SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100440001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 94
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 21, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 4, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIO
INFORIV.~ATION REPORT
4 December 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUSINESS AND DEFENSE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
PB 131891 T-35
~~~~~~~~~ .~~~' ~~ ~L ~~~~
7
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 addition~i for'--~._.._.~.,,..,..
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
~U~_._ v 3'
~Q~
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTC
This roport presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently receivod publications of the USSR. The information
selected is intended to indicate current scientific develop-
ments and activities in the USSR, and is disseminated as an aid
to United States Government research.
sclavTZrlc n~o~c~aly REPOI~r
Table of Contents
I. Chemistry
Agricul.tusal. Chemistry
Colloid Chem'lstiy
I`uels and Propellants
Iierbicidee
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Insecticides and Pesticides
rduclE.~r ~.tels and Reactor Construction .Materials
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Communications
Materials
Wave Propagation
Page
1
28
28
29
32
N. Engineering 33
Aeronautical. Engineering 33
Automatic Control Engineering 33
Electrical Engineering 40
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Aviation Meaic:ine
Contagious Disease:,
?x-IIm~riolopr and TlieraPY
Pharmacolopr and ToxicoloQ}r
PhysioloQr
Public lIealth, Ilygiene, and Sanitation
Ra,diolo~
Ve?L?erinaxy Medicine
bliscellculeous
VI. PQetallur~
VII. Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
NLlcleaZ' Physics
Plasma Physics
~uan?l;um Physics
Solid State Physics
Spectroscopy
Theoretical said F~cperimental. Physics
Pa~rC
42
42
44
45
47
57
59
60
64
66
71
74
74
74
84
85
86
87
88
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T. CIiEMTSTRY
,At,ricultural Chemistry
1. Microelement Sa.1.t Dusting of Seeds as Preseeding Ti.~eatment
Preseeding Dusting of Seeds with Microelement Salts," by
'Academician P. A. Vlasyulc and M. S. Darmenko, Ukrainian Sci-
entific Research Institute of Plant Physiology; Riev, Do ovidi
Ul:rainslso Altademii Sil'sko os odars'lcildi Nauk No 3 (9~
Mny Jun 59, pp 3-
As a result of their agrophysiological research, -the authors propose,
in place of soaking seeds in solutions, anew method of Preseeding treat-
ment for seeds which involves sprinltling them with micxoelement salts to-
gether with mordants and talcum.
The Preseeding dusting of seeds, by contributing significantly to
increasing the harvest and i~ttproving the quality of agricultural products,
is convenient and economically advan?L?ageous. The authors recommended that
it receive wide application in kolkhozes and sovkhozes ixi the future.
Colloid Chemistry
2. Preparation and Characterization of Forrogels
"The Preparation of Ferrogels With Varying Porous Structure and
Their Adsorption Properties," by T. Ye. Neymark and I. B.
Slinyalcova, Institute of Physical Chemistry of -the Acadeu~}r of
Sciences Ukrainian RSR imeni L. V. Pisarzhevslsiy, K-t.ev; Moscow,
Kolloicl.i~yY Zhurnal, vol 21, No 3, MaylJun 59, pP 3~-3~
Gels of hydrated o:cides of iron serve as catalysts in many chemical
reactions. They accelerate the processes of hydrogenation, cracking, oxi-
dation, etc. Tn some cases, ferrogels can be used as adsorbents for absorb-
ing gas-forming,, vapor-forming and dissolved substances.
~e adsorption and catalytic properties of ferrous oxide gels to a con-
siderable degree as~e determined by the character of their porosity. In this
study, the authors undertook to ii:'vestiga?Le conditions in the the prepara-
tion of -these gels which affect their structure: and adsorbtion properties.
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In their report, they point out that the structure and sorption pro-
perties of i'errogels depend on the conditions of their preparation. Differ-
ences in the .medium during preparation .influence; :the S~ha~apt~.~ci.4f:.~tYl~apl~g
rosity bf thy, f~rrogel~l~c~ 8h 3.nc~easirig;.the,,~ph;o~';.the,~p~gip3.tation~;med~m
firom~.5.$..;f;o x.10 the ,ov~rr:aLl~~and:~ ao~ption .pore volum~s;;incr~ese; a'~qu;~;~.~txsD}
fold,... , ....
They also indicate that the nature of the intermicellar liquid of the
ferrous oxide hydrogel also affects the porous structure of the specimen.
On substituting i~sobutyl alcohol for the intex~.cellar liquid, ferrogels are
formed with considerable overcall porosities 5-6 times those of unsubsti-
tuted specimens. The effects of various factors on the character of the
porosity in the case of ferrogels are manifested similarly to silica gels.
The fundamental concepts of the formation mechanism of hydrophilic
sorbents may be applied to ferrogels.
Methods were developed for preparin a collection of ferrogels having
total pore volumes from O.17 to 1.88 cm3~g.
Fuels and Propellants
3? New Data Concerning Existence of r dro en Superoxide
New Data on the Existence of $ydrogen Superoxide," by A. B.
Tsentsi
per, M. 3. Danilova, A. S. Knishcheva, and A? I. Gorbanev;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, VoJ, 4, No g, Sep. 59, pp
1952-1957
A method has been developed for the investigation of products which
form at low temperatures from water vapor dissociated in a glow discharge,
from hydrogen peroxide, and also as a result of the interaction of hydrogen
atoms with liquid ozone at minus 1960. It was established by X-ray diffraction
analysis that independently of the method used for the synthesis, the product
is obtained in an amorphous state. At minus u5p slow crystallization of the
product begins. The ,crystallization is practically completed in 5 hours.
Grinding of the substance under a layer of liquid nitrogen also brings about
crystallization. ~n the product obtained from dissociated water vapor or
hydrogen peroxide vapor the presence of two crystalline phases, namely ice
and hydrogen peroxide, was observed after crystallization. A small quantity
of an amorphous phase was also present. The groLUld product derived fxom
ozone contained only one crystaLtine phase, i.e., ice, and a considerable
quantity of an amorphous phase of the ccamposition H2 Off,, which is apparently
the higher peroxide (hydrogen superoxide).
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lw. Concentration Limits oi' rl~une Propagation in Gas Mixtures Containing
Ozone "'~-
"laic Physical Chemistx~f oi' Concentrated Ozone; Part 7 -- Concen--
tration Limits of Flame Propagation in Gas Mixtures Containing
Ozone," by V. V. Yastz~ebov and N. Z. Itobozev, Moscow State Univer-
sity: Alosco~r, Zhurnal Fizichesltoy Ithimii, Vol 33, No 8, Aug 59,
pp 1701-1708
T1ie effect of inert diluents on the propagation of e:cplosions in gas-
eous ozone has hitherto been investigated only in the case of ozone-o~grgen
nU:tures . The limiting concentrA~tions of ozone at which propagation of an
explosion is still possible have been determined for m5.~ctures of this com-
position by a number of investigators. Tn ?the present work the conditions
were inves?L-igated under which flamer;, propagation takes place in gaseous
mixtures of ozone with oxygen and also in mixtures of ozone with carbon
dior.:i.de, argon, chlorine, rnzd carban 'tetrachloride vapor at total pressures
of'the gas mixture up -to one atmosphere. Sharp explosibility limits were
foLUld to exist for mixtures with 02, N2, C02, and Ar. Using PO - px coor-
dinates (t~rhere p~` is the partial pressure of the diluent) the explosibility
limits can be represented as monotonic functions which become nearly linear
at higher pressures. The explosibility limits are somewhat indefinite (dif-
fused) :in the case of mixtures with C12 and CC14. Use of diatomic diluents
or C02 results in explosibility limits which practically coincide (10.4 mol
or 0 3 at one atmosphere of pressure and 20?) . Fai Ar the limit is lower
(8.8 mot gb) and for CCl4 higher than for any of t11e other diluents .
The explosibility limit for ozone-o.,tygen n~.r.-tures in the range inves?ti-
ga.ted is independent of the dimensions of the vessel and of the intensity
01: the incendiary sp~:.rk, rising rapidly with decreasing 'L?empera?tures ,up
to 14.3 mol percent oi' 03 at minus 77a and one atmosphere of pressure .
5. Thermal Decomposition of Explosives ]3elow Their Ileltin~Poin
"Thermal Decomposition of E.Yplosive Substances Below Their Melting
Point," by G. V. Manelis and F. 2. Dubovitsliiy, Tszstitute oi' Chemi-
cal Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; NIoscow, Dolslady Akademii
Idaulr 5SSR, Vol 126, TJo 4, 1 Jun 59,~ pp 813-616
By asstuning that thermodynamic equilibrium between the solid and liquid
phase is es'L-ablished in a system consisting of a decomposing explosive sub-
stance tznd the products of the. reactior_ of decolrroasition, equations could be
derived trhicli describe phenomena that are obsc~~red clurixig the thex~al de-
composition oi' explosive subs?L-ances at teraperatux~es below theix? melting point.
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Industria]. Cher.~i.stry
~. USSR Developments in Field of Synthetic Fibers Under Seven-Year Plan
"Prospects of acid Basic Trends in the Development of the Chemical
b'iber Industry During 1959-1g65," by G. Ye. Barger, All-Union Sci-
entific Research 7nstutute of Synthetic Fibers, and A. I,. Borisov,
State Committee on Chemis?t.ry at the Council of I~.nisters USSR;
Moscow, HIi;Lmicheskiye Volokna, 1Vo 1, Jan 59, pP 3-8
At present the USSR produces on an industrial scale the following fibers:
Capron, *whe perchlorovinyl fiber khl.orin, and (to a minor extent) anid,
lavsan, and nitron. It has been definitely established that polyamides, poly-
esters, and polyacrylonitrile are the most promising fiber materials from
the standpoint of future development. There is n~ universal fiber capable
of satisfying all possible requirements and it is not to be assumed that
such a fiber will be developed. For this reason, different types of ~syn-
?thetic fibers must be produced. IZowever, the diversity should not be as
groat as in capitalist countries, where by reason of commercial competition
an extensive range of fibers that differ from each other only slightly is
produced.
The primary emphasis placed on the production of Capron is due to the
considerable improvement of the process for the production of caprolactam,
to*~rering of ?the cost of caprolactam, and the lower capital investment neces-
sary fbr the construction of plants producing cspron. There is every reason
to believe that as far as textile applications are concerned, Capron is not
inf'srios? to nylon or any other polyamide fiber. On the other hand, anid
Ca fiber of the nylon type appears to be superior to Capron as a material
for -tire cords . '
Under the Seven-Year Plan, the relative amount of fibers for technical
applica?l-?ions will increase until it approaches 25.5 of the total production
of chemical fibers. This trend is justified, because only synthetic fibers
~~tih:ibit physical and mechanical properties which make them suitable to the
e:tclusion o:C other materials fox' a ntunber of important applications, such as
the mtuiufacture of cards for airplane and automobile fixes, nets, gears and
ropes, ?lectrical insulation, etc.
The technical processes for the production of the polyamide f ibex anid
and the new fiber chant ~polyamide of aminoenanthic acid1, which has been
clevelop~d by USSR chemists, are approximately the same as those for the pro-
duction of Capron, so that the technological developments connected with ?the
production of ?these fibers are quite similar to those characteristic for the
production of Capron. Anid has a higher thermr+l...stability and greater elas?t-
?ticity than Capron. Because of this it is better suited for technical appli-
catior_s, specifically the production of tare cord. Enant is greatly superior
to Capron in resistance to the action of light and elasticity.
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The polyester fiber lavsan is produced in the USSR to only a minor
extent at this stage. 7n the form of staple fibers, it will be produced
for ?textile uses . Supplied as a continuous filament fiber, it can pre-
sumably be applied to advantage in the production of tire cord and of
othex? technical products. The process of wet drawing of nitron fibers in
aqueous solutions has been mastered in the USSR; a fiber of satisfactory
quality is?obtained by this method. During the next few years, this method
of treatment will be applied preferentially. At the same time, research
on the possibilities of applying other methods of treatment will be con-
tinued. The production of acrylic copolymer fibers rather than those con-
sisting of acrylonitrile polymerized in the absence of any other monomer is
promising.
Serious attention will be paid to the development and production of
other new types of synthetic fibers besides those ment:Ioned above. There
is an adequate raw material basis for the production of polypropylene and
polyethylene fibers, which have valuable characteristics primarily from
the standpoint of their application for technical purposes.
In connection with the expansion of the production of synthetic fibers
under the Seven-Year Plan, there will be increased production of caprolactam~
AG salt, dimethylterephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, dimethylformamide, and
some other products at existing plants and new plants to be constructed.
9. Research On Refractories Reported at Eighth Mendeleyev Congress
"The Mendeleyev Congress of General and Applied Chemistry,"
by V. A. Kopeykin; Moscow, Ogneupor~, Vol 2~, No 8, Aug 59,
pp 379?381
Five hundred persons participated in meetings and discussions conducted
'by the Section of the Chemistry and Technology of Silicates at the Eighth
Mendeleyev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry held in April 1959 at
Moscow. Among the participants in the meetings and discussions of this
section were delegates from Moscow, I~eningxad, Kiev, Kharkov, Riga, Novo-
rossiysk, Krasnoyarsk, Sverdlovsk, Gor'lsiy, Minsk, Tbilisi, and other cities
of the USSR and also representatives of the Hungarian People's Republic, the
GDR, and the Czechoslovak Republic. The meetings of the seation w~,,-e opened
by Academician P. P. Budniltov, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR. In his
opening address, Budnikov outlined the most important problems in the field
of. the chemistry and technology of silicates, solution of which will contri-
bute to carrying out the program of economic development set by the ~lst
Congress of the CPSU.
Among the problems in question are those pertaining to the synthesis of
refractory materials exhibiting superior thermal and chemical stability;
the development of new materials consisting of highly refractory pure metal
oxides, nitrides, borides, cermets, etc.; continued investigation of physico-
chemical processes which take place during the interaction of solids; and
research on phase equilibria.
-6-
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The thermodynamic analysis of solid-phase ructions occurring in
different silicate systems makes it possible to determine ways by which
new chemically stable and heat-resistant silicates can be synthesized.
lne investigation of constitutional diagrams of binary, ternary, and
multicomponent systems formed by refractory substances with products
encountered in some industrial processes will make it possible to ap-
proach in a more scientific manner the solution of problems arising in,
connection with thedevelopment -of new refractories that are more stabile
toward the -action of metals during smelting and refianing. Consideration
of the underlying relationships will also facilitate' tl~e selection and
scientific investigation of many technological processes applied in metal-
lurgy and some other fields of ter.:lnology.
Of importance~ia investigation of the mechanism of the sintering of
pure oxides with particular attention to material transfer during sinter-
ing.
It is necessary to expand work on the combination of ceramic and cermet
refractories with metals under different conditions as far as the effects
of the external medium are concerned.
More than 60 reports were presented at meetings of the Section of
Chemistry and Technology of Silicates. A report by P. S. Mamykin and
N. V. Zinov'yev reported results obtained in the investigation of refractory
and ceramic charac-terist~.cs within the system chromite-alumina. Saranov
chromite and technical alumina were used as the initial materials. It wa:s
established that products made from powders obtained from briquettes fired
at a low temperature have superior characteristir;s. However, manufacture of
these products is complicated by their very uust~ur~n settd~. ~:Fem^ .1bS~ ~~asnn, ma-
terial obtained from briquettes fired at a high .?tc~nperature should be used.
To'find conditions under which the technological process can be carried out
with greater facility, the authors of this report conducted experiments on
the granulation of mixtures in a plate granulator. Positive results were
obtained in these experimen?~s . Using powders of a c~,efinite com$osition
which had been fired at 1,1i~500, products were obtained at 1,650 whiash~ex-
hibited the following, propertieso an apparent porosity of 15.~+~, a coan-
pressive strength of 735 ltilograms per square centimeter, and ~an initial
deformation taking place under a load of 2 ltilogratas per square cent3mel;~;.r
at 1,520?.
P. P. Budnikov and V? G. Savel'yev presented a communication on the
use of barium manoaluminate ~Ba0.A1.20) as a binder for the production of
heat-resistant concrete. Chamotte an~ chroanomagnesite axe used as fillers.
The tensile strength of the concrete produced 3n this manner does not change
up to 1,200? and increases by a factor of approxit,?~,te7,y tyro-at 1,3500. The
coefficient of linear heat expansion is lower than in the case of calcium
concretes.
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A report on carborundum refractories with a nitride binder was made
by N. I. Voronin, N. I. Kraso?tlsina, and V. A. Sm3rnova. Refractories of
this type are produced by adding crystalline s:Llicon and firing the prod-
~.icts in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Tie authors of this report confirmed
"t;liat it is pos43ble to produce carborundum articles with a nitride binder
by firing them in ordinary flame furnaces after the material has beers :im-
bedded in coke powder. The refractories produced in this manner exhibited
a tensile strength as, great as 3,080 k3.lograms per square centimeter, which
is explained by ~?Ehe formation of a new phase (presumably a silicon nitride
Phase) of great strength during =the firing in the: coke bed.
Xe. Ya. Antonova and A. A. Appen reported on a new type of refractory
glass-metal coa?i,ing fox steel to protect the latter from oxidation by air
at high temperatures. As. the metal component, the authors of the report
used. chromium cold nicltel powders while speciall r developed alltali-free
glasses were used as the .binding material.~.A coating 0.1 millimeter thiclt,
which consisted of glass and chromium in the proportion of 1:1+,,was found
to protect steel from oxidation at 850-900? for r3, period longer tb,an 300
houx?s .
Tn a paper by Ya. V. KLyucharov, S. A. Levenshteyn,.and Chen Ti-chien
problems were considered pertaining to the mechanism of the formation ~of
the spinels MgO. 0 and MgO.Cr 0 It was established -that the formation
of magnesium chro~mi.te begins at ~j2~o and ends at 8000. A considerable de-
gree of recrystaLlization accompanied by agglomeration was observed at
1,1F000. The degree of dispersion of the mixture, the pressure, and the
temperature at which the synthesis is carried out ai'fec?t -the velocity of
the formation of the spinel. The favorable effect of an addition of TiCr2
was noted.
A report given by K. S. Kutateladze and N. G. Dzhiriclzurad.ze contained
in:forma-tion in regard. to the development of a new type oi' binders ba:,n< on
alunite (K20.3 A1203 .1+503 6~I20) and use of a bisider of, thin type for
the px?eparation oi' s. heat-resistant concrete. 13y using alunite cement and
chromoniagnesite brick broken into small pieces, aheat-resistant roncre?te
is obtained which can be used up to a temperatux-e of 1,600?. N. K. Iiritone-
vi.ch reported on ?the results of work on the electric dehydration of ct::~ami.c
suspensions . A paper was given by M. G. Manvelyan coiicern:i.ng work on ?tlle
complete conversion of natural alkali alumosilicates (nephela.xie syenites~ .
For the purpose of enrichment, the disintegrated rock is subjected to tract+.-
ment in an autoclave at 2200 for 10 minutes . Ditrini; ?this -tre~a.+.,merrt 1E3p of
t,'xo silicon dioxide of the rock axe transferred tiszto ?L-he alko~..:ine solution
and a finely dispersed concentrate is precip:itatect which contains 2~3-30~
? oi' A120 200 of alltalis, and 38-40gb of Si02. This ma?i-,erial is si.ntex?ed ~?rit~.
limesto~e. It can then be easily converted into alums,, soda, pcrtas'x, az~u
cement.
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Starting with nepheline syenite the so-called erevanite was obtained
and also pure silicon dioxide Cwith a content of impurities not exceeding
l0-~'~. This silicon dioxide is used for the production of high-purity
quartz and as a 1LUninophore in the production of fluorescent lamps Csic~.
Of interest was information given by N. N. Sinel'nikov, who disputed
that quartz recrystallizes into ?tridymi?te only in fusions .
