SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100330001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 127
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 19, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Government 'research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
Page
1
Fuels and Propellants 3
Industrial Chemistry 4
Insectofungicides 11
Isotopes 13
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials 15
Organic 20
Radiation Chemistry 22
Radiochemistry 23
Miscellaneous 24
III. Electronics 26
Acoustics
Components
Computers and Automation
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Laboratory Instruments and Equipment
Patents
Semiconductors
IV. Engineering
Heat Transfer aiid Fluid Flow
Mechanical Engineering
Propulsion
Structural Engineering
Tunnel Building
26
27
29
31
32
33
34
37
37
39
39
42
43
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Approximation Theory
Difference Equations
Antibiotics
Aviation Medicine
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Hematology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
Miscellaneous
VII. Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Cosmic Ray Physics
Nuclear Physics
Plasma Physics
Solid State Physics
Theoretical Physics
Note: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
Page
44
44
51
117
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1. Mobility of Trace Amounts of Radioactive Strontium, Cobalt, and Cesium
in the Soil
"The Mobility of Cobalt, Strontium, and Cesium Compounds in the
Soil," by A. A. Titlyanova and N. A. Timofeyeva, Ural Affiliate,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Sverdlovsk; Moscow, Pochvovedeniye,
No 3, Mar 59, pp 86-91
Because of the theoretical and practical significance of the mobility
of radioactive elements in the soil and the resulting migra-
tion, accumulation, distribution, and level of these elements, tests were
conducted on the mobility of radioactive strontium-90 (4 microcuries/l),
cobalt-60 (20 microcuries/1), and cesium-137 (10 microcuries/l). Soil
filters were used for the sorption and desorption of these elements under
both dynamic and static equilibrium conditions.
Results prove that radioactive strontium is the most mobile; its
salts are the most soluble; it can be completely desorbed from the soil;
and its mobility is due to ion exchange reactions which occur in the form
of a diffuse stream. The mobility of radioactive cobalt and cesium is
much lower -- the least mobile being cesium. The sorption rate of cesium
is determined by the amount of potassium present, the level of which does
not exceed 0.1 mg equivalents/l, while the sorption rate of cobalt is
determined by calcium and magnesium the content of which may be as high
as 2.1 mg equivalents/l. This discrepancy probably explains the greater
migration of cobalt in comparison to that of cesium.
The author theorizes that although cesium and potassium are very
similar in their chemical properties, the two elements compete to form
similar compounds, and the compounds of potassium are more soluble than
those of cesium; therefore, the presence of large amounts of potassium
in the soil reduces the absorption and, consequently, the mobility of
cesium.
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2. Preservation of Ustilago zeae Spores
CPYRGHT
"Duration of Preservation of Ustilago zeae," by T. D. Strakhov
and I. V. Grechko, Byul. Ukr. N.-I. In-ta Rastenovodstva,
Selekts., i Genet. (Bulletin of the Ukrainian Scientific
Research Institute of Plant Growing, Selection, and Genetics),
No 2, 1958, pp 115-116 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Bio to i a,
No 21, 10 Nov 58, Abstract No 96262, by S. V. Gorlenko)
"Spores of Ustilago zeae falling into the soil in dust form can
sprout immediately since they do not require a quiescent state. Sprout-
ing can occur up to 78 days and is determined by environmental conditions.
Basidiospores, conidia, and other mycelial formations which arises after
the spores sprout are subjected to degenerative processes in the soil,
which eliminates the possibility of the saprophytic development of molds
and the accumulation of infection in the soil. The basic sources of in-
fection to corn in the spring are seed infection and ustilaginous nodules,
which have survived the winter."
3. Effect of Low Temperature on Potato Rot Bacillus Studied
"The Stimulating Effect of Low Temperature on the Antagonistic
Activity of Potato Rot Bacillus, Strain No 34," by Yu. S.
Babenko, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot. Dnepropetr. Med. In-t (Collection
of Scientific Works of the Dnepropetrovskiy Medical Institute),
No 1, 1956, p 9 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Biolo i , No 21,
CPYRGHT 10 Nov 58, Abstract No 95008,. by L. V. K.)
