SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100510001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 115
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 7, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 18, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 131891 T-42
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
18 March 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, C.C.
;F~~~~c~u~v~~~ ~~~c/~oc~.~~/7
Kulurn to ~rc~~/iirf ~~' Kscort~ (..cA~el
J'irtnsadia~ ~r~ /d~for . Zl.~
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription x28.00 (S4 additional for Ov~~O~.~..l,..~..,...`...
foreign mailing). Single copy ;2.75. ~~ R ~
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PI,1"SSE N0~7,
~.'k~:ia rc~~ort presen?ta unevaluated information extracted
from recer.itly received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, an~~. Chins.. Tk:e information selected :1s intended
?t-o indica?te current scientific developments and activities
and is disseminated as an n,id to research in the United
States.
SCICNTII'IC INI'ORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I . :Biology'
II. Chemistry
E1ec~rochemistry
fuels and Propellants
Industrial CY!emis?try
Inorganic Chetni.stry
PTuclear I~.iel.s and Reactor
Construction Materials
F';~~Ysical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Ra~~? iac;kxer.:is~tr~'
Comp~zters and Automation
Inr~trumer_ts anc'~ Equipment
Niatex? ial
~~ave ~?opagation
IV. Engineering
V. Mathematics
VI. Medicine
Aviation Medicine
Fiacteriology
:ixrmnznology and '~erapy
Page
3
3
13
21
23
25
26
2j
28
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pharmacology and Toxicology
Public Health, $yg:Lcne and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
Virology
Miscellaneous
VIT. Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
Atomic and Molecular physics
Low Temperature physics
Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Optics
Theoretical and Rxperimental Physics
xa~~
6a.
71
75
77
78
79
81
83
85
85
85
85
88
l03
l03
l04
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T. BIOLOGY
1. Animal Adaptation Discussed
"On the Process of Adaptation to New Conditions of Existence
in free and Parasitic Life," by Ye. N. Pavlovskiy, Zoological
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
Biologic, Sep/Oct 59, pP 329-3~+3 .
The author of this article discusses in detail the ability of living
organisms to adapt themselves to material factors and to surrounding con-
ditions. Since the external environment can be altered and since evolu-
tionary processes are irreversible for living organisms which become
adapted to special environmental conditions, spec3.fic species become doomed
to extinction.
All living things are exposed to certain factors which vary; they are
adapted for a mode of life characteristic of their kind, under character-
istie environmental conditions. They receive from previous generations a
heritage that equips them for the mode of life to w}~ich they are born;
physiological, biochemical, cytological and all other characteristics in
? 'the hereditary complex which are of use are modifiable and adaptive. The
complexity and modifiability or organisms depend on the biotic and abiotic
factors of their environment and habitat.
The author of this article discusses the research in cytophysiology
by B. P. Ushakov, A. D. Braun, N. M. Nesvetayeva, N. V. Fizhenko and othErs
at the new Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences USSR. D. N.~Nasonov
is the director of this institute, which formerly had the status of a
Cytological Laboratory in the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR. The experiments discussed in ?i;hi~s article were conducted on lacus-
trine frogs and herbal frogs.
The author considers a new factor in the evolution of living organisms.
Environmental conditions are being changed by man, who has freed nuclear
energy. Pavlovskiy deplores the danger of increased radioactivcty.
When atomic bombs are exploded, radioactive strontium falls into the
stratosphere, but does not remain there,, but slowly drops to earth, enters
the water, and ,covers vegetation.' Strontium enters the organisms of ani-
orals and people when they consume this water and vegetation. .The amount
of ?radioactivve fallout increases when atomic energy is used. F. Gerchik
,stated that everyone's organism contains radioactive strontium.
A new science -- radiobiology -- has arisen in recognition of the
fact that radiation emitted by radioactive substances merits special
attention. The job of radiobiology is to investigate the effects of
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ionizing radiation on human and animal organisms and on vegetata.cr,?, S'c
is important to ltnow how radiant energy influences the cellular (pi?ote:i.ri)
substrate aethe organism. F~adia~ion may be absorbed and may become an
integral part of the organism, and can result in damage to the bone marrow.
This, in turn, may lead to leukemia and to disruption o:E' normal hemopoiesis;
osseous tumors may develop when osseous tissues absorb increased doses of
.radiation. Several small doses of radiation absorbed by'developing sex
cells may change the pathological make-up of the progeny.
Several small doses of radiation become stored within the organism.
The consequences of accumulation emerge in time in the form of general dis-
turbances in physiological develoxunent such as a decrease in the average
weight of the newborn, retardatl;on in mental development, shortening of
the average life expectancy of an individual, and malignant leukemia.
A special UN' committee reported that strontium accumulates in the
bone marrow in such large quantities that it may be considered a da ger
to health. This report is of world-wide significance. Sr9C and Cl~ is
absorbed by plants and through them enters the human and animal organism.
This, the article states, is connected with the theoretical problem of the
evolution of animal organisms on earth and with the future of mankind.
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TT. CHEMISTRY
Electrochemistry
2. Electrolytic Transfer in Molten Cobalt Silicates
"Electrolytic Transfer in Molten Cobalt Silicates," by 0. A.
Yesin and G. A. Teterirz, Institute of Metallurgy, Ural Affil-
iate, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Rhimii, Vol 33, No 12, Dec 59, pp 27+8-275 ?
With the aid of tl~e radioactive tracer method it has been shown that
in Coo - Si02 melts containing up to 60~ Co0 the transfer of electricity
with respect to oxygen anions is accomplished mainly by ccobalt 'rather
than silicon cations. Experimentally it has been found that there 3,s a
smoother drop in the values of the cobalt transference numbers with increas-
ing,cbbalt concentration than that observed by Baak. This clrop.has been
explained as due to increase in the share of electronic conductivity.
The decrease in value of the cationic transference number in cobalt
si~:icate melts has been found to .begin at a lower Me0 content than in the
case of iron silicates. This is explained by the considerably lower mobil-
ity of the cobalt in comparison with the iron cations.
Fuels and propellants
3. Combustion of Solid Fuels in Contact With Solid Oxidizers
"Limiting Cases of the Combustion of Solia.Fuel-Oxidizer Mix-
tures,'~=?.by N. N. Bakhman, Institute of Chemical Physics, Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady-Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol
129, No 5, 11 Dec 59, Pp 1079-1 1
The combustion of mechanical mixtures of a solid fuel with a soliii
oxidant depends on the particle size. It is important to determine the
asymptotic relationships for very large and very small particle sizes.
The limiting case of interaction between very large particles of fuel and
oxidant is represented by a system in which half of the space is occupied
by a single piece?of fuel and half of the space by a single lump of oxidant.
Experiments have therefore been carried out with cylinders and flat
blocks of Plexiglas functioning as~fuel into which oxidizers were pressed
in the form of rods or plates. Potassium chlorate, potassium Perchlorate,
potassium permanganate, and barium peroxide were used as oxidizers. The
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original thickness of the plexiglas was greater than that of the layer of
this material which burned out during the course of the experiment. The
charge was ignited with a nichx~ome spiral inserted at the boundary between
the plexiglas and the oxidizer. After a short initiation period, a constant
velocity of flame propagation was established. During combustion a conical
hollow space usually forms which becomes larger as the flame propagates.
A photo method was used for recording the velocity of the propagation of
the flame. The velocity of propagation was measured along the boundary
separating the fuel from the oxidant as a function of the characteristic
dimension d of the layer of oxidizer, the pressure p of the inert gas
(nitrogen) which was used, and the relative density b of the oxidizer.
It Baas established that with :',ncreasing magnitudes of d, the velocity
of the flame approaches a limit. :Experiments were also carried out in a
steel cu~?ette which had a plexiglas front wall. When the layer of oxidizer
is not too thin, a cuvette of this type may serve as a model of ~a system
with infinitely large particles. With increasing thickness of the layer
of oxidizer in the cuvette, the velocity of flame propagation v f irst
increases (because of reduction of the quantity of heat lost by conduction
into the steel) and then remains practically constant reaching a limit
which corresponds to d -.~ oo. The fact that v does not depend on d at
sufficiently large values of d indicates that v.is~determined essentially
by conditions, existing in the vicinity of the tip of the hollow space
which forms as a result of combustion.
It was established that the propagation of the flame along the boun-
dary plexiglas-oxidizer depends on the chemical nature of the oxidizer.
Not all oxidizers support combustion in the system described, although
from the thermodynamic standpoint they may be capable of doing so. The
dependence of v on p varies with the type of oxidizer. With KL10~ the
dependence is linear; with KC10~ the rate of increase is gz~eater than
that corresponding to a linear relationship; with KMnO~, v practically
does not depend on p in the range of 5-100 atmospheres; with Ba02 ~tbere
is a maximum velocity of flame propagation (at sufficiently high values
of p, no combustion takes place with this oxidizer). The dependence of
v on the relative density of the oxidizer was investigated.. It was estab-
lished that at low pressures v does not depend on ~ for K~10~ wit7:in the
range of ~ = 0.5-O.g. :faowever, at high pressures and consequently also
high velocities of the flame, the magnitude of v increases rapidly with
decreasing S The product v ~ = f( ~ )has a maximum. This differ-
ence can be explained by the fact that at a sufficiently high velocity of
combustion the heat, transfer by convection from combustion products pene-
trating into the depth of the oxidizer begins to play a significant role.
This penetration is facilitated at small values of S , but at sufficiently
small values of S , the loss of heat by conduction into the walls begins
to play a part.
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A limiting velocity of flame propagation is characteristic only for
systems with a continuous boundary separating the reacting substances.
In systems with a random distribution of,particles and discontinuous
boundary, combustion stops when the size of the particles exceeds a cer-
tain critical value, because contact between individual particles of the
reacting substances become too difficult.
The rate of combustion increase s, with diminishing par?t9.cle size.
However, when both reacting substances are volatile, the effect in quea-;
tion is not very great. Reduction of the velocity of combustion with
decreasing size of particles will take place only until the width of the
zone in which the vapors of the reacting substances mix, i.e.,
lmix uvapor d2~Dvapor (where Dvapor - the coefficient of
diffusion), becomes smaller than the width of the zone of heating of .the
corresponding homogeneous mixture of the vapors. The curve expressing the
relationships between the velocity of combustion and the particle size has
an S-shape for systems with a continous boundary between the fuel and oxi-
dizer but develops a plateau in the case of systems composed of small,
randomly distributed small particles. At a sufficiently large size of
particles this plateau comes to an abrupt end.
~. Solidified Liquid Gas Fuel Developed in USSR
"Solidif ied Liquid Gases," by V. I. Losev; Moscow, Gazavaya
Promyshlennost', Vol ~, No 12, Dec 59~ PP 17-2~+
The Institute of Mineral Fuels, Acauemy of Sciences USSR, in collab-
oration with workers at the Groznyy Petroleum~Cracking Plant, developed
a method for the conversion of liquid fuels and liquefied gases of the
propane-butane fraction into solid briquettes which can be transported
over long distances and stored conveniently. The solidified fuel bri-
quettes contain 90-95~ by weight of liquid .fuel or liquefied gas fuel.
The solidified fuel briquettes can be wrapped in paper and transported
in this state in open trucks. They can be stored in the open air both
during the summer and winter. Their use affords greater safety with
respect to the danger of fire. T1?aey withstand extremes of temperature
encountered in the USSR from a summer heat reaching 50-60o C to the very
low temperatures common in some regions of the USSR.
Fuel of this type is acquiring increased importance in the economy
of the USSR. This refers particularly to solidified gasoline. A con-
siderable economy is achieved because no containers are required for the
transportation of gasoline briquettes; consequently metal used as a mater-
ial for such containers is saved. Furthermore, a saving results, because
trucks on which solidified fuel is shipped can be used for the transporta-
tion of other goods back to the point of departure. This cannot be done
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in the case of tank cars shipping liquid fuel. Thiclcening of liquid fuel
with soaps of the aluminum stearate type was applied at one time. Proce-
dures employing aluminum naphenates were developed in the USSR by A, P.