Inorganic Cheuu?stry
10. Synthesis of Chromiumn Hexacarbon~l
"A Synthesis of Chromium Hexacarbonyl in the Presence of Reducing
Metals," by A. N. Nesmeyanov, Ye. P. Mikheyev, K. N. Anisimov,
and N. P. Filimonova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neor anichesko Khimi.I
Vol ~, No 9, SeP 59, PP 1958-1g
It was established that as a result of the simultaneous action of re-
ducing metals (Li, Na, or Mg) and carbon monoxide underipressure on a so-
lution of chromium tetrachloride $n pyridine, chrom~.um hexacarbonyl is formed
with a y:ielc:. of 35-37? Tt was established that when the pressure of the
carbon monoxide is raised, passivation of magnesium takes place; when the
initial pressure is increased from 70-220 atmospheres, the yield of chromium
hexaca.rbonyl at 170o drops from 35?6 to 1.7~ notwithstanding the fact that a
crystal of iodine has been added. Under these conditions, ?the major part
of the magnesiuun does not participate in the reaction.
ll. New Method for Synthesis of Chromium Hexac:arbonyl
"A Synthesis of Chromium Hexacarbonyl by the Interaction of
Chromium Trichloride With Lithium Aluminum hydride and Clarbon
Monorid:e Under Pressure," by A. N. Nesmayanov, K. N. Anisimov,
V. L. Vo]1sov, A. E. Fridenberg, Ye. P. Mikheyev, and A. V.
Medvedeva; Moscow, Zhtunal Neor anichesko Khimii, Vol ~-, No 8,
Aug 59, PP 1827-182
Tt was established that when chromium trichloride is raacted with
carbon monoxide at the temperature of 65? and the pressure of 100 atmos-
pheres iri ether in the presence of lithium aluminum hydride, chromium
hexacarbonyl is formed with a yield amounting to 65~ of .the theoretical.
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1.2. Dccomposi?tion of Magnesitun borates and Sodium Doratec With Sulfuric
Acid
"Solubili?ty Isotherm of ?the G,~uaternary System I~13VO3 - Mg 501~-
PJa2 5O~, - 1I2O at .l5?," by A. B. Bektttrov and V. I. Litvinenlco,
Laboratory of lhor~ranic I'er?tilizexs, Institute of Chemical
Sciences, Acadergy of Sciences Kazalth SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheslcoy Khimii, Vol ~, No 7, Jul 59, Pp 1 7~ 7-1~
7~e isotherm of the three-component system H3EO3 - ~Ta2S0~. - ISO was
investigated at 15?. The isotherm of the four-comrponent system II3VOg
- INg S0~ -Nat 50~, - ~0 was slab investigated at 15? This isotherm
makes it possible to determine the limiting concentrations of soditun
suli'ate and magnesiuun sulfate which result under technical conditions
in connection with the crystallization of boric acid. The results ob-
?tc~ined in the investiF~ation described are of importance because boric
acid is produced in the USSR by the sulfuric acid method. The raw ma-
tes~ialc for the production of boric acid are borates of the ]nder de-
l~nsit. Although the borates in question vary considerably in chemical
composition, they consist mainly of magnesium and. magnesium=calcium salts
of boric acid. At present some sodium-calcium borate is also being{ supplied
:Cor conversion.
13. Crystal Structure of Titanium S3.].icides and Gei~nanides
"X-Ray Diffraction Investigation of the Crystal Structure
of ,T3.tanium Silicides and Germanides," by N. V. Ageyev
and V. P. Samsonov, Institute of Metr~.Llurgy 3meni A. A.
13aylcov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhttrnal Neorgani-
cheGkoy Khimii, Vol ~, No 7, Jul 59, P 1590-1595
X-ray diffraction investigation of powders showed that the compouunds
Ti Sit and Ti Get have the same structure; it was also established that
tho compounds Ti Si3 and Ti5 Ge3 have an identical structure. Although
the identity of ~he structure of Ti Si and Ti Ge is not readily apparent
:from the Debye X-ray diagrams, thorough ana~,ysis of the diagrams showed
that these toro compounds actually have the same structure.
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Insecticides and Pesticides
1~E. Toxicity Study of Some Chlorine-Conta3.ning Insecticides
"An Nvaluation oi' the Toxicity of New C~rga,nochlorine Insecti-
cides for Garden Beet Curculionidae," by Ye. F. Granin, Soob-
sheh.~ o Nauchno? ~i'.ssled. Rabotakh i Nov Tekhn. Nauchn. :.Tn-t
po Udobr. i Insettofungisidam Report of Scientific ' 'Research
Works and New Technology. Scientific Inatituto of I'!~~~,^tili:~xe
and Insectofungicides), No g, 1958, 16-25 (from 'Refez~tivn~r
Zhurnal -- I4ximi a~ No 18, 25 Sep 59, Abstract No . 55~by A. ?.
Grapov .
CPYRGHT
?By means of laboratory tests and actual applications, it was estab-
lished that according to the strength of their toxic action on the garden
beet curculionida Bothynolderus punctivent~-1.s Germ. preparations of the
diene synthesis can be arranged in the following order: endrin isodrin
dieldrin aldrin heptachlor "chlorten" DDT "chlorindane" hexachloro-
cyclohexane dihydsoaldrin. With an increase in temperature, the differ-
ence in toxicity between endxin and DDT is increased. In the chlorinated,
terpene group, the most active compound is "Chlorphen.'"
15. Dieldrin Used for Disinfestation of Ships
"Tests Using Dieldrin and Aldrin for Disinfestation," by V. N.
Plyater-Plokhotskaya, Central Scientific Research Laboratory of
Hygiene and Sanitation of Water Transport; Moscow, Gigiyena i
Sanitariya, No 2, Feb 59, pp 85-87
Observations have shown that DDT and hexach~orocyleohexane have not
given completely satisfactory results in contro7.].ing Blattella germanica
L. In searching for new, more .effective insecticides, the Central Scien-
tific Research Laboratory of Hygiene and Sanitation for Water Transport
(TsNILGIS) tested a 25~'~dust of aldrin and a 50~ dust of dieldrin.
Comparative tests of the toxicity of dieldrin and?DDT suspensions,
conducted by TsNILGIS, showed that dieldrin was l~A.times more effective
against Blattella. germanica L. than DDT. '
An aqueous suspension containing 0.2-0.3~ technical dieldrin was 100
effective againsj these pests and was effective for 2 months; a 0.~+~ con-
centration prolonged the insecticidal activity.~o:~ months, and 0.5~i con-
centration, to ~+ months.
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Tests with aldrin showed that.alt~ough it possessed high toxicity in
relation to these pests, it did not exhibit sui'ficient insecticidal ac-
tivity.
Since dieldrin is five times more toxic to man than DDT, only 0.1
and 0.1~ concentrations of dieldrin suspensions were used in actual tests
on ships.
16. Recommended Fungicides for Film Mold-Protection
"Fungicidal Treatment of Films Attacked by Mold," by K. F.
Yeremer~?to end V. P. Shapiyevskaya, Tr. Vses N.-I. Kinofoto
In-ta (Works of the All-Union Scientific Research C~nephoboyh.
graphic Inst.itute), No 3(26), 1958, 27-36 (from Referativ-
n~r r 7~hurnal -- Khimi ra, No 16, 25 Aug 59, Abstract No 5,
by A. Grapov~'-
"As a result of the study of 25 fungicides for the protection of
photographic films from attack by mold, the following were recommended:
l~i alcoholic solutions of 'dinitrochlorobenzene, dinitrothiocyanobenzene
and TMTD, and a lib aqueous solution of C6$50Na. The recommended fungicides
have no effect on the physicomnchanical properties and the silver image
of white-and-black. photographic films, but do cause some distortion of
the color image of multil.ayered photo copies."
17. Insecticidal Control of Biting Pests
"Testing of Preparations for Systemieal]tiy-Acting Insecticides
Against Pests Having Biting Organs," by L. P. Bocharov, Soob-
shch. o Nauchno-Issled. Rabotakh i Novo Te'~chn. Nauch. In-t po
Udobr. i Insektofungisidam Report on Scientific ResearchW~~
and New Technology. Scientific Institute of Fertilizers and
Insectofungicides), No 9, 1858, 34-f~0 (from Referati ~Zhur-~
pnal -- Khimiya, No 18, 25 Sep 59, Abstract No 553, by A.Gra-
CPYRGHT
"In the search for s stemic insecticides against biting pests, the
following were tested. The concentrations which cause 50~ death (LD-50)
to the third and fourth stage larvae of Phytonomus variabllis Hbat. on
alfalfa are given iii parentheses (in percent)~,.The thiolo isomer of
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 CPYRGHT
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systox (I) (0.026), the thiorio isomrr of systox (0.066), methylethylsy-
stox (II) (0.036), preparation M-'7!~ (III) (0.03$), methylsystox (O.OIN2),
a mixture of the thiolo and thiono isomers of systox in a ratio of l:3
;~.051~), thiophoa (0.1$5), triethyldimethylamidemonothiopyrophosphate --
preparation No 6 (IV) (0.009), acetylcarbamide (0.5), a-diethylphosphono-
~, (3,~3-trichloroethyldiethylphosphate (0.5), a-diethylpYiosphono-(~, (3, (~ -
triehloretbyldiisopropylphoaphate (V) (0.5-LD-ZEO),;I~h?(VI) (0.5 -- LD-3$),
cticldrin (0.5 -- LD-13), (C21150)2PSSC(=NII)NFI2 (0.5? -- LD-$) and CaCN2
(0.5 -- LD-~0). The 1:'irst and second stage larvae of P. variabilis were
more sensitive than the larvae 'of the older stages. Sitona cylindricollis
beetles were more resistant.to the insecticide activity than P. variabilis
beetles. Preparations I-Vl~in a 0.5-0.2r,~ concentration are phytonc:Ldal
for ~zll'a1fa; compound IV is phytoncidal even in a concen?t~ation of 0.05."
Nuclear I`uels and Reactor Construction Materials
1$. Conditions Under Which Uranitun Is Reduced and Precipitated by Min-
erals
"Experimental Investigation of the Conditions for the Reduc-?
tion and Precipitation of Uranium by Minerals," by R. P. Ra-
fal'sltiy and K. Ft ICudinova; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, W17, ~,...
No ~, Oct 59, pP 333-337
The article reports the results of an experimental investigation of
the reduction and precipitation of uranium by some minerals which conunonly
occur in hydrothermal uranium deposits. 'It is assumed that the iron, su1-
fi'ur, and arsenic which enter into the composition of these minerals re-
duced U (VI) present 'in hydrothermal solutions. As a result of this, de-
position of primary uranium minerals ?toolt place. An experimental investi-
~ation of the processes involved,_which so far. have scarcely been studied,
is of great importance, because ~.t extends the available Imowledge of
physicochemical conditions which favor the localization of uranium ore
occurrences.
The experimental data obtained indicate that as a result of the re-
duction of U (VI) to U (IV) in acidic solutions at temperatures in the.
range of 100-350o C, there is formation of crystalline uraninite, coll.o-
morphic pitchblende ~ . e . , pitchblende in the :foi3n. of a~xgregates trhich
have passed through the colloidal scat J, and carbon-like uranium black.
The type of the neogenic formations that are deposited clepends on the com-
positS.on of the precipitatiatg mineral, the temperature at ~?rhich the inte~~-
action takes place, and in some cases the initial. concVritration of uraniti?n
in the solution.
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The resul?l;s of ~xpcrimcxiti; ~,~Aiich have been carrird out confirm in
principle the posalb:~.lity o:[' ?I.'~~~:, :['ormation o:t' primary uranium minerals
under natural ~~onclitions as a result o:~' the interaction of solutions con-
l;aining U (V7) ~~r3.th ore and vein minerals.
19. Thermodynamics of Reduction oi:' Uranium Tetrafluoride With Magnesium
"The Thermodynamics of the Reduction of Uranium Tetrai'luoride
With Magnesium," by I. M. Dubrovin end A. It. Yevseyev; Moscow
Atomnaya l;nergiya, Vol 7, No IF, Ort 59, pP 379-382
The ?tAhermodynamics of the magnesium-thermic reduction of uranium te-
trafluoride in a system consisting of condensed phases (uranium, magnesium
fluoride, and uranium tetrafluoride) and magnesium vapor are considered.
An equation is derived describing the isotherm of this reaction. By using
this equation, the free energy changes at~different temperatures have
been determined. The values obtained for this variable that correspond
to individual temperature intervals vrlthin the range of 298-16900 are
listed. rurthermore, curves e~pressin~3 the dependence of the free energy
change, the logarithm of ?the equilibrium constant, and the magnesium pres-
sure on the temperature have been plotted.
20. Compounds l:ormed in System U02(N0~)~ - K~C03 - H2O2 - H2O
"Compounds Which I'ortn in the System U02 (N03)2 - It2C03-
H2O2 - H2O," by Ye. V. Komarov, L. D. Preobrazhenskaya,
and A. M. Gurevich; Moscow, Zhurnal PTeorganiclieslcoyItl~.-
mii, Vol 1F, No 7, Jul 59, PP.l 7-1 73 ?
Investigation of the system U02(N03)2 - It2C03 - H2O2- H2O by measur-
ing the absorption of light and carrying out cryoscopic measurements es-
tablished that the follow:tng compounds and complex ions exist: H2 U2 0~,
[02 (CO3)2(QOHv3-,IU02 (C03} (OOv~ , and an anion containing 2 peroxy
groups per uranium atom. It was established that the absorption of 7.ight
by the solutions of the compounds in question depends almost entirely on
the bonding bet'~een 'the uranyl ion rxnd the perolcy groups. On the basis
of spectrophotometxic data, the concentration constant of the dissociation
reaction ~02(C03)2 (00 H)]3 = H+ + rU02 (C~3)2 (OOy~- Bras estimated
and fotu~d ,to be approximately ,equal to 2,. 5 x 10-?11.
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21. Precipitation of Uranium as Uranyl Iodate
"Equilibria in the System U02(I03)2 - ICT03 - Ii20, " by A. Ye .
IClygin, I. D. Smirnova, and. N. A. Niltol'skaya; Moscow, Zhur-
nal Neorganichesltoy I4zimii, Vol 4, No 7, Jul 5g, pp 167 a~1 76
The solubilities in the system U02(T03)2 - ICI03 - Ii20 were determined
at ~?a 0.2 and the temperatures o:L 250 and 600. The dissociatior_ constants
of the ion U02(T03)3 and the compound U02(T03)2 and also the solubility
product oi' U02(T03)2 were calculated. Tt was found that precipitation of
uranium in the form of urar~,yl iodate cannot be used for precise determina-
tions of uranium because the precipitate is too soluble.
22. Growth of Uranium Rods in Corrosive Gaseous Media
"The Growth of Uranium Rods in Corrosive Gaseous Media," by
T. V. Batenin, A. N. Rudenko, and B. Sharov; Moscow, Atom-
naya Energiya, Vol 7, No I+, Oct 59, pp 329-332
The growth (:increase in length) of uranium rods as a result of ex-
posure at elevated temperatures to air, n3.trogen, and. carbon dioxide was
investigated. The dependence o:C the growth on the temperature, the pres-
sure of the gas, the diameter of the rods, and ?the initial degree of oxida-
tion of the surface of uranium was determined. The growth of samples of
copper zTire was also investigated. A possible mechanism for the growth
of uranium rods is proposed.
23? Separation of Splinter Elements
"Methods of Separation Employed in the Analysis o:C Mixtures
of the Most Important Splinter Dlements," by Yaromfir Bar,
Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 25, No 8, Atzg 59, pp gl7-g26
The ana]ysis of mixtures of ultra-microquantities of radioactive ele-
233 235 239
ments formed as a result of fission?of U- ., U , and Pu is reviewed
on the basis of USSR and Western publications. A bibliography consisting
of 26 USSR and 115 non-USSR publications is appended to the article. The
subject-matter is arranged under subdivision headings comprising copreci-
pitation methods, methods d exti:~acttonwiti~ol~ndc solvents, distillation methods,
electrolysis methods, chromatographic procedures, and methods involving
scintillation ~'- spectrometry.
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21~ . 1' orma?tion of Complexes by Ton o~.' Pcntavalent PJc~ptunittm
"The Problem Concerning the Tondency of ?the Ton of Pentaval-
cnt Neptunium to I~'orirt Complexes," by Xu. A. Zolotovand Y'u. P.
Novilcov, Tnatitttte of Cr~~ochemistry acid Analytical Chemistry
imeni V. T. Vernadsltiy, Academy oJ' Sciences USSR; MoscoS~r,
Zl?.turnal NeorSanicheskoy Ithimii, Vol 1N, P1o ~, Jul ~9, pp 1(93-
169r
Chan~,es in the absorption spectrum of pentavalent neptunium indicate
that the ion DTp 02* fi'orms complexes t~rith tartaric, trihydroxyglutaric,
citric, salicylic, 2,3-d.ihydroxyteraphthalic, acetic, phthalic, and eth~-1-
e n ediaminete?traeetic acids .
25. Some Results of Tnvestigation on Chemistry of Protactinium
"Some Data on the Chemistry of Protactinium," by A. V. Niko-
layev, A. G. Itttrnalsova, and Z. G. Rumyantseva; Moscow, 7~ur-
nal Neorganicheskoy IChimii, Vol 4, No 7, Jul 59, pp 16886
Tt was established in the investigation described that protactinium
is adsorbed by almost all thorium precipitates, even by thorium chromate
and thorium salicylate. ~~Thcn thorium is precipitated as a :Fluoride, al-
most all protactinium may remain in the mother liquid if the precipitation
is carried out under definite conditions. The cation of the precipitating
reagent has an effect on this separation. By using the method of similar
carriers (for instance, Ca C03 and CaC201F.H2O) one can separate quantita-
tively protactinium :from thorium oxycarbonate and thorium oxalate and ,
transfer it to other carriers, :For instance, ferric hydroxide. A number
of data have been obtained on the adsorption of protactinium by manganese
dioxide in an acidic medium, specifically trhen tt~ro successive precipita-
tions are carried out. A method is described for the quantitative e-?~ctrac-
tion of multivalent ions (thorium, uranium, zireonittm, and plutonium) with
salicylic acid and acetone. It was established that protactinium can be
extracted readily by this method, because its salicylate is easi],y soluble
in acetone.
The protactinium-233 used in ..the investigation was obtained by ir-
radiation of thorium nitrate. Some of the results published in this in-
stance have been confirmed, in parallel ~,rork done outside of the USSR.
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26. A'11oys ai' Zirconitun WlL?!: Tin and Molybdenum
"Tranci'ormations of Ternary Alloys of the Zirconium Corner
of the System Zr-Sn-Mo as a, Result o:C Hardening and Temper-
ing," by 0. S. Ivanov and A. T. Semenchenkov; Moscow, Zhur-
nal Neor~anichesko Khimii, Vol ~+, No 7, Jul 59, pp ~-
1 29
The article by 0. S. Ivanov and A. T. Semenchenkov published in Zhur-
nal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol ~+, No 6, June 1.959, PP 1420-1+27, described
the zirconium corner of the constitutional diagram of the system Zr-Sn-Mo.
The structure of zirconium-rich alloys in a state of equilibrium was char-
acterized in that article. The present article gives information of the
structure of the same alloys in the nonequilibrium states which develop
as a result of hardening and tempering.
27. USSR Standards fo.r Spectral Anal.ysi.s of Rare Metals and Rare-Metal
Ores and Concentrates
"Standards f'or Spectral Analysis," by L. N. Pilimonov and
V. V. Polyalcova; Moscow, Zavodslcaya Laboratoriya, Vol 25,
No 8, Aug 58, PP 972-~80~'
New standard reference samples supplied by USSR institutions and
standard reference ~-samples which will be avail8.ble in the near future are
described. Methods f'or the preparation and testing of standard samples
are discussed. A bibliography consisting of 26 USSR items and ~+ non-USSR
items is given at the end of the article.