"The placing of cultures of potato rot Bacillus (strain No 34) under
decreased temperature conditions (2-40 C) immediately after seeding with
subsequent incubation at 18-200 C increased its antagonistic activity."
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II. CHEMISTRY
Fuels and Propellants
4. Synthetic Fuel Used To Launch the USSR Artificial Satellites
"The Decisive Stage in the Creation of the Material and Tech-
nical Basis of Communism (Discussions on the Subject of the
? Seven-Year Plan)," by L. Savel'yeva, Candidate of Economic
Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, Vol 18, No 96 (3266),
24 A r 59, pp 2-3
CPYRGHT
"It would not have been possible to launch the artificial earth
satellites, or even a space rocket, if it were not for the availability
of the necessary polymer materials and of snythetic fuel (sinteticheskoye
goryucheye)."
5. Mechanism of the Initiation of Explosions as the Result of Impact Pro-
duced by a Falling Weight
"On the theory of the Initiation of an Explosion by the Falling
Weight Test," by L. G. Bolkhovitinov, Institute of Chemical
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 3, 21 Mar 59, pp 570-572
Increases in the rate of chemical reactions taking place in substances
subjected to impact can be produced only by the transformation of mechani-
cal energy into heat energy. F. P. Bowden's assumption that local over-
heating is due to compression of gas occluded in the solid is incorrect.
Frank-Kamenetskiy's critical reaction temperature T*, which must be reached
at foci of decomposition in order that the reaction propagate, must be
higher than the melting point of the substance; a comparison of T* values
for foci of different dimensions with the melting points of "ten" [penta-
erythritol tetranitrai;el, hexogen, tetryl, and trotyl shows that this is
true. In order that the reaction propagate, heating of the substance, no
matter by what mechanism, must be accompanied by compression from all sides:
otherwise the heat energy being supplied will be used up in melting the
substance. Using P. W. Bridgman's data on changes in the melting point
with pressure, the necessary compression can be calculated. The hot foci
of decomposition must have minimum dimensions; these dimensions. depend on
the particle size. Can the basis of a formula for the maximum pressure
,produced by the impact in the falling weight testing device, the probabil-
ity of an explosion can be correlated with the height from which the weigt
falls. Comparison with experimental data of "explosion frequency" curves
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plotted on the basis of calculations carried out using this correlation
indicates that, among variables which determine the probability of an
explosion, the pressure produced by the impact is no less important than
the yield strength of the substance.
Industrial Chemistry
6. Some Work Done at the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR
"For Further Advancement of Science in Siberia and in the Far
East" (unsigned article); Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirskogo
Otdeieniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 2, Mar 59, pp 3-8
The following work was done in 1958 at the institutes and affiliates
of the Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences USSR.
In the field of physico-mathematical and technical sciences, the
first results of value were obtained-in the invebtigation of explosions
in the ground and in research on spin detonations which originate when
combustion processes are transformed into explosions.. Research has been
initiated on the strength of metals of high temperatures. The available
geophysical methods of prospecting for useful minerals and surveying de-
posits of these minerals are being improved. New methods for this purpose
are being devised. Work is being done on methods, for the isolation of
rare elements from coal in conjunction with the burning of coal for power
generation.
In the field of chemical sciences, as a result of work in which cen-
tral institutes of the Academy of Sciences USSR and of the ministries par-
ticipated, an original design was developed of an.automatic countercurrent
disproportionation device [literally' "distributing device"I by means of
which the method of repeated extraction can be applied for the separation
of rare earths, antibiotics, and higher alcohols. A method has been de-
veloped for the separation of the chlorides of such rare elements as tung-
sten and indium and, in conjunction with this, of the chlorides of alumi-
num, bismuth, zinc, tin, iron, and titanium from industrial waste sludges.
The conditions under which the maximum yield of acrolein is obtained
in the oxidation of propylene were determined. The acrolein is to be used
as a starting material in the synthesis of polymers.