Ionov in work done in collaboration with Academician P. A. Rebinder, who
acted as a consultant. The procedures developed were perfected at the
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, in work done
by A. A. Trapeznikov and N. A. Bakh. Information on methods for ?the pro-
duction of thiclcened (gelatinized) fuels of the napalm type was published
lately.
Although all of these methods proved to be applicable from the practical
standpoint, other procedures which satisfy to a greater extent present-day
? technological requirements had to be developed. It was important to devise
. methods by which liquid fuels can be converted into a product which exhibits
al'1 properties of a solid, while the fuel still remains in the liquid phase.
n 199-1950, results were published on procedures for the solidification
of liquid gasoline based on research done by workers at the Anglo-Iranian
Petroleum Company. ~~1ork was conducted at the Seaweed Institute in Arkhangelsk
on the use of sodium alginate (Na C6 0 H7) for the production of solidified
foams. Tn 1950, results were publishe~ on the encapsulation of liquid hydro-
carbon fuels within minute spheres consisting of alginate.
In 1939-19~Eo, Tomskiy and Fayn?.L?simer developed a procedurF ?~rhereby
highly concentrated emulsions of hydrocarbons containing proteins as a
protective colloid are solidified by tann3,ng ,,rith formaldehyde. This ? . .
method is in many respects superior to those developed outside the USSR.
In addition to being suitable for the solidif ication of gasoline, kerosene,
and other petroleum fuels, this methoiL can be applied for the solidifica-
tion and conversion into briquettes of vegetable oils, some medicinal sub?-
stances, and gases of the but::i:~e: type. However, briquettes containing pro-?
tein (casein) could not be ctore.cl f'o`r a long time, so tY~at further research
of suitable emulsifying agents was conducted in the USSR. Zdater??soluble
resins such as polyvinyl alcohol and urea-formaldehyde were ?tried. 'On the
basis of work conducted by the author of this article and M. A. Troyanskaya
at the Academy ox" Sciences USSR since 1950, the simultaneous application
of several emulsifying agents, including area-formaldehyde resin, poly-
vinyl alcohol, and casein, was proposed. The finished briquettes, w?^.ic;.1
are supplied in three sizes and have a weight of 800, x-00, or 200 grams,
are coated with a solution of polyvinyl alcohol. They are packed in kraft
paper and then placed in ligh?L w~~oden crates.
Experiments on the storage of solidified ,petroleum products under
field conditions and i;.l storage buildings for periods of several years
at different temperatures and under different atmospheric conditions
were carried out. It was established that solidified gasoline buried in
the ground remains unchanged for many years. Solidified fuel briquettes
can be stored in the open throughout the year without significant losses
of fuel. Briquettes that were not packaged or covered could be' kept.
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submerged in sea water or river water for 4 years. On being kept under
water, the briquettes underwent some deterioration; after the briquettes
were dried, the fuel had to be regenerated speedily from them.
Unpaclted briquettes could be lcept in heated or unheated storage
buildings for zany years without any appreciable losses of fuel from
them.
Solidified hydrocarbons were used very successfully in the Antarctic
at the Pionerskaya, Sovetskaya, Komsomol'skaya, Mirnyy, and Vostok-1
stations. Tt was established that application of the briquettes ensures
reliable operation of heating devices at temperatures of the external air
temperatures down to minus 81? C. Un~.er these conditions, a normal tem=
perature of 20? C can be maintained in the huts and buildings. Solidified
hydrocarbons are irreplaceable for, the heating of fuel~and oil used on
tractor sled trains which operate under polar conditions at very low tem-
peratures. This was established at Mirnyy.
~TR Note: No technical information on the production of solidified
liquid gas fuels ox the recovery of the fuel from them is given in the
text of the article. IIowever, Figures 7, 11, and 12 taken from the article,
which are reproduced below, give some information. Tn addition, there is
a line drawing of a portable device for the intermittent recovery of small
quantities of liquid gas from briquettes (Figure 3, p 18). This device,
which is operated manually, supplies fuel for a small gas-heated plate
(Figure ~+, p ].8). Figure 6 (p l9) represents a device for the continuous
recovery from briquettes of gaseous fuel to be burned in an automotive
vehicle motor. This device is stated ?to be an automobile regenerator of
the NATT (Scientific Research Tns?titute of the Automobile and Tractor
Industry) design~7
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 App
CPYRGHT
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Figure 7. Equipment for the Recovery of Liquified Gas From
Solidified Liquid Gas Fuel; (1) bunker for solidified gas,
(2) flange connecting bunker with cutting appliance; (3) thrust
bearing of shaft, (~) screw press, (5) reduction gear box,
(6) outlet for solid residue,. (7) space for solid residue,
(8, g) outflow of liquified gas, (10) reduction gear, (11) plan
view
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CPYRGHT
Figure 11. Flowsheet of Process for the Eatch Production of
Solidified Gas; (1) control of the flow of liquid ethane and
emulsifiers waning from the containers B and ESQ (2) intermit-
tently operating unit with gear pump to bring about circulation
of liquid, (3) vessel for CH2O used as solidifier, (~+) equip-
ment for mixing the liquid with the solidifier, (5) mold with
hermetically closing cover
'Tb
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CPYRGHT
~7~
Figure 12. F'lowsheet of Continuous Process for the Production of
Solidified Gas; (1) disk emulsifier, (2) disk solid.-[fier of emulsion,
(3 container for liquified gas, (4) container for emulsifier,
(5~ container for solidifier of emulsion, (6) nipple outlet for
finished product, (7) flow controllers
5. Rumanian Journal Repoxts New Soviet Rocket Fuels Capable of
Producing Thrust Four Times Greater Than That Achieved Hitherto
"The Absolute Science of Space and Soviet Cosmic Research,"
by Endre Weiszmann, University Instructor at Club; Club,
Korunk, Jan 60, pp 18-27.
This article is one of three on Janos Bolyai in an issue commemorat-
ing the 100th anniversary of his death. The philosophical implications
of non-Euclidean geometry are glossed over in the article, which touches
on Einsteinian relativity only insofar as relativity of motion has a
bearing on the problems of computing interplanetary space vehicle tra-
jectories. The bulk of the article is devoted to a review of Soviet
rocket experiments. Noting that the photographing of the back side of
the moon closed the first period of space research and quoting Leonid
Sedov, the author asserts that three problems must be solved to ensure
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success in the second period: electronic equi~nent must be perfected;
suitable roclcets must be designed; and suitable guidance equipment must
be built. Citing the success of the moon roclcets, the author?says that
the first problem can be considered solved. CPYRGHT
"Nor is solution of the second problem impossib7_e for
rs. They have already proven how far advanced they
chemically propelled rockets. l~ecord9.ng to the most
zmann's article is dated 31 December 19597, Professor
lly carried out experiments with engines operating on
and magnesium suspensions. The use of metal suspen-
subdivided light metals suspended in hydrocarbons,
es the thrust achieved hitherto, is produced. This
Aeration of maneuverable and compact h~.gh-powered
deal for interplanetary flights. For a]mos~ a year,
published at frequent intervals in the Western press
ork on a prototype of a rocket propelled by nuclear
cted on an experimental basis in the Soviet Union.
nier, a French journalist who just returned from the
ut some data on the Soviet nuclear propulsion rockets.
that the second problem is solved."
e ov e? researc
are with respect t
recent reports ~e
Anonov has success
beryllium, alumin
aions, i.e., finel
ensures that four
makes possible the
rockets, which are
dispatches have be
to the effect that
power is being con
Most recently, L.
Soviet Union, gave
Thus we can assum
In discussing the third problem, that of interplanetary navigation,
the author returns to Bolyai and Einstein and includes a discussion of
the red shift and the expanding or pulsating universe.
The author asserts that it is not likely that a human landing on
the moon will be the next step in space research --:referring to. problems
of return and the "radiation prison in which we live." The author gives
' priority to fundamental physical research.
An editor's footnote calls attention to the 20 January 1960 Tass
communique on the most recent Soviet rocket experiments as proof of the
correctness of the author's statement regarding the beginning of the
second period of space research.
6. Heavy Crude Suitable for Production of Oil Stable at Low Temperatures
to Be Extracted From Petroliferous Sandstone
"Production of Crude Petroleum by Open-Pit Mining" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 1~+,
No 12 (620), 29 Jan 0, p
The Ural State Institute of Mine Planning and Designing is working
on a project of the first open-pit mine for the production of crude petro-
leum to be operated in the USSR. This gigantic open-pit mine will be
located at?the unique Yaregak Oil Field in the Komi ASSR. Valuable heavy
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petroleum crude is produced there which is used as raw material for the
manufacture of oils that are stable at low temperatures. By using ordin-
ary methods, one can extract only about 5p of the crude at this field.
The principal part of the crude petroleum, which has penetrated into sand-
stone, remains in the ground. I'or this reason, it has been decided to
mine the valuable crude together with the rock of which the ground is com-
posed by using the open-pit mining method. The construction which has
been planned is of huge dimensions. The initial depth of the pit will be
150 meters, its length 2 kilometers, and its width one kilometer. Tn the
future the dimensions of the pit, will be several times as great.
The project worked out at the institute foresees two variants of
mechanical operations at the mine. According to one variant, the excava-
tion of the ground rock impregnated with petroleum will proceed by means
of heavy rock excavators. Self-propelled 95-ton dump cars will be used
for transporting the rock. According to the other variant of the project,
multibucket excavators with a greatly reinforced cutting action will be
applied. The exca*~ated ground will be transported from the pit on a belt
conveyer. Next to the open-pit mine a high-capacity enrichment plant will
be constructed, at which petroleum will be extracted from the sandstone.
7. Pressure in Hydrocarbon Gaseous Phase Oxidation
"On the Part Played by Pressure in the Gaseous Phase Oxida-
tion of Hydrocarbons," by A. S. Hadrian, N. S.,Yenikolopyan,
and M. S. Ftu man, State Institute of the Nitrogen Industry,
Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Pfioscow, Zhurnal Fi:zicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 12, Dec 59,
pp 2687-2 g
The effect of pressure and. temperature on the oxidation of a propane-
air mixture of the composition: C319'g-50 mole ~, 02-3 mole ~o, and N2-1+7
mole ~ has been investigated. Runs were made at 5, 10, and 15 atm and
325 350, and 375? C under flow conditions and short durations (~+-8 sec)
of the gaseous mixture in the reaction zone.
The relative hydroperoxide (or acetone) ~i.eld has been shown to
increase linearly with the pressure of the reaction mixture and to fall
with increasing temperature, the temperature coefficient amounting to
about 10 kcal.
The relative alcohol yield o{ has also been shown to increase with
the pressure (or hydrocarbon concentration) and fall with rise in tempera-
ture. The dependence of cx on the pressure is depicted by a curve asymp-
totically approaching the value o~ = 1.
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The ratio of ethyl to methyl alcohol formation has been found to be
practically independent of the pressure of the reacting mixture or hydro-
carbon concentration. The relative fraction of ethyl alcohol grows with
rise i.rr temperature .
The relationships established are explained on the basis of competi-
tion bi' elementary reactions with change in pressure and temperature.
8. Kinetics of Chain Reactions
"Effects of the Rate of Generation of Active Centers on the
Kinetics of Chain Reactions With Degenerate Branching and
Quadratic Breaking," by D. G. Knorre, V. L. Pikayeva, N. M.
Emanuel', Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimmi, Vol 33, No 12, Dec
59, PP 2660-2 7
The solution has been obtained for a system of differential equations
describing the kinetics of hydroperoxide and stable product accumulation
in accordance with a reaction in which linear and quadratic branching and
quadratic breaking of chains. takes place. The solution has been obtained
without assuming steady state concentration of the radicals 802'.