It is stated that the Institute oi' General and Inorganic Chemistry
of the Academy of Sciences Uk:?ainian SSSR has planned the release of the
following standard samples to be used for reference in the analysis of
rare metals and ores of rare mcaals~ standard samples for the determina-
tion of the hafnium content in pure zirconium (Hf02 concentrations of
0.015-0.25;0; standard samples for the determination of zirconium and
hafnium in mixtures of their oxides (0.25-99.9 of Hf02); standard samples
for the analysis of pure zirconium and pure hafnium for nine impurities;
standard samples .for the determination of calcium in pure zirconiumand.gz~
hafnium (0.01-0.20 of Ca); standard samples for the analysis of technical
zirconium dioxide for five impurities; standard samples for.. the determina-
tion of niobium and tantalum in ores (concentrations of 0.02-1.0~); and
standard samples for the determination of indium and tha11i1un in ores (con-
centrations of 0.00025-0.016).
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It is also stated that standard sa.rnples it~? the analysis oi' the i'o1-
~LowinF~ ores and eoncentrs;L-es a:c?e being aupplied by the Irkutsk State In-
.:~titute of Rare t~.n.d. Minor Metals: eudiaiyte ore . riiob:ium pentoxide con?-
tant); eucl.ialyte ore (zirconium dioxide and niobium pento};ide contents);
zirconium placer r.oncentrate (zirconium dioxide content); zirconium ore
(niobium pentoxide content); mill concentrate (zil?conium dioxide, niobium
pentoridc, and 'tantalum pentoxide contents); beryllium ore (beryllium
oxide content); beryllium ore (beryllium oxide and lithium o:ride conteni;sj~
and lithitun ore (lithium oxide content).
2f3. Analytical Separation of Tantalum from Other Metals by So]_vent-
};xtraction Method ~ '-
"Determination of: Tan?L?altun Present as an Impurity in Zircon-
ium, lia:['nium, and Niobilun," by R. S. Lauer and N. S. Poluek-
?tov, Laboratory o:l the In.stitutc of General and Inorganic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zavod-
skaya Laboratoriya, Vol 25, No 8, Aug 59, pp 903-gU5 r
A method is described whereby tantalum is determined quantitatively
by measuring photometrically the concentration of methyl violet fluoro-
tantalate in a benzene solution. The optimum conditions for the extrac-
tion of tantalum with. benzene when z7.rcorlium, hafnium, or niobium i:;
present were established.
Organic Chemistry
29. Starting Materials for Penicillin Analogs Synthesized
"Synthesis of a-N-(S-n-Butyl)- and oC-N-(S-Phenyl)thiogly-
coly].aminoacxy]_ic Acicls," by A. It. Purenas and L. P. Ras-
teikiene, 1Cs.unas Polytechnic Institute; Vilnius, Trudy
Apkademii Nauk Li?tovslcoy SSR. Series B, No 3(19), ]-959,
CPYRGHT 3- ~
The ob,jec?tive of ?hhis research was to synthesize the corresponding
o(-P:-acylaminoacrylic, and especially oc-N-(S-n-butyl)- (I) and oC-N-(S-
phenyl) thioglycolylaminoacrylic (II) acids, as possible starting sub-
stances for the synthesis of penicillin analogs.
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CPYRGHT
The acids o:[' (I) and (IT) were synthesized by reacting S-n-butyl-
.~tzd. S-pheny].thl.oglyco:lylaani.des; with pyroracemic acid. Th.e reaction con-
:1.:i?Lions i'or the :Cor~nat:ton o9' oC-?N-(S-phenyl)thioglycolylaminoacz-~flic acid
(21:) trcr~ stucl.icd in dcte~.il, as a result of. whicr~ it was po,~s:ible to in-
crease the yield o:[' the acid (II) to GS;~.
Attempts were made also to combine several sui:Camises and plithalimide
with pyroracemic acid; however, these endeavors did not yield the deaired
results . "
"Chemical Properties o:['oc-N-(S-Phenyl)Thioglycolylaminoacry-
lic Acid," by A. It. Purenn.s and L. P. Rastcikiene, Ka,u*ias
Polytechnic Institute; Vilnius, '1'rucly Akademii Nattlt Litov-
slcoy SSR, Sez~ies I3, No 3('19), 1959 PP 9a--95
Tn this work, the properties ot'o(-N-(S-phcnyl)thioglycolylam:inoacry-
lic acid which the authors had synthesized earlier are i~~resented.
Bromine convert; i?t to oc,~-dibromo-oc-N-(S-phenyl)-thioglycolylamino-
propionic acid which upon heating in dry benzene easily loses HI3r and is
converted into (3-bromo-a-N-(S-phenyl)thiog:lycolylaminoacrylic acid.
13y the action oi' aniline or metla.anol on oc,~-dibromo- a -N-(S-phenyl)-
thio~lycolylaminopropionic acid, the bromine in the Deposition is exchanged
:Cor a phenylamino- or methoxy-group, respectively.
30. Results o1' Oxidative Chlorophosphination oi'IIalogenated Alkanes
"Synthesis o:f: Organophosph.orus Compounds i'rom Hydrocarbons
and Their Derivatives. XII. Oxidative Chlorophosphination
o:t' IIalo~enated Allsanes," by Yu. M. Zinov'yev and L. Z. So-
borovskiy; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshehey Khimii, Vol 29, Novi,
Aug 59, pp 2643-26'-~6
In this study, the authors investigated the reaction of phosphorus
trichloride and oxygen with 1,1-di- and 1,1,1-trichloroet;hanes, 2-chloro-
butane and 1-:Cluoro-2-chloroethane and t?rith cez?tain monofluoro-, bromo and
iodo derivatives of para:CFinE; . It was possible to subject all the entuner-
ated haloida'lkane~.?to oxidative rhlorophosphination and to obtain the acid
chlorides oi' the corresponding halogenated alkanepl-.osphinic acids. The
general reaction equation was:
Cnn2n+liIal + 2PC13 + 02-~CnH~ HalPi,O)C12 + POC13 +r'IC1.
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Speci:['ic results o:f:' ?th9.c? invcsti~ation were: (1) the oxidative chlo-
c~ophosphination oC' bromo- axed 1'luoro-substituted para:L'L'ins and also the
:Mono-, di-, and tricliloroallcanes was realized.; (2) the acid chlorides oi'
'l.?-bromobLrtane-, 2-!'luoyopropane:-l, :L'luoro-2-chlorcethenc; ^-chlorobutane-,
2,2-dichloro~?bliane-, and 2,2,2-?trichloroetliane-phosphinic acids were
synthesized; (3) 1-iod.obu?tane not only does not enter into the oxidative
chlorophoaphinatJ.on .reaction, but also hinders the oxidation or phosphorus
trichlor:ide by oxyGen; (1N) the cliet.hyl esters o1' 2, 2-dichloz~o- end 2, 2, 2-
trichlorethanephosphinic acids were obtained.
31. Synthc.?sis o:L' Di- p~~' -dich:Loroisopropyl Esters o:L' Substituted oc.-
Iiydro:tymethylphoc:phinic Acid
"The Interaction of Dialkylphosphorous Acids With Aldehydes
and Ketones. XXI. Di-~,Q'-d.ichloroisopropy1 l;sters or Sub-
stituted. a-IIydroxymethylphosphinic Acid, " by V. I{. ISh?ayrul-
lin, A. I. Ledeneva, and V. S. Abramov, Kazan Chemicotech-
nolo~ical Institute; Leningrad, ZhuY?nal Obshcllcy KYiimii,
Vol 29, No ~3, AuS 59, pp 2551-2553
The condensation oi' di-~,~'-diehloroisopropylphosphorous acid with
aldehydes and ltetones was conducted by mixing equimolecular quantities
o:C' reactinS components. The reactions proceeded without a catalyst at
room temperature. The reaction time, the physical constants, and analysis
of the ~:ive newly obtained esters are presented tabularly. Data are also
presented :Cor di-tert-(1,1,1-trichloro)-butyl esters oi' oc-hydroxy-~3-
chloroisopropylphosphinic acid r~.~1d Ot-hydroxy-(.3,~'-dichloroisopropylphos-
phorous acid, t?rhich the authors had reported earlier.
All of the new esters are white crystalline substances, odorless,
insoluble in zrater but readily soluble in or~an:tc solvents.
The authors mentioned that they obtained the condensation products
of di-(3, (3' -ctichloroisopropylphospho.rous acid with acetic, proprionic,
butyric and isovaleric aldehydes, cyelopentanone, and others as syrupy
liquids which ~?rere vezy di:C:Cicult to purify.
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Physical Chemistry
32. Some Papers Presented at Meetings of Physicochemical Section of
Eighth Mendeleyev Congress
"Worlt of the Physicochemical Section, Eighth Mendeleyev Con-
gress of General and Applied Chemistry," by L. A. Nikolayev;
Moscow, 7,hurnal Pizicheskoy IChimii; Vol 33, No F3, Aug 59,
pp 195-lgoo
A brief review is given below of?some papers which were presented at
meetings of the Section of Physical ,Chemistry and the Section of Electro-
chemistry.
Ya. S. Bobovich and V. V. Perekalin reported data on the structure
of nitrocompounds; these data were obtained by the investigation of Raman
spectra. V. V. Zelinslciy and V. P. IColobkov and also Z.,S. Reznikova re-
ported on results which enabled them to establish correlations between
the luminescence and structure of organic compounds. Specifically, they
established that the effect of the medium on desactivation often amounts
to an effect by it on the levels of the excited and the basic states.
A. A. Bundel' reported on the effect which deviations from the stoichio-
metric composition have.on the appearance and disappearance of character-
istic bands in the luminescence spectrum.
V. V. Tarasov investigated the structure of organic polymers, glass,
and semiconductors by employing the quantum theory of chain and laminary
structures which he had formulated.
G. I. ICobazev and L. T. Nekrasov reported on results obtained by them
in the investigation of the physicochemical characteristics of hydrogen
superoxide. According to ?their paper, this compound is stably only at
temperatures below minus 71?. Thn activation energy of the decomposition
of the compound amounts to 8 kilocalories per mol. The heat of formation
of the superoxide equals 22.5 kilocalories per mol.~
B. P. Pavlov reported on results obtained in the investigation of
thermal cracking and of the accelerating effect of azomethane and ethane
on the process of cracking. V. L. Ta1'roze and V. S. Nikol'sltiy detected
by the mass-spectrometric method the presence of free radicals after the
passage of a pulse discharge through methane. N. N. ICobozev, V. P. Lebe-
dev, C~. P. Zykova, and V. P. Yegorov reported results obtained in the
investigation of the mechanism of explosive oxidation of nitrogen during
explosions of ozone-nitrogen mixtures. ?
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In reporting res~ull;s oi' an inve;~tigat:ton of the intensity of the
~:hermal decomposition o:[' explosives, It, It. Aridreyev der~cribed various
possible mechan:Lsms of explosions. 7:i1e mechanism of 'the ntepwise oxida-
tion o:C methano traU investigated by A. V. 1Vayuandyan, t~rho confirmed the
correctness of N. N. Semenov's hypothesis concerning tree isomeY~ization
and. decomposition into formaldehyde and hydro~~}rl of the pex?oxide radical
that :is :E'ormcd. The kinetics of 'the oxidation of rnethenc and the mechanism
of this reaction were discussed in a report by L. V. Kax7nilov, ICI. S. Xe-
niltolopyan, A. B. Nalbandyan, and. N. N. S~~menov.
' Reports by I.. I. I3arenblat, I~. A. Love.cb.ev, A. S. Sokolik, and S. M.
Itogarlco dealt frith phenomena of eombus?tion and flame propagation. Re-
sults of investigations o:C the conditions under which ozone "i/,nites"
? ~?rere reported in papers by S. Ya. 'Pzhezhe?tskiy, S?. A. Itamenetskaya, S. I.
Gribov, A. V. Pankratov, I. N. Pospelova, A. Y.'a. Api.n, V. N, Skr,~.atsY.aya,
and ~V. A. Slavinslcoya.
V. M. Cheredniehenlco brou.h?h, out in a paper p:reset;,ted by him that
"ignition" of ozone is a thermal explosion. By using data obtained by
him, one may determine -the conditions 'under wlxich ozone can. be applied
in oxidation processes.
In a report presented by A. A..Balandin new data were stanmtarized
which support the basic percepts of the nittlt:i.ple;t theor,~. The results
obta.:~ned by the author oi' this report anal his co-workers (Y'e. 7. K:Labunov-
slciy, 0. K. BoY,danova, A. P. Shcheg:Lova, and others), Z?rho i.nvesti.gated
structural factors, indicated that molecules of alcohols are oriented
in such a manner tb.at their reacting atoms are turned toward the surface
o:C the catalyst while the magnitude of the valency ang:l.e is preserved.
The active centers oL' the catalyst represent protuberance- on tr.e surface.
The projeci;ing parts of molecules being Y.~ydrogenated ~"~ydx?iruyerr~yye")
1'it into depressions which a:re located next to the px?ottiberances. Ba1an-
din's report presented an extensive array of data on changes in free
cner~r, the b.ca~t content, and entropy zrhich corx~esponcl to adsorption at
active centers. These. data were obtained by using the ltinetic method
developed by 'the author oi' the rcpor!:.
S. ~ C . Roginskiy anal.yzecl in a paper giver_ by Y:im the problems which
arise. when attempts a:re made to correlate catal:ytie pz?opex'ties -~rith the
position of elements in the periodic system. Two types of chemical cat-
alysis were considered: r_ata],vsis of the redox-electronic type and
acid-base catalysis, Ro~insk;i_;j demonstrated that -the periodic law is
of great help in 'the solution of important problems pertaining to the
selection of catalysts and -the control of their charactewis?i~.s.
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A pape? by G. It. 13or:?ecltov pointccl out t?,l~c impor??ta.ncc of t.s~.lting into
~on3iclera:tion in~l?erac-t:tons between the x~cac?tin~r sys~i:.ern tlnd Y,he catalys~:~.
:L'ntcrac?tions o:l.' this ?l;ypc bring abuu?t cho.nges in ?i;hc conll o:~itio:n sr..cl pr?o-
perties o:[' the cv.?t;alyst. The outLor o:L' the p~.pcr regard:.s a. incor.?r?ect
consiclcration o!' the propcx??tics o:L' the cata,lyJt irulepc.n.?den~cl;~ of tl~c re-
acting system t?rhich exerts an in:f'luericc cr{ it . 4lhen irtex?px?etccl. from the
point oi' view o,clvocated by BOr esltov, anal:~rsis oP ltin.ci;ic cu'r?ves mr~,lces it
possible to c:tplain the forms wYll.ch kinetic equations mb.,y taltc. These
t?rere :['ornlcr]_y er'plairied, starting From the assumption that ?the energy o:['
adsorption i.s di:L'.L'erent at dl.:f:fcr.?c:nt points oi' l;lic s?~~r?1''a.ce of the cat,al.yst.
The problem in regard to the effect o:C solvents. on the velocity of
hel,~rogeneous catalytic reactions tras discussed in a report, by D. V. So-
ltol'~ltiy, who sununarized. a rrumber of investigations conducted by him on
'this subject. L. A. Nilcolayev gave a .repox?t on the catalytic functions
of coordination compounds ant indi.ca?ted that the catalytic activity o:E'
tlxcsc compounds car;, be increased by ad: orption or;, carriers of a d.eL'inite
type. PT. A. Shis:~altov reported data on the czystal chemistry of o,~tygen
compounds that form on the curface o~ gold and platinum. Ya. V. Goroltho-
va?tskiy reported that the ener.?gy required for conversion is changed after
o.:ygen and ethylene have been adsorbed on the surface of a, silver catalyst.
L].ectrochcmica'1 :ion c,cchange and acid ca?t;alysis at oxidized oarbon sur-
:['ace: formed ?the ~ ub j cct of a report by V. N. Strazheslto . V . I . Kur. ilenlto
and TI. V. Itul'kova investl:gatecl. the effect. o:[' sull'u.r on ?tl~.e catalytic
properties o:L' silver in the oxidation of ethylene,. Thcsc authors estab-?
lished. that the activity of the silver ca?L-alyst is at a maximlun when the
ratio or sltlflu? atoms to silver atoms amounts ?L?o10-~. .A further. increase
in the sul:~`.'ur content :Lolrers the activity of ?thc cata:ly st, . U . V . 1Crylov,
V. b1. Frolov, S. A. I~'oltina, and Yu. N. R?ufov repox?ted on characteristics
of the catalytic decornposit~.on o:fhydrazine on the surface of a1'ltaline
catalysts and semiconductors.
Wor1t by Yu. V. Shlyapniltov and V. V. Shushunov on. the sl:ik~,~ect of the
ltinetics oi' the clecomposl.~tion oL a:cyl-alltyl hydropex?oxides by acid catal-
ysis enabled these investigators to formulate equations ~?rhic'iz describe
quEU?ltitativcly the ltir~etic relationship u*iderl.yin~ the reactions in qu.ea-
?tion . I4S . G . Slin' l:o and Ye , N . 1Char. ' ltov.~kaya reported on the results of
an investigation aL' the ltinetics oi' ?the. reaction of hyd..rogen ?caitY~ o:~:ygen..
on platinumn. P. M. Stadnilt reported on the application of ~:hc mctlncr-
~L Vol 7, No !~, Oc?t 59, p 11.01 _
To measure ?l-.hc heat insulai:.ion capacity o:f.' local concrete produced.
from local cemer~tr:, foam. lculcersite and foam silicocalci?te), the Institute
of Construction and Construction Materials Academy of Sciences Estonian
SSR, has developed a me?L?hod :I'or the determ~nA,tion of the moisture content
of the types of concrete in question o the basis of ga~mna-ray transmission.
A bundle of gamma-rays emitted by a Co~O :instc.l.la-tion passes through the
sample of the mad:eria.l being investigated and on being weakened by trans-
mission impinges on the gamma-quanta counter. The percent of moisture
contained in the mater3.a1 :ts detexmined. by men.suring the degree of weaken-
ing of the interisi?t-,y of ga~mna-radiation. 13y~ Lacing the same m.c?thod' one
may investigate the dynamics of the migra~;ion oi' moisture in different
materials and models of different constructions. The data obtained in
this manner are of particular irr-pox~tance .f'or the cra.lcula?tion of possible .
heat losses that wi7_l occur. when ?the con.strv.ctions and installations sub-
~ec?tecl ?to investigation are actually used. The method of investigation
described is more rapid and .rcliabl.e than the ~;ravimetric analysis trhich
has been applied hi'thex??to .
Radiochemistry
35? Measurement of T)if~`usi.on Coe:Cficierits
"Measurement of Diffusir~n Coefficient., by the Methods of
Ractioaetivation Analysis and Isotope Dilution," by G. Ya.
Ryskin, Leningrad Fhysicotechnical Institute, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Lcnin.~;rad, I'izilca T-~rerdogo Tela_, Vc~11,
rro 6, Jun 59, pp 95~-951+
The advantages and disadvantages are considered of determining co-
efficients of d:if1'usion in solids on the basis of i;he total quantity of
substance ?that ha:, diffused. It is proposed that isotope dilktion or
radioactivation analysis be applied to deteyznine quantitatively the amount
of diffused substtance.. It is brought out that the method proposed makes
i~ possible to measure very small diffusior_ coefficients, i,e., these of
an order of 10-1r cent9meters square per second and ;:,mallet.
~or addi?tional information on rs.dior~hemistry, see Sectior_ I, Nuclear
I`uels and Reactor Construction .Materials.7~
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II. ~ TI?I SCIEIVCI;S
36. Apparatus J:'or Airborne lalectrical Prospecting;
"On the Development of Apparatus for Aeroelectrical Prospect-
ing," by K. B. Karandeyev and L. Ya. Mizyulc, Institute of
Automatics and Electrometry, Siberian Branch of the Aeader~y
of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk Izvesti a Sibirslto o Otdelen-
?lya Alcademii Naulc SSSR, No 7, 1959, pp l -25
The article explains that, at present, there are two general methods
of aerial prospecting. In the first, based on the pxinciple~~ of a cable
of infinite length, 'the field is formed by a low-frequency current from
a around source which is led to the earth by a cable 10-20 kilometers long
grounded at both ends. The parameters characterizing the field are meas-
ured by the apparatus mounted in an airdraft flying along profiles trans-
verse to the cable. In the second method, called the induction method,
a low-frequency electromagnetic field is formed by a loop mounted in an
aircraft flying at the lowest possible altitude over the earth's surface.