Under the current Seven-Year Plan, all leading institutes of the
Siberian Branch will have to contribute to progress in the fields of
controlled thermonuclear power arid of the use of nuclear energy for the
generation of power and propulsion:"- The chemical institutes ought to
expand work on wider application in the national economy of synthetic ma-
terials, products of nuclear fission, and radioactive isotopes.
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Working in close collaboration with chemists, mechanics, geophys-
icists, and specialists in other fields, the scientists of the Institute
of Hydrodynamics will have to expand the theoretical and experimental re-
-earch already begun on problems relating tc explosions. Already, in the
next; few years, it will be necessary to develop the theory of explosions
to such an extent that practical recommendations can be made which will
increase still further the effectiveness of blasting carried out in dif-
ferent types of ground and in liquids. To unify efforts in this field
made by scientists of different specialties, engineers, and technicians
active at numerous USSR institutions, a Joint Scientific Council on Ex-
plosion Problems should be organized at the Siberian Branch.
7. Chemical Research To Be Done in the Ukraine in Connection With the
Current Seven-Year Plan
"Tasks of Chemical Research in the Ukraine in the Light of
the Decisions of the 21st Congress of the CPSU" (unsigned
article); Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 25,
No 1, Jan-Feb 59 (published in Mar 59 , PP 3-7
Tasks to be accomplished by chemical scientists in the Ukraine in
connection with the current Seven-Year Plan (1959-1967) include the fol-
lowing activities.
Up to now, research on the physical chemistry of high-molecular com-
pounds was conducted in the Ukraine in an entirely unsatisfactory manner.
In connection with this, new tasks have been set in fields such as the in-
vestigation of the lyophilic characteristics of polymers, formulation of
a theory of emulsion polymerization, investigation of the polymerization
of organosols of metals in different monomers, the rheological properties
of polymers including rubber lattices and rubber solutions, filling (rein-
forcement) of polymers with different highly dispersed fillers, and the
physical chemistry of synthetic substances.
Research to be done on the synthesis of organic ion exchangers com-
prises the development of ion exchange resins exhibiting a higher adsorp-
tion capacity c..nd having a greater'selectivity and also of ion exchangers
exerting an oxidative or reducing effect. Availabilii,y of resins with
these characteristics will make it possible to apply ion exchangers ef-
fectively in hydrome'Llallurgy, the purification of water, the production
of sugar, many industrial processes involving oxidation or reduction,
analytical chemistry, etc.
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Several years ago a major deposit of elemental sulfur was discovered
on the Ukraine. However, up to now, neither the Academ"r of Sciences of
the Ukrainian SSR nor the Gosplan of the Ukrainian SSR has designated the
scientific institutions at which investigations are to be conducted on the
extraction, conversion, and utilization of sulfur as one of the most im-
portant raw materials of the heavy chemical industry. In connection with
the very extensive program of the development of new technology and of the
production of new metallic materials w1th superior technical' characteris-
tics that is to be carried out, it is ihtended to conduct extensive research
on rare and dispersed elements, nonferrous metals, and the production of
chemically pure metals. In connection with this, work will be done on
the concentration of mineral raw materials, improvement of technological
processes for the production of rare metals, development and application
of methods for the extraction and separation of rare and nonferrous metals,
the production of, pure metals, the production of heat-resistant alloys,
the physico-chemical analysis of systems that are of itnportance in the
technology of rare-earth elements and other metals, and many other problems.
In addition to this, work will be done on measures for preventing the cor-
rosion of metals and on the development of new types of anticorrosion
coatings.
Efficient utilization of water supplies, first of all, water supplies
derived from open 'bodies of water, for technical purposes and as drinking
water requires the development of a modern technology of water purifica-
tion and the creation of new water-treatment techniques. This problem can
be solved by investigating the physico-chemical characteristics of sub-
stances which contaminate natural water and by developing methods for the
improvement of the quality of water that are based on the application of
adsorption and oxidation processes. One must also introduce many-sided
automation of chemico-technological processes applied in water treatment
and develop equipment for the purification of water to be used for drink-
ing, as well as for the processing of waste water coming from industrial
establishments.