Decrease in the rate of generation and increase in the fraction of
quadratic branching have`been shown to lead to clearer manifestation of
the autocatalytic character of the kinetic curves.
It has been shown that already for generation rates Wo ~ 1010 radicals
per cm3 the asswnption of steady state concentration of.the radicals 802.
leads to erroneous results. In particular in the steady state approxima-
tion it follows that at 47~ ~ 1010 the induction period ceases to be dependent
upon Wo ~ which is not true in the semisteady state approximation.
g. Calorimetric Experiment Calculation In Case of Side Processes
"On the Calculation of a Calorimetric Experiment With Side
Processes With Varying Beat Evolution Rates in the Main and
Final Periods of the Run," by A. F. Vorob'yev, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No
l2, Dec 59, PP 2802-2 0
It has been shown that when there are side heat processes in the main
and final periods of a calorimetric run, causing changes in the temperature
of the .system in unit time proportional to the temperature rise in the run
at the given time, the correction for, heat exchange and for the true tem-
perature rise may be strictly calculated by means of the usual formulas,
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operating with the observed values for the temperature change without the
introduction of any additional corrections. Hence the presence of such
side processes is no obstacle for the completely strict fulfillment and
calculation of a calorimetric experiment.
L0. Thermal Explosion and Isothermal Decomposition of Dxplosives
"Thermal Explosion and Isothermal Decomposition of Bxplos'ives
T," by A. I. Serbinov, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal I'iz3.cheskoy Khimii, Vol 33,
No 12, Dec 59, pp 2641-26
The paper gives the dependence of the reaction rate constant on temper-
ature for monomolecular decomposition of explosives (8) when. the value of
the pre-exponent sactor is normal and equa:L to the characteristic frequency
of valence vibration of the N02 group in nitric acid esters, and the activa-
tion energy is equal to the ruptured bond energy,( -0-N02).
Conforming to this dependence are both the data on thermal explosion
of nitroglycerin given in the paper and published information on monomole-
cular isothermal decomposition and thermal explosion of nitroglycerin,
which covers as wide a range of decomposition rate variation as l07 fo1d.~
11. Kinetics of CO Conversion
"Kinetics of Carbon Monoxide Conversion in the Presence of
Iron Catalysts," by Yu. B. IGagan, A. N.. Bashkirov, N. V.
Kamzolkina, A. Ya. Rozovskiy; Pdoscow, Zhurnal I'izicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 33, No 12, Dec 59~ Pp 270 -2711
It has been shown that the maxi~mam on the time-iron carbonization
curves observed in the initial stages of the reaction in the presence
of iron catalysts is due to the autocatalytic character of the reaction
of carbide formation.
Decomposition of carbon monoxide with the formation, of elementary
carbon begins after the maximum rate of carbide formation has .been
attained, following which at low temperatures pup to 370?) it gradually
slows down or proceeds at approximately constant velocity.
The second maximum on the kinetic carbonization curves observed at
temperature above 370? is explained as due to the pseudocatalytic course
of carbon monoxide decomposition with formation of elementary carbon.
In this case the autocatalytic nature of the reaction is due to degrada-
tion of the catalyst grains.
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The velocity of the carbide forming reaction is satisfactorily
described by the topochemical equation
-lt'tn
c; = 1-e
The carbide formation reaction in the initial period (before the
maximum rate is attained) evidently takes place in the kinetics region
and then passes over to the diffusion region.
12. H~02 Electroconductivit3~ and Reaction Kinetics
"A Kinetic and Electroconductivity Study of the H2O2 Reaction
Catalyzed by Na~WO~. + SrCl2," by Z. K. Prokhorova and G. A.
Bogdanov; Moscow, Zhurnal I'izichesltoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 12,
Dec ~9, pp 2721-272
The kinetics and electroconductivity in the catalysis of H2O2 by
Na,r,WO~, + SrC12 have been investigated under varying conditions of pH and
temperature. The reaction is reversible and homogeneous. The kinetic
curves possess a maximum. The rate of the reaction is approximately
inversely proportional to the concentration of Sr2+ and directly propor-
tional,to the concentration of OH-~ ions. The reaction order depends
upon the pH and temperature, approaching first order with increasing OH-
concentration or temperature. With increase in H+ ion concentration or
fall in temperature the reaction tends to zero order.
The activation energy at p~7 is a function of the existing concen-
tration of the substrate and the temperature a E / 0 and d E ~ 0
~c 2 T
However, at pH < 7, a E 0 and ~ E 0.
a ~ `~
In all cases excepting'~5o C the ratio of the change in rate of catal-
ysis to the change in electroconductivity is constant in the course of the
reaction. For any values of pH dn~dS+ = dn~dOH 0.
Based'on the shape of the rate curves, the character of, the changes
in electroconductivity, and the activation energy, it has been suggested
that no less than three intermediate peroxide coanplexes are formed and the
most probable mechanism of the catalytic reaction has been proposed.
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Induatr:tal Chemistry
13. Developments in field of Organosilicon Compounds
"Progress in the Chemistry of Organosilicon Compounds," by
It. A. Andrianov, Corresponding Member, Academy oi' Sciences
' USSR; Moscow, Vestnik Altademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 29, No 11,
Nov 59, PP 23-27
During the past 20 years, considerable attention has been paid to
the synthesis of polyorganosiloxanes (silicones). The industry pro-
ducing organosilicon compounds, which originated as late as 191+6, has
expanded considerably.
At the present polymers are needed which can be used at temperatures
from minus 60? to plus ~N00? and have the necessary elasticity, mechanical
strength, resistance to the effects of moisture, etc. Progress in aviation,
rocket technology, and other fields necessitated the development of electri-
cal equipment which is very compact and employs strong currents. Because
of this, much more heat is developed by the electrical equipment, so that
insulating materials resistant to the effects of high temperatures have
to be used. Polymers must irithstand 200? and for short periods of time
even Ii?00? when they are applied in the construction of electrical ma-
chinery, instruments, and electronics equipment. Of no less importance
is the application of heat-resistant polymers in aviation. This sri11 be
realized if' one considers that during the landing of modern planes, the
temperature of the tires of the landing gear may reach 320?. Heat-re-
sistant polymers must also help in the solution of difficult problems in-
volved in the protc'~tion of interplanetary missiles from the action of
heat which develop at their surface trhen they pass through the atmosphere.
It is lmo~?m that even at velocities of only 2,000-3,000 kilometers per
hour, the surface of the carrying parts (nesushchiye chasti) may heat up
to 300?.
In the casting of metals, polymers are required which can stand short
exposure to the action of molten metal. In the stamping of metal articles
polymers used as lubricants must remain unaltered at high temperatures and
exhibit a high resistance 'to combustion.
Until recently, polyorganosiloxanes were produced by only one method,
namely by the hydrolysis of alkyl or arylhalosilanes or of substituted
esters of orthosilicic acid followed by condensation or catalytic poly-
merization. Notwithstanding its advantages, this method has the short-
coming that as a result of the hydrolysis oi' monomers a considerable
quantity of low-molecular cyclic compounds is formed in addition to linear
high-molecular polymers.
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Investigation of ?the chemis?L?ry of polyor~anosiloxanes shos?red that
not only the chemical composition, but also the structure of molecules
exerts a pronounced effect on the properties of polymers. A low degree
of polarity and s?real~ interaction between chain molecules confer on the
organosiloxanes a superior stability at los?r tempera?Lures. Hos?rever, the
mechanical charac?L?eristics of such polymers are inferior. The change in
viscosity produced by changes in the temperature is one fiftieth as great
for organosiloxanes as for petroleum oils. The organosiloxanes have a
compressibility of l~?N?~, as compared with the compressibility of 6-7 f ex-
hibited by organic liquids not containing silicon. Within the region
from minus 80? to 0? ?L'he modulus of elas?Lici?ty of a polydimethylsiloxane
elastomer changes by a factor of 1.8, while that of natural rubber changes
by a factor of 100 in the temperature range from minus 6~N? to plus 250.
This is due no?L- only to the chemical composition of polydimethylsiloxane,
but also to the helical structure of its molecular chains. The helical
structure of the molecules of polyorganosiloxanes is responsible for the
high coefficient of compressibility and the small change in ?the viscosity
of these polysiloxanes produced by changes in the temperature.
The properties of polyorganosiloxanes can be modified by replacing
organic radicals bound ?to silicon atoms ~?rith various other groups. ?Thus,
the energy of activation of viscous flo~?r, which can be regarded as an in-
dex of the force acting bet~?reen molecules, eciuals 2.1 kilocalories per
mol in the case of hexamethyl-2-dimethyltrisiloxane. If the methyl radi-
cals in the central part of the molecule are replaced with ethyl or chlor-
ophenyl groups, the energy of activation of viscous floir increases to 6.0-
7.0 lilocalories per mol.
By selecting the monomers appropriately, one can regulate the inter-
molecular force and in this manner control the mechanical, electrical, 'and
other properties of polyorganosiloxanes; however, in synthesizing polymers
by the hydrolysis method, one cannot a1srays retain the polar~roups at
the silicon. I'or this reason, investigations aimed at the development of
ne~?r methods for ?the synthesis of polymers should be conducted. This re-
fers, above a11, to the investigation of reactions by which alkyl-and
arylhydroxysilanec are formed and converted into polyorganosiloxanes. An
important part in this research must be played by the development of new
methods for the preparations of organosilicon polymers which are by re-
actions of heterofunctiorial polycondensation. These reactions take place
under the effect of heat and in ?the presence of different catalysts accord-
ing to the equations given belo~?r.
R2SiCl2 + R2Si(OR)2~ Cl?SiR20SiR20R + RCl and
R2Si(OR)2 + R2Si(OCOR)2~-~ ROSiR2 SiR2 COR + ROCOR
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One must conduct special research on ?the preparat9.on of cyclic orgrano-
siloxanes and the mechanism of their conversion into polymers, investigate
?the scission of bonds of cyclic siloxanes and ?L-he transformation of these
siloxanes into linear polymers under the action of catalysts, and clarify
the mechanism underlying the catalytic reactions of ?Lhe formation of poly-
mers from cyclic compounds, specifically as far as the influence of organic
groups bound to silicon on the process of the formation?of polymers is con-
cerned.
Of exceptional importance is the investigation of the effect of cata-
lysts on the splitting off of organic groups. Some acids (for instance,
sulfuric acid) easily rearrange cyclic siloxanes into linear compounds.
This rearrangement is accompanied by the splitting off of organic groups.
Organic acids, even those which are very strong?and dissociate readily in
aqueous solutions (for instance, perfluoroaliphaL?ic acids), are not ef-
fective catalysts of the rearrangement of dimethylsiloxanes. Anhydrous
hydrogen halide acids split siloxane bonds of po],ymethylcyclosiloxanes
zrith relative facility, so that silicon halide and silanol groups are
formed. All of these reactions, notwithstanding their great practical
importance, have not been investigated adequately as ye?t.
The packing of polymer chain molecules is affected. to a considerable
extent by the organic radicals which have been introduced into these mole-
cules. By this means, the force of interaction between molecules can be
regulated. Thus, polydimethylsiloxane rubber, trhich consists of (CH3)2
Si0 linlcs, withstands temperatures dozm to approximately minus 60?. If
7-15~ of the methyl groups in polydimethylsiloxane are replaced with phenyl
groups, the elastomer is stable down to minus 77?. This is a result of
the closer paclcing of polymer chains brought about by the substitution
of methyl groups with phenyl groups.
The investigation of relationships pertaining to the effects zrhich
the type of organic radical and the distribution of organic radicals in
the polymer chain exert on the physical properties of molecules is of
great interest. Relationships of this type have a bearing on the fact
-that polyphenylmethyl- and polyphenylethyls~~_lnxanes are suitable for use
as heat-resistant liquids for vacuum pumps and as heat-resistant lubricants.