The measuring apparatus located in the same or a second aircraft records
the anomalies of the secondary field which are infuenced bey the change
of conductivity of geologic formations. '~"
Development of methods and apparatus for aerial electrical sur-Jeys
tress conducted by the Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences
USSR; the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Conservation USSR at VITR .(All-
Union Institute of Prospecting.P.sethods and Techniques); and IMA (institute
of bIachine Science and Automatics), Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR.
The apparatus described here for the aerial prospecting method employing
the principle of a cable of infinite length and for the induction method
was developed and built at I1~IA under the direction of the author and with
the aid of V. Pd. Goneharskiy, N. I. 1Calashnikov, L. A. Sinitskiy, L. D.
Gik, A. Pl. Yermalcov, V. L. Zmudikov, Yu. B. Nikolayenlco, A. S. Lutsishin,
V. P. Boyko, N. S. Umcrinkov, B. P. Seliverstov, and others. flight tests
were conducted in 1953 tr3.th the cooperation of VITR.
This article discusses the methods and gives certain results of flight
tests on the equipment.
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The apparatus is considered in two groups; 'the ground equipment which
produces the low-frequency electromagnetic field, and the airborne equip-
ment which measures and records certain parameters of the field, namely,
the phase angle and one of the quadrature components (reactive or active)
of the horizontal component of the magnetic field ,in relation to the cur-
rent of the cable . ~
To guarantee the possibility of conducting a wider range of opera-
tional methods, the generator unit was designed to form fields using any
of four fixed frequencies: 81, 21E4, 976, and 3,904 cycles per second.
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TTT. ELECTRONICS
Communlcations
37. New Television Receiver "Pdayalt"
"Television Receiver 'Maytilt'" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Vestnik Svyazi, No 10, Oct 59, cover page
The Radio Engineering Industry has developed a new-model 12-tube
television receiver, "Mayak." The receiver is intended to operate on
12 channels; it can be hooked up to a sound pickup, magnetic tape recorder,
or FM radio adapter. The screen size is 285x215 mm, sensitivity of the
set is 250 microvolts, and image resolution at the center of the screen
is 500 lines. 'The set will operate satisfactorily even at line voltage
fluctuations of 180 to 250 v and g0 to l50 v, due to as efficient voltage
regulating device at the primary coil of the power transformer. The power
consumption of the set is about 120 w. The set is built with printed cir-
cuits . The over-a11 size of the set is ~5 s ~5 x tg5 ~, and it weighs 22 kg.
38. Research at Institute of Ministry of Communications USSR
"Most Important Researches at the Scientific Institute of the
Ministry of Communications USSR in the Fields of Radio Communica-
tions and Television," by L. A. Kopytin; Pdoscow, Vestnik SvZrazi,
No 10, Oct 59, PP 7-8
CPYRG HT The article contains the following passages:
"As a result of scientific research conducted during the past few
years, it was possible to expand considerab],y our knowledge in the field
of electric properties of the troposphere and ionosphere, and to formulate
and outline methods for building new systems of communications based on
utiliza~,ion of scientific data obtained. Such developments will have a
prominent, place in the schedule of scientific work of the Scientific
Research Institute. A modern network of trunk communications will be
built on the basis of complex utilization of radio-relay and cable lines
of various types. The principal requirement presented for the new systems
will be capability of operating on a wide band, permitting simultaneous trans-
mission of television programs and hundreds of telephone conversations.
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"Computer and programing devices also will find proper use in the
field of communications. Several projects are now in the process of develop-
ment a?t the institute, which will utilize devices permitting increase in
the transmitting capacity of equipment and in labor productivity. Simplest
example of application of these devices is the equipment for automation of
short-wave lines of communications now being developed at the Scientific
Research Institute. It is expected that the equipment will possess the capa-
bility for automatic selection of most efficient conditions for transmission
and the most effective frequency range for a particular period of time.
This is especially important from the point of view of utilizing the new
multiplex equipment now being developed at the institute, which will
permit, during the hours of favorable radio-wave transmission, a considerable
increase in the amount of information transmitted through a single radio
link. This equipment is based on utilization of high-stability synchronous
systems with single-band transm'.~ters. The new terminal equipment will
have provision for automatic correction of errors caused by irregularities
of the coupling medium. This, will considerably improve the performance in-
dexes of the line in general. On the basis of the results of recently con-
ducted research, new equipment will. be developed for short-wave lines
which will permit more efficient utilization of transmitting and receiving
equipment.
~~Extensive work was done at the institute in the field of color television.
During the past few years, the institute designed a complete set of equip-
ment for color television, which was demonstrated at the Exposition of
Achievements of the National Econor.~."
Materials
39? Ferrites Research in USSR
"Expansion of Scientific Researchz Work on I'errites" (unsigned
article ); Moscow, Vestnik lU.rademii' Nauk SSSR, No 8, Aug 59, P 7~
The study of ferrites is one of the principal problems of solid state
physics. Investigations in this field are of special interest since the
phenomena observed in ferrites lie in the zone between the physics of semi-
conductors and the physics of magnetic phenomena.
Successful development of many important fields of technology (com-
puters, radioelectronics, electroacoustics), as well as of some fields of
experimental physics (radioastronomy, radio spectroscopy, elementary
particle acceleration, etc.), depend to a considerable degree on applica-
tion of ferrite components.
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The Presidium of the Academpr of Sciences USSR reported on decided success
in the field of investigation, development, and production of ferrite materials.
The Presidium has initiated several measures for further expansion of theoreti-
cal and experimental works in the field of ferrites. The Laborotory for
ferrites and Ferroelectrics of the Institute of Semiconductors has been en-
trusted with the problem of development and study of ferromagnetic semi-
conductors.
The Institute of the Physics of Metals has been entrusted with the
theoretical investigation of ferroma~,mel-~:ic sert}iconductors rand, materials
with square hysteresis loop, as well as experimental study of ferrite pro-
perties. Further expansion in research on ferrites is anticipated in a
number of other scientific research institutes.
40. Soviet Research in Semiconductors
"Expansion of Scientific Research Work in the Field of Semi-
conductors" (unsigned article), Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk
SSSR, No 8, Aug 59, P 74 '
The Presidium of the Academpr of Sciences USSR has reported successful
completion of a aeries of chemical, physicochemical, and physical investi-
gations in the field of semiconductors. Specific measures were worked out
to intensify investigations in the field of high-purity refining and
synthesis of semiconductor materials, processes of semiconductor me~tallur~,y,
surface properties of semiconductors, etc. At the institutes of the Academy
of Sciences..
A laboratory for structural stud~of semiconductor alloys is being
organized at the Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baylcov.
The Presidium has found it expedient to increase the personnel engaged
in the semiconductor research in divisions and laboratories of ?the Aeader~r
of Sciences during 1959?
41. Lead-Bismuth and Tin-Antimony Tellurides
"Investigation of the Systems Pb Te-Bi2 Tea and Sn Te-Sb2i'e3"
by Ye. I. Yelagina and N. Kh..Abrikosov; Moscow,Zhurnal Neor~;ani-
cheskoy Khimii, Vol 4,? No 7, Jul 59, pp 1638-1642
The constitutional diagrams of the systems of Pb-Bi-Te and Sn-Sb-Pb
were investigated along the sections Pb Te-Bi2 Teq and Sn Te-Sb2 Tea. The
existence of the compounds Pb Te .2 Bi2 Tea and Ski Te .Sb2 Tea was established.
Investigation of the systems in question is of importance from the standpoint
of the development of semiconductor materials.
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~+:' . .t~?::o l;r. coaduc ~ivi~ of Ant in~ony Selenide
"`.La~E: :L'i:o?cocond~.lc ~?lvity of Sb~ Se3" by D. T. IColomiyets and
1' . [;7:i . 7o~~rz].ly, Lenin?rad Physicotechnical Institute, Acrade~y
of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Fizika Tverclo~Tela,Vol 1, rio 6,
?~?u;~ :~9, pp 979--980.
'T1;e :xpAci;xal distribution of the photosensitivity of polycrys?i,alline
rand mo:.locr~~rat~:~11i:~e Sb` Se3 was determined. The data obtained are pre-
sez~ teri :I : tl~ae form of curves .
'.ine re~;ul?~s obtained in the investigations show that the sensitivity
of sin~;lc cx~vstals of antimony selenide is much higher in the re,,ion of
m,a::innz*u ,~asoxgtion than that of lrayers of this substance or of polycrysts~,1-
linc ma;~~,?ci.;1. Re,~,sons for the higher sensitivity of single crystals are
adv;a.n.ced ,
~,~~rvs:rl?.^-.rs of Ultrr:~violet Radiation
":l:r:vr:a?"iga~tiorz of ConverL?ers of Ultraviolet Rradiration in a
Czar, ~'ci;z?L-ill,e.!;ion Counter," by A. N. Protopopov, Yu. A. Selitskiy,
Jffect of Some Ganglioblocking Drugs
on the Sy~rrpathetic and Parasympathetic Ganglia," by Ya. Shuster,
Gangliolitiki i Blolcatory N~;vromyshechn. Sins sov (Gaingliolytics
and Bloclcing Agents of Neuromuscular Synapses , L., 1958,
pP 50-53 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi Biolo icheska
CPYR ni , No 17, 10 Sep 59, Abstract No 23 ~3~, by S. Dolina
"The effect of pentapyrrolidin~um, hexonium, tetraethyl ammonium, and
certain derivatives of the bis-ammonium series on the sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia was studied. It was found that substances contain-
ing quaternary nitrogen atoms in heterocycles have a greater gangliobloclc-
ing activity than hexonium and tetraethylammonium. The ganglioblocking
activity of a aeries of bis-ammonium compounds depends not only on the
distance between the quaternary nitrogen atoms, but on the total length
of the molecule as well. The pare.sympathetic ganglia are more sensitive
to tetraethylammonium than the sympathetic ganglia; the latter are more
sensitive to bis-ammonium compounds with quaternary nitrogen atoms included
in the heterocycles."
59:~ ~Xy~lene as Ganglioblocking Agent
"Ganglioblocking Action of $}rlylene Derivatives," by M. Wilimow-
ski, H. D~aczyszyn, and J. Gieldanowski, Arch. Immunol. i Tera .
Doswiadcz. (Poland), No 1E, 1956 (1957) pp~07-412 from Referat-
ivnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 14, 25 Jul 59, Abstract No 6x977)
CPYRGT~-
"The following synthetic preparations which are close to hexamethonium
were studied: dibromide of p-bis-(N-methyl pyperidine)-xylylene (I);
dibromide of p-bis-(N-methylpyrrolidine)-xylylene (II); and dibromide of
p-bis-(N-methyl morpholine)-xylylene (III). (I) and (II) were found to be
more toxic and (III) less toxic to mice than pendiomid (pentamin) (~V).
The hypotensive and ganglioblocking action of (I) is double the strength,
while that of ( III) is a third of the strength of that of ( IV) . All the
preparations depress or inhibi?b respiration, (III) to a lesser degree
than (I) and (II)."
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60. Action of Organophosphorus Anticholinesterase Compounds
"Concerning the Mechanism of the Action of Organophosphorus
Anticholinesterase Compounds," by Yu. D. Fedorchuk, Labora-
tory of Pharnu~cology of the Institute of Toxicology, Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow-Leningrad, Fiz-
iolo icheski Zhurnal SSSR imeni M. Sechenov, Vol ~+5, No~$,
Auk; 59, pp 100 -100
Cats were used in experimer.~s which were carried out to determine
the mechanism of the action of phosihacol and tetraethyl pyrophosphate --
organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds -- on ganglia, and to
establish the elements in these substances which inhibit cholinesterase
and the dements which have no connection with this process. The experi-
ments established that there is a definite connection between the degree
with which phosphacol inhibits the cholinesterase and the functional
state of the ganglia; phosphacol and tetraethyl pyrophosphate while fully
inhibiting the enzyme at the same time have a stimulating effect on the
ganglia, a fact which points to their possible direct stimulating effect
on the noncholinoreactive systems within the ganglia. In experiments on
perfused ganglia it was found that phosphacol and tetraethyl pyrophosphate
may increase the flow of acetylcholine into the perfusion liquid as a
result of their nonanticholinesterase action. It is assumed that the
stimulating action of these compounds may be connected with their effect
on the acetylcholine which is present in the nonactive protein-lipoid
complex.
61. ~' fect of Dipterex on Organism
"On the Pharmacology of Dipterex," by A. Easilc and M. Barger,
Biologia (Slovakia), Vol 13, No 6, 1958, PP x+28-x+39 (from
Referativn Zhurnal -- Biology No 14, 25 Jul 59, Abstract
CPYRG~5~33~~
"The insecticide dipterex has a strong anticholinesterase action
which is of brief duration, and anticurare as well as muscarine~-like
effects. The musca,rine-like effect is removed by atropine. Atropine
has no effect on the nico~tir~e??lilce action of dipterex."
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52. effect of Atropine Sulfate on Cholinesterase Activity
"Phase Changes in the Activity of Cholinesterase of the Blood
Serum Caused by the Subcutaneous Administration of Atropine
~Sklfate," by Yu. T. Sakharov; Moscow, Farmalcologiya i Tolcsik-~
CPYRGF?F~-' Vol 22, No 2, Mar~Apr 59, p 190
"Literary data on the effect of atropine sulfate on cholinesterase
activity are highly contradictory. Most of the authors (D. Danelopolu.
M. Ya. Milshel'son, Sekiya, Atsushi, and others) group atropine with
cholinesterase inhibitors. There are some who indicate (N. A. Romantsev)
that atropine enhances the activity of the enzyme.
"The lack of special literature dealing with the analysis of this
process in tame and the great interest shown by toxicologists in the
dynamics of the change in cholinesterase activity in cases of intoxication
by anticholinesterase ccnnpounds, as well as in the therapy of such intoxica-
tions, evoked the need for corresponding experiments. The experiments were
conducted on 15 young cats. Cholinesterase activity of the blood serum
was determined by the P. V. Pravdich-Neminskaya titrimetric method modified
by A. A. Pokrovskiy. Atropine sulfate was administered to the animals
subcutaneously in therapeutic doses of one milligram per kilogram of body
weight (highest therapeutic dose of atropine for cats is 5 milligrams, State
Pharmacopeia VTS, 1928; R. Keshni, IIandbook of Pharmacology, Vol 2, 1931,
P 9 ). Blood specimens were taken from the animals' ears after 10 and 30
minutes, and one, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after the administration of the
alkaloid. The activity of the enzyme was expressed in quantities which were
required to carry out the titration of the blood serum 1100 N NaOH and in
percentages in relation to the initial value.
"Ten minutes after the administration of atropine, the cholinesterase
activity of the blood serum in^.reased to 152 percent, and by the 30th
minute, to 154 percent of the initial value. By the end of the first hour,
the activity of 'the enzyme decreased to 112 percent, while 2 hours later
it decreased to 107 percent. By the end of the third hour, it decreased
to its initial value. Four, 5, and 24 hours after the subcutaneous admin-
istration of atropine, the activity of the enzyme was correspondingly equal
to 98, 79, and 75 percent of its initial value.
"A p~:~rallelism between the literary data on this problem and the re-
sults obtained by us may be noted, inasmuch as some of the authors groczp
atropine with drugs which stimulate the enzymatic activity of cholinesterase,
while others group it with drugs which inhibit the activity of the enzyme.
Factually, these are but fragmentory reports of a continuous phase process.
There are indications that atropine is prophylactically most effective
against anticholinesterase compounds during the first 2-3 hours after its
administration, and this period coincides with the period of increased
activity of cholinesterase in the blood serum.
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CPYRGHT
"Thus, the changes which take place in the activity of cholinesterase
of the blood serum of cats in response to the subcutaneous administration
of a therapeutic dose of atropine have a phasic character: an initial rise
in activity (first 2 hours), restoration to normal (2-3 hours), and inhibi-
;;ion (after the third hour) . "
63. Gangliolytic Properties of Phen~lenediF~.mine Derivatives
"Gangliolytic Properties of Mono- and Diiodomethylates of
Tetramethyl o-and m-Phenylenediamines," by Yu. T. Lisunkin,
Gan liolitiki i Blokator Nervnom shechn kh Sina sov
Gangliolytics and Blocking Agents of Neuromuscular Synapses),
L., 1958, pp 113-121 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi ,
B~~iyyolo icheska Khimi , No 17, 10 Sep 59, Abstract No 23 37,
CPYRGHTthe author
"It was established that methylated derivatives of o- and m-pheny-
lenediamines possess gangliolytic properties; o~~phenylenediamine is:nore
active than m-phenylenediamine. It is the author's opinion that a reduc-
tion. in the distance between the nitrogen atoms enhances their gangliolytic
action. It was found that quaternary-tertiary derivatives of p-phenylene-
di.aanine possess sympathamimetic and ephedrine-like properties."
64. Effect of Cholinolytic Poisons on Sialorrhea
"Paffect of Some of the New Cholinolytic Poisons (Anicaine, Di-
facil, and Tetamone??i) on Sialorrhea," by T. A. Melnikova, Sb.
Nauchn. Tr. Leningr. Khim-Farmatsevt. In-t, (Collection of
Works of the Leningrad Chemicopharmaceutical Institute), No 3,
~~221957~ PP 251~?~253 (from Referativn Zhurnal ~~? Biolo i , No 14,
CPYRGHT`~ul 59, Abstract No 93 , by S. T. Skorodelov
"Anicaine [diphenylacetic ester of pyperidine ethanol, Ref. Zhur.??
Biol. No 14, Abstract No 64939 administered intravenously to dogs in
a dose of 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight depresses uncondi-
tioned sialorrhea by blocking .the various chains of the reflex arc.
Difacil [the hydrochloride of the beta-diethylaminoethyl ester of dipheny-
lacetic acid, Lekaratvennyye Sredstva,, by M. D. Mashkovskiy, Moscow,
Medgiz, 1957, p 209, in a dose of 5 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight acts in an analogous manner, but to a lesser degree, affecting
mainly the central reflex chain and blocking the peripheral cholinoreac-
tive systems. Tetamone [the iodide of tetraethylammonium, Lekarstvennyye
Sredstva, by M. D. Mashkovskiy, Moscow, Medgiz, 1957, pp 1314.132 in a
dose of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight has no effect on un--
conditioned Sialorrhea."
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65. ~pasmolytica and Local Anesthetics
"Tnvesti~tion of Local Anesthetics. XV111. Quaternary Salts of
Certain Basic Carbamates," by L. Novacek, J. Salac, and C, Vrba,
Cealtosl. ~zrmac. (Czechoslovakia), 1958, Vol 7, No 3, pp 132-
135 from Refer~xtivn Zhurnal -- IOaimi Biolo ichska
CPYR~~i' No 17, 10 SeP 59, Abstract No 23 21, by N. Turkevich)
"Quaternary bases with the general formula R1R2N?000CH2CIi2.N + (C2$5)3X,
in which X=I or C1, have been synthesized. Substances of the aliphatic
series (Rl and R2 = H or C2H5) do not act as anesthetics, but exhibit a
parasympathomimetic action. The anesthesizing action of iodides with
aromatic substitutes is weak. The corresponding chlorides are Wore active
because of their greater solub111ty in water. Their action as local
anesthetics was investigated on a rabbit's cornea, while their action as
infiltrating anesthetics was tested on guinea pigs. The LD QQ of the quater-
nary salts when administered to white mi^e was found to be ~j6-430 milli-
grams per kilogram of body weight, while of the corresponding tertiary
bases, 175-610 milligrams per kilogram of 1~ody weight. A11 the investigated
substances with aromatic substitutes were found to possess a strong curare?-
like activity, while some of them were also capable of spasmolytic action.
Report XVII, see Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi Biolo icheska IChimi ,
1959, No 12, 1624 .