In the current 7-year period, research will be continued on the chem-
istry of complex compounds with the view of solving problems pertaining
to the development of methods for the synthesis of such compounds, in-
vestigating the structure of complex compounds and clarifying the relation-
ships which underlie their reactions depending on the reaction conditions
and the media, and developing methods for the practical application of
compounds that have been synthesized. To solve these problems, it will be
necessary to develop new methods and improve available methods for the
investigation of complex compounds. The theory and practical application
of methods of physico-chemical analysis will be advanced on an extensive
scale. Without physice,-chemical analysis, it is impossible to conduct
fundamental research on complex systems and complex substances.
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Many-sided investigations will be conducted in the field of the col-
loid chemistry of high-molecular compounds and of disperse systems. Par-
ticular attention will be paid to the problems of lyophilicity and sta-
bili.t.y of such systems. The regularities underlying the interaction of
solid phases with different liquid and gaseous media will have to be in-
vestigated in connection with this. The increased interest in processes
of this type is due in part to the great practical importance of the ob-
jects investigated (high polymers, surface-active substances, metal
powders and powders of metal alloys, clay minerals, technical lubricants,
aerosols, etc.)
8. Current Tasks of Polymer Science and the Program of the New Periodi-
cal--Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya (High Molecular Compounds)
"From the Editors" (unsigned article); Moscow, Vysokomoleku-
larn a So edineni a, Vol 1, No 1, Jan 59, (published in Apr
59), pp 3-
The extensive program of research on new monomers and new types of
polymers which has been planned is imposed by the necessity of solving a
number of problems that are of the greatest importance from a practical
standpoint. The principal problem involved is the development of poly-
mers which preserve their operational characteristics within the most ex-
tensive temperature range. To solve the problem in question, elastomers
and plastics which combine heat resistance with stability at temperatures
below the freezing point will have to be developed.
In connection with this, one must obviously. expand research on purely
organic polymers (particularly those which have a highly ordered structure
of chains), organoelemental polymers, and inner-complex polymers of the
chelate type. It is known that polymers with a highly ordered structure
of chains exhibit-, significantly higher temperatures of vitrification and
softening than polymers of the same composition which do not have a regu-
lar structure, that some polymers containing aromatic groups in their
chains, e. g., polyparaxylylene, stand elevated temperatures, and that
organoelemental polymers, e. g., those of the organosilicon and inner-
complex types, exhibit thermal stability at elevated temperatures.
Conducting research along the directions suggested makes it possible
to raise the thermal stability of polymer materials up to 300?-1;00? or,
under exceptionally favorable conditions., even to 5000. A number of prob-
lems important from the practical standpoint will be solved thereby. How-
ever, the present stage of the development of aircraft and rocket construc-
tion and the progress in the electrical industry and other fields of
technology urgently require the creation of polymer materials which have
a still higher thermal stability. Apparently a satisfactory solution
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of this problem depends on the development of heat-resistant inorganic
elastomers and plastics. Work along these lines will have to be done on
the widest possible scale with participation of the most prominent USSR
scientists and specialists in the field of inorganic chemistry.
Expansion of research on new monomers aid new types of polymers is
also imposed by the necessity of expanding applications of polyrier mate-
rials in the production of articles required in the national, economy of
the country. Of great practical importance is the development of polymer
semiconductors, polymer dyestuffs, polymers which exhibit physiological
activity, polymer fertilizers which have a prolonged action, polymers
which are active from the standpoint of applications in photography, and
a number of other polymer substances for diverse uses. The synthesis of
these polymers will require the application of specially selected monomers
and polymerization of these monomers to polymers that exhibit a specific
structure.
Research will have to be done with the aim of developing new methods
of synthesis. This refeit to stereospecific polymerization and to the
synthesis of block and gr"Vf t polymers.
Physical and physico-chemical problems pertaining to the production
of materials and.-articles from polymer materials will have to be solved.
