200 kilometers? A small-size light; instrument specially
designed for this purpose was used.. The transducer of the instrument, which
is a mass spectrometer-receiver directly exposed to the atmosphere, the re-
maining apparatus., and, a power supply were located, within the container. A
radio telemetering system with the aid. of which data on the mass spectra and
information on the operation of the instrument necessary for decoding the
recordings were transmitted to Earth, were also located in the container.
"A study of the radio telemetric recordings indicated that the
instrument operated normally during the entire flight. Data on the ion com-
position was obtained at altitudes of 105-206 kilometers. The results of
the experiment indicate that at these altitudes ions with a mass number of
30 predominate (presumably nitrogen oxide ions).
"In the upper part of the trajectory, ions with a mass number
of 16 (presumably ions of atomic oxygen) were also recorded. Data was
obtained on the distribution of ions of these masses at an altitude and
layers with increased ion concentrations were recorded.
c. Investigation of Micrometeors
"The study of micrometeors entering the atmosphere from outer
space are of great interest, not only for geophysicists but also for the
solution of purely practical problems -- guaranteeing the safety of movement
of rockets and, artificial Earth satellites in interplanetary space.
"The determination of the concentration of meteor particles
and their energies is most important. For this purpose apparatus consisting
of piezo-electric transducers mounted on the plating of the rocket, and an
electron apparatus designed for converting electrical voltage coming from
the piezo transducer in the form of short period attenuating oscillations in
the signal of the radio telemetering system is mounted on the rockets.
"In the 21 February experiment barium titanate was used as the
piezo transducer and was placed under a membrane made from stainless steel.
The transducers were mounted in four places on the perimeter of the rocket
in its nose section and occupied. a total area of 900 square centimeters.
Upon impact of a microparticle an attenuating electrical oscillation is
generated by the transducer. The amplitude of these oscillations depend
on the energy of the striking particle. In the experiment described. here
the motion of micrometeors to an altitude of 300 kilometers was reliably
recorded. In the ascent of the rocket from 125 kilometers to 300 kilometers,
a total of 268 collisions of micrometeors with the surface of the transducers
was recorded, in which case, 44 collisions occurred at altitudes from 125-250
kilometers for one square meter of surface, higher -- to 300 kilometers -- 9
impacts per square meter occurred.
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d. Concentration of Electrons in the Ionized Layers
"In the area of the atmosphere located above 50-60 kilometers,
there are a considerable number of free charged particles as a result of
which they exert a strong influence on radio wave propagation. One of the
basic characteristics of this region, called the ionosphere, is the electron
concentration -- the number of free electrons per cubic centimeter. Depend-
ing on the magnitude of the electron concentration, the speed and trajectory
of radio wave propagation changes. Until the beginning of rocket investiga-
tions of the upper atmosphere, the electron concentration at various alti-
tudes was determined by indirect methods with the aid of reflections from
the ionosphere, of radio waves of various frequencies, which were radiated
from the Earth. From an analysis of these measurements, it was found that
at altitudes of approximately 100-120 kilometers and 250-300 kilometers,
there is maximum ionization as a result of which it was supposed that the
ionosphere consists of a number of layers (E-layer at around 100 kilometers
F-layer at around 250 kilometers.
"However, it was too difficult to study the region lying between
the E and F-layers by these indirect methods, and it is impossible perfectly
to study the region of the ionosphere lying at the maximum electron concen-
tration of the F-layer. This occurs because of the fact that if the maximum
electron concentration of the F-layer corresponds to a certain frequency of
radio waves reflected from it, then during an increase of the frequency the
radio wave is not reflected from the ionosphere and passes into outer space.
"The study of the ionosphere from the Earth played a vast role
in the matter of guaranteeing long-distance radio communications (possible
only with the aid of radio waves reflected from the ionosphere). However,
for successful radio communications with apparatus for flights into cosmic
space and for various radio measurements connected with such flights it is
necessary to know the characteristics of all depths of the ionosphere.
"The use of rockets carrying scientific apparatus directly into
the ionosphere, permits the conduct of measurements of the characteristics
of the ionosphere by new methods in the regions inaccessible to investiga-
tions from the Earth's surface.
"The majority of measurements conducted till now have to do
with altitudes to 200-250 kilometers lying below the maximum ionization of
the F-layer. These measurements change substantially from the point of view
of the structure of the ionosphere in this region. It has been established
that the idea concerning the existence at altitudes of 110-120 kilometers of
a sharply defined E-layer is incorrect. Actually at the maximum electron
concentration in the region 100-120 kilometers there follows a region in
which the ionization is changed only insignificantly and smoothly passes on
to increase in the region of the F-layer.
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Approv
"These results were obtained in the USSR during the time of
a series of launchings of high-altitude geophysical rockets by the Academy
of Sciences USSR for 1957 and also in the USA in the works of the Naval
Research Laboratory. As to the regions of the ionosphere lying above the
maximum F-layer (the so-called "external ionosphere"), up until recently
the only known data on the distribution of the electron concentration in
this region were the results obtained in the US by Berning from the launch-
ing of a two-stage rocket consisting of the German V-2 and the Wac-Corporal
which achieved an altitude of around 380 kilometers.