60. Psychosis Induced by Benactizine
"E~cperimental Psychosis Induced by a Single Administration of
200 Milligrams of Benactizine," by Stansilav Grof and Milos
Vo,jtechovsky, Ceskosl. Psychiatr. (Slovakia), Vol 54, No 6,
1958, pp 369-37 from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i No 14,
25 Jul 5g, Abstract No 91 by the authors
"Psychic derangement with delirium and optical and auditory hallucina.?-
tions followed by amnesia were the result of the intake of 200 milligrams
of benactizine by one of the authors.. Tt was noted that while the picture
of intoxication .by lysergic s,cid diethylamide similates psychic disturbances
of a functional character, intoxication by benactizine is characterized by
psychic symptoms of an organic disturbance."
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67. Lffect of Anicaine on Nervous Functions
"On the P;ffect of Anicaine (Diphenylacetic Ls ter of Pyperidine
Nthanol) on. Higher Nervous L'unetions," by ~'. A. Melnikova, Sb.
Nauchn._Tr. Leningr. Khim-?l~hrn~tsevt. Irt-ta (Collection of Works
of the Leningrad Chemicopharmaceutical I~stitutP), No 3, 1957,
pp 254-25g (from Referativny~Zhurnal - Bio1o ~, No 1~+,
25 Jul 59, ,Abstrac?twNa ~`+1~939, by U. G. Gasanov
CPYRGHT
"Anicaine even in sma7.1 doses ha,s a. depressing effect on the cerebral
cortex. In a dose of 10 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, anicaine
has no appreciable effect on the motor digestive conditioned reflexes of
rata. In doses of 20-100 milligrsms per kilogram of body weight, anicaine
depresses or ccunpletely inhibits positive xeflexes in rats. When admin-
istered to dogs :Ln doses of one milligram per kilogram of body weight, it
depresses positive conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, upsetting the
force of their intensities."
68. Tetrafluoroethylene Intoxication
"Data on the toxicology of Tetrafluoroethylene," by A. I.
Zhemerdey, '?'r. Leni~r. San?-Gigiyen. Med. Tn?-ta (Works of
the Leningrad Sanitary-Hygienic Institute No~~4, 1958,
pp 164-?176 (from Refe_rativn 7hurna7. ...m Biolo i , No 1!~,
2~~ ~7u1 59, Abstr~~,ct No~ by i o A. Shtesse~
CPYRGHT
'The toxicity of the monomer of ~tetrafluoroethylene was studied on
rats and rabbits following their 2-hour intoxication in a chamber. The
letrial concentration of tetrafluoroethylene for rats was 2.5 volume
percent, and for rabbits, 4 volume percent. Microscopical ext~minations
of the dead animals revealed hyperemia in the organs, the brain in partic?-
ula.r; hemorrhages in the lungs an,d spleen; and dysi:.rophic renal modifica,>
tions. Acute intoxication of different animals by products of the depoly-
merization and pyroly-t~ic fission o:t' the polymer of tetraf'luoroe~thylene
was noted when a plastic mass wa.s heated to a temperature of 600 degrees
in a crucible furnace inst-o.llFd in t?~e chamberr. :?`t is assumed ths.t when
the thermic decomposition of ?~,he polymer of fetraf,luoroFi;hylene takes place
anhydrous hydrof"luoric acid, fluoroprosgere, ar.3 cyclic compounds a,re
liberated in addition to ?he monome.r of tet?ra~'1uor. oethyleae, and that
these produce the following pat'.~ological a,nr.~.tomical picture o acute ir~?
ritation of the upper respira.t;ory organs; edema of. ~-~h? lun.gs if the
animals die early, and pneumon.~.a if they die at later periods. Dystrophic
renal changes were found in cats>"
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69. Toxic Ef:f'ects of Manganese
"Role of Neurohumoral Disorders in the Mechar.?iem of the Toxic
Effects of Manganese," by V. A. Mikhaylov, Vopr. Gigiyeny
Truda, Profpatol. 1 Prom. Toksikol. (Problems of Labor Hygiene,
Occupational Pathology, and Industrial Toxicology); Sverdlovsk,
Vol 2, 1958, pp 282-300 (from Referativn ~ Zhurnal -- Biolo i ,
CPYRC~RITIIF~ 25 Jul 59, Abstract No 525 , by R. S. Vorob'yeva~
"The administration of MnC12 to animals intravenously, with food,
and suboccipitally produced a depression of the central nervous system
and of some of the vegetative functions and deep vascular and degenerative-
dystrophic modifications in the internal organs and endocrine glands. De-
creased bloocl pressure, muscular hypotonia, hyperkalemia, a decrease in
the blood content of adrenalinlike substances, modifications of the pro-?
cesses of absorption and secretion of radioactive iodine by the thyroid
gland were observed. An investigation of the functional condition of
the nervous system disclosed changes in the amplitude of the cerebral
biocurrents, the prolongation of reflex time to electrical irritation,
and an increase in chronaxy with disturbed subordination. In small doses,
MnC12 increased the secretion of vitamin Bl, while in large doses, it
sharply decreased it. The administration of vitamin B1 in combination
with. lactate prevented the death of 70 percent of the mice intoxicated
with an .LD100 of MnC12. Data on clinical observations of industrial
intoxications by Mn are presented."
70. Effect of Manganese Intoxication on ar ar_ism
"Significance of Endocrine and Neurovegetative disorders in the
Pathogenesis of Industrial Toxicoses. 1. On the Problem of the
Neuroreflex Mechanism of. the Morphological Changes in Some of
the Endocrine Glands in Manganese Intoxication," by V. A. Mik~.y-
lov, I. A. Kusevitskiy, and 0. I. I~omarova, V r. Gigiyeny Truda,
Profpatol. i Pram T'oksikol. (,Problems o:f Labor ;rlygiene, Occupa??~
tional Pathology, and Industrial 1'oxicol.ogy), 1958, pp 208?-220
(fttrom Referatiz!ny~ Zhurnal ??~Biologiy~a, No 14,. 25 JW- 59, Abw
CPYRGH~a~ct N? X52579 by R. S. 'ii'orob'yeva)
"Single or repeated administrations of MnC12 in doses of 0.5 milli-
gram per kilogram of body weight in 0.2 milliliter of a warmed physiolog-
ical solution were given ~to rabbits. The animals were killed by bleeding
fram one to 56 says later. Histological examinations of the thyroid
gland, suprarenals, hypopb.ysis, and testis were conduced. E.~cpressed
toxic changes in the endocrine glands, the thyroid gland in particular
(edema of interstitial tissue, thickening and fragmentation of a.rgyrophil
fibers, infiltration of the round cells), were noted on the first day after
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the administration of MnC12. By the 12th-11+th day, the toxic symptoms in
all glands decreased and a moderately expressed proliferation of the
meacnchymal elements was noted. By the 30th day, remains of the proli-
feration process were found -ln the thyroid gland only. The vascular
reaction was less pronounce) and was limited to plethora and disturbed
permeability. Repeated administration of MnC12 led to the development
of sclerosis affecting primarily the thyroid gland and the necrobiotic
processes in the suprarenals."
71. Toxicity of Aminazine
"On the Toxicity of Aminazine," by G. N. Dukareva, Laboratory
of Ladustrial Toxicology of the Institute of Labor Aygiene
and Occupational Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR;
Moscow, lhrmakolo iya i Toksikologiya., Vol 22, No 2, Mar~Apr
59, pP 1 -lgo
Exr~er:tments conducted on mice established that the absolute lethal
dose of aninazine when administered to the animals intraperitoneally was
200 milligrams per kilogram of body weight; the minimum lethal dose was
40 milligrams per kilogram of body weight; the maximum tolerated dose?was
20 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. The preliminary administration
of aminnzine intraperitoneally. in nonlethal doses for some period of time
increased the tolerance of the organism to relatively large doses of the
drug. Aminazine in powder form or in the form of a 3-percent solution ir??
ritates the skin and the mucous membrane of ?the eyes. It penetrates she
skin when applied in 3-10?-percent solutions.
72. Thera~~of Internal Diseases With Amina.zine
"Aminazi.ne in the Therapy of Internal Diseases, " by T. A.
Nezvorova, Psychiatric Clinic imeni S. S. Korsakov, First
Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute imeni I. M. Sech-
enov; Moscow, Klinicheskaya Meditsina, `viol 37, No 9, Sep 59s
PP 32-37
Clinical observations carried out in the course of 1+ years indicate
that aminazine and other phenothiazi?~ derivatives can be beneficially
applied in the therapy of a numbe_ ~~ internal diseases. it can be recom-
mended for use in the therapy of bronchial asthma, anorexia., hypertonia,
neurasthenic syndromes, acute psychort~otor irri?ation, epilepsy, and other
disorders. The application of aminazine is contraindicated in diseases
of the gastrointestinal tract; chronic spastic colitis; cirrhosis of the
liver; acute, subacute, and chronic Botlcin's disease; cholelithiasis;
chronic cholangitis; acute and chronic nephritis, and a number of other
diseases. Tolerance of the patients to aminazine should be established
before the drug is administered. Only qualified personnel should be in
charge of the administration of aminazine.
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73. Biomycin in Therapy of Cholecystoangiocholitis
"The Application of Biomycin in the Treatment of Patients Suf-
fering From Cholecystoangiocholitis," by K. I. Simbiryakova,
CYiair of Second Therapy of the Kiev Institute for the Advanced
Training of Physicians; Moscow, Terapevticheskiy Arkhiv, Vol 31,
No 8, Aug 59, PP 74-78
Biomycin was administered to 45 patients ~duffering from chronic chole-
cystoangioctiolitis. The majority of these patients failed to respond to
the usual means of therapy. 731e results were as follows:
Biomycin was found to be a highly useful therapeutic agent when used
in combination with the normally accepted methods of therapy of chole-
cystoangiocholitis.
The addition of biomycin to the other modes of therapy of the disease
led to an improvement of the general condition of the patients, diminution
or complete disappearance of pain in the right hypochondrium, reduced tem-
perature, and improved morphological composition of the bile.
Doses recommended are 0.2 gram six times in 24 hours or 0.3 gram four
times in 24 hours for a period of 12-15 days. '-.~iis may be repeated within
7-10 days if necessary.
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Physiology
74. en;Tnsufficiency Discussed
"The Problem of Qxygen Insufficiency," by Frnf I. Petrov,
Corx~ssponding Member of the Academy of Medical ~ienoes USSR;
Moscow, Meditsinsj~,jy $sb~:tnik., No 58 (1806), 21 Jul 59 p 3
The author of this article states that pathological physiala~~y is
becoming immensely important. Further investigation of ox}rgen starvation,
a field which has been attracting the attention of Russian pathologists
for the past 60 years, is one of the most ftandamental tasks of this branch
of science.
Th.e extraordinary sign3.ficance of this problem lies in the fact
that a human being is born experiencing oxygen insufficiency, and dies
because ?the f1F~w of oxygen to tY~e brain is insufficient. ~Jxygen insuf-
ficiency may be observed during the entire life of a human organism. Oxy-
gen starvation may also arise during pathological changes in the functions
of organs which participate in supplying a living organism with oxygen,
and also when there is some disturbance in internal respiration.
Vari~~us scientific Establishments in the USSR have been conducting
extensive researc~i in the field of oxygen insufficiency. The Military
Medical Academy imeni S. M. Kir,:nr has ~~na. of the o~ldeat chairs cif patho-
logical ph.,ysiology, which has contributed greatly to the effort. The use
of the term "oxygen starvation" was firr~t pr.~posed at the above-mentio~d
academy, and an apprUpriate section was added ?t;o the course cf study Uf
pathological physiology (~. ~. Pashutin).
Academician P. M. Al'bitskiy discR:,versd as early as 1884 that if `~,
the r.xvgen content .i,n the ambient air is reducAd even 9~, the metabol~.c
pmcesaes remain at a h1.gh level of activity, ~~ri the basis of this in-
formantion, it can be deduce8. that au organism has the capacity to com-
pensate fur RxygFn insufficiency. This was confirmed by investigations
conducted by Y'e. A. Kartashevskiy, why also noted that the coux?se of axf~-
gen insufficiency is morn severe when the oxygen content of the insp~.r?~d
air and the temperat~.zrG r:~f thy: immediate envi:~?anment are lerw.
It was previ^usly n~:~tnd that the v~ylume ,~f bl~,~:a~. w?.:i.ch can bt? lost
varies greatly in dcr,gs. This loss of blcxyd may be fatal. and depends e,~n
the effects of vari:~us envizY:~nmental facte:~rs which change the general
condition of the animals. 7t was subsequently shown that chilling, ~7ver-
heating, irritati~~ns that cauwje pain, hetez~~sensiti,zati~.~n and autosensi-
tizatiGn, radiation sickness, etc. increase organism's sensitivity to
oxygen insufficiency of varying origin. It can be concluded from this
that the volume of bloc. last may be large ~~r small depending cn the func-
tional condition of the organism.
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Soviet pa,thophysiologists devoted much time to the study of changes
in the function of the central nervous system when there is oxygen insuf-
ficiency. Oxygen insufficiency may cause disturbances in psychic activity,
a decrease in efficiency, incoherence in writing, the onset of convulsions,
etc. The results of experimental research demonstrate that the central
nervous system is very sensitive to an insufficient oxygen supple.
I. P. Petrov and P. N. Vesel'chin investigated the central regula -
tion of circulation during oxygen insufficiency. They found that. the
respiratory center plays an important part. The respiratory center con-
stantly tones the vasomotor center by means of "intracentral" irradiation
of excitation and receives and transmits both huntoral and reflex irrita-
tions to it. Investigations of the reflex regulation of circulation dur-
ing oxygen insufficiency showed that the depressor reflex does not occur
when irritation of the sinocarotid nerve takes place at the peals of Frter-
ial pressure. Results of a systema?tl.c study conducted during the past
10 years revealed ?that phase transitions take place in conditioned and
unconditioned reflexes during anemia of the brain, loss of blood, asphyxia,
and the effects of exposure to rarefied atmosphere.
An effective complex therapy of oxygen deficiency of the brain was
developed experimentally. The administration of urethan with veronal and
of air with 50?d oxygen content, and the repeated infection of glucose con-
taining vitamins C and Bl provided a good therapeutic effect in all cases
of anemia of the brain in white rats. This group of drugs made it passi-
ble to save the lives of 60~-80~ of the white rats. The mortality rate
in the control group 'was 1O0a (I. R. Petrov)
Soviet scientists are confronted with the problem of clarifying the
role played by the endocrine glands during oxygen starvation, and how
these glands react to measures taken to treat and prevent the harmful con-
sequences of oxygen insufficiency. The combined efforts of pathophysiolo-
gists, biochemists, neurohistologlsts, pathological anatomists, surgeons,
and therapeutists are needed ?to solve these problems. There is great
need for supply-i.ng research laboratories w?lth appropriate modern instru-
ments.
75? Conditioned Reflex Research
"The Physiological Mechanism of the Conditioned Reflex in
Time," by M. I. Rozin; Minsk, Doklac3~y Altademii Nauk. BSSR
No 7, Jul 59, PP 318-321
The author of this article states that a saliva reflex to food in
higher animals must be viezred not only as an unconditioned reflex due
to which mechanical and biochemical action on food takes place in the
mouth, but also as a food-getting reflex, developed to suit environmen-
tal conditions. The food-getting reflex becomes the initial component
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of the entire chain of the food reaction. Tn ?the chain of successive
links of this reaction, noted in experiments an dogs, it is possible to
observe a turning of the head in the feed box, movements of extremities
leading to the feed bex, opening of the doors to the feed box, movements
of the maxillae, and salivary secretion, swallowing, and licking. This
indicates that the development of a reflex in time begins only after a
positive reaction to an effective experimental situation has been formed.
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
76. express Analysis of Minute ImpuMties of Butv1 Nitrate in Air
"Rapid Determination of Butyl Nitrate in Air," by K. G. Pax-
fenova, Uch. Za Uk. N.-I. In-t Gi eni Truda i Profzabo-
levan3.y cientific Notes of the Ukrainian Scientific I~search
Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases), No 27
215958, pp 131-132 (from Referati Zhurnal-Khimi a, No 18,
CPYRGHI' ~p 59~ Abstract No 2, by T. Solov'yeva
"The rapid method for determining butyl nitrate in air is based on
the formation of a red color in silica gel, which is saturated with Griess
reagent, after drawing air which contains vapors of butyl nitrate (25 ml
of air is drawn in one minute) thzrough it. The N02-group of butyl nitrate
or HN02i which was farmed on hydrolyzing the butyl nitrate with moist air,
appears to be the diazotizing agent. The concentration of butyl nitrate
is determined by comparison with a constant scale of standards~~~.5:]DO ~ ~~].),
which is prepared by saturating silica gel with Co. solutions of various
concentration. The sensitivity of the method. is 2.5 '~~1. The proposed ap-
Paratus consists of a rubber bulb in a metal housing which has a metallic
capillary and a mavable graduated scale."
77 ? Determination of Minute Impurities c7f Dichlc~rnben2,ene in Air
"Quantitative Determinat~.on ~~rP Dichlombenzene in the Atmas-
phere," by V. A. Ku13k, (Uch. Zap, Ukr. N.-I. In-t Gi~iVeny
Truda i ProfzabolevaniY (Scientific Notes cf the Ukrainian
Scientific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupa-
tional Diseases), No 27, 1958, PP 133-134 (fr.~m , eferati~y
Zhurnal-Khimi a, No 18, 25 see 59, Abstract Nu 64879, by z.
CPYRGHT ?v'yeva~
"A method is proposed for determining dichlc~robenz~nc (I) in the
atmosphere, based on the nitration of (I) to dinitrodichlorubenzene (TI).
On the addition of C2H50H, H2O and a 40~ solution of KOH to (II), a Yellow-
orange solution of dinitrophenolate is formed which is compared with a
scale of standards (the scale is stable). The sensitivity of the method
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is7 ~ of (I) in 10 ml. Accuracy is ? 15~. The selection of an air sample
is done in evacuated flasks with ground stoppers. Capacity of a flask is
0.3-0.5 liters. Nitration is conducted in these flasks. A variation of
he photocolorimetric method was developed. .for determining (I), which is
ore accurate and objective, sensitive to 5 ~~ and has an accuracy of ; 5~:
78. Minute Impurities of Benzene Detec?bed by Polarogranhv
"Polarographic Determination of the Vapors of Benzene and Its
Homologs i.n the Atmosphere," by E. M. Stepanenko, Tr. Nauchn.
Sessii Leningr. NrI. In-ta Gigiyeny Truda ~. Profzabolevazxt. .
osvyas c togam Raboty za 1 5 g. Works of -the Scientific
ssion of the ningrad cientii'ic Research Institute of La-
bor Bjrgiene and Occupational Diseases, Dedicated to the Re-
sults of Work During 1956), Leningrad, 1958, pP 273-277 from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimiya. No 18, 25 ~P 59, Abstract
CPYRG F ~ y e. yanova
"A polarographic method has been described i'or determining the va-
pors of benzene and its homologs in air, which is based on the absorption
of their nitro mixtures and the polarographic detex~nihation of the dinitro
derivatives after neutralization of the nitro mixtures with 10~ TdaOH solu-
tion. An equal quantity of buffer solution is added to the neutralized
solution "before the polarographic dete?~minationo. Polarograph3c de-
termination is conducted at the sum of the heights of the two waves which
correspond to the two reductions of the nitro 13rovps on the dropping mer-
cury cathode. This method guarantees .~;' high degx'ee of sensitivity
(o e 1/m1 for c6s6.and c6$5~3 ~ o . ~/ml ~ or c6x~ (c83) 2) . "
Radiology
79? $ygienic Measures on Atomic Icebread~er Lenin
"The Atomic Ship Lenin, by Ye. Gsipov; Mrsci:w, Meditsinskiy
Rabi,tnik, No 75 (1823), 18 Sep 59, P 2
"The atomic icebreaker Lenin is now 3.n the great pert of Kr3nshtad?t.