Extensive application of crystallizing polymers with their high
melting temperatures, the conversion of which involves, in a number of
cases, molding of polymer articles from melts; application of graft and
block polymers; and significant improvement in mechanical characteristics
of finished products derived. from polymers (particularly with respect to
mechanical strength, especially as far as "fibers and plastics are concerned)
require extensive work on the structural and mechanical properties of
polymers, involving studies of the orientation of chains and of their
complexes, the nature of the crystalline state of polymers, and the sta-
bility of structures, as well as changes in these structures.
On the other hand, one must expedite work or. the rheology of polymer
melts and subject to a thorough-going study processes of the solution of
graft and block polymers. These are problems which are of great practical
importance and which have essentially not been investigated as yet to any
extent either in or outside of the USSR. From the standpoint of the ap-
plication of polymers for specific pgrposes in indiv.dual branches of
technology, the electric, adhesion, and ion-exchange properties of polymers
will have to be studied, as well as the dependence of these properties on
the chemical structure of the polymer chains and the general characteris-
tics of polymer products. Methods must be developed for grafting polymer
chains with the purpose of clarifying the mechanism of the action of light,
heat, radiation, and mechanical stresses on polymers.
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The changes taking place in the properties of a polymer as a result
of the effects mentioned above depend on the chemical nature of the polymer
and also on the admixtures contained in it: both factors must be considered
in the research that will be done. To find effective stabilizers, detailed
research on the mechanism of the so-called ageing of polymers will have to
be conducted.
Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya is a periodical covering the fields
of the theoretical and experimental chemistry and physics of polymers. It
will serve the needs of scientists and specialists who are active in the
field of high-molecular compounds, in the industry producing polymers, and
in various fields of endeavor related to the application of polymers in
the USSR economy.
The matter published in the periodical will be arranged according to
the following subdivisions:
1. A scientific section in which original investigations in the
fields of theoretical and experimental chemistry and physics of high-
molecular compounds will be published, as well as scientific discussions
on individual problems of polymer science; I.
2. Letters to the editor, a section in which brief communications
will be published no later than 2 months after they have been received
by the editors;
3. The "Scientific Chronicle," a section which will publish infor-
mation on activities of the Council High-Molecular Compounds at the De-
partment of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, reports on con-
ferences dealing with high-molecular compounds and held both in the USSR
and abroad, information in connection with anniversaries and birthdays,
reports on dissertations, etc.;.
4+. A bibliographic section containing reviews of new scientific
publications on high-molecular compounds, reviews of new books, etc.
The Board of Editors of the new periodical Vysokomolekularnyye Soy-
edineniya consists of V. A. Kargin, Chief Editor; P. V. Kozlov, Deputy
Chief Editor; G. S. Kolesnikov, Executive Secretary; K. A. Andrianov;
V. A. Dogadkin; B. A. Dolgoplosk; A. A. Korotkov; V. V. Korshak; Yu. S.
Lazurkin; I. P. Losev; N. V. Mikhaylov; S. S. Medvedev; A. G. Pasynskiy;
V. S. Smirnov; and V. N. Tsvetkov. The address of the editorial office
is Podsosenskiy Perulok 21, Moscow. All articles published in the peri-
odical that report results of original research are followed by an English-
language abstract. There is an English table of contents at the end of
individual issues of the periodical.
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CPYRGHT
A Book on the Metallurgy of Calcium To Be Published by Atomizdat
Metallurgiya Kal'tsiya (The Metallurgy of Calcium) by N. A.
Doronin, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1959, six standard printed sheets,
price 4 rubles (reviewed in Tematicheskiy Plan Izdaniy Atomizda
na 1959 God (Publications Plan of Atomizdat for 1959] Atomizdat,
Moscow, 1958, p il)
"This book gives information on raw materials from which metallic
calcium is produced, the supplies of these materials, and their industrial
classification. Detailed descriptions are given of the calcining of lime-
stone, the design of furnaces used for calcining, the production of anhy-
drous calcium chloride, and the physico-chemical properties and technical
applications of calcium. The methods for the production of metallic calcium
and the theory underlying these methods are subjected to treatment. The
book i; to serve as an instruction manual for engineering and technical
workers, as well as for students specializing in this field. An edition
consisting of 10,000 copies is scheduled for publication in the first quarter
of 1959."