"According to this data, at the maximum of the F-layer located
at the time of the experiment at an altitude of 300 kilometers, the electron
concentration fell off sharply, decreasing almost to zero at an altitude of
around 380 kilometers. These results to the present time are usually cited
in all geophysical literature.
"At the time of the vertical launching of the Soviet geophysical
rocket on 21 February 1958, new measurements of the electron concentration
were made. These measurements, successfully made throughout the entire tra-
jectory of the rocket, gave results the processing of which in the future
will make it possible to obtain a detailed distribution of the electron
concentration to altitudes of 470 kilometers which is almost 100 kilometers
more than the maximum altitude in Berning's experiment.
"More important, however, is the fact that the results obtained
differ significantly and prin,,ipally from Berning's results even though the
time of day, time of year, phase of the cycle of solar activity during the
time of the measurements makes these two experiments completely comparable.
"At an altitude of 470 kilometers, the measured electron con-
centration was equal to a million electrons per cubic centimeter1 whereas
in the American experiment, the electron concentration was insignificantly
small even at an altitude of 380 kilometers. The result obtained, testify-
ing to the very slow decrease of electron concentration at the maximum of
the F-layer, is new.
"Since the concentration of neutral particles at altitudes of
around 500 kilometers according to existing notions, only slightly (slightly
more than is in orders exceeds the revealed concentration of free electrons
at these altitudes, then we must assume that there is an intensive diffusion
of charged particles from the more dense lower-lying regions of the ionosphere.
This is of considerable interest for understanding the physics of the pheno-
mena in the external ionosphere. The methods of the experiments with whose
aid the aforementioned results were obtained are based on the idea of a so-
called dispersion interferometer proposed by Soviet scientists Academician
M. I. Mandel'shtem and N. D. Papaleksi in 1937.
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"From on board the rocket during flight, radiowaves are radiated
which are strictly linked in phase and which are received on the Earth by
special stations. Continuous recording of the difference of the phases of
signals received from on board the rocket and simultaneously conducted measure-
ments of coordinates of the rocket make it possible to determine the distri-
bution of the electron concentration in the ionosphere at an altitude.
"A feature of the described experiment by comparison with experi-
ments conducted within the US using, similar methods, is the use of much
shorter waves. This makes it possible significantly to decrease the effect
of the Earth's magnetic field on the results of measurements.
e. Biological Investigations During Flights in the Upper Layers of
the Atmosphere
"Man's mastery of cosmic space, in addition to the purely scien-
tific and engineering design problems, requires the solution of a number of
medical and biological problems. This may be achieved by means of preliminary
study of the effect of factors of cosmic flight on the organism of animals,
and also by the development of means guaranteeing their normal vital activity
during flight, a successful landing, and, as required, recovery.
In the Soviet Union since 1949, a broad scientific research work
has been conducted to solve these. problems. In the first stage, Soviet
scientists conducted investigations in which the experimental animals (dogs)
accomplished flights in rockets to altitudes of 100-210 kilometers. It was
shown that in hermetically sealed cabins of regenerative type there is com-
plete provision of the necessary barometric pressure, temperature, and normal
composition of the air for the entire course of the flight, in which the
duration of existence of two animals in a cabin is for 3 hours.
"For investigating the condition of the animals during the time
of the flight, the necessary apparatus for recording blood pressure, respira-
tion, pulse, biological currents of the heart, behavior of the animal, temper-
ature and air pressure in the cabin, accelerations etc., were developed.
The return of the animals to earth was accomplished by means of separating
the hermetically sealed cabin from the rocket and its subsequent descent by
parachute.
"Recorded data obtained of the behavior and the basic physio-
logical functions of the animals made it possible to conclude that accelera-
tion originating during flight of the rocket and the entry of the separated
cabin into the denser layers of the atmosphere, descent and also the state
of weightlessness for a period of from 3.5 to 6 minutes, certain other factors
of flight being equal, are completely bearable and did not cause any kind of
noticeable changes in the condition of the experimental animals. Certain
animals accomplished flight in the upper layers of the atmosphere repeatedly;
however, even under these conditions no changes of any kind in the condition
of their health both after flight and during the course of prolonged subse-
quent period of observation were revealed.
CP)
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 "The positive results of the investigations conducted made it
possible for us to study the possibility of abandoning a rocket by a method
of catapulting with subsequent descent of the animals and the instruments
to Earth.
"For this purpose, in the second stage of investigations, special
high altitude (without oxygen masks) -quits which provided the animals satis-
factory conditions of existence both in the cabin of the rocket and during
descent from high altitudes and under high velocities of flight, were used.
The required amount of air pressure in the suit and the oxygen content were
maintained by special oxygen devices.