The development of methods for the synthesis of polymers which contain,
in addition to Si-O-Si groups, silicohydrocarbon groups, such as -SiCo H~
Si-, deserves particular attention. Polymers with siloxane hydrocarbon
chains of this type ought to be of considerable interest from the stand-
point of production of films frith a high stability to oxidation at elevated
temperatures. The synthesis of polymers of this type, which form as a
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result of the hydrolysis of tetramethylphenyldichlorosilane or tetrae-
thylphenyldichlorosilane, has not yet reached a sufficiently high state
of development. It is necessary to develop near methods for the production
of polyphenylenemethylsiloxanes and polyphcnyleneethylsiloxanes with mole-
cules which have a strictly linear structure and a sufficiently high mole-
cular weight.
Great attention must be paid to the investigation of reactions for
' the production of block and graft polymers. Tn reactions of this type
organosilicon polymers must be combined S?rith purely organic polymers,
such as polyesters, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, poly-
' tetrafluorethylene, and other polymers containing fluorine.
An important part in the research to be conducted must be played by
investigations a:uned at the development of methods for the conversion of
organosilicon polymers into various heat-resistant materials and materials
which stand exposure to lot?r temperatures (plastics reinforced with glass
fibers, compound plastics, lacquers, enamels, elastomers, oils, lubricants,
etc.).
11+. Use of Polysiloxanes for Deicing
"investigation of the Nffect of Polyorganosiloxane Coatings
on the Adhesion of Ice to Different Surfaces," by K. A. Andr-
ianov, B. V. Deryagin; N. N. Za,khavayeva, M. V. Sobolevslciy,
and M. V. Talayev; Leningrad, Zhurna,l Priltladnoy Ithimii, Vol
32, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2682-2691
On the basis of the experiments t~rhich have been conducted, it is con-
cluded that polyorganosiloxane liquids can be used to 1ot?rer the adhesion
of ice -to different surfaces. The most suitable compounds for this purpose
proved to be methylpolysiloxanes No 1 and No 15, ethylpolysiloxane No 5,
and isoamylpolysiloxane No 13 (liquids t~rith a viscosity of 300-1161 centi-
poises). Particularly favorable characteristics trere exhibited by liquids
No 5, No 13, and Tdo 15. These liquids lotrered the force necessary for
chipping the ice off by factors amounting to multiples of 10. They exerted
this effect a?L a low thickness of the layer of liquid spread on the sur-
face (h = 0.1 mm). On being applied to the surface the coating consisting
of these liquids is very stable: the layer that has been applied does
not wear off after repeated freezing of ice to the surface. On being re-
moved from the surface by thorough wiping, they leave a layer suf2'icient to'lower
the adhesion of ice by a factor of 6.
Particularly good results t?rere obtained on aluminum. surfaces coated
S?rith lacquers, rubber surfaces, and plcxiglas. Somewhat horse results
were obtained in experiments on the adhesion of ice to an aluminum surface
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which zras covered s?rith a polysiloxane liquid ::~ithout being coated with
lacquer prior to this and in experiments conduc?l;ed s?rith windoorpanes. The
low viscosity of metliylpolysiloxane No 1 is a disadvantage, because this
liquid readily flo~?rs off vertical surfaces.
On the basis of results obtained in investigations descriUed in this
paper, polyorganosiloxanc coatings are recommended for the prevention of
icing of surfaces, because the coatings in question facilitate the removal
of ice formed on the surface.
? 15. Production of Polytetrafluorethylene Gaskets
"A Method For the Production of Ftoroplasi;-!;? Gasltets For Indus-
trial Chemical lquipment," by l;ngr Psi. V. P~.lelcha; Moscow, IQzim-
ichcskoye Mashinostroyeniye, No ~, Nor-De~~ 59, pp 1+5-1t?6
Until recently polyvinyl chloride tras used as a material for gaskets
of industrial chemical equipment applied in the production of concentrated
nitric acid. Polyvinyl chloride does not have a chemical resistance that
is high enough for this application; it has been decided to use gaskets
of ftoroplas?L?-ZE (polyL?etrafluoroethylene) instead. Ftoroplast-IE gaskets
of sufficiently large dimensions could not be produced by the pressure
molding process used hitherto. ?The Machine-Building Plant imeni Frunze
at Sumy ha.s developed a method z?rhereby annular gaskets of any desired
diameter iip to 1,250 mm can be produced by cutting a helix from ftoroplast-
11~ rings 50 mm thiclc and molding the t?~ro ends of the helix together to form
a ring.
16. Work at Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, on
Protection Against Corrosion, Corrosion-Resistant Alloys, and Semi-
conductors
"Corrosion Iviust Be Forced to Retreat," bar V. Stishova; Mosco~?r,
Promyshlenno-l;konomichesl:aya Gazeta, Vol ~+, No 12 (630), 29 Jan
0, p N
Procedures for protection against corrosion cannot be based on hit-
and-miss methods and reliance on practical experience only; lmowledgc of
the theoretical aspects of corrosion is necessary. USSR scientists may
claim a priority in the development of the theory of corrosion. Research
conducted under the direction of~Prof N. D. Tomashov at the Division of
Corrosion, Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, has done much to clarify the mechanism of corrosion processes.
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During the Seven-Year Plan, 8 million tons of metal will be used to
construct pipelines in the USSR. Without a protective coating, a metal
pipe lasts for 20 years. With a protective coating it has a useful life
of t~0 years. The metal of which the pipes are constructed lasts indefi-
nite],y if it is protected against corrosion by electrochemical means.
The quantitative aspects of the theory of corrosion were investigated on
the basis of data obtained at one of the laboratories of the Division of
Corrosion.
The Saratov-Moscow pipeline is protected against corrosion by ~eta17
protective devices and electric cathodic installations,~which are the two
variants of electrochemical protection. The application of protective de-
vices results in a saving of 3,000 rubles per lcilometer of pipeline per
year.
A thorough investigation of the mechanism of underground corrosion
that was conducted makes it possible to predict with a great degree, of pre-
cision the course of the corrosion process and also to devise the most
effective method of protection against corrosion. A manual entitled Zash-
chita Podzemmylth Sooruzheniy of Korrozii (Protection of Subterranean Con-
structions From Corrosion , which was published this year, was compiled
mainly on the basis of data and calculations that originated at the labora-
tory mentioned above. The same laboratory developed new insulating coat-
ings. Sections of the Stavropol'-Moscow pipeline and of the Gur'yev-Orsk
petroleum pipeline are covered i~rith a protective coating consisting of poly-
vinyl chloride. This synthetic resin has a useful life three times that
of the commonly used bituminous tar coating. The cost of both coatings
is about the same. At a laboratory directed by Prof T. L. Ro~zenfel'd. vola-
tile inhibitors of corrosion are being investigated. This is the newest
and most promising method of protection against corrosion. The purpose
of treatment z~rith volatile inhibitors is 'to protect metal articles against
corrosion during storage and transportation. The application of volatile
inhibitors is very simple: they can be applied by filling them in bags
and suspending these bags at the construction works, or they can be applied
to the surface of the metal in the form of a powder or a solution. Small
metal articles of light weight are protected by wrapping them in paper
impregnated 4rith a solution of the inhibitor. The characteristics responsi-
ble for the protective effect exerted by definite compounds active as vola-
tile inhibitors had to be investigated. The principles on the basis of
which inhibitors of this type can be developed i~rere established. Several
inhibitors have been proposed for use in the industry to protect steel and
some nonferrous metals against corrosion.
The development of large-scale industrial chemical production re-
sulted in a demand for corrosion-resistant alloys for the construction of
chemical equipment. A group t~rorking under the direction of V. V. Andreyeva
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does research on the theory of acid-resis?L-ant alloys. New corrosion-
rE~sistant titanium alloys have been developed and tested on a laboratory
scale. Titaniwn, which has a low specific gravity and a high tensile
strength, is an effective corrosion-resistant metal. 1xperiments which
have been carried out indicate tha?L? addition of a definite proportion of
molybdenum to titanium increases the corrosion resistance of titanium to-
ward solutions of hydrochloric acid by a factor which in some cases amounts
to 1,000 and more. Alloys of titanium with zirconium also proved to be
' corrosion-resistant.
A group headed by Ye. N. Paleolog has conducted t~rorlt on the etching
of semiconductors. The etching changes the shape and dimensions of semi-
conductor crystals and affects the surface electric properties of these
crystals. Clarification of the mechanism by which electrolytes act on
semiconductors make's it possible to control the technological operations
of the production of semiconductors and, what i~ particularly important,
to solve the problem of the production of semiconductors tirlth?a surface
that has the desired electrical properties. The experiments which have
been carried out indicate that dissolution of semiconductors in electrolytes
(i.c., the etching of semiconductors) is not a simple chemical reaction,
but a complex electrochemical process. The conclusion was reached that
the etching of semiconductors and the corrosion of commonly used metals
are essentially similar; the same relationships underlie both processes.
17. Kinetics of Lo~?r-Pressure Decomposition of Ammonia
"Iinetics of t11e Decomposition of Ammonia on Platinum at Low
Pressures," by L. 0. Ape1'baum and M. I. Temlcin, Physico-
chemical Institute imeni Karpov, Moscoz~r; Zhurnal I'izicheskoy
IQzimii, Vol 33, No l~, Dec 59, pp 2697-2705
The kinetics of the ammonia decomposition on platinum at low pressures
(of the order 10-2 mm Hg) have been studied in a static system. Tn the
high-temperature range (900-1350? C) the rate of the decomposition reaction
is proportional to the ammonia pressure. The reaction is not retarded by
its products and the activation energy is 5,100 cal. I.n the low-temperature
range (IE9^?-560? C) the decomposition is retarded by hydrogen, its rate
2 3 n
being proportional ?to (P NH ~P H2) , where n changes from 0.73 to 1 z~rith
increase in the hydrogen pr~ssure. The activation energy is x?9,300 cal
(for n = 0.73).
These results show that in the to=.~r-temperature range the rate-controlling
step is the desorption of nitrogen, the coverage of the surface frith nitrogen
decreasing t~rith increase in Pg2; in the high-temperature range the rate of
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the reaction is controlled by ?the decomposition of the ammonia molecules
on their impact on the surface, this being the first stage of ?L?he over-
all reac?L?ion. This conclusion is con:L'irmed by existing data on ?the rate
of NII~ - D2 exchange. A computation sho~~rs that the first step of the re-
action may be the controlling one only at low pressures and high ?tempera-
?turc s .
In the high-temperature range the rate of nitrogen formation in the
decomposition of ammonia approaches that in ?the oxidation of ammonia.
Beating of the, platinwn in vacuum leads ?L?o a loss of its ca~twlytic
activity. The actlvi?ty is res?L?ored after an induction period.
Some considerations concerning the mechanism of NO and N2 formation
in the oxidation of NIi~ on platinum are presented.
18. Polydispersity of PolyisobLttylene
"Investigation of the Polydispersity of Polymers by the Method
of Non-stabl.li~.ed Sedimentation Equilibrium I," by S. Ya. Frenlcel' ~
A. V. Topchiyev, D. A. I{rentsel', Yu. Ya. Gol'dfarb, and L. M.
Pyrltov, Institute of High Molecular Compounds and Institute of
Petrochemical Synthesis, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mosco~~t, Zhur-
nal Fizicheskoy It"Yilmii, Vol 33, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2778-2785
A method h^:, been described for the determination of ?the polydis-
pcrsi~~~.? cxC ;~nly~ners, based on measuring the concentration gradient in
the bu~~o.< layer of an ultracontrifuge cell, a?t nonstabilized sedi-
mentation equilibrium. A discussion has been presented of the experi-
mental conditions under irhich the distribution approximates the simple
barometric formula of Laplace. In that case one may theoretically calcu-
late with the aid of a quite simple graphoanalytic procedure the mean
molecular weight of any order. The method zras applied together zlith Archi-
bald's method of calculation to determine the weight and z -average
molecular i~reights of five polyisobLttylenes obtained with the aid of a
Ziegler-Na?tta, ?type of catalyst. The ratio of Mz~M,~,r on an average proved
to be of the order of 1.6, bearing evidence to relatively moderate poly-
dispersity of the specimens. At the same time they are of relatively low
molecular ~?reights, the maximum value of Mz not exceeding 67,000.