10. Experimental Investigation of Extraction Columns With Alternating
Agitator and Packed Sections
"Investigation of an Extraction Column With Alternating
Agitator and Packed Sections," by Prof N. I. Gel'perin,
Doctor of Technical Sciences, and Engr I. I. Kravchenko;
Moscow, Khimicheskoye Mashinostroyeniye, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 28-32
An experimental investigation of the characteristics of extraction
columns consisting of alternating agitator sections and sections filled
with Raschig rings is described.
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11. Separation of Aerosols by Centrifuging
Toentrifugirovani~e Aerozoley_v TsRP (Centrifuging of
Aerosols in Centrifugal Rotary Dust Separators), by
S. A. Prechistenskiy, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1959, eight
standard printed sheets, price 4 rubles (reviewed in
Tematicheskiy Plan Izdani Atomizdata na _1959 God,(Pub-
liiccations Plan of Atomizdat for 1959 , Atomizdat) Moscow,
CPYRGHBfi pp 13-14
"The basic theoretical aspects of the centrifuging of aerosols in a
new type of equipment, i.e., the centrifugal rotary dust separator (TsRP),
are considered. The principal problems which must be solved in designing
equipment of this type are discussed. Experimental data are given in con-
nection with different technological processes carried out in equipment of
this type. The book will serve the needs of designing engineers and re-
searchers working in the field of the separation of aerosols.
"An edition consisting of 10,000 copies of the book is scheduled for
publication in the third quarter of 1959."
Insectofungicides
12. New Contact Insecticide Synthesized
"C-Aroxy-P,P-dimethoxyisophosphazoacyrls and? Mixed Triaroxy-
isophosphazoacyls," by A. V. Kirsanov and G."'I. Derkach,
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy,of Sciences Ukrain-
ian SSR; Mcscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 2,
Feb 59, pp 600-605
A number of C-aroxy-P,P-dimethoxyisophosphazoacyls and a number of
triaroxyisophosphazoacyls were obtained by the action of sodium arylates
on C-chloro-P,P-dimethoxyisophosphazoacyls and C-chloro-P,P-diaroxyiso-
phosphazoacyls. In all, 24 compounds were obtained and characterized.
It was established that during the alkaline hydrolysis of mixed tri-
aroxyisophosphazoacyls, the diaryl esters of acylamidophosphoric acids
are obtained.
The authors state that the mixed triaroxyisophosphazoacyls did not
exhibit any insecticidal activity. The compounds C-p-nitrophenoxy-P,P-
dimethoxyisophosphazobenzoyl appeared to be an extemely active contact
insecticide, while the remaining C-aroxy-P,P-.dimethoxyisophosphazoacyls
were only slightly active contact insecticides.
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13. Some New Fungicides Synthesized
"From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XL. The Synthesis
of Several Pew Derivatives of Sulfamides," by N. N. Mel'nikov,
Ye. M. Sokolova, and P. P. Trunov, Scientific (Research) Insti-
tute for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 2, Feb 59, PP 529-32
In the search for new effective fungicides for attacking plant
diseases, the authors synthesized a number of amides and trichloromethyl-
thioamides of sulfacids, most of which were not previously described in
the literature. Five of the 13 synthesized trichloromethylthiosulfamides
proved to be active fungicides. These compounds were obtained by reacting
perchloromethylmercaptan with the amides of sulfacids in a basic medium:
R
RS02NHRl -}- CCl3SCl + NaOH --i'' RS02N \ 1 + NaC1 + H2O.
SCC13
The five amides of sulfacids were obtained by interacting the acid
chloride of the corresponding sulfacid with a surplus of amine in a hydro-
phobic organic solvent (dry benzene).
The physical constants of the synthesized products are presented in
tabular form.