"Catapult devices provided a safe abandonment of the rocket at
altitudes to 110 kilometers and a flight velocity of around 1.2 kilometers
per second.
"In the experiment, special attention was paid to working out
the recovery of animals under the most complex conditions:
"In the descending trajectory during unstabilized rocket flight.
parachute systems in one of the cases were introduced into action immediately
after catapulting at an altitude of 85-75 kilometers and in the other cases
catapulting was accomplished at an altitude of 39-46 kilometers and the open-
ing of the parachute occurred at an altitude of 4 kilometers (delayed drop).
"During abandonment of the rocket at an altitude of 85-75 kilo-
meters, the time of descent of the animals to Earth was more than an hour.
At the same time, no harmful effects to the health of the animals during the
catapulting, parachuting, and flight in the upper layers of the atmosphere
was disclosed.
"Analagous data was obtained even from observation of the animals
who were ejected several times from rockets with the aid of catapults.
"Investigations conducted showed that the operation of the system
providing safe flight: a suit, catapult devices, parachutes, automats in
complex and different conditions of the experiments -- were shown to be en-
tirely efficient and guaranteed safe landing of the animals.
"At present, many years of observation of experimental animals
have accumulated, including projects in which the animals completed flights
in the upper layers of the atmosphere repeatedly. No kind of unfavorable
effects of the flights were revealed in the condition of these animals.
"Thus, as a result of the work conducted physiological effects
of various factors and characteristics typical for flight in the upper layers
of the atmosphere were investigated, the consequences of their effect were
studied, means were developed for guaranteeing optimum conditions for animals
in rocket flight, and also methods of recovery designed for conditions in
emergency situations were developed."...
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"Contemporary development of Soviet rocket eng neering permits
the solution of many tasks in the investigation of the uppe layers and
regions of the atmosphere and cosmic space with the aid of ockets. This
is clearly evident from the example of the launching of the first artificial
Earth satellites in the world by the Soviet Union which were placed with the
greatest accuracy in their orbit at a great altitude above he surface of the
Earth.
"A feature of Soviet geophysical rockets and a tificial satel-
lites is the considerable weight of their pay-load, achievi g, for example
in the second satellite, more than 500 kilograms of scienti is research
apparatus.
"In increasing this weight to several kilogra , it may be pos-
sible to accomplish flight even to the natural satellite of ur planet, the
Moon, which is located at a distance of 384,385 kilometers rom the Earth.
However, the scientific significance of such an experiment ould not be great,
mainly 'because of the impossibility,, considering the econo of weight of
having on board such a rocket any serious apparatus for con ucting scientific
research, for recording of obtained results and their trans ission to Earth.
With the future development of rocket engineering, the prob ems of achieving
the Moon and the conduct of serious scientific investigatio s connected with
this may be accomplished in several years.
"The possibility of a rapid solution of the pr blem of inter-
planetary flights, which in no way can be solved with the a d of satellites
of microscopic dimensions whose utilization for scientific urposes is
limited, lies mainly in creating artificial satellites of g ,eat weight.
"Investigations of the upper layers of the atm sphere with the
aid of rockets systematically conducted by Soviet scientist gave valuable
scientific results. The launching of a Soviet geophysical ocket to an alti-
tude of 473 kilometers is an important new stage in researc
ina to the program of the International Geophysical Year." (Moscow, Pravda, CPYRGHT
27 Mar 58
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III. C0;,MIC ] AYU
Automatic ltocoi die- I of Cosmic lF !area
An article titled ' A1uturnatie 1~ecording of F:Larr.s of Cosmic Radiation,"
by Ya. L. Dlokh and L. N. I:orablev, of the Scientific Research Institute
of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and lladiowavo Propagation, gives a
description of an instrument for the automatic recording of cosmic flares,
using a three-dimensional (cubical) telescope designated for continuous
registration of the intensity of cosmic radiation within the program of
the IGY. The instrument affords the possibility of determining, within
half a minute, the time of the beginning of a 5 percent, or better, in-
crease of the intensity of the mu-meson component by means of a discrete
comparison of intensity against a standard.
The telescope comprises three rows of measuring devices with 10-cm
lead shields between the second and third rows; the instrument thus con-
sists of two independent devices (two cubicles). The coincidences of
impulses from the first, second, and third rows are caused by the hard
component. besides triple coincidences, double coincidences of the first
and second and the second and third rows are recorded. These coincidences
are caused by the ordinary and the hard components in the wide solid
angle ("semisolid geometry") and afford the possibility of determining
the soft component. The beginning of solar flares is determined according
to two coincidences (first and second rows) which record the over-all
component. This increases the statistical accuracy and the accuracy
of the fixing of the beginning of the flare, since the number of coin-
cidences (1-2) is 2.!E times Greater than the number of coincidences (1-
2-3). Furthermore, the coincidences (1-2) record the over-all component,
which is obviously more sensitive to solar flares than the hard component.