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Tnor~,anic Chemistry
19. USSR Boolt on Silicides and O~bher Inorganic Compounds of Silicon
"Itremniy i Ycgo Binarnyye Sistemy" (Silicon and Its Binary
Systems), by A. S. Berezhnyy, reviewed by V. B. Glushltova;
Moscow, Ogneupory, Vol 24, No 11, Nov 59, pp 527-528
The chemistry of silicon and its compounds is of great interest by
reason of the specific characteristics oi' the binary compo~znds of this
element and elemental silicon itself from the standpoint of technical
applications. Berezhnyy's book, published by the Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR at Kiev in 1958 under the editorship of P. P. Budnikov,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Scionces USSR, gives a critical
review of data obtained in 'the USSR and abroad ~in the fields of the
physical chemistry of silicon and of its binary systems. Because of the
expanding application of compounds of this type, the publication of the
book is regarded as timely.
The book gives detailed information on the properties of all com-
pounds of silicon known at present. Considerable attention is paid to
the description of the molecular struct~.~re of binary compounds, the
crystal structure of these compounds, the constitutional diagrams of the
systems considered, some physical and thermodynamical characteristics
of individual compounds, and practical applications of these compounds.
The first part of the boolt describes methods for the production of
silicon and the properties of silicon. Methods for the purification of
silicon and its applications as a semiconductor material are reviewed in
~L-his part of the book. The following section of the book reviews briefly
methods for the preparation of binary compounds of silicon and lists the
principal characteristics of 164 silicides in a table. The preparation
of individual silicon compounds and their 'properties are discussed in
greater detail in subsequent sections of the book, where different systems
are described.
The principal part of the boolt describes in detail the characteristics
of binary systems containing silicon as affected by the position in the
periodic system of the elements interacting with silicon. In the description
of systems of this type, considerable attention is paid to the crystal
structure of silicides, the thermodynamic characteristics of silicides,
and the possibilities of applying compounds of this class in different
fields of science and technology. Particular emphasis is placed on the
system silicon-oxygen with special attention to silicon dioxide of its
g,.~eat importance in the technology of silicates.
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Extensive treatment is given to silicon carbide (earborundum) and
silicides of transi?ional metals. Of great interest are some data on
ternary systems formed by silicon with transitional metals of the TV,
V, and VI groups of the periodic system and also data on ternary systems
formed by transitional metals of these groups with silicon, boron, car-
bon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Systems formed by silicon with metals of the iron subgrou-a are dis-
? cussed extensively. The information given on the interactions of silicon
with metals of the platinum and palladium subgroups and also with lantha-
nides and actinides is of interest.
The book is concluded with a general discussion of the data mentioned
above. It is well-illustrated, containing 120 figures in addition to 37
tables. A historical review forms a part of every subdivision. There
is a bibliography consisting of 716 references.
A shortcoming of the book is that the data cited are not als~rays sub-
jected to critical consideration and that discrepancies between resixlts
obtained by different investigators are not always explained. Notwith-
standing this, Derezhnyy's book will be of value, because it sL~nunarizes
ex?(,~.:r.,s~.-~: and very useful material on the basis of present-day theoretical
concepts and of the mos?~ recent achievements in practical work in this
field.
20. New Method For Synthesis of Nickel and Cobalt Tetracarbonyls
"Preparation of Nickel and Cobalt Tetracarbonyls from the Alloys
of These Metals With Aluminum," by Ya. Yu. Aliyev, I. B. Romanova,
T. G. Gar'lcovets, T. M. Kovina, and M. I. Monakov, Institute of
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Uzbelc SSR; Tashkent, Doklady Ak-
ademii Nauk UzSSR, No 11, Nov 59, pp 36-39
A new method has been ,'~. ~~aoped whereby tetracarbonyls of nickel and
cobalt are prepared from Ni-Al (~i~5~55) and Co-Al (4.5:55) alloys by treat-
ing them in an autoclave with carbon monoxide at 100-120? and a pressure
of 200 atmospheres gaue. Before being placed in the autoclave the alloys
are activated?by treatment with a 25p solution of caustic. The powdered
alloy that has been activated with caustic is transferred into the auto-
clave in a moist state to prevent spontaneous ignition. It has been es-
_ tablished that activation of the Ni-A1 alloy with potassium hydroxide
rather than sodium hydroxide increases the yield of nickel tetracarbonyl
and reduces the extent of the side reaction of carbon monoxide decompositions
The purpose of the work described is investigation of the possibility of
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introducing carbonyl groups into tetrahydrofuran and orf3anic compounds
in general by a catalytic process employing aluminum alloys of nickel
and cobal?L. On being prepared, the cobalt tetracarbonyl was dissolved
in tetrahydrofuran to investigate the reaction between the tetracarbonyl
and this compound.
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
21. Changes in Gamma-Radiation Field Produced by Radon and Their Signifi-
cance From Standpoint of Practical Procedures Applied in Prospecting
for Uranium
"Concerning the Theory of Gamma Prospecting" by A. N. Timo-
feyev, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Institute
of Geophysics; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR--Seri a
Geofizicheskaya, No 12, Dec 59, pp 1 73-1 75
As a result of diffusion and convection, radon may be displaced for
considerable distances in the direction from the soil toward the surface,
forming a gas envelope which covers uranium deposits lying more deeply.
This will be equivalent to a displacement of the source of gamma radiation
toward the surface, because the gamma radiation emitted by products of the
decay of radon comprises 9886 of the. total gamma radiation emitted by the
uranium radioactive series. In a radiation approximation applying to the
case of radioactive rocks covered with inactive deposits, a quantitative
estimate is made of the changes in the intensity of gamma radiation due
to the emanation and diffusion of radon.
22. Thermodynamic Properties of Heavy Water
"The Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary and Heavy Water,"
by V. A. Kirillin, Corresponding Member, Academy of uciences
USSR, and Engr S. A. Ulybin, Moscow Power Institute; Moscow,
Teploenergetika, Vol 6, No 12, Dec 59, pp 77-80
Using results obtained in an experimental investigation of the density
of heavy water, the thermodynamic properties of D20 are compared with those
of H 0. Because detailed tables listing the properties of D20 are not
available, one must calculate values for D20 using tables for H2O. On the
basis of experimental determinations of saturated D20 vapor pressures
and D20 specific volumes made by the authors within an extensive range
of conditions (cf Teploenergetika, Vol 6, No ~-, Apr 59, 1959, pp 67-72),
a comparison of the thermal properties of heavy water with those of
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ordinary water at different pressures and temperatures becomes possible.
This includes the region ad~acen?L? to the critical (in the investigation
published in'Apri1, specific volumes at temperatures o9' 250-500? C and
pressures of 100-500 kgs~cm2 were determined,
Because of the extensive.experimen?tal material that is available
and agreement of the data used with those obtained by US investigators,
the results arrived at concerning the dependence of ps on t for heavy
water up to the critical temperature must be regarded as re~iable. Curves
showing the interrelationships between the critical volumes of,.H2O and,
those of D20 at 380?, ~E00?, 450?, and 500? C have been plotted. Assuming
that the molar critical volume for ordinary water is vcr ~ 3.26 em2 ~g,
the corresponding value for heavy water must be vc m 2.93 cm3 ~g? The
values of vor found by E. H. Riesenfeld and T. L. hang (Zeitschrift fuer
Physilcalische Chemie, Vol 133,3, 1935; Vol 1333, 1936) and H. Eck Physik-
alische Zeitschrift, Vol 40 , 1939) are too low; the value of vcr 2.955
cm g obtained by the authors is considerably higher and more accurate.
By plotting vH 0 ~vD20 (ratio of specific volumes) against pressure
2
(cf I'i; ?, p 79), a direct comparison between vD20 and VH 0 at different
2
temperatures could be made. It was established that the ratio of specific
volumes does not remain constant, but changes to a considerable extent
with the parameters of state. The curve corresponding 'to 380? is particu-
larly significant from the point of view of an understanding of the re-
lationships involved in these changes, because it is closest to the criti-
cal points of both heavy and ordinary grater. The changes in the ratio of
specific volumes at any temperature are greatest when the pressure is
closest to the critical. With increasing temperatures the pressure which
corresponds to the minimum of the ratio of?specific volumes shifts to
higher values.
The isochors of heavy ~?rater were compared with those of ordinary
water in the p-t diagram (Figure 3, P 80)? It t~ras established that
there is complete similarity between the isochors of D20 and Hp0 both
in the liquid phase and vapor phase regions. The isochors of heavy water
in the liquid phase are: ~somes~rhat to tt,e 7nft of and in the vapor phase some-
what higher than those of ordinary water, indicating that the molar volume
' of heavy water is slightly larger than ~I;hat of ordinary water at the same
values of the temperature and pressure. In the region of low densities,
when the properties of the vapor &re close to those of an ideal gas, the
differences between the molar volumes of H2O and D20 disappear, for all
practical purposes.
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Analysis of the p-?~ diagram demonstrates clearly that the ?thermal
properties of heavy and ordinary water change in a similar manner.
23. Flow Counter Operating Under Atmospheric Pressure
"Flow Counter Operating Under A1-?mospheric Press~.~re," by E. E.
Finkel' and K,. V. Chmutov, Ins?t:i.~:?u?l-e of Physical Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Scientific Research Institute of the
Cable Industry; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizichealtoy IChimii, Vol 33,
No l2, Dec 59, pp 2805-2802 `-'-`
The conditions of operation of an ordinary cylindrical counter to
ensure good counting characteristics have been ascertained. The plateau
length over the voltage rouge 1,900 to 2,200 v is 200 v with the slope
less than 100 on 100 v, S~rhich permits one to use as power source a standard
rectifier of the type VS-2500. The runs were made with a counter of ,the
type FBM-8 in a steel housing that had a 3-ZE-mm hole bored in the end
opposite the stem as gas outlet. The dead time of the counter determined
by the two-source method was found to equal 9~7 10-6 as against 2.7 ?l0- min.
The results obtained sho~?red that under the conditions selected the
flotr counter may be used for rueasuring the radioactivity both of ex-
ternal (solid and liquid) and internal (gaseous, solid, and liquid)
sources under atmospheric pressure.
Physical Chemistry
24. Interaction?of Adsorbed Atoms Through Surface Electron Gas
"A dsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics in the Interaction of
Adsorbed Atoms Through a Surface Electron Gas," by L. I.
Krishtalilt; Moscoir, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy IChimii, Vol 33,
No 12, Dec 59, pp 2729-2731
Based on the Temltin "surface electron gas" model, equations have
been obtained for the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption on metals,
similar to equations for a heterogeneous surface and fol? repulsive forces
diminishing with the distance. For this model the rate of reaction with
the participation of a single adsorbed atom is independent to a first
- approximation of .the rate of surface migration of the adsorbate. The
effect of surface migration on the value of the b constant in the recom-
bination theory of hydrogen overvoltage has been noted.
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Radiation Chemistry
25. Temperature Dependence of Radiation-Chemical Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
"Temperature Dependence of the Oxidation of n-Heptane and
n-Nonane Under the Effect of Radiation," by N. A.~Bakh and
Tung Tien-chen, Institute of Electrochemistry, Academy of
Sci:.~lces USSR; Mosco~r, Do~lclad~Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 129,
rIo ~, 21 IJov 59, pp 60~i?-606 ~?