Th~~ Sovie?t shipbuilders, in creative cor.,perati~on w1.th scientists and tech-
nol~gists, have built this remarkable ship and have provided for the reli-
able ,protection of the crew from the effect of ionizing radiations. Fnr
this ;purpose, they have constructed original apparatuses and instruments
which have never been used before. Proven means of pr-,:ytective technology
also have been used. Reactor contrnl is c?mpletely automatized. The re-
actors are arranged in a central compartment whic;u is hermetically iso-
lated from all other compartments of the ship. phis constitutes the
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so-called restricted zone. Only a limited number of people who service
the power equipment have the right to be in this zone. Entrance into
this area is possible only through special sanitary passages. To enter,
each person wears a protective costume.
"On leaving the central compartment, the service personnel are
subjected to dosimetric control.. and undergo sanitary treatment. One
~vnitary passage is equipped with a washing?machine for laundering pro-
tective clothing.
"Mooring tests of the icebreaker have shown that the complex of
protective measures which have been adopted completely protect the com-
partments, equipment, and the clothing of the crew from radioactive con-
tamination. Physiolo~i.cal investigations have confirmed that the means
of individual protection meet all the medical requirements.
"In the vicinity of the icebreaker, numerous measurements have been
systematically conducted on the level of radioactivity in the soil, water,
snd air. Results of these experiments have confirmed the accuracy of the
calculations of the physicists and hygienists: no deviations from the
normal level of natural radiation were detected.
"The protective measures work faultlessly. Regardless, the ship
has a. group of people with the single duty of radiation safety. ~zrther-
more, the crew is provided with therapeutic and prophylactic aid. The
icebreaker is supplied with therapeutic, X-ray, end dental offices, a
sick bay, and a surgical unit. A systematic medical check of the health
of the crew is conducted by experienced specialists.
"The flagship of the polar fleet -- the remarkable creation of So-
viet scientists, engineers, technicians, and workers -- will depart on
a long voyage. The Soviet people Yrish the crew of the icebreaker, bear-
ing the name of the great Lenin, great successes in their work for the
glory of the Motherland in the name of peace to the whole world."
Captions for accompanying photographs read as follows:
eys y ac ory on a occas on o e completion of the construc-
tion of the atomic icebreaker Lenin; central dosimetric point of the
atomic ship; machine for laundering plastic protective clothing."
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80. Content and Biosynthesis of ANA in Mucosa of Small Intestines
During Radiation Siclcnesa
"The Content of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in the Mucous Mem-
brane of the Small Intestine in Experimental Radiation Sick-
ness," by V. A. Kareva, Biochemistry Laborato:?y of tYn L~cradriiai
Scientific Research Institute of Nutrition; Kiev Ulcrainskiy
Biokhimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 31, No ~N, 1959, pP 525-533
The purpose of this research was to explain the degree of disturb-
ance of nucleic acid metabolism during the first 3 days after X irradia-
tion of animals. The author studied the renewal rate of nucleic acids
by determining the radioactive phosphorus level at 24, 48, and 72 hours
after a single whole-body irra~~ation of guinea pigs by 500 r doses. Data
on the rate of inclusion of P into desoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic
acids were expressed in the form of relative specific activity.
Results of ?these experiments shoired that one day after total X ir-
radiation of guinea pigs, the relative specific activity of DNA is sharply
decreased in the mucous membrane of the small. intestine. Later (during
the 2nd-3rd day) this process returns to and even exceeds normal. Under
these same conditions, the relative specific activity of RNA is changed
only slightly.
The author also presents data on the effect o~w ascorbic acid, RNA,
adenosine triphosphoric acid, anti. copper on the DI~1A content in the muct~sa
of the small intestines of organisms subjected -to whole-boajT X irradiation.
It was shown that ascorbic acid, RNA, ATP acid and copper exert a stimu-
lating effect on the biosynthesis of DNA in the cellular nuclei of tisanes
of such animals.
Copper in conjunction with ascorbic acid and I~NA is the moat effec-
tive combination for stimulating the biosynthesis of DNA.
81. Preliminary Hemorrhage Stimulates Er~thro~~oies~.s in I;:~.diatian Sickness
"The Study of Iran Metabolism in Irradiated Doffs T~Fitl~ In-
creased Erythropoietic Itiu'iction," by L. L. Shepshelevich,
Central Order of Lenin Institute of Hematology and B?ood
Transfusion, Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow, Problemy
Gematolo ' i i Perelivani a Krovi, Vol ~+, No 10, Oct 59,
p*~ 9-1
The purpose of this research was to study the changes in erythro-
poieais during radiation sickness in dogs against a background of prelim-
inary hemorrage. Tagged iron (~5y) was used as the index.
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CPYRGrTT-e author presents the following conclusions:
"1. Preliminary repeated hemorrhages of dogs subjected to whole-
body irradiation by LD95 doses caused increased bone marrow erythropoiette
function during the first 10 days.
"2. A single preliminary hemorrhage of dogs subjected to whole=body
irradiation by LD7 and LD95 contributes to the maintenance of normal bone
marrow erythropoie~ic function.
"3. The study of the metabolism of tagged iron in dogs irradiated
by an LD95 dose after a single preliminary 'hemorrhage also confirms the
presence of more intensive erythropoiesis in these dogs."
82. Serum and Gastric Erythropoietic Factor in Acute Radiation Sickness
"The Study of the Erythropoietic Factor of the Stomach and
Blood During Acute Radiation Sickness," by M. G. Kakhetelirbp
and L. S. Rogacheva, Central Order of Lenin Institute of
Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Ministry of Health USSR;
Moscow, Proble Gematolo 'i i Perelivani a Krovi, Vol 4,
No 10, Oct 59, 1 -19
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of various
doses of roentgen rays on the dynamics of the hemopoietic factor. The
hemopoietic factor content was determined simultaneously in the gastric
juice and in blood serum by using a hemoculture method over a 44-day
period. Tests were conducted on three dogs subjected to a single whole-
body X irradiation with 300, 400, and 600 r doses respectively. The au-
thors discuss the various facets of the problem.
Results showed that both in Addison-Biermer's disease and in radia-
tion sickness it is possible to note leukopenia, dissociation of nucleus
and cytoplasm during maturation, and the appearance of baz:d-shaped nucle-
ated and polynuclear neutrophils; in addition, megaloblastic hemopoiesis
appeared after radiation injuries. CPYRGHT
The authors suggest that
"the substances which im de celluar act v-
y n emoc urea o u ng r a on s c ess and using radiation
sickness and during Addison-Biermer's disease are identical."
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83. Ionizing Radiations Aggravate Sequelae of Incompatible Blood Trar~sflision
"The Effect of Whole-Body Irradiation o~a the Iso-Agg].utls~ating
Properties of Dog Blood, " by M. I1. No+-i kova, Central Order
of Lenin Institute of ~iematology and Blood Transfusion, Min-
istry of Health USSR; Moscow, Proble Gematolo i i Pereli-
vani~ Krovi, Vol 1~, No 10, Oct 59, Pp 7-
The purpose of this research was to study the changes in the isoag-
glutinating properties of the blood of dogs sub,~ected to the effect of
various doses of ionizing radiation from X rays.
The blood of 125 dogs was matched for compatibility before and at
various peMods (2, 7, 14, and 21 days) after irradiation with that of
six donor dogs. A small amount of incompatible blood was administered
by drip infusibn to the experimental dogs which had been subjected to
a single whole-body X irradiation by 300 r. Various pathological tests
revealed marked multiple hemorrhages into the internal organs in two
dogs.
Considering that there would have been no symptoms of hemorrhagic
diathesis, if the general condition of the doge had been satisfactory be-
fore the transfusion, it may be deduced that the transfusion of the small
amount of incompatible blood (20 ml) was exacerbated by radiation sick-
ness and tress accompanied by the hemorrhagic syndrome. It is known that
in blood, transfusion shock it is possible to detect a para~.ytic condition
of the blood vessels, decreased blood coagulation, and erythrocyte.'hemo-
l.ysis. Evidently, in this case, the effect of transfusing incompatible
blood was superimposed on the comparatively porrdy manifested symptoms of
the effect of ionizing radiation.
Analogous results were obtained when dogs were irradiated by 400 r.
Veterinary Medicine
84. Diagnosis of Infectious Equine Encephalomyelitis'
"The Use of the Complement-Fixation Reaction for the Diagno-
sis of Infectious Equine Encephalomyelitis on Threatened
Farms in Western Oblasts of the Ukraine," by M. ,V. Revo, V.
I. Rotov, V. P. Obraztsov, and 0. A. Primak, Nauchn. Tr. Lisr.
N _ I. In-t Ekaperim. Vet. (Scientific Works of the Ukrainian
Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary
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Medicine) No 24, 1957 (t95f3), pP 23-30 (from Referativn
bbZhurhal ~ Bio1o i a, No l8, 25 Sep 5), Abatract No 0304,
CPYRGT-iTA. Ya. Shapiro
"The reaction was tested on 231 sera, from horses of the following
groups: (1) 7 with TEL (infectious encepha].omyelitis~ (2) horses which
had recovered from IEL; (3) 150 which were in contact with horses with
IEL; (4) 42 healthy horses from fauns threatened with IEL; and (g) 10
horses with other diseases from farms threatened with IEL. Results:
sera from all the horses of the first group gave positive reactions; 90~
of sera from horses of the second group gave positive reactions, and 10~
gave negative ? reaction's; 7Ci~ of the sera from horses of the
third group gave positive, 16~b -- doubtful, and 8~ -- negat:i~re reactions;
sera from horses of the fourth group gave negative reactions in 85y6 of
the cases; the number of negative reactions in the fifth group did not
exceed 70~. The authors assume that the RSK [complement fixation reac-
tion] is specific for the diagnosis of IEL."
85. Fowl Plague Vaccine Tested
"Testing of a Vaccine Against Fowl Plague From Strain Bl
Under Production Conditions," by M. T. Prolcof'yeva, I. N. Dor-
oshko, V. P. Golubnichiy, and V. M. Georgiyevskiy, 1.
Nauchno-Tekhn. Inform. Ukr. N. -I . In-ta. Elts rim. Veterinarii
Bulletin of Scientific-Technical Information of the Ukrair~dan
Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine), No
~+-5, 58, PP 19-20 (from Referati Zhurnal--Biolo i a No 18,
25 Sep 5g, Abstract No 8035 by L. S. Kirichenko
"Some 839,232 fowl of different ages, beginning with one-day-old
chicks, were vaccinated intranasally and orally. In the first case, it
was diluted with water (1:25-1:50) and two or three drops were ad~mints?bared
simultaneously. In the second case, the vaccine was given with drinking
water in a concentration ~f 1:1,000-1:2,000 on two subsequent days one
hour before feeding; 5 and 10 ml or l0 and 15 ml were given depending on
the age of the bird. I?t was established that the vaccine is harmless and
has high immunogenicity when it is introduced by either method."
36. New Method of Immunizing Against. Hog Cholera Announced
"A New Method of Immunizing Against Hog Cholera," by I. Okun-
tsov and G. Yepifanov, S. Kh. Sibiri (Agriculture of Siberia),
No 10, 58, pp 6g-70 (from Referati ~urnal ?-- Biolo a,
CPYRC~~f 18, 25 Sep 59, Abstract No 0333
"Positive results of the immunization oi' swine against hog cholera
by means of introducing glycerinized crystal violet vaccine subcutaneously
in the ear in a dose of one ml is described."
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87. Antiplague Serum and Antibiotics Used to Treat Hoa Cholera
"The Use of Hyperimmune SeruTn in Conjunction With Certain
Antibiotics, and Chemical Preparations in the Treatment of Hcg
Cholera," by G. F. Pogonyaylo, P. D. Yevdolsimov, V. P. Ze-
lenskiy, and A. B. Teryukhanov, Byul. Naucho-Tekhn. Inform.
Lening~r.. N.-T Vet. In-ta (Scientific-Technical Tnformatior~
Bulletin, Leningrad Scientific Research Veterinary Institute)
NNoQ 5, 58, pp 16-18 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Bio1o a,
CPYRG-FiT 18' 25 Sep 59, Abstract No 032
"The use of serum (2 m1~kg) in con,~unction with aureomycin, which
was given orally in 10-12 mg~kg doses, was found to be most effective in
the authors'~e~tperiments (all 17 of the animals sub,9ected to this therapy
recovered). Thirty-two out of ~5 animals treated recovered when serum
(2 ml~kg) was used in con,3unction with penicillin and streptomycin (5,000-
8,000 units per lcg three to four times at intervals of 10-12-18 hours)."
PQiscellaneous
88. New Medical Periodical of Ministry of Health RSFSR
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 27 Oct 59
Beginning with January 1960, anew medical periodical will be pub-
lished titled ,Byulleten' Uchenogo Meditsinskogo Soveta Ministerstva
Zdravookhrar,eniya RSFSR (Bulletin of the Scientific Medical Council of
the Ministry of Health RSF'SR). The periodical will appear bimonthly at
a coat of 24 rubles per year.
The periodical will contain material reflecting the status of scien-
tific research in the fields of medicine and biology within the RSFSR and
other union republics. A prominent place will be given'to?problems con-
cerning the planning and organization of research, institutes, and labora-
tories. Summaries of conferences, congressea,? and plenums on either the
all union or republic level concerned with all aspects of medicine. will
also be included.
89. Ministers of Health Conference
"A Conference of the Ministers of Health of Socialist Coun-
tries" (unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
22 SeP 59, No 76 (182) , p lE
This article reports that the Fourth Conference of the Ministers of
Health of Socialist Countries was opened in the public conference hall
of Sofia on 18 September 1y59. The main topic under discussion was med-
ical service to the rural population.
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The conference was called to order by Dr. P. IColarov, the Bulgarian
Minister of Health and Social Welfare. '1'he first deputy chairman of the
Council of M:I.n~.sters o~ Bulgaria, Ceor^;i Trnylcov, delivered the welcoming
speech in the name of the government of the Bulgarian People's Republic.
He was i'ollowLd by Minister of Health USSR S. V. ICurashov, Chinese
Vice-Minister of Health IIo Piao, Minister of Health of Poland Prof P.
Baran'skiy, Minister of IIeal~t;h of Hungary F. Doleschall, Minister of
Health of the German Democratic Republic M. Sefrin, Deputy Minister of
Health of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Chbe Chbng-soli, Min-
ister of Health of Czechoslovakia I. Plojhar, Minister of Health of Ru-
mania V. Marinescu, Deputy Minister of Health of Albania Csirill Pistolli,
Minister of Health of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Pharr Ngoc Thach,
and Deputy Minister o:P Health of the Mongolian People's Republic 0. Rad-
nadorj.
Dr Kiril Ignatov, Deputy Minister of Health and Social Welfare of
Bulgaria, read a report on ?the status of health service to the rural
population in socialist cotuitries and discussed the?long-range view of
such service in rural areas.
The organization and structure of rural medical service and the func-
tion of rurat medical establishments was discussed in various sections of
this internr~.~ional symposium. F. G. Zalcharov, Chief of the Directorate
of Specialized Medical Aid of the Ministry of Health USSR, read a report
on the subject of "The Oblast Hospital as an Organizational and Methodo-
logical Center of Specialized Medical Aid to the Rural Population." A. P.
Dislcatenlco, Minister of Health Moldavian SSR, discussed the 4rork of rural
medicr.~, district hospitals and the tirork of the rural rayon health service
in Mair,avia. Members of the Hungarian delegation reported on the food
supply prob'em in the rural areas. Guarding the health of mothers and
children in villages was discussed by the Czechoslovak delegation; tuber-
culosis control was discussed by members of the German Democratic Repub-
lic delegation; and the Bulgarians spoke an educational work in sanitation
in rural areas.
Members of delegations from socialist countries spent a day inspect-
ing the rural medico] es?Eablishments of Bulgaria.
90. Statistical Data on Deti?elopment of Public Health in RSFSR
"fundamental Indexes on the Development of Public Health in
the RSFSR Toward the Beginning of 1959" (unsigned article);
Moscow, 7~ti.ravoolchrgl~ct~,hel:ninthologists, and disinfeetionists) -- 14,03J?
The over-al.l total is 183,228, as co-npared with 157,06? for 1955, 128,927
for 1950, and 7o,7g3 for 191+0.
The following figures give the number of rest homes and sanitoriums
as of 1958: The over-a11 number of sanatoriums in the RSFSR for adults
and children is: 1, 126 frith a total of 162,000 spaces; total number of
sanatorium for children, 610 with a total of 61,000 spaces; total number
of rest homes, 530 with a total of 106,000 spaces.
The following figures give the number o independent ambulatorium-
polyclinic institutions as of 1858:
Polyclinics and ambulator7.ums (excluding children's and physiother-
aPY) -- 773 in urban areas and 840 in rural areas; children's polyclinics
and ambulatoriums -- 1y in urban areas and none in rural areas; children's
consultation pclyclinics -- g0 in urban areas and one in rural areas; in-
dependent consultation points for women -- 41 in urban areas and 2' in
rural areas, for childre:~ -- 34 in urban areas and 1+ in rural areas, for
both -- 6 in urban areas and 6 in rural areas; other similar institutipns
-- 9 in urban areas and one in rural areas. The total number is 972 in
urban areas and 954 in rural areas, as opposed to 921 in urban areas and
1,270 in rural areas for 1955?
The following figures give the number of patients hospitalized dur-
ing 1958: Number hospitalized ~.n urban inst~~tutions -- 13,858,100; number
of rural patients hospitelized?in urban institutions -- 2,626,00; number
hospitalized in village and town hospitals -- 5,762,800.
81. Public Health in Uzbek SSR
"One Hundred Buildings Are Ready for Medical Institutions,"
by R. Sagatov, Minister of Heal~i;h Uzbelt SSR; Moscow, Medit-
sinslciy Rabotnilc, T1o 1-35 (1833), 23 Oct 59
The 1959 public health budget fog the Uzbel: SSR amounted to
1,259,000,000 rubles. In 1960, the budget will be increased by 200 mil-
lion. At present, there are more than 9;000 hospitals, polyclinics, am-
bulator-sums, and other -nedical institutions, where some 10,000 physicians
and over 30,000 intermediate medical workers are employed. In urban and
rural areas nearly 50,000 hospital beds are available, of which 15,000
are in rural areas. Also, there are 130 ambulatoriums in rural villages,
and nearly 3,000 feldsher-obstetrical stations.
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During the Seven-Year Plan, tl:e number ox hospital beds is to in-
crease by 0,000 and; 500 new nurseries containing 27,50 spaces will be
built. Some 672 million rubles will be spent in new construction for all
types of medical. establishments.
During ?the past months, efforts have been made ?to make some 100 build-
ings available for medical purposes. The buildings are norr ready and they
increase available bed space by 3,500. Oth~:r. buildings will be used for
nurseries, sanatoriums, polyclinics, and ~unbul.atoriums.
9?. Irkutsk Medical Institute Celebrates ~FUth Ariniversaiy
"The Irkutsk Medical Institute Is 1+0 Years 01d" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Meditsinslci:y Rabotnik, No 86 (1F334~ 27 Oct
59
The Irkutsk Medical In.stitu?te dur??ng its ZI.O years of existence has
trained over 7,000 physicians and 750 pharmacists. At present, the Irkutsk
Medical Institute is considered the largest medical institution in the
eastern part of the USSR. Tlie institute has 46 chairs, 7 clinics, and a
staff of 260 professors, docents, assistants, and instructors.
93 ? Soviet Medical Students Urged 'to :ituc!~v I_c.~::e:~t?m Lan~ua,ges
"A Physician Must Know a Fo:^eign Lanl3uag~," by N. Idagaychuk;
Moscow, Meditsinslciy Rabotnik, ~!a B5 (1~33~ ), 23 Uct 59
At present, Soviet medical studenth fo:: the most part are not taught
foreign languages, although its need is we11 ?::Y:coimized. The primary rea-
son is the lack of good, lucid grammar teats. Iil addition, medical stu-
dents rarely have had language training in r;e~c:onc.ax^,f schools.
The author recommends that all medical students in Soviet medical
vuzes (higher educational institutions) and secondary schools be taught
either English, German, or French, A speaking kno~?rledge of the language
studied would also be desired. Plans i'o~ a.c'.op~l:i.ng this -recomruendatioh
in all vuzes has not yet boon ann~~unced.