In the summation of the number of double coincidences from two cubicles,
the total number of impulses is increased up to 240,000 per hour, which
provides a statistical accuracy of plus-minus 2.2 percent for 0.5 minute.
In contrast to the usual system with uninterrupted accumulation of
impulses and amplitude selection of the signal, this instrument has a
better stabilization of the threshold of operation, since the measured
radiation is compared with the frequency of a standard generator with a
stabilization of 0.1-0.01 percent. The comparison is made by means of
a discrete calculation of the impulses of the radiation and the impulses
of the generator with a reversible ring counter RSK-lg (illustrated).
The compared impulses are fed to two different inputs, one for the direct
and one for the reverse count. The measuring device operates with cold
cathode tubes stabilized by the initial silent discharge. In the ring,
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~,a.c,w. `l'ltc a).'l; rrtivte :i.rtcoll:;i. (; :i:niattl.c.c: ctctivul;es c. a.k,ltc;.c
oral./ one. l,I,thee col l
I;l,rr next i'o1low:I.rtfr tube in the i'J.n1 order, 01' the prccodin tube, de-
j ncon which J.rijn.tt in fed. The seq'tenco of the opo ro -1-:1. on. of `11Q
1by the det :store. '1'he }xtftict!,lar tube (numbered)
which happens to be r;lewin.,.; lndictitcn the differe:rtce of the quantity of
impulses occurrinn' at both inputs. To reclt.u~. the capn.c:i.tnncc of the
tneaa.surin, dcvic'_, the two inputs are connec?,e:d after the a?c:rou. ntinc: cir-
cuil;s P1:-1,000 and PK-6, which operate with cold cathodes. The reverse
counter circuit :i.c::?.ril;,r,ruptec1 '.1ftrr the tube numbered zero. Consequently,
when there it a normal. intensity of the cosmic radiation, wlr:i.ch is soine-
what .lower than the frequency of the standard generator, the: t:~casitr i.n~;
device reverts to the original state, because it decreases its indication
only up to the moment of operation of the zero tube. Any further admission
or impi.t:lses does not change this level., which guarantees the uniformity
of sensitivity of the system to the flare.
'Then the intensity of the radiation becomes greater than the assigned
level., all the tubes of the reverse counter and the output tube operate
in coquanee, which connects the device which photographs the reading of
the instrument. At the same time, the timing relay releases, interrupting
the measuring device for 1-2 minutes, so that, during larger flares, ex-
cessive photographing will not take place. The variations of the intensity
are determined by readings of the counting units of the instrument, and
by readings of simultaneously photographed clocks.
The threshold of operation of the entire system can be regulated by
changing the frequency of the standard generator. By varying the capaci-
tance of the reverse counter, it is possible to regulate the statistical
accuracy and the operating time within wide limits. (Pribory i Tekhnika
Elcsperimenta, Ilo 5, Sep-Oct 57, pP 58-59)
Method of Registering Short-Period Variations of Earth Currents
One of the problems specified by the program of geophysical investi-
Ca.tions during the International Geophysical. Year. is the study of short-
period geomagnetic and geoelectric variations which are one of the forms
of disturbances of the Earth's el.ect.ror;agnetic field.
A method of high-speed registration of earth currents by utilizing
a capacitance coupling of the electrodes and of the galvanometer is de-
sc Gibed in a periodical article by V. G. Dubrovskiy, Institute of Physics
and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSfl.
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The detailed study of the nature of short-period oscillations is
difficult and sometimes impossible, especially for oscillations with a
period of less than 10 seconds because of the relatively low scan speed
(20-90 mm/hour) used at present in the majority of geophysical stations.
Further, an increase in the scan speed by the usual method of recording
leads to an objectionable increase in the use of film. Therefore, at
present, in the study of short-period oscillations of earth currents a
method is used by which the connection between the electrodes is accom-
plished through a capacitance, and registration, is made by using a spiral
scan. This permits the film speed to be increased without increasing
the amount of film used. In addition to this, the short-period variations
of earth currents are filtered by the capacitance and the long-period
variations which have a considerably greater amplitude are screened.
This method makes it possible to conduct round-the-clock recordings of
short-period variations of earth currents with a scan speed of 30-60
mm/minute without essentially increasing the use of film.
The quantitative evaluation of the recordings is made more difficult
because the sensitivity of, the apparatus is a function of the frequency
forcing the oscillations; in other words, the sensitivity of the appa-
ratus is determined by the frequency characteristic of the capacitance-
galvanometer system.
Simultaneous world-wide observations of short-period oscillations
of earth currents by this method are specified under the IGY program.
The production of comparable high-speed recordings is determined mainly
by the degree of identification of the frequency characteristic of the
apparatus. In the process of comparison, both the values of the amplitude
of the separate geoelectric disturbances as well as the time of their
entry are compared. Therefore, in addition to the amplitude of the fre-
quency characteristic which reflects the relationship of the sensitivity
to the frequency of the oscillations being studied, it is often necessary
to know the frequency relationship values of the phase displacement be-
tween the oscillations at recording and at entry into the apparatus.