On the basis of data obtained in the authors' laboratory, it t?ras
concluded ?that oxidation of hydrocarbons under the effect of radiation
tapes place by a radical mechanism at?room temperature and that no chains
are formed. On the other hand; it has been established that ~( - radiation
initiates chain oxidation processes at elevated temperatures and that
radiation may initiate chain oxidation even at room temperature. Under
the circumstances, i,t was of theoretical and practical interest to in-
vestigate the dependence of the lcinetics of reactions of this type on
the temperature and the degree of exposure to radiation. The formation
of liquid-phase oxidation products from n-heptane and n-nonane under the
action oi' X-ray irradiation at temperatures from minus 800 to plus 1800
and magii:Itu~~.es o:i ?the dose from 1 x 101l~' to 8 x 1015 electron volts pc~r
cm3 per second z?ras investigated. Tt liras established that in the region
of temperature-independent yields of peroxides and, carbonyls ('t'his refers
to detei3ninations made at minus 80? and plus 100, respectively) the yields
do not depend on the magnitude of the radiation dose. On the other hand,
in the regions z?there dependence on the temperature exists, the yields
also depend on the temperature. On the basis of the results obtained,
the conclusion is made that chain and radical reactions are superimposed
during the oxidation cf n-allca.nes under the action of radiation. Al-
though this combinatior_ of the tiro reaction mechanisms is a general property
of radiation-chemical oxidations, the temperature at t~rhich chain oxidation
begins depends on the: chemical constitution of the ?compotiuid oxidized.
26. Effect of Radiation on Hydrogen l;xchango Taking Place by Reaetxo_n
in't~lhich Diffusion I'orns Limiting I'actos? "
"The Effect of ~ -Radiation on the Velocity of Hydrogen Ex-
change Bet~?reen Water and Isoamylthiol," by IC. I. Salcodynskiy
and N. M. Zhavoronl~ov, Corresponding Member,. Academy of Sciences
USSR, Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow,
Doklady Al:ademii Nat~l~. SSSR, Vol 129, No 2, 11 rlov 59, pp 391-39
The, effect of radiation on hydrogen isotope exchange zaas inves?tiga?ted
in several instances. Bardz?rell and P. Dyne, yrho invest9.~;ated the isotope
exchange bett?reen seater and hydrogen in the .~a.s phase under the action cf
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radiation, fotand that the rate of exchange is considerably increased as
a result of the ae?tion of radiation and that tine coefficient of distri-
btztl.on becomes equal to unity. Ya. M. Varshavskiy, G. Ya. Vasil'yev,
rand others (Doi;la.dy nlto,dc~mii rlaulc SSSR, Vol 118, 1958, p 315) established
that hydrogen isotope exchange takes .place under the effect af' radiation
3.n a heterogeneous system consisting of gaseous deu?L-crium and a solid
polymer. 2n ?L?he absence of radiation no exchange occurs in this system.
In the ~.rorl: described in this instiu~cc, ?~he exchange of deuteriwn between
grater enriched with deuteriwn ?to the extent of 3-5ij and isoamylthiol ~?rac
investigated. It t?ras established that ~ - radiatign increases the rate
of isotope exchange in this irstance. because the exchange reaction pro-
- coeds between tt?ro immiscible phases in ?L?he case studied, diffusion must
be regarded as ?bhe liiniting factor in i?L?. It is concluded on the bases
of the results obtained tht~t ~ -radiation exerts an effect on the course
of diffusion processes; other radiation effects are not regarded as being
of sufficient magnitude to explain the increased rate of exchange observed.
Radiochemistry
27. Desorption of Radiostrontium and Radiocesittm From?Suspended Particles
in ?dater of Open 33odies of Water
"Desorption of Radiostrontium and Radiocesium From Particles
Suspended in Seater of Open Bodies of Water," by L. It. Pono-
mareva and V. L. Zolotavin; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1,
No 5, Oct 59, pp 619-621 ?
It tras established that for all practical purposes, complete desorption
of radiostrozititun from suspended matter contained in the water of open
bodies of grater can be achieved trhen the suspended material is ?~reated
t?rith a 0.5=1.0 N solution of hydrochloric or nitric acid. The desorption
of radiocesium is considerably more difficul?L-; extraction of this element
?to the extent of 98-99~o can be brought about only t~rhen the precipitate
is boiled ~?r:i?th concentrated acid.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Computers and Automat ion
28. Linear System of Automatic Course Control
"Investigation of a Linear Automat is Course-Control
An~.1~~~;,` by N. I. Ashbel~, Gor?kiy State University; Gor-
kiy, Izvesti a V ashikh Uchebn kh Za.vedeni Radiofizika,
Vol 2, No 5, 1959, PP 7 7=79
A linear system of automatic course control can be rca~.i~ed with the
following direction-sensitive components: the object being controlled,
two direction-sensing elements, adding unit, amplifier, servomotor, and
rudder cont ml device. ~i'he input and output orientation coordinates are
expressed by values proportional to the magnitudes of deviation of the
controlled object from its equilibrium state. One of the sensing ele-
ments of the system is in the form of a three-degree -of-freedom course
gyro, wYxich measures the deviation angle from the true course; the second
sensing element is iri the form of a rate gyro which responds in proportion
to the time derivative of the deviation angle. These two deviation
functions are transformed by an induction transducer into corresponding
voltage pulses, which are added up and fed through a phase discriminator
to an amplifier. The output voltage of the amplifier is applied to the
armature winding of a reversible do motor with an independent excitation.
The servomotor controls the contact arm of an autotransformer. The
voltage at the autotransformer taps is applied to the excitation winding
of the motor, which serves to rotate the rudder.
This system of automatic course control is described by a linear
differential equation of a fourth order. This type of analog simulates
two dimer_siona1 problems, such as movement of a ship on the surface of
water.
2g. Am~lidyne Control Systems
''Synthesis of Correcting Devices in Amplidyne Control
Systpru~, by V. L. Ankhimyul, and 0. P. Il'in, Central Asian
Polytechr_ic Institute; Tashker_t, Izvesti a Akademii Nauk
'~iUek SSR, Seriya Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, No , 1959, PP 5-18
Modern control and regulation systems are characterized by high
amplification factors and negative feedback, which are often responsible for
undesirable oscillations. To compensate for such undesirable oscillations,
a system of automatic control should have some kind of stabilizing (cor-
recti.ng) devices.
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This work presents an engineering method for synthesis of correcting
devices that can be used in design of various control and regulation
systems with one stabilizing circuit. The problem of designing stabilizing
devices consists in principle in determii`mzg the amplification factor and
the time constant of the stabilizing circuit, as well as the position
for connection to the system.
The criteria for the precision of the regulating system are: duration
of the transient processes, magnitude of overcorrect ion, susceptibility
of the system to oscillations, magnitude of braking moment during over-
correction, and starting deflection. In design stabilizing devices, the
first four enumerated criteria are taken into account.
30. Czech Differential Analyzer Solving Problems Nonlinear in
Character
"Electromechanical Differential Analyzer DIANA," by Engr
Jaroslav Tomasek; Prague, Slaboproud oy bzor, No 1, Jan CO,
PP 15-23
The article, written by a member of the Institute of the Theory of
Information and Automation (Ustav theorie informace aautomatizace) of
the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague, describes the principles
and design of the DIANA differential analyzer, developed at the insti-
t ute and scheduled for completion in early 1g60. Generally, the analyzer
facilitates the solution of linear differential equations, differential
equations with variable coefficients, nonlinear differential equations,
and differential equations of physical systems with transport delay.
In addition, the machine can solve such problems as Fourier analyses, and
correlation functions.
In the article, the author states that the requirement for designing
such an analyzer was based on the need to provide Czechoslovak researchers
with a sufficiently accurate machine for use in confirming results of theo-
ret ical research and for working out new ways of solving problems in the
theory of automatic regulation. The initial design, proposed by Prof
Dr Z. Trnka, originated in the former Laboratory for Automatization and
Telemechanics (Laborator pro automatizaci a telemechaniku) of the Czech-
oslovak Academy of Sciences, which has now become the Institute for the
Theory of Information and Automation. The actual work on DIANA was
_ performed by a small group of specialists, lead by Engr Jiri Haskovec.
Originally, the author reveals, the design began taking shape in
the period 1955-1956, when no similar equipment was being produced in
Czechoslovakia and was unobtainable through imports. Thus, the designers
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were forced to utilize component parts available at that time. They
elected to proceed on the electromagnccic principle because some of the
computer components, such as integrators and differentiators, were more
easily available at clearance sales (vyprode,j).
When the differential analyzer is finally completed, it will have
one generator for independent variables, l2 integration units; 8 addition
units, 8 diagramming units, and auxiliary components. The ma,~ority of
the components, with the exception of the diagram units, will be located
in standardized instrument panels, with the final model having seven
instrument panels and two control consoles. According to the author,
DIANA will take up oonsid.erably less space than similar equipment of the
same nature previously used.
After describing the operation and control of DIANA in some detail,
including the use of diagramatic sketches and photographs of equipment,
equations, and final graphs, the author makes the statement that during
the first 18 months of its operation, DIANA has, thus far (in the incomplete
stage and still missing some mayor components), solved almost j00 differ-
ential equations and other problems, "approximately one half of which
were nonlinear in character." As to DIANA's defect record, the author
points out that although one breakdown defect does occur in about every
5 hours of operation, the majority of the defects are so minor as not
to cause any errors in the final results. Thus far, it has apparently
only rarely been necessary to re-run certain problems because of mechanical
malfunctions.
The accuracy of DIANA is given as 0.2 percent per unit and within
one percent for the final solution.
Instruments and Equipment
31. Infrared Detector
"Detection of Infrared Radiation by Thermal Frequency Con-
verters," by S. I. Averkov and V. Ya. Ryadov, Scientific-
Research Radiophysics Institute, Gor'kiy University; Gor-
kiy, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeni Radiofiz~,ka
vo1 2, 0 5, 959, PP 7-
On the basis of theoretical evaluations, thermal frequency converters
can be utilized for investigation of the longer-wave section of the in-
frared spectrum. For detection of infrared radiation (10 microns or longer)'
a device was suggested in w'~ich a blackened film was heated on one side by
the examined radiation, and secondary emission on the other side of the
film was picked up by a sensitive photoresistor.
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Such infrared detectors should be more resistant to mechanical
vibret ions than the conventional optico-acoustic elements. An approxi-
mate threshold sensitivity of such a thermal frequency converter should
be about 10-lOw, which is comparable to the sensitivity of conventional
infrared radiation detectors.
32, Frequency Entrainment in Self-Oscillators
"Frequency Entrainment in a Two-Degrree of Freedom Self -
Oscillator," 'by A. M. Shauman and. P. N. Zanadvorov,
Leningrad State University; Gorkiy, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebn kh Zavedeni Radiof izika, Vol 2, No 2, 1959, PP
2 7 -2'j
The behavior of aself-oscillator with two-branch grid circuit is
examined for the condition of weak splitting of normal frequencies and
a wide range of circuit detuning and coupling.
The actual experiment was conducted with atwo-degree of freedom
oscillator having a natural frequency of 170 ke, which was subjected
to the influence of an external periodic force. On the screen of the
analyzer were observed simultaneously the lines corresponding to the
frequency of the oscillator and the lines corresponding to the frequency
~:f the external field. Examination of weak splitting of normal frequencies
and "double resonance" permits finding the region of stability for the case
c~ frequency entrainment. Expressions were obtained for determination of
the bo~ardaries of these regions, which in turn permit one to observe how
these regions change with the change in the degree of coupling between
the circuits. For the condition of strong coupling, each region of
instability coincides with boundaries as derived from the theory of
st?ro:~g coupling. The observed "resonance" curves were in goad agreement
with the calculated values.
The data obtained in this experiment can also be extended to the
se.L~?-oscillator with higher than two degrees of freedom.