94. Prof 0. M. Rudenko, So'vie't Suryeo~: rnd. Instittte Directors Dies
"Tn Memory of 0. M. Rude:dro" (unsi~ie:d ar~cicle); Ivioscow,
Meditsinskil Rabotnik, No ~5 (1a33) 23 C~ct 59
Prof Oleg Milchaylovich Rudenko, Doctor of Medical Sciences, outa~tand-
ing Soviet surgeon, and director of the kiga Scientific Research Institute
of Traumatology and Orthopedics, died in his 59th year.
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Rudenlto graduated from a medical institute in 1924 and worked until
World War II as a surgeon in various hospitals and medical institutes of
the Ukrainian SSR. After the rrar, he served as chief surgeon of the Bal-
tic Military District and later was appointed director of the Riga Scien-
tific Research Institute of Traumatolopr and Orthopedics.
Rudenko was largely responsible for the organization of public health
in Latvian SSR and was awarded nine orders and medals.
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95. Recent Soviet Paten~L?s in field of Iiig?^.??Te~uperature Metallurpr
"Authorship CerL-ificates" (tulsiglled arL-iele); Moscow, I3yt _
leten' Izobre?teniy, IJo 6, 195, pp 1+1 and ~+
Class 1+8a. No 118671+ (603019 from 1 Jul 1958). T. I. Ustinov and
A. Ya. Ishchenko . Me?tlwd for Nitriding S~;a,i~:~less and Heat-Resistant Steels .
The new method for nitridin~ stainless aricl heat-resistant steels at
high temperatures, for example 600oC, is dis?I;in(;?uished by the fact that
the worked surface is activated by piroduc?ta from the dissociation of am?iwnium
chloride to ensure increased ?thiclcne:,s and quality of the nitrtded layer.
Ammonium chloride is introduced in quantities of 100 to 200 grams per cubic
meter into the working volwne of the ;:tippara,-tus used for performing the
nitriding process.
Class 1+9h, 26. No 118690 (5Cj5~fran23Mar1958) V. S. Rastorg~ev, L. S.
Surikov, Ye. P. Rogozl~liin, aua x. t~. itu-uvuk,.nova. IIigh-Temperature Braze.
Braze consist of nickel, cl~.romitan, ru~.t~,~;t~racse, iron, silicon, and copper
and is used ~'ox joini~ stainless and higi.~???te:upcr:.acare s~ceels. It is ?
distinguished by the fact that to iiupa.: t hifh ;nech.~.nica,7. pxnpei~i;ies to the
braze in temperature ranges ~ to 80U? C the followinl; c?.aemical concposi-
tion has been established: 35 y 3~ NJ., 3.3 ~ 0.5io Cx, 3 ~ 0.5 o IvIn,
3 ~- 0.5~ Fe, 1.6 ~- O.l~o Si, and the bc~l.asc~ i,~h.:.
96 . New High-Speed Steel for Machir_-Cn~ L~.igYi.?mc~uperr~ture Materi~..ls
"Durability Tes ~s of a rdew Hi?h-?Speed Steel, " by I . S . Amosov;
Leningrad, Ptauchno-Tekhr_ichosl~:i_~_l_n~~"~o.,rr~atsion--?~y~_13yu.1.leten' --
blashinostroyeniye, No 1Z, 19y , pp 4~~- +~9 ~~
Comparison cutting tests on a i4~231t1~t~.' type hi< z--teiuperature steel
(HB = 160) were conducted for cutters made of the new high-speed steel
RUK8F5 (con-ta,ining 1.25-1.35 ~ C, 16-1P~ j?;, 1.2-1.5~ Mo, 7.5-8.5 ~ Co,
3 ? S-~+? 5~ V and redesipriated in subsequent ~rorl:s as F{18F'>+K~2) and the
star_dard high-speed s?l;ecls 818, R7.~`Q, anc? R91C5. Geometry of ?tools set
in 100-mm diameter milling cutters w~~,s ~_clentical: s~.de-cutting-edge
an le = 1+5?, end-cu?rtirg-~clge angle = ~.~o. si:l~_raSse angle = 15?, side relief
angle = 10?, back-rake angle = 0?, and nose radius ~ 2mrn. Basic comparison
cutting tests were performed a~L- a, cutting speed of 30m~mtn, depth of 2 mmn,
and feed rate of 0.316 mm~tooth. Tool life for cutters made of steel RUK8F5
was 1.5 times greater than for' ?L-hose of steel R18P+I and several times gremt~er
than for those of steels 818 and R91C5. Tool geometry tests for cutters of
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steel RUIt8F5 indicated ?than bes?L- stability is obtained w1.th a side-cutting-
edge angle of 45? and aside-rake an;;1e of 15?. Recommended heat treatment
for cutters of the new steel consis!;s of ?L?liree-?stage annealing at 580? C
and subsequent annealing at 500? C for a period of one hour.
A detailed study on 'the preparation of cutters of steel R1Sr1+K8M,
heat treatment, physical and mechanical properties, and cutting performance
is presen?L?ed in a 1a?L-er arL?icle: "A Iligh-Ttu~gsten, Cobalt-Vanandium,
High-Speed Stteel," by EnUr A. N. Popandapuloy . T.~eningrad Polytechnic
?nstitute; Stalinslt, Izves?ti E: V s:~hilth 11cic:br l:h u~.veden:t~ -- Clierna a
Metallurgiya, No 5, May 59, p~ In this article steel Rl ~ It
is indicated as containing from ~?.~+ ?to 5.c~,S chromium, as compared with no
chrom3.~:m in the above-indicated Ri1It8F5 s?tce1, although both tested out
with practically identical resul?L-s.
97. Ilmenite Concentrates Subsi:i-tuted for Ferl.~otitanium in Steel Malting
"Malting Titanium-Con-tainin~, Stainless Steel S~7i?thout Utiliza-
tion of Fcrrotitanium, " by N. I. Slnttkin and M. S. Goncharenko,
'~lectrostal'" Plant; Moscow, Metallurg, No 10, Oct 59, pp 12-11+
An aluminothermic mixture canta.iniz~ Urat ilmenite concentrate
(1+1.6 to 1+3.05 Ti02) was substituted fox f'erro'citanium in the process
of making chemical resistant steel. liCliJ.13N~?T. A*~~otiurt of titanium extracted
from the concentrate in different roel?ts xan~;ed from 38.0 to 5t~.0;~ and
the content of titanium in stee's :[from diffe~rnt melts ranged from 0.33
to 0.49p. Pdalting steel 1HIi18N9T with ili~ie::iii.;e concc;ntra;tes cost
100 ~iLes ]ass p~ ton aldwas 5 to 10 minutes :rt,:s?L?er tlisui with ferroti?tanium.
g8. Effect of Sigma-Phase on Machar~ic:~1 P=~:~??tic;s
"Effect of Sigma-Phase orz the Plwchcs?.ical Properties of Fiigh-
Temperature ~L?soys, " by Ye . Ye . I~evi~i sand 1'e . M. Pivinl:, Caxidi-
dates of Technical Sciences, and I~~r. P. bT. Liin;k.uz, Cantr~zl.
Scientific Research I3oiier and '.I'LUt~i:~e Institute imeni I'olzunov;
Moscozr, rletalloveden:~ye i Te~~3.c?1r:N1t.~T~c Obrabo-,lta. Nlei;al7-ov, No g,
SeP 59, ply ~.7-l;' _..
Study of the byealtdo~n~ meci~.anism in a tSro??phase 13-8 ?L-ype steel
(0.05n C, 0. ~2;~ Si, 0.'3~/o Phi, 20.36,, Cli, 10.5~o PIi, 0. ~ 1?Io, l.lES~ SJ,
0.5orw ~>h, 0.25 a Ti) containing a si~i~~.-pli;.tise in conditions of deformation
in a vacuum at temperatures form 65U i;o t300?C inclic~tited -that the sigma-
phase becor,~es ductile at higr, teniperatu::es, which in -turn results in a
sharp increase in ductility of the metal. Cracks in Test specimens appeared
at boundaries of austenite grains and propagated along the limits.of these
grains.
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99. Corr~osite Low-Temperature Defoz3nation of 1S-S Type Steels
"OhanSe of Phase Composition in 15-3 Type Steels in Relation
to Temperature and Degree of Deformation," by A. N. Chukhleb,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, and Engr V. P. I~lax-tynov,
I4iar'kov Aviation Insti~L?u?te; Moscow, Metallovedeni e i Termi-
cheskaya Obrabo?tlta Idetalloy, No g, Sep 59, pp~+
Deformation tests of industrial steels 1I411F3~Tg, lICtil.~321gT, and R.>~51+
were conducted at 20? and -1S3oC. Phase studies were made directly aui~ing
deformation usir~ an apparatus measuring magnetic permeability under
different temperature conditions. Optimum strength and ductility for
the above steels were achieved by composite deformation (at 20o and -18;OpC).
Insignificant amounts of alpha-phase were detected in;deformation at 20oC~
i~thereas ~ large quantity was Hated under the simultaneous effect of
deformation and deep coolinE,. Results showed that preliminary deformation
at room temperature improved deformability under conditions of deep
cooling.
~or additional information on metal.lur~}r, see Section I, Nucleax
Fels and Reactor Construction blaterials~
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VII. PI?Il':iICS
~l?tontic and T?Iolect~:Lar P sics
100. Surface Ionization of N.kali I?Ie~tal.s
"The Mechanism of Surface Ionization of Atoms of the Alkali
Earth Metals, " by Ytt. IC. Szhenov; Moscow, Zhurnal Elcs;perimencal' -
noy i Teoretichesl.o Fizilti, Vol 37, IJo 2(c~, lug 59, pP 3~3~-g39
The concurrent surface ionization of the all:al.i earth me?L?als Ba, ?
Sr, Ca, and hIg and the allcali meto,l. TJa on incadeacent tungsten was
investigated with a mass spect;roiacter. The ionization coefficients were
found to be aipnificant] ;~ higl~~er when oxygen was circulated about the
tungsten. The surface ionization of a?tor~ of the alkali earth metals
was found ?to be specific under the indicated conditions. Along with the
concepts of the Saha-Langmuir?theory, some new assumptions regarding
the mechanism of formation and evaporation of the oxides of these metals
from the surface are made to explitin the observed phenomena.
I?Tuclee~:." Pl~~s{ cy
101. Electron Ener;~r Losses by Re:Cwection
"Discrete Electron Enemy Losses and Secondary Emission From
CdO," by N. B. Gornyy, Len:tnF;rad Electrotechnieal Institute of
Communications; DIoscow, Zhurnal E''_?zsperiiaeneal'no i Tcoretiches-
koy Fizilci, Vol 37, No 2~, Aug 59, Pp 3T0-3~
It is shc~~ that ?the discre-~e energ3r losses of electrons reflected
from a Cd0 surface are detei~nl.ned by the crystal structure of CdO. The
spectra of the discrete losses in Cd0 snd b~0 which have identical crystal
lattices (face-?cer_tercd cube) arc similar, the differences in the spectra
being determined by differences in the l~~ttice constants. i'he groups of
genuine secondary electrons fmm Cd0 pousessirur, discrete ener~{ies are
produced by a single type of mechanism yielding the discrete electron
energy losses indicated above . The mexir~~ti,]. value of the secondary electron
emission coefficient for Cd0 is on7.y 6 max 1.25. The small ma?(,rnitude of
this quantity confirms the suggestion made earlier regarding{ the dependence
of ~ max on the relation bet~?reen the minimal discrete energy loss and the
electron worlc function.
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102, I'orma~tion of Plectron-Positron Pairs
"On Direct formation of Plectron-Positron Pairs by High-Pner~?
Plectrons," by V. 11. T~unas~yan, G. S. Stoltiyarova, and A. P. Mish-
akova; Moscow, Zhurnal Pksper:imental'noy i Teore?ticheskoy riziki,
vol 37, No 2(ti ), Au;_; 59 ~ p1? 353-3~5
The absolute number of spurious tridents due to 1010, 1011, and ]012
eV primary electrons is computed by the Tdon?ce Carlo method for too types
of bremsstreiYil.un~; spectrum; for that described ~y the Bethe-Heitler formula
and that described by the Aligdal formulas which false into account the
Landau-Pomeranchuk and Ter-b4ikaelyan effects. It is shown that it should
be feasible to measure the energy of fas?c electrons by determining the
energ3r dependence of the mean transverse distance between the vertexes
of electron-positron pairs proc~,v.ced by bremestrahlung gattana-quanta. The
value computed by ahabha for the cross section of direct formation of
electron-positron pairs is confirmed experimentally.
103. Study of Recoil Nuclei
"Recoil Nuclei Produced in 'the Disintegration of Silver by
1a'ast Protons," by N. I. Borisova, M. Ya. Ituznetsova, L. N. Kurcha-
tova, V. N. Iviekhedov, and L. V. Chistyakov; Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Plc erimental'noy i Teoretich-
eskoy I'iziki, Vol 37, No 2 b ,Aug 59, PP 3 -373
The angular and energy distribution of the Ag106~ ~03+ 104 ~,90~
Zr~, Rb81 + ~2, and Se73 recoil nuclei produced in the disintegration
of silver by x+80 Mev protons is studied. The above-mentioned isotopes
in the ~~eaction product mixture were identified by radiochemical
methods. The exponential nature of the energy distribution of the recoil
nuclei has been established and the distribution parameters at an angle of
approximately g0? have been derived, A qualitative explanation of the
ob rued distribution, is proposed. The results confirm the mechanism of
Se~~, Rb81 + 82, Zr"~, and Nb90 formation by evaporation of alpha-particles
protons, and neutrons .
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101. Photoprotons Produced by Gammas
"Iuvestiga?tion of tYie Spectrum of Photoprotons Produced by
Gamma-Quanta with Energies Lying in the Narrow Range of 82-89
Mev," by Xe. B. Bazhanov, Leningrad P1?~}rsicotechn~.ca1 Institute,
Acaderr{y of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal I;ksperimental'n i
Teoreticheskoy b'iziki,Vol 37, No 2l , Aug 59, pp 37 -379
Energr spectrd. were investigated for protons ejected from C12 and
A127 ~by gamma-quanta from bremsstrahlung spectra possessing peak energies
of 82 and 89 Mev. The experimental data are compared with the curves com-
puted on ?the basis of Dedxick's data. Although the agreement is not very
good, it may nevertheless bP possible that there is a cent ribution of a
quasideuteron raechani$m to the interaction between the gamma-qurzta and
indicated nuclei.
105. Disintegration of Carbon Nuclei
"Result of a Study of Disintegration. of Carbon. ~i~.clei by
660 Mev Protons, " by A. P . Zhdanov and 1' . I . T'edotov, Radium
Insti~tu~te, Academy of Sciences USSR' Moscow Zhurnal Eks erimen-
tal'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziks,, Vol 37, No~2 ,Aug 59, pp 393-398
Disiritegra?tion of the carbon nuclei of a suspension of diamond particles
introduced in. nuclear emulsions ~-as invests ated. ?The'
g 5 yield cross sections
of the various reactions have been?obtained. An ana5,ysis of the? angular
and enerpr distributions of the diDiiitegration has been carried out under
the assumption of the existence of two stages in the inter.,a.ction between
high-energy particles and light nuclei.
10&. Spontaneous Uranium fission
"Some Features of Spontaneous Fission of U-238," by B. D.
ICuzminov, L. S. Kutseyeva, V. G. Nes~terov, L. I. Pokhorova,
G. P. Smirenkin, Moscow, Zhizrnal Eksperimental'nay ,i Teoretiches-
koy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 , Aug 59, PP 0 - 12
The mean number of neutrons emitted per event of spontaneous fission
of U238, ~?) 2 ,1 + 0.1 and al~co the quantity (v 2- `v) i v 2 = 0.95 + 0.05
which characterizes the neutron distribution were measured by the double
coincidence method. The values thus obtained, as well as the re ul.tsof
previous studies of neutron emission in spontaneous fission of U~ , do
not agree with the semiempirical la?~*s valid for most investigated nuclei.
The number of neutronl emitt~d per gram of uranitun was determined and found
to be (61+.5 + 2.0) g- hour` The deca~,y constant and spontaneous fission
period computed on the basj.s of theldata obtained in the present i vestiga-
tion are respective],y (31 + 1.5) g ~ hour -1 and (6.5 + 0.3) 101 years .
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107. Polarized Recoil Protons
"Polarization of Recoil Protons Produced in Elastic ~~- - p-
Scattering at 307 i~iev Energy," by Ye. L. Grigor'yev and N. A.
Milan, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal
Eksperimental'no i Teore~tichesko Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2~5~,
Aug 59, pp X13- 21
Results are presented of investigation of the polarization of recoil
protons appearing in elastic ?f. ~ - p sca't'tering through an angle of
140 ?~ 8? in ~the~ c .m. s . at an enerpr of 307 + 5 Mev. A polarization value
Pl = -O.ly ?i? 0.17 has been derived from the data on the magnitude of the
left-right asymmetry in elastic scattering of recoil protons on nuclei of
the photographic emulsion. Phas shifts satisfying the indicated polariza-
tion value and consistent with the differential cross section for elastic
scattering of 7j '~ -mesons by protons are given.
Problems connected with the use of various phase shift sets for
analysis of the experimental data are discussed.
108. Anal sis of aProton-Electron-Positron S stem
"Application of the Variational Principle for Determination
of the Binding Energy of aProton-Electron-Positron System, " by
V. P. Shmelev, Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Ekspzri-
mental'noy i Teoretichesioy Fiziki, Vol 3~, No 2 ,Aug 59,
PP ~5d-x+66
The enerpr of a system consisting; of the three particles, proton,
electron, and positron, has been determined by the variational method and
found. to be P ~, 0.563 ~? The system can only dissociate into a
proton. and positronium atom, the dissociation energJr being ~ E; j, 0.o63Ry.
109. AnalYrsis in Indefinite Metric
"On Schemes W;th Indefinite Metric," by V. G. Vales; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No
2 8 ,Aug 59, PP E67-4 9
Uni?tarity and macro-causality conditions are investigated for the
:,ee model with an indefinite metric.
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110. Analysis. of Rest Masses
"Wave Equations With Zero and Nonzero Rest Masses," by V. I.
Ogiyeve?tsk:ty and I. V. Polubarinov, J'oin't Institute for Nuclear
Research; Moscow, 7.hurnal Eksperimental'no i Teoretichesko
riziki, Vol 37, No 2(E3), Aug 59, pp 470- 7
I~t is proved that wave equations with a nonzero rest mass are invariant
with respect ~L-o a 15-parametric group of transformations which is ?the rep-
resentation . of a conformal group .
111. Relativistic Momenta
"On the Relativistic Momentum and Angular Momentum Operators,"
'by A. P. Gelman; Moscow, Zhurnetl Eks erimen?tal'no i Teorztiches-
koy b'iziki, Vol 37, No 2(8 ,Aug 5g, pp 7 - 1
Correct expressions for ?the relativistic operators of the momentum
and an~,u].ar momentum components in orthcgonal curvilinear coordinates
are derived on the basis of systematic application of spinor theory.
112. Velocity Distribution of Electrons
"Effeci', of Inelastic Collisions on the Velocity Distribution
of Electrons, " by L. M. 3~ovrizhnykh, Physics Institute imeni
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'-
no~r i Teoreticheskoy I'iziki, V~~l 37, No 2(8 ,Aug 59, PP 90-500
The velocity distribution functior. for eleetrons in a weakly ionized
I~lstisma has been fotmd with account o:~ inelastic collisions. It is
found that at electron energies exce?di~rg the excitation (ionization)
ener,~r inelastic collisions lead to a. sharp drop in the distribution func-
tion.