The methods of determining the amplitudes and the phase characteristics
of the system are discussed. (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR,
No 1, Jan 58, pp 3-10)
Adolf Schmidt Observatory at Niemegk
An illustrated, popular-type article titled "The Adolf Schmidt Ob-
servatory for Geomagnetism in the International Geophysical Year," by
H. Schmidt and H. Wiese, gives the following information:
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Tito observatory, which was rounded in forms, together with the
i11;; titute branch at Potsdam, the Geomagnetic Institute of the German
Ar,tdcciny of Scleuc:s, which is under the direction ci' Prof Dr 0. Fanselau.
Ater4,; with continuous comparisons with Danish, 'lustrian,, and West
Canaan observatories, joint measurements will be made in Niemegk with
gocmagnetolo/;fists of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Rumania, the USSR, and Hun-
;;ary, within the program of the IGY.
Ribbon-type magnetic balances manufactured by VED Geraete- and
Regl.erierke, Teltow, are adjusted and tested at the Niemegk observatory.
For the purpose of testing, adjusting, and calibrating various instruments
and for nuclear resonance research, an instruxi.ent was built at Niemeglz
for the production and retention of magnetic fields of any strength, equal
in magnitude to that of the Earth. It comprises 'three enclosures, one of
which is completely nonmagnetic, and contains a system of three Helmhoitz
coils several meters in diameter, which produce a field which can be
determined in three components. The currents producing the field can be
controlled by three Poerster sondes in the second enclosure, which impart
the control signals to the electronic control devices in the third en-
closure. With this installation, the field at the North Pole, or in
Australia, for example, can be produced in a very short time and main-
tained at a constant value, so that variations of the Earth's magnetism
will not interfere with the measurements.
The Niemegk observatory and the universities of Leipzig and Berlin
are working jointly on the development of the modern method of measuring
geomagnetism by proton resonance. These efforts involve an audio-
frequency method of proving the Larmor frequency with which atomic nuclei
(protons) precess like small gyroscopes within a magnetic field. If a
ma
L;l netic field of about 10,000 gauss is applied, the precession takes
place in the high-frequency range, and in the low-frequency range, if
a weak magnetic field (such as that of the Earth with 0.5 gauss) is ap-
plied. If a continuous resonance of these protons in the Earth's field
could be observed, then the "whistling" of the Earth's magnetic field
could be "hcerd," since the resonant frequency of the protons, for Niemegk
conditions, is about 2,000 cps, a readily audible whistling tone. If
t,,agnetic variations occur, the pitch of the whistling tone should change.
Since observatories are too far apart to make the compilation of a
map showing the continuous values for the Earth's magnetic field possible,
additional field intensity measurements are being made at the so-called
points of the first order, such as are established in geodetic surveys.
his "surveying" of East Germany by the Geomagnetic Institute has been
going; on for years. VEB Geophysik Leipzig is assisting in the measure-
ments, particularly in the magnetic surveys of various underground de-
posits.
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On 5 November 1957, an eruption on the Sun caused a small pip in
the curve bein;, recorded by a Niemegk geomagnetograph; about 30 hours
later a magnetic storm was recorded on a "coarse" geomagnetograph having
a chart width corresponding to a change of declination of 1.10 or a change
of field of 360 y (illustrated).
In addition to these larger variations there is great interest also
in the rapid variations which are scarcely visible on normal registering
devices, and which are often quite regular. These "time gradients" are
recorded at the Niemegk observatory by means of large air-core coils
connected to galvanometers.
The local differences of the variations of geomagnetism are used as
a basis for drawing conclusions in regard to the altitude, current-density
distribution, and other characteristics of the current systems produced
in the upper atmosphere by corpuscles. The apparatus used for this pur-
pose, the "local gradient" recorder, is one of the very few of its type
in the world. At Niemegk this installation consists of four magnetometer
stations which are located at the corners of a square, the length of the
sides of which are about 7 kilometers. These stations are connected with
a centrally located main station by means of underground cable. The
magnetometers produce, photoelectrically, currents which are proportional
to the magnetic field and which are fed to the main station where they
are compared. A whole series of components of the local gradients can
be recorded through suitable switching arrangements.
Other important research work at Niemegk during the IGY is the meas-
uring of secondary earth currents by means of two electrodes buried in
the ground at a definite distance from each other. Since the range of
depth of earth currents is greater, the greater apart the electrodes are
spaced, Niemegk is recording on lines spaced 100 meters, 1,000 meters,
and 100 kilometers apart. The latter lines have been made available by
the German Post Office (long-distance cable).