33. Czechs Build New Electron Microsco,~e
"lie*a Type of Electron Microscope" (unsigned article); Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 26 Jan E0, p 1
According to a brief announcement accompanied by a photograph, the
Laboratory of Electronic Optics (Laborator elektronicke optiky) of the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Brno has completed work on a new
-type of electron microscope capable of directly enlarging objects
by 200,000 times. Certain objects, after proper treatment, can even
be enlarged up to one million 'times.
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Materials
3~.. Farada Effect in Semiconductors
"Faraday Effect i.n Semiconductors on Free Carriers in
a Strong Magnetic Field," by L. E. Gurevich and I. P..
Ipatova, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i
Teoretichesk~ Fi~iki, Vol 37, No 5, Nov 59, pP 32 -1329
The dielectric constant tensor is determined for an electron with
an anisotrop is mass in a strpng magnetic field. The Faraday effect
is considered in the case of hexagonal crystals with an energy minimum
in the center of the Brillouin zone and also for a cubic crystal with
a minimum which dges not cg3.ncid~e'with the center of the Brillouin zone.
The refractive indexes calculated for ~tarious directions of the magnetic
field relative to the principal crystallographic axes in the crystals
are found to sharply depend on the direction of the magnetic field.
This circumstance permits oz~e to determine the components of tho effec-~
five mass tensor by measuring the angle of rotation of the polarization
plane .
35~ Fermi Surface of Gold
"Topology of the Fermi Surface of Gold," by Yu. P. GaiBukov,
Institute of Physical Problems, Academy ~:ctf SciencesUSSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eriYaental'no i'Teor~tichesko Fi21ki,
vol 37, No 5, Nov 59y Pp'12 1-1281
The resistance anisotropy of gold single crystals in a magnetic
field has been determined. It has been found that for certain directions
of the magnetic field relative to the crystallographic axes of the, single
crystals, the resistance varies according to a quadratic law, whereas for
other directions it completely saturates in fields H~Ho. It can thus be
~~oncluded that an open Fermi surface exists in gold. A stereographic pro-
jection of preferred directions of the magnetic field has been constructed,
and an analysis of it shows that the Fermi surface in gold is a "spatial
network" produced by "corrugated cylinders," the axes of which are paral-
lel to the directions [110] and [111] of the reciprocal lattice. The re-
sistances of gold single crystals have been averaged over the angles.
The magnitude of the averaged resistance linearly depends on the mag-
netic field, thus explaining Kapitsa's law.
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36. Raman Spectra of Electromagnetic Waves
"Combination Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves an
Ferromagnetic Dielectrics," by T'. G. Bass and M. I.
Kaganov, Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Physicotechnical. Insti-
tude, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Eksperimental'noy i Teoretichesko~y Fiziki,
vol 37, No 5, Nov 59; pp 1390-x-393
Combination-. scattering of electromagnetic waves by oscillations
of the magnetic moment is predicted. The extinction coefficient for the
scattered radiation is calculated,
37. Ha11 Effect in Ferrites
? "Hall effect in Ferrites Near the Curie Temperature,"
by K. P. ~elov p^d Ye. P. Svirina, Moscow State Uni-
versity; Mpscgw, Zhurnal ~ksperimental'noy i Teoret-
ichesko~ Fiziki, 'dol'37, No 5,' Nov 59, pp 1212-=7.216
The Hall e.m.f. in nickel-zinc and manganese ferrates has been
measured in the vicinity of the Curie point. Anew method of deter-
mination of ,the "usual"~ Hall cpnstant is suggested. The calculated
values~of the density and mobilities of the current carriers agree
in order of magnitude with the values far nonferromagnetic oxide semi-
conductors. ' The Hall e~.m.f. is by~one order of magnitude larger isz a
manganese ferrite .single., crystal sample than in a polycrysta]line
sample .
38. Superconducting Alloys
"Theory of Superconducting Alloys in a Strong Magnetic
Field Near the Critical Temperature," by L. P. Gorkov,
Institute of Physical Probleme, Academy of .Sciences;
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimental!no i Teoretichesko
Fiziki, vol 37, No 5, Nov 59, pp 1 07-1 l
The equations of the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory near
Tc have been deduced from the BCS theory. As in the case of pure super-
conductors, a double?.charge is encountered in the equations. The relation
between x of the alloy and x of the pure superconductor has been found
under the assumption that the shift in Tc is small. For a sufficiently
"impure" alloy, 7C depends on1Z~ on the conductivity and the coefficient in
the linear law Por the electron thermal capacity of the normal metal.
Agreement between the theory acid experiments is found to be satisfactory.
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3y. Superconductivity of Bery111um
"Superconductiv:it;~ of Beryllium and Its Morphology at
Low Temperature," by B. G. Lazarev, A. I. Sudovtsev,
and Ye. Ye. Sr:r;i~nlto, Physicotechnical. , Institute, Acad-
emy of Science;, Vxrainian SSR; Moscow, 2hurnal Elcsperi-
mental'no i--'1'-eo:reticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 37, No '5, Nov 59, ~1'
p~1-1t~62 .~'~.
It has been found that during condensation of Be vapors on a cool
lining, anew modification of Be forms with properties differing from
those of ordinary Be; in particular, superconductlivity is present. It
is possible that these modif~.cations are the same as those revealed at
plastic deformation below 20 ?K (author et al. h~ETF, 35, 802 (1958))? .
I~;, is assumed that bismuth exhibits the same behavio~;,at low temperatures.
40. Dilatometric Study of Pb and Bq Titanate and Phosphate Systems
- ,
"Dilatometric I vea igation of the S stems Pti (P04)2
BaTi03 and Ba3 ~P01~~2 - PbTiQ3," by I. N. Be1,~~aya and
L. I. Polezhayeva, Rostov-on-Don State UniversityMos-
cow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 12, ]Sec 59,
PP 2770-2772
The linear expansion of specimens of the sy~~'ems Pb3 (PO1~)2-
BaT303 and Ba3(P01~)2 -PbTi03 has been studied at 20 to 200-3500 by a
dilatom~tric method.
Tt has been shown that in the system Ba3 (PO1~)2-PbTiO ,the coef-
f icient of linear expansion (0() changes a]most monotonously from p(
of pure6lead titanate (-6.3' 10-6 to O~o~~~pure barium orthophosphate
(14?10- ). In the system Fb3(P0~,~2-BaTiQ3~ 0(remains nearly constant
from pure barium titanate (6.6.10--6) to specimens containing 70 eq. g6
Pb3(PO~,)2, following which it drops sharply to oc of pure lead ortho-
phosphate (-15?l0~ )?
41. Production of Ferrite Crystals by the Verneuil Method
"Production of Ferrite Single Crystals by the Verneuil
Method," by G. Elbinger, Institute of Magnetic Materials,
Jena; Berlin, E erirnentelle Technik der Ph sik, Vol 7,
No 5, 1959 PP 193-20
A description is given of the construction and testing of a Verneuil
furnace for the production of ferrite single crystals. Results are also
given of measurements made on the drawn crystals; these involved the
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magnetic crystal anisotropy constant, the spontaneous magnetization,
specific gravity, and lattice constant and were conducted for the pur-
pose of determining the extent to which the crystals differed with res-
pect to properties. Mention is also made of investigations of the
Curie temperature, of the half' width of the ferromagnetic resonance, and
of the dependence of the magnetic crystal anisotropy constant on temper-
arure.
Parts of the apparatus and information on the operation of the Verneuil
furnace were supplied by VEB Elektrochemisches Kombinat, Bitterfeld.
[For additional information o:; materials, see under Chemistry,
Industrial Chemistry.]
Wave Pxope~ation
42. Radiowave Propagatign Over #ta~h~ Terrairi~
"Fresnel Coefficient for Rough, Terrain," by S. Ya. Braude,
Institute of Radiophyslcs and Elect tunics, Academy of Sci-
ences Ukrainian SSR; C,ox'kiy, Iz,^ve tiya Vysahikh Uchebn~
Zavedeni~rt Radio~fizika-, Vol 2, No 5, 1959 pp 91- 9
To determine the mode of radiowave propagation and the radiation
pattern of the antenna array, it is necessary to find the coefficient
of reflection. In case of rediowave propagation ovex rough terrain,
it is also necessary to take lnto account the effect due to scattering
of electromagnetiQ waves, in addition to the effect due to reflection
and refraction.
The article presents a method for ealculation~of the Fresnel re-
flection~coefficient for uneven terrain with rather Bantle slopes.
The concept of effective permittivity and conductivity is introduced
to facilitate the determination of radiowave propagation over uneven
terrain. By replacing the real electrical parameters of the ground
with its effective values, it i$ possible to reduce the emblem to
that of radiowave propagation over flat terrain.
From the calculation presented, it is seen that the Fresnel coef-
ficient for rough terrain depends on the permittivity and conductivity
of the ground, the wave length, the angle of glance, and the degree of
terrain roughness.
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43. Unretarded-Wave Oscillator
"Phase Interaction of Harmonically Oscillating Electrons
With the Field of an Unretarded Backward Wave," by P. A.
Borodovskiy, Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics,
Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk,
Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Al~ademii Nauk SSSR, No 11,
1959, pp 3-l0
The article discusses the approximation theory of interaction be-
tween harmonically oscillating electrons with the unretarded backward
wave, which propagates in a waveguide with transverse hyperbolic field.
The accelerating and reflecting ~leotrad,es of th~~ oscillator have such
a shape as to forru a hyperbolic electric field. In the presence of
a sufficiently strong uniform tpagnet~.c f~.eld, the electrons emitted from
the cathode will haxmo~ically oseil~.at~e with respect to~the axis X and
at the same time propagate ~,n forward direction along the 2 axis at
a definite velocity. A matched load is capacitively coupled to the
waveguide systet~. An effective energy exchange and electron bunching
take place when an e].ectromag~etic wave travels along the line with a
velocity equal to the pk~ase velocity of the charge. The electrons
accelerated by the wave f~,eld arrive 8,t the reflector and are removed
from further interaction. The e~.ectrons transmitting their energy to
the wave field pass through the interaction space and are caught.by the
collector.
The transverse dimensions of the device and intensity of magnetic
field are selected i.n such a manner as to prevent the electrons from
reaching the accelerating electrode, which has a high positive potential
with respect to the cathode. The frequency of the oscillator can be
controlled within a certain J.imit by changing the ,negative potential
of the reflector.
44. Methods for Decreasing Attenuation in Circular Wave,.Guides
~.
"The Effect of Periodic Annular Slots and a Thin Layer of
Dielectric on Attenuation of Waves in a Circular Wave ~Guide~,"
by V. P. Shestopalov and A. I. Adoniaua, Kharkov State
University; Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, No 12,
Dec 59, pp 157-1461 .
The article explains how attenuation losses in a continuous circular
wave guide, cause by the degeneration of the'inode A01 wave into mode
E , can be substantially reduced by introducing periodic or helical
slots. A mathematical analysis is given of wave guides with a thin
layer of dielectric and with annular and helical slots.
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1E 5. Trochoidal-Beam Amplifier
"Interaction of Electron Beam and Electromagnetic Waves
in 4hve Guide Systems With Removal of Accelerated Elec-
trons," by V. M. E~kov, Scientif ic-Research Radio-
physics Institute, Gor'kiy University; Gor'kiy, Izvest-
i a V sshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeni Radiofiz:ika, Vol 2,
No 5, 1959, Pp 730-7 0
Interaction of a trochoidal electron beam with a fast electro-
magnetic wave moving in a crossed electric and magnetic field is examined
for the condition when the improperly phased electrons are removed from
the system. The described amplifying system utilizes "forced" bunching,
which is accomplished by means of attracting the particles accelerated
by the ac field to one of the electxpdes of the system. If the trochoidal
trajectories of the electrons touch one of the wave-guide walls ("slender"
beam), a complete bunching will occur in the first period if a high-
frequency field is superimposed over the system. The electrons accelerated
by the field will be attracted to the wave-guide walls, while the electrons
retarded in the wave field will transfer energy to the high-frequency
field. Thus, the energy increase of the electromagnetic wave is due to
t?he work done by particles moving in the reta.rd.ing field.