'113. Determination of Meson Charge
"The Possibility of Determining the ~ -Meson - ?l -Meson
G`~large Exchange Amplitude by Analyzing the T[ "+ p = N ?-- ?(+ + T~ -
Reactions Near the TYireshold," A. A. Anselm and V. N. Gribov;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks ~erimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy P'iziki,
Vol 37, No 2 8 ,Aug 59, pp 501-503
It is shown that an analysis of the experimental data on the en~rgyr
distribution aid angular correlations in the reactions 7[ + P -~ n +
+ ;T +~ ; ? n + ~ + ~ ? , p a? 7~ - + ~ ? permits one to determine the amplitude
for charge exchange of charged ';T -mesons involving their transformation
into neutral ones: ~ + + 7j '" ~ 2 ~ ?.
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114. "Elementary Length" in Relativistic Theory
"Introduction of an 'Elementary Length' in the Relativistic
Theory of Elementary Particles," by Xu. A. Gol'fand, Physics
Insti'tu'te imeni Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
7hurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No ;
2~''~ , Aug 59, PP 50 ~-So9
The pseudo-Euclidian momentum spuoe is replaced in the theory by
momentum space of constant curvature . 2~he c'~.iagram technique of Feynman
(Phys. Rev., 76, 796 (lg4g)) is generalize" in the corresponding manriPr.
Finite results are obtained in the lowest order perturbation theory
approximation for the fermdon and boson self-energy.
~-~-5 ? Electron Scattering on Deuterons
"Polarization Effects in Elastic Scattering of Electrons on
Deuterons, " by G. V. Frolov, Radium Institute, Academpr of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'np i Teoretichesko Fiziki,
Vol 37, No 2(8 ,Aug 59, PP 522-52
The scattering differential cross section and the variation of electron
polarization during elastic scattering of polarized electrons on polarized
deuterons are calculated.
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1..U,. Lher~;y Lor~r~cs of Particles
"TI?tlnrsit?Lon Ef:C'cct in the Theory o:i' Energy Losccs oi' Particles,"
by G. M. Gttir:ibyan, PYrysics Tn:rtitute, Academy of Sciences
tllfineniruz SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eke erlrnental'no i Teoretichesko
Fizilti, Vol 3'(, No 2 ( Aug 59, PP 52~-533
I',ne.rry losses experienced by a pax?ticle passing through a layer of
f:'inite ~t;hickness are calculated. It is shown that the losses of high
energy particleu due to traversal of a boundary between two media may be
very sign~.licant.
11'(. Nonspherical Odd Nuclei
"Ground States of Nonspherical Odd Nuclei According to the Inde-
pendent Particle Model," by D. A. Za,ikin, Physics Institute imeni.
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal E~ks erimental-
'noy i Teox?eticheskoy Fizilci, Vol 37, No 2( ,Aug 59, p~-5~5
The level scheme of nucleons in a spheroidal well with vertical walls
ic; conrpttted by using the asymptotic e.~cpansions of the spheroidal wave
1'tznctions. Tl~e results are in good agreement with the experimental data
on the spins and parities of the ground and isomeric states of nonspherical
odci n.uc lei .
11f3. Transuranium Elements
"Protor Subshell Z = 100," by N. N. Kolesnikov and A. P. Krylova,
Tn:,~titute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University; Moscow,
Ztiux-nal Eksperirnental'noy l Teoreticheslroy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2
~~~ Aug 59, pp 550-552
G. N. Flerov and his associates and Seaborg and Giorso in the US
synthesized short-lived isotopes 102253 and 102251, both decaying by alpha
?a: ri.::,::; ~~n (Reports of the Eighth Mendeleyev Conference in Moscow, March
:L~~,~)) . I~t is attempted to clarify the anomalous properties of the isotopes
o:l' elerrren~t 102 observed in the relation of the energy of the alpha decay
to the neutron number.
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119. PPiotoproduction of ~ 0 Mesons
"Check of tYie Dispersion Relations for the Photoproduction of
7~? Mesons," by A. M. Baladin and B. B. Govorkov; Moscow,
Dolclczdy Altademii Nauls SSSR, Vol 127, No 5, Aug 59, pP 993-996
It hus been found that experimental data on photoproduetion afT~O
mesons .from the reaction ~{ + p -> p + ~ 0 are at variance with some
conclusions based on dispersion correlations of this reaction. The main
reason for the discrepancy seems to consist in the suggestion that the
amplitu3i~ ;.._ a single photoproduction tends fast to zero if the energy
~tencls to inf-l.nity.
"The Mean Number oi' Neutrons F~lnnitted in Ternary fission by
U-235," by V. F. Apalin, Yu. P. Dobrynin, V. P. Zoltharova,
I. Ye. Kutikov and L. A. Milcaelian; Moscow, Atorunaya Eaergiya,
Vol 7, No li~, Oct 59, pp 375-376
It is attempted to improve the results of studies by K. Allen and J.
Dewan (Phys. Rev., 80, 181 (1950)) covering triple splitting of U-235?
More accurate data on the distribution of kinetic energy of triple frag-
ments have been obtained. The data indicate that at tx?iple splitting the
kinetic energy distribution of the fragments not only is shifted, but also
differs in form, pointing to amass distribution differing from that at
double splitting.
121. !1) ~? ::: ~~ to Gamma Rays
"The Albedo Presented by Various Substances to Gamma Rays From
Isotropic Sources of Co-60, Cs-137, and Cr-51," by B. P. Bulatov;
Moscow, Atomnaya F~ergiya, Vol 7, No 1+, Oct 59~ Pp 369-371
A report presented by the author in this periodical (Vol 5, No 6,
p X31 (1959)) related his previous studies of the albedo values to gamma
ray energy from Co-60 and Au-198 by various substances at incident angles
oL the primary rays of 0, 45, and 600. These studies are continued by
measuring the albedo to gamma rays emitted by an isotropic source in con-
~L'act with the surface o:E' the scatterer. The values of albedos to gamma
rays from isotropic sources 0.320 Mev Cr-51, 0.661 Mev Cs-137, and 1.25 Mev
Co-60 obtained experimentally as well as theo~?etically are plotted in
graphs. .
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122. Transitions at Therrnal Neutron Cap~h?~re
"Type Ml Transitions From FIighly Excited States," by L. V.
Groshev and A. M. Dernidov; Moscow, Atomnaya Lnergiya, Vol 7
No !N, Oct 59, pP 321-328
Probabilities of M1 transitions from:stutes formed at capture of thermal
neutrons are analyzed for even-odd and odd-odd radiating nuclei with A
from 20 to 60. Tn the one-particle rnodel, such transitions are forbidden
on ,2. A comparison with El transitions indicates that in evert-odd nuclei,
the probabilities of observed forbidden M1 transitions do not much differ
from probabilities of .2-resolved Ml transitions for lighter nuclei. In the
case of odd-odd nuclei, some of ?the M1 transitions are conspicuous by a
higher amount of quanta for one capture of neutron and by a high value of
IMI~
123. Passage of Neutrons
"The Passage of Fast Neutrons Through Lead and Tron," by D. L.
Broder, A. A. Kutuzov, V. V. Levin, V. V. Orlov and A. V
Turusova; Moscc?a, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 4, Oct 59~
pP 313-320
The results of measurements of spatial distribution of fast neutrons
in lead and iron orginating from sources of mor~oenergetic neutrons
Eo = 1+ Mev and Eo . 11+.~ Mev and of neutrons from atomic reactors are
presented. For the computation of the spatial energetic distribution of
fast neutrons ~.,t far distances from the source, a special method of solving
the lsinetic equation in media slowing down neutrons, due to inelasitc
scattering on nuclei, is devised. (See Report No 211E7, presented at the
Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva,
1958, by the authors.) Allowance is made for the anisotropy of elastic
scattering. The neutron energy losses at elastic scattering are neglected.
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124 . Formation of '~ -Mesons
"formation of n+Mesons by Positive 280 Mev Pions on Nuclei in a
Photoenrulsion," by Yu. A. Batusov, N. P. Bogachev, V. M. Sidorov,
and Z. Chulli; Moscow, ~7oklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 128,
No 3, SeP $9, PP 490-491
Reactions 7i~ ~ p -~ 7j* + n and 7~'* + n -~ ~~+ ~- + p have been
studied at interactions of i'ast 7(+ -mesons with nuclei of photoemulsions.
Char~{ed TC mesons have been searched in split pliotoemulsions . It has been
found tho,t in most cases the formed mesons have been absorbed in the same
nucleus. Conclusion was made that the primary 7j+ and ~' mesons, formed in
the interaction of the primary meson with one of the nucleons, probably
undergo secondary collisions with nucleons of the same nucleus.
125. Primary Cosmic Radiation at 31o N Latitude
"Heavy Nuclei Flux in the Primary Cosmic Radiation at a Geo-
magnetic Latitude of 31? N," by K. T. Alekseyeva and N. L.
Grigorov, Moscow State University, Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'-
no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2($~,Aug 59, pp 3-$~0-
3
The flux of primary heavy particles in the stratosphere was measured
with an apparatus consisting of a telescope surrounded by hodoscope counters
and two pulse ioniz&tion chambers placed between the trays of the telescope
counters. The ionization produced in each of the chambers by single
particles with a charge Z > 1 traversing the telescope was measured. The
flux of primary alpha particles at the top of the atmosphere at a geo-
magnetic latitude of 31? N was found to be equal to 0.335 +_ 0.035 particles
cm-2 min-1 sterad-1 which is (16 + 2)y6 of the total particle flux. The flux
of primary particles with Z > 2 under similar conditions was found to be
equal to Q.019 + 0.006 particles cm-2 min-1 sterad -1 which is --~ 69b of
the number of alpha particles and about one percent of the total particle
flux at~the top of the atmosphere at a geomagnetic latitude of 31? N.
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Plasm; P: ~yaics
12~ . IIi~;h-frequency Discharge
"Localization of IIigYr-frequency Induction Discharge," by M. D.
Rayzer and S. Ye. Grebenshchiltov, Physics Institute imeni
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zliurnal Elts erimentF~l' -
no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2(8~, Aug 59, pp 5 ~-
55
An induction high-frequency discharge in an axially symmetrica]. mapzetic
field was studied at a pressure range of 1-100 mm Hg in air, H, and He.
It has been established that at an induction high-frequency discharge at a
pressure over one mm Iig, a plasma coil is clearly formed, separated from the
walls of the vacuum chamber, and existing for the pulse duration of the high-
f'requency magnetic field.
127. Kinetic Equations of Plasma
"Solution of the Kinetic Equation fox' a P~.asma in a Variable
Aagnetic field," by Yu. N. Barabanenkov, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'r..o i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol
37; No 2 , Aug 59, PP ~7- 29
Tne motion of a totally ionized plasma (collisions being neglected)
along a narrow magnetic tube of an axially symmetrical magnetic field is
considered by means of the kinetic equation. The equation is solved under
the asstunption of sufficiently slow variation of the ma~metic field.
Canonical variables are chosen as the independent variables of the dis-
tribution function.
128. Plasma O:;ciltations
"Ionic Oscillations in a Plasma," by T. F. Volkov; Moscow,
2hw.~al Eks erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki, Vol 3'T,
No 2 , Aug 59, PP '+22- 2
Tlie effect of ahigh-frequency electromagnetic field on ionic
oscillations in a plasma is considered. It is shown that the frequencies
of the longitudinal quasi-acoustic oscillations of the plasma begin to
. depend on the amplitude of ?the field. Possible mechanisms of appearance
of instabilities axe discussed.
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Ruantum Ph,ys i c s
129. Heisenberg's Theory
"Electromagnetic Interaction in Heisenberg Theory," by Ya. I.
Granovslciy, Institute of Ruclear Physics, Academy of Sciences
Kazkh SSR; Moscow, 9~urnal Eks erimental'no i Teoi?etichesko
Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 ,Aug 59, PP 2- 51
Long-range nucleon interaction is considered on the basis of a non-
linear Lagrangian of the general form. The existence of forces possessing
a Coulomb dependence on distance and a fine structure constant of 1138
(scalar theory) is demonstrated with the aid of the Helsenberg commutation
function. The causes of absence of electromagnetic forces in the vector,
. tensor, and axial thories are considered. Deviations from the Coulomb law
and their effect on renorma].ization of the change are discussed.
130. Thermoelectric Phenomena in Magnetic Fields
"Thermoelectric Phenomena in Strong Magnetic Fields in Metals
Possessing Various Fermi Surfaces," by Yu. A. Bychkov, L. E.
Gurevich, and G. M. Nedlin, Institute of Physical Problems,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, 2hurnal Eks erimental'noy i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, Pao 2~$~, Aug 59~ pP 53 -539
The asymptotic behavior of the thermoelectric force, Peltier co-
efficients, and Thomson coefficients for metals wi+.h closed Fermi surfaces
and open surfaces of the "corrugated cylinder" and "space net" type is
investigated on the basis of the quasi-classical theory of kinetic
phenomena in metals located in stx?ong magnetic fields as developed by
Lifshits, Azbel', and Kaganov (ibid., 31, 63 (1956)) and Lifshits and
Peschanskiy (ibid., 35, 1251 (1958)).
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Solid State Physics
1.31. Waves of Light in a Crystal
"Light Waves in Crystals in the Region of Excitor Absorption and
the Impurity Photoeffect," by I. M. Dykman and S. I. Pekar,
Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow
Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fizilci, Vol 37,
No 2 , Aug 59, PP 510-521
The amplitude of waves appearing in a crystal (ibid., 33, 1022 (195`7);
34, 1176 (1950)) for a given amplitude o:f the incident wave from vacuum is
calculated in the region of excitor absorption of light on the basis of the
new theory of electromagnetic waves in a crystal. The case of cubic
crystals is considered. Ii-, is shown that in the frequency region in which
the refractive index is much smaller than unity, the amplitudes of the
normal and longitudinal waves?in the crystal greatly (by hundreds of times)
exceed the amplitude of the incident wave. Photoionization of impurities
in this frequency range is therefore much more intense than in the neighbor-
ing regions. This explains?the sharp maximum, repeatedly observed experi-
mentally, of the external and internal photoeffects in the frequency range
corresponding to excitor absorption. It is shown that waves possessing
amplitudes which increase linearly with penetration into the crystal may
appeaz? in the crystal.
132. Magneto-Elastic Vibrations
"Coupled Magneto-Elastic Vibrations in Antiferromagnetics," by
S. V. Peletrninskiy, Physi.cotechnical Institute, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental',no~i.
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 , Aug 59, pp ?5l-?457
A phenomenological theory of coupled magneto-elastic vibrations in
antiferromagnetics is given (coupling between the elastic and magnetic
waves is due to magnetostriction and spontaneous magnetization). The
velocities of sound in the antiferromagnetic are determined. They are
found to depend on the magnetization and applied magnetic field. Absorption
coefficients for sound are determined.
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133. Destruction of Superconductivity
"Destruction of Superconductivity in Thin Fi]ms by a Field and
by a Current," by N. I. Ginzburg and A. I. Shal'nikov, Moscow
State University, Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'noy i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 , Aug 59, pp 399-x+05
The critical magnetic fields and currents which disrupt the super-
conductivity of thin cylindrical tin films have been measured. Qualitative
agreement with the Ginzburg-Landau theory is demonstrated. The structure
of the investigated films is discussed.
Spectroscopy
13~+. Radiation From a Spark
"Short-Wave Radiation From a Vacuum Spaxk," by S. V. Lebedev,
S. L. Mandel'shtam, and G. M. Rodin, Physics Institute imeni
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zliurnal Eks erunental'-
noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2($~, Aug 59, Pp 3 9-35+
Tt is established that the spectroscopic fight source, the vacuum
"ho ,, spark," units soft X-rays of less than 6 ~ wave length. The intensity
of the radiation remains quite high in the arc stage of the discharge when
the potential difference on the electrodes does not exceed 100 V. Spectro-
scopic measurement of the electron temperature according to the Al VII
lines yielded the value Te = 200,000?.
135. K-Edge in Absorption Spectrum of Fe
"Investigation of the Temperature Dependence of the Fine Struc-
ture of the Main K-Edge in the Absorption Spectrum of Fe," by
I. B. Borovskiy and V. V. Schmidt, Institute of Metallurgy imeni
;Baykov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
:SSSR, Vol 127, No 5, Aug 59, pp 997-1000
A double calcite crystal spectrometer, previously described by the
. authors (Izv. AN SSSR Ser. Fiz.,,21, 113 (1957)), of resolving power
~/d ~ = 11 000 has been used for the investigation. The reflecting curve
11.6" wide for a wave length of 17+0 XE (K-edge of Fe absorption) has
been obtained. The effect of plasma oscillations of the metal's electrons
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on the fine structure of the main F-edge of Fe absorption h~;s been estab-
lished and the real shapes ofd and ~ -Fe could be separated. It has
been shown that the frequency of plasma oscillations depends essentially
on the structure of the crystalline lattice.
Theore tical and Experimental Phys9cs
13~? Paramagnetic Resonance
"Theory of Paramagnetic Resonance in Systeans Containing Two Types
of Magnetic Moments," by A. A. Kokin and G. V. Skrotskiy, Ural
Polytechnic Institute; Moscow, 2riurnal Eks erimental'no i
Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 , Aug 59, Pp ~ 2-~
Equations of motion for the partial magnetizations of a system con-
taining two types of interacting magnetic moments located irx a weak
variable magnetic field are obtained by methods of thermodynamics of irre-
versible processes. The same equations can be derived from the microscopic
theory in the case of sufficiently fast thermal fluctuations of the local
fields. The relaxation times and shift of the resonance frequency are com-
puted. It is shown that a universal relation sim9lar to the Kramers-Kronig
relations exists between the quantities determining the transverse relaxation
time and resonance frequency shift.
137. Dispersion in C~ stals
"Dispersion of Electromagnetic Waves in Crystals," by V. M.
Agranovich; Moscow, 2hurnal Eks erimental'noy i Teoretichesk7
Fiziki, Vol 37, No 2 , Aug 59, pp 34- 1
A quantum microscopic theory of dispersion of electromagnetic waves
in molecular crystals is developed. An expression is derived for the
index of refraction due to the contribution of the excited states of~.the
electrons. Interaction between the exciton states and the field is con-
sidered without making recourse to perturbation theory.
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138. Quantum Oscillations of Magnetic Susceptibility
"Investigation of the Influence of Unilateral Compression on
Quantwn Oscillations of the Magnetic Susceptibility of Bismuth,"
by N. B. Brandt and G. A. Ryabenko, Moscow State University;
Moscow, 71~urnal Eks erimental'no i Teoretichesko Fiziki,
voi 37, No 2 , Aug 59, pP 3 9-391
The influence of unilateral compression for pressures up to 340 k/cm2
along the trigonal axis on the frequency and amplitude of the quantum
oscillations of the magnetic susceptibility of bismuth is investigated at
temperatures between 1.6 and 4.2? K. The results obtained are discussed
on the basis. of Kosevich's semiphenomenological theory.
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VIII. MISCELLANEOUS
139 ? Krasno,~ar;ak Established as New Soviet Forestry Center
"A New Forestry Center," by N. Melikov; Moscow, Lesnaya
Promysnlennost'? 17 Sep 59
The center of scientific forestry has been moved to Krasnoyark from
Moscow, Leningrad, and Arkhangelsk. A number of major scientific insti-
tutions have already been established in this city. Among them are: the
Institute of Forestry and Wood Processing, Siberian Department of the Academy
of Sciences USSR; the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Forestry
Managc~ent and Exploitation, Siberian Technological Institute (Sibirskiy
Tekhr~ologicheskiy Institut) (formerly the Siberian Forestry Engineering;
Institute); the East Siberian Institute for Raising the Qualifications of
Leading Workere of the Timber Industry (Vostochno-Sibirskiy Institut
Povysheniya Kvalif:tkats:ti Rukovodye.shchikh R,abotnikov Lesnoy Promyshler~nosti);
and the Forestry Engineering Technical School.
The Institute of Forestry ~.nd Wood Processing was moved from Moscow
in the spring oi' 1959 to Krasnoyarsk, where it is now carrying on research
in the physics and chemistry of wood, wood pulp, and cellulose. The insti-
tute has a staff of eight doctors and ~+0 candidates, and an additional 252
scientific and technical personnel.
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