The induced currents which, for variations up to 2 hours, have their
primary flow at a depth of about 50-80 kilometers, can also be detected
by their magnetic effects. In recent years it was found that these cur-
rents follow preferred paths, which can be traced for all of Europe. These
paths are conditioned by relatively high anomalies of the electrical
conductivity in the subsoil. To study these anomalies, the Niemegk Ob-
servatory has erected special field recording stations; the course of these
zones of conductivity will be surveyed by Niemegk for all of Eastern
Europe. In the field recordings the anomalies are revealed by the fact
that, on the one side of the anomaly, the variations of the vertical
intensity of the geomagnetic field are positive, and negeative on the
other side. The horizontal component increases directly above the "flow."
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Auxiliary stations have been established for the purpose of recording
these field measurements and forwarding the data to Niemegk during the
entire ICY. These stations are in Wismar (Warnkenhagen), in the vicinity
of the mouth of the Oder (Ueckermuende), and near Zittau (Herrnhut).
Photographs include views of a magnetic theodolite, a vibration-
period measuring device for standard magnets, a thecdolite for determining
declination and horizontal intensity, vibration-period measurement with
quartz-clock synchronization, an earth inductor for measuring inclination,
adjusting of a magnetic balance, coil systems for the production of arbi-
trary magnetic fields, and a view of the enclosures for measuring local
gradients. (Wissenschaft and Fortschritt, No 2, Feb 58, pp 65-68)
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V. OCEANOGRAPHY
New Discoveries by Soviet Oceanographic Expeditions
In 1957, Soviet scientists, working in accordance with the IGY pro-
gram, made important discoveries in various regions of the world's oceans.
These discoveries are recounted briefly in a Soviet educational geographic
journal which bases its information on Vodr Transport of 14 January 1958
and other sources.
"In the central part of the north Arctic Ocean, while studying the
submerged mountain range imeni Lomonosov, Soviet explorers discovered an
active volcano. The scientists express the opinion that this acitve
volcanic seat is not unique in these high latitudes.
"At the same time the Soviet high-latitude expedition on the diesel-
electric ship Lena investigated the central part of Nansen's Rise, a
submerged range connecting northeastern Greenland with northwestern
Spitzbergen, and considered the natural boundary between the Greenland
Sea and the Arctic basin. It w as thought that the depths over the Nansen's
Rise did not exceed 1,500-2,000 meters. Soviet scientists established
that the depths over the rise were from 2,800 to 3,500 meters. From this
it may be assumed that the central part of Nansen's Rise is interlaced
with deep channels.
"The Soviet Hydrographic Expedition aboard the four-master boat
Sedov conducted an investigation in the tropic and subtropic parts of
the Atlantic Ocean. Academician V. V. Shuleykin was the first to succeed
in registering the so-called telluric currents, which are caused by the
corpuscular radiation of the Sun, in the depths of the open sea. In the
region of the Cape Verde Islands the expedition discovered and investigated
banks which were not shown on their maps.
"Soviet scientists working under the program of the International
GeophysicalYear aboard their own expeditionary ship, the Vityaz, in the
Pacific Ocean, also made new and outstanding scientific discoveries.
"Near the equator, using a perfected fathometer?they discovered an
enormous submarine mountain, which, as to size, would not yield to our
Elbrus. The mountain was called "Vityaz Peak" in honor of the ship.
"Soviet scientists were the first in the history of science to make
a detailed study of the Tonga depression, a gigantic fissure in the bot-
tom of the ocean over 1,000 kilometers in extent (the width of this de-
pression in all is only several kilometers). Trawling of the depression
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was done, pictures o the ot?om were , varl
etc. The Vityas'
was considerably
tore was recorded.
ing life on the bottom of the depression was eollectel
Powerful fathomoter revealed that the Tonga depreasio
This is the deepest spot in the southern hemisphere."
Shkole, No 2, Mar-Apr 58, pp
VI. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
(Geografiya v
New Astronomical Instruments To Be Installed
New instruments will be installed this year in the Astronomical
Observatory in Belgarde for the precise determiniation of the coordinates
of celestial bodies. Among the few observatories in the world which have
these instruments are observatories in Washington, in Greenwich, and at
the Cape of Good Hope, and the Pulkovo Observatory in the USSR.
In a conversation with a representative of Jugopres, Milorad Protic,
director of the observatory, said that the establishment of this service
will represent a significant, contribution to astronomical science in
general, and particularly to the undertakings of the International Geophys-
ical Year. International activity is in progress, for example, on the
development of a basic catalogue of lesser-magnitude stars (stars of lesser
brilliance). Precise determination of their positions, or coordinates,
can be made only by means of large transit and meridian refractor tele-
scopes, as well as zenith telescopes.
According to the director of the observatory. the state has been
very sympathetic toward the establishment of a service for basic astronomy.
(Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje, 12 Feb 58 )
VII. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Operation of Severnyy Po2yus-6
At the end of January, the drift station Severnyy Polyus-6 was drift-
ing north of Novosibirskiye Ostrova in the vicinity of the 79th parallel.