Interaction of such a nature is more effect~.ve.than that encountered
in the conventional traveling-wave devices in which self-phasing is due to
density modulation of the partic~.es. The traveling-wave amplification in
this type of device is achieved through the mechanism of removal of
accelerated electrons, which is accomplished with the aid of an absorption
electrode located close to the modulated trajectory and by appropriate
polarization of the high-frequency electric field.
46. Experimental Data on Trochoidal-Beam Amplifier
~,
"Experimental Investigation of Amplifier With Traveling Wave
and Trochoidal Electron Beam in Which Accelerated Electrons
Are Removed," by I. I. Antakov and R. P. Vasil?yev, Scient ific-
Research Radiophysics ?ns~itute, Gor'kiy University; Gor'kiy,
Izvesti a V sshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeni Radiofizika, Vol 2,
No 5, 1959,. PP 7 1-7 7
The article describes experimental investigation of an amplifier
with traveling wave and trochoidal electron beam controlled by crossed
electric and magnetic fields, in which the amplification is obtained
by interaction of the traveling wave and space harmonics of the current.
To attain the desired interaction of centimeter waves with fast current
harmonics, a magnetic field of the order of several thousand oersteds
is required.
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The experimental test with a trochoida1-beam amplifier has proven
its usefu]nese as an amplifier for medium and large power output.
47. Decelerating Dielectrics
"Study of Decelerat i.lg Systems of thc. Type Helix-Anisotropic
Dielectric and Helix-Rib Structure," by V. P. Shepalov and V.
A. Slyusarskiy, Kharkov State University iineni (3or'kiy; Mos-
cow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 59, PP
1317-132n
Dispersion equations for a helix located in an anisotropic dielectric
were obtained, as well as the. dispersion of the power flux in such a system.
The limit of transition from a decelerating system helix-anisotropic
dielectric to the system helix-rib structure was obtained. The possi-
bilities of using a helical wave guide with uniform pitch of the helix
in traveling-wave .tubes have been studied.
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IV. ENGINEERIlVG
48. Trends in Research on Heat Transfer
"The Present-Day Status and Prospects of Work in the Field of
Heat 't'ransfer," by B. S. Pe?tukhov, Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Moscow, Power Institute; Moscow, TeEloenergetika, No 12, Dec 59,'
pP 3-13
Fundamental problems of heat transfer are di3etissed, with particular
attention to developments in this field in the USSR. Heat conductivity,
heat transfer by convection in a single-phase medium, heat transfer
during boiling and condensation, and heat transfer by radiation are re-
viewed ~.n some detail under appropriate subject headings. The importance
of heat transfer in nuclear technology, aviation, and the design of
rockets and rocket engines, and in connection with the passage of bal-
listic missiles tYirough the atmosphere is pointed out. It is stated
that systemat~.c investigation of heat transfer phenomena began both in
the USSR and outside of the USSR in the 1920x. Because of the development
of nuclear technology after World War II and the emphasis placed on
rockets and space missiles in recent years, increased attention has been
paid to research on heat transfer during the past 10-15 years. Problems
pertaining to heat transfer arise in connection with the work on con-
trolled thermonuclear reactions that, is being done at present.
In the section on heat transfer by convection in s3.:~~g1~-phase media,
the problems pertaining to the evacuation of heat transfer and friction
at very high temperatures (above 2,500?K) under conditions arising during
the motion of objects through the atmosphere at supersonic velocities are
considered. The chemical aspects of the thermal dissociation of molecules
in the external stream (behind a shock wave or in the boundary layer) and
the recombination of atoms in the colder parts of the boundary layer are
discussed. It is pointed out that at sti.11 higYier temperatures (in the
vicinity of 10,000?K)~ the gas becomes ionized and, consequently, subject
to the action of a magnetic field. Under these canditic~ns, tree motion of .
the gas is described by equations of magnetic hydrocY,ynamics. The effects
of turbulence on heat transfer are discussed in some detail.
The problem of. heat transfer and .friction Llnde.r conditions of inter-
action of the boundary layer with the compressioL shock is formulated
and defined. It is stated that a va~.ues of M ^~ 10 ~ and higher,, tree
temperatures which arise behind the front of the shack ?aave and ire the
boundary layer are so high that one must considar, :Ln estimatj.r~g the
heat transfer, not only the compressibility and tb.e chaLzge in the physi-
cal parameters of the gas, but also the phenomena of dissociatian into
ions and recombination into molecules (as has a7.ready been pointed out
above )? under consideration of the catalytic action exerted by the wall.
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Because of the great complexity of the problem, theoretical analy-
sis of heat transfer has been carried out principally under consideration
of conditions encountered in limiting cases, namely at an infinitely
great velocity of the react ion in the gas phase (thermodynamic e qui-
librium) or at an infinitely small velocity (the condition encountered
when a chemically "f rozen" flow exists). As far as the catalytic action
of the wall is concerned one assumes that the wall is either a perfect
("ideal") catalyst or exerts no catalytic action at all. Tn the investi-
? gat ions being published, heat exchange in the laminar boundary layer
ad,jacen~t. to the front part of bodies with a blunt tip ("nose" ) is con-
sldered principally because the mathematical relationships are greatly
simplified thereby. As far as conditions existing in cases when the
boundary layer is turbulent are concerned, the treatment given to the
subject must involve a very great amount of approximation.
The special problem involved in flight in the upper reaches of the
atmosphere and beyond the confines of the atmosphere involves consideration
of heat transfer and air resistance in a stream of rarefied gas of very
high velocity. A specific characteristic of this problem is the fact
that the medium cannot be regarded as continuous.
The region of high degrees of raref ication (free molecular flow)
has been subjected. to thorough investigation on the basis of the latest
results of the molecular kinetic theory. The region of gliding Plow,
which lies between the free molecular aid the continuous medium regions?
does not lend itself readily to a theoretical treatment. For this rea-
son, only approximate theoretical results have been obtained in studies
of this field. Very few experimental. data are available either on the
region of raref ied gas or the continuous medium region. For this reason;
experimental work must be carried out in a wide range of degrees of
rarefication at high values of M.
~+9. New Testing Rules Effective Aril 1960
"New Rules for Conducting Tests of Measures and Measuring
Instruments," by L. M. Zaks, N. M. Karelin, and N. I. Tyu-
rin; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekpnika, No 12, Dec >9, pp 3-5
The Committee on Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments
of the Council of Ministers has prepared rules "2-~59" for conducting,
on a nationwide ~.asis, the tosting of measures and measuring instru-
ments, These rules will be applied. to the newly designed, as well as
the presently manufactured, instruments in the USSF and will become
effective on 1 April 1960, superseding the present rules "2-56."
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The new rules are compiled in accor~:~a,LLC. ~!ait:L the re~~uirements set
~.zp ray t?^.e 21st Congress of the ~aruntLnis+ Part}~ of th? S~~viet Union and
the July Plenum of the Central Con~rnittee o?' tl:e Crmmunist Party, are f'r:r
the purpose of accelerating tk:e general teznp~ of technical progress, and
will assist faster assimilation . ~~f modern ~technal.ogy by industry. These
new rules are in line with the incraasin~J c,~mplFxity cf control equipment
used in automation of various indi~strial prr~cesses?
>0, Standardization of Miniature M~t~rs
"`standardized Characteristics for a Series of DC Miniature
Motors, "` by G., A. Stam?~u.lyan; Mosco~a, ?rastnik Elektro~ro-
m~sh.lennostiL No l2, Dec ~y, pp 36?-3y ~~~~?~~
At present, 1JSSR industry manufac .a.res do miniature motors for
voltages from 4 to 3E. v~ and for rated speeds of 2,000 t~c 10,000 rpm.
'Manned Automation and mechanization in al.i f"fields of the Soviet ,national
economy during the current Seven~?'iear Plan ~wi1Z greatly increase t~'ie
demand for miniature mot~.??s, Therefore, tkLe problem of creating a unified
series ~f do miniature motors becomes c~f great urgency. A unified series
n:f these motors, satisfying the needs of all fields of technology, should
.".acre any required combination of voltages and speeds within the indicated
limi?.s, i.e., for a comparatively restricted n?Lmber of basic motor designs,
trere should be a rather large number of muter winding combinations.
The design principles of such a unified series of standardi2ed do
miniature motors is given in this article. ?~
8002000 ICW Steam Turbine in Process_of resin
"Giant .team Turbine" ~unsigne:i article.); NI~sc.ow, Sovetska~
Aviatsi~a, 11 Feb 19E0 ~~~ _
The article claims that f'c~r t'?be first time in electrical machine
building..practice, the design of a 800,000~~kw ?1-,urbine has been under~~
taken at. the Kharkov Plant imeni Kirov. 'iTM.e r?.~?grA model of ttZis unit
` has already been completed, and detailed ~'esign of the components of the
giant t~arbine has just begun. ^'I~is 800,000?~?kw s~';eam turbine will Ue of
t~ao~?shaft, seven-cylinder 3esigr_ and wila_ iLZCa'r~pc~rate the design experience
? of the single-shaft 300,000?-kw steam turbine wrbich is noti? in the production
stage at the same plant. This turbine will operate at 3,000 rpm ana steam
parameters of 240 atmospheres pressure at y80'~0~
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It is expected that the first 800,000-~kw tur"~.in.? ~.rilt be completed
at the Khar' kov Plant sotr~, t ime between 19E 3 aald 19E.4~ ?
The chief' designer of the I(har?kov punt,, ~,,. A, Shubenko~~Shub:n,
stated that the plant will be in a position tr, ~i~:~'.:lcl ,s9.ng]p~~unit steam
turbines with generating capacity ~~f one million. kw and 1.2 million ~:w
wi+,hin the next few years.
52 ,. Ultrasonic Surve~c~f River Bed D~osits
"Survey for 'T'hickness of the Gravel-~Peb~ble Dep~~sits by a Sounding
Method," by V. I. Savel'yev; Moscow, Cidretek'ai?i~::heskoye Strc+itel?-
stvo, No 12, Dec 59, pp ~+3??~44
In 195'(-19 j8, investigati.ons were con~?ucted on tine `enisey River
at the sites of Xeniseysk.aya and K:rasn~c~yarsl~:aya 3~.y~'r~~electric stati~or~s
t~:~ evaluate the feasibility of the sc~urz3ing methc.~d i.n determining the
thickness of the gravel deposit in river bens T~.~ sr.,un~.iir~g survey with
a 21ykc sound wave conducted at the site of tr.e ':~'aniseyskaya hydroeleci.ric
station has proven the usefulness of the method if' +.,:te pebbles do not exr
ceed 5 cm in diameter. Other sounding tests were conduct~:~cl at s,cund-wave
frequencies of 30, 21, ~ j, and 10 kc .
From the results of the experiment, it w.as ~.~~nc:!.uued that the s~~uL?~,iing
method is a valuable auxiliary means in determix~.r;.~x the t-hickress ,i' the
gravel deposit in the river bed during surveying f'c~r prc~~ected power dams ~.
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v. MATxEMAT.ICS
j Eiger_i'~!nct,ion Expansions for Operators
"Eigenfuncai.on Expansions for a Difference Operator With Oper-
ator Coefficients " by T. .N. Senc:hilitli.na; Kiev, Ukrainskiy
Matematicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 11, No 2, Apr-Jun 5~, pp~-1~1
A difference operator oi'the form
L(u ) :. a -1 u -1 + b u ~? a u ( j =0, 1, 2, . .
j j
j j j j j a?1
is considered where uj are elements of a certain Hilbert space and aj,
bj are bounded operators acting in this space. The operator is considered
on a Hilbert space of the sequences
L )
o J. j j
with a scalar product ~ u, v~ _ ~(uj, vj).
`1'he :Lt.ti:C'.~ ~~~