Ionospheric observations are continuing to be made every 15 minutes
on a round-the-clock basis, according to the IGY program. On 20 January,
the instruments showed a decrease in density of ionization in the ionized
layers of the atmosphere, which indicated that a magnetic storm was
developing. The magnetologist checked his instruments and discovered an
increased disturbance of the magnetic field.
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Processes in the ionosphere are closely connected with the Earth's
magnetic field, and also with the phenomenon of aurorae. On clear days,
the automatic camera at the station takes three pictures of the whole
sky every minute, reflecting the rapid changes in the forms of aurorae
on the photographic film.
According to the IGY program,-four radiosondes are released every
day. Three staff members attend each radiosonde launching: one of them
listens to radio signals transmitting information on teaperature, pressure,
and humidity of the air; the second person watches the ascent of the
radiosonde with a optical theodolite; and the third person make observa-
tions with the help of a radiotheodolite, determining the location of
the radiosonde at any moment of its flight and thereby learning the direc-
tion and speed of wind at any altitude. The highest altitude reached
on one day was 26 kilometers, and the lowest was 23 kilometers. These
are not record altitudes, but they are considered quite satisfactory.
Meteorological observations at the station are conducted alternately
by two scientists. Every 3 hours the meteorologist on duty checks the
instrument readings at the meteorological platform. The height of the
clouds is determined with the help of a searchlight. A coded weather
report is given to the radio station.
Depth soundings are taken several times a day. The hydrologists
conduct observations every hour for 15-day periods. Automatic devices
or recording sea currents are lowered by a thin cable into one of two
holes cut in the ice; the second hole is used to determine the depth of
the sea and the speed of drift. (W scow, 'iet1ernyaya Moskva, 23 Jan 58)
Expedition of Arctic Institute
The expedition of the Arctic Institute on Ostrov Kheysa (Franz 3osef
Land) in the Arctic will remain in this location until the end of the
IGY. The high-latitude observatory in this place will conduct a full
cycle of geophysical observations.
Feb 58 p 31) .
During the period of its stay in the Arctic, the expedition will or-
r
ganize the launching of 25 meteorological rockets to investigate the
upper atmosphere, as well as other important and extensi.:,re tests connected
with the further development of the Northern Sea Rout-'e. The expedition
is headed by K. Fedchenko, Candidate of Physicomathjematical Sciences.
The staff includes specialists in meteorology, acjLnometry, cosmic rays,
magnetism, and other branches of science. The Kolar scientists :are
equipped with the latest scientific instrumept.;s. (Morskoy Plot, No 2,
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Aerja.l Expedition in Arctic
On 22 Mirch, an aerial expedition of the Arctic Institute left for
the Arctic to Install a number of DARNS (drifting radiometeorological
stations) and radio beacons on the ice.
Last year's experiments in the use of automatic installations on
drifting ice of the Central Polar Basin proved successful. With the help
of these stations, daily information was received on temperature, air
pressure, and wind speed and direction, which greatly improved weather
reports for regions of the North. The use of radio beacons made it pos-
sible for the first time to obtain data on ice drift simultaneously at
many points. This enabled scientists to discover a number of peculiar
features of ice processes which had not been studied before.
Two detachments of the aerial expedition will, be in charge of install-
ing the drifting stations at various points of the western and eastern
sectors of the Northen Sea Route, as well as in the drift area of Severnyy
Poiyus-.6. Later, at the end of May, an additional number of DARNS and
radio beacons will be installed with the help of airplanes. The 1.958
expedition includes hydrologists and ice specialists. (Moscow, Vodnyy
Transport, 25 Mar 58)
Ultrasonics Used in Studyi Elastic Properties of Ice
The problem concerning the use of an ultrasonic impalse method for
determining the elastic properties of polycrystalline ice is presented
.'^y V. V. Bolorodskiy, Arctic Scientific Research Institute, Leningrad.
U.-fling this method, Young's modulus and the shear of polycrystalline ice
is?:i.etermined in relation to its thermal and structural properties ac-
cord.~~_ng to the velocity of propagation of longitudinal and transverse
wave's. Experiments for determining the ultrasonic velocities were made
in fresh .-water ice and in the region of the drift station Severnyy
Poiyus-4., ?using a specially developed instrument -
The working principle of the instrument and the method of measuring
is as follows'"' A master oscillator through a fixed time internal triggers
a swNen generator and a high-frequency pulse generator. The pul.sL- gen.-
orator excites a`,piezoelectric transducer which radiates the acoustic
impulse in the medaim being studied. After passing through a determined
distance in the mediuL4, the acoustic impulse excites the receiving piezo-
electric transducer. The electric oscillations from the receiving piezo-
electric transducer are transmitted to an electronic oscilloscope.
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For measuring the time interval between the sending of the acoustic
impulse into the medium and its reception after passing through a certain
path, the sweep time on the indicator screen is calibrated by using an
electronic calibrator.
Control of the accuracy of the instrument readings according to
velocity is done by using a special standard acoustic line. After having
measured the time of propagation in the medium being studied and the
length of the path traveled (i.e., the size of the medium under study),
it is possible to calculate the velocity of propagation of the elastic
wave. The excitation of longitudinal waves in the ice was produced by
using barium titanate plates, and the transverse waves are produced by
Y-cut quartz vibrators which were frozen to the ice. All the piezoelec-
tric transducers had a resonance frequency of 500 kilocycles. The use
of Y-cut and Curie-cut plates made it possible to simultaneously deter-
mine the velocity of bath the longitudinal and the transverse waves.
Thus the values of all the elastic constants of the ice cover could be
obtained very accurately in relation to temperature, salinity, etc.
The impulse ultransonic method of studying the physical properties
of ice has important advantages over 'other methods, in relation both to
simplicity and speed of measurements and to accuracy.
The results of measurements made on ice in fresh-water basins made
it possible to practically establish the linear relationship of the ve-
locity of elastic waves to temperature.,
The elastic coefficients of ice monocrystals and the dynamics of
their measurements in relation to different conditions (temperature,
stresses, etc.) can be most easily studied by the impulse ultrasonic
method. (Akusticheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 4, No 1, Jan-Feb 58, pp 19-23)
Launching of Meteorological Rockets in Antarctic
The Antarctic Marine Expedition includes an aerometeorological detach-
ment, headed by G. Golyshev, which has the task of investigating the
upper atmosphere with the help of special meteorological rockets. During
the 1957-1958 navigation period in the Antarctic, 30 rockets are to be
launched. The Marine expedition is headed by Prof V. Kort. (Hbrskoy Flot,
No 2, Feb 58, p 31)
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Ulava-15 Visits UrLinhabited Island
Slava-15 is an scientific research ship, which is included in the
Slava whaling flotilla operating in the Antarctic. On 20 January, scien-
tists aboard the chip were conducting research in the area of the South
Sandwich Islands. They went ashore on the uninhabited Montague Island,
where they found a large number of seals, thousands-of penguins, sea gulls,
cormorants, and stormypetrels. The oci,entists collected a large number
of birds' eggs and shot many birds for the purpose of mounting stuffed
specimens. They also collected geological samples on the island, and
left a sign on the island to indicate the visit of the Slava seamen. The
mounted specimens will be distributed among museums of the USSR.
Hydrological observations, and hydrobiological and zoological re-
search were conducted in the area of the South Sandwich Islands. All
the ships of the whaling flotilla conduct meteorological observations,
which are regularly transmitted by radio to Moscow. (Moscow, Vechernyaya
Moskva) 22 Jan 58)
New Staff at Station Vostok
The scientific staff of the station Vostok, near the south geomagnetic
pole, was replaced in January by a new group of scientists who were flown
to the station. The new staff, consisting mostly of young people, 'is
headed by V. Sidorov, an experienced polar scientist. Despite unfavorable
conditions, i.e., low atmospheric pressure, lack of oxygen, and minus
)0-degree C frost, the station was taken over from the second staff in a
short period of time.
Scientific work under the IGY program is already in progress at the.
station. Observations are conducted in the fields of terrestrial magnet-
ism, meteorology, and actinometry. Radiosondes are released daily into
the upper atmosphere. An ionospheric camera and a camera for photograph-
ing aurorae will soon be installed.
The station staff is facing the antarctic winter and polar night;
during this period temperatures are expected to drop as low as minus 85
degrees C. Various preparations are being made to protect the staff
members from the cold. The magnetic and aerological pavilions will be
connected with the living quarters by a 50-meter tunnel built in the
snow. (Leningradskaya Pravda, 31 Jan 58)
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New Soviet Station Sovetskaya
CPYRGHT On 16 February 1958, the Soviet Antarctic Expedition raised the USSR
flag at a point 78-24 S and 87-35 E, at an altitude of 3,720 meters above
sea level. During a 6-day period, 27 men worked in minus 59-degree C tem-
perature, building the new station Sovetskaya. The station includes an
electric power unit, radio and meteorological stations, living quarters,
kitchen, and etorxge hut. An airfield, a meteorological platform, and
an aerological pavilion were built at the same time, and steel radio
masts were erected. The station Sovetskaya, in the region of the pole
of relative inaccessibility, has begun its regular scientific work under
the IGY program.
At present, during the "warm" season of the year, the teMerature
fluctuates between minus 32 and 59 degrees V. According to theoretical
estimates of foreign scientists, one can expect temperatures of minus
80? C or even lower during the antarctic winter in this region.
Living conditions for the wintering party are as favorable as possible.
The station building is warm and comfortable. The station has sufficient
reading material, a movie projector with 20 movie* film, and a magnetophone.
Radio broadcasts from Irbscov are heard regularly. The staff has become
adjusted to the high-mountain conditions and low temperatures and is busy
making preparations for the approaching cold winter months. -- V. Babarykin,
chief of station Sovetskaya (Ogonek, No 12, 16 1 r 58, p 20)
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