14. Chemistry of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides
"Investigations on the Chemistry of Fertilizers and In-
s ectofungic ides," by S. I. Vol'kovich and V. K. Kuskov,
Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser. Matem. Mekhan., Astron., Fiz.,
Khimii, 1957, No 6, pp 125-136 from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Khimi a, No 5, 10 Mar 59, Abstract No 16T35, by I. Mil'shteyn)
Heptyloxychlorophosphine is obtained according to an earlier described
method (L. Z. Sobo':ovskiy, Yu. M. Zinov'yev, and M. A. Englina, DAN SSSR,
1949, 67, 293; 73, 333). From this compound, the ethyl esters of heptyl-
phosphinic and heptyl;pyrophosphinic acids are obtained according to the
Toy Method (A. D. F. Toy, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1948, 70, 3882). Upon
phosphorylation of esters of boric acid with PC13 in the presence of oxygen
and by subsequent hydrolysis, the ex.yphosphinic acids are obtained; the
position of the oxy-group in them was not determined. Upon reacting tri-
ethylthiophosphate (I) with para-nitrophenol (II) at 190-200?, a mixture
of esters is obtained, which, according to insecticidal activity, is
equivalent to thiophos; the reactions of I with Captax and trimethylthio-
phosphate with II proceed analogously. A review is given of other works
of the Chair of Chemical Technology of Moscow State University on fertili-
zers and insectofungicides.
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15. Interaction of Phosphorus Thiotrichloride and Alkyldichlorothio-
phosphates With Alcohols
From the Field of Organic Insectofungicides. XXXVIII. On
the Interaction of Phosphorus Thiotrichloride and Alkyldichloro-
thiophosphates With Alcohols," by N. N. Mel'riikov Ya. A.
Mandel'baum, and P. G. Zaks, Scientific (Research) Institute
for Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 2, Feb 59, pp 522-526
The reactions of phosphorus thiotrichloride and alkyldichloroihio-
phosphates with alcohols were studied. It was established that phosphorus
thiotrichloride acid alkyldichlorothiophosphates react with alcohol as
normal acyl chlorides of acids, but alkylthiophosphoric acids are formed
as by-products by the hydrolysis of the initial and final ester of chioro-
thiophosphoric acid. The four dialkylchlorothiophosphates with their
physical constants are presented in tabular form.
A new method was developed for obtaining dialkylchlorophosphates by
the interaction of alcohols with phosphorus thiotrichloride or alkyldi-
chlorotiiiophosphate. The dialkylchlorothiophosphates obtained by this
method, in a large number of cases, had very satisfactory yields.
The highest yields of dialkylchlorothiophosphates were obtained by
the interaction of various alkyldichlorothiophosphates with methyl alcohol,
which is explained by the high activity of the hydroxyl hydrogen in the
methyl alcohol in comparison with other alcohols. The products obtained,
the percentage yield, and other physical characteristics are presented in
a table.
Isotopes
16. A Method for the Separation of Isotopes Based on Differences in
Molecular Volume
"A New Method for the Separation of Isotopes," by G. M.
Panchenkov, A. M. Tolmachev, and V. B. Kondratova, Moscow
State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33,
No 3, Mar 59, pp 734+-735
Recently, published experimental results obtained in work on H, Li,
and Hg indicate that, contrary to the views on the subject held higherto,
different isotopes of the same element have different molecular volumes.
This difference in molecular volumes can be used to separate isotopes by
reacting them with chemical compounds functioning as molecular sieves.
Experimental results. obtained by the authors with bis-(N, N'-disalicylal-
ethylenediamine) -?-aquadicobalt indicate that this compound, which
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absorbs oxygen intensively at temperatures below 1.06 and releases it at
temperatures above 600, can be used for the concentration of 018 (enrich-
ment of ordinary oxygen with 0i6018 molecules).
The absorption of oxygen by the cobalt compqupd takes place intra-
molecularly with the formation of an -0-0-bridgetbetween two cobalt atoms.
Because the distance between the cobalt atoms is fixed, the compound acts
as a molecular sieve for oxygen isotopes.
Research on the separation of isotopes of other elements on the basis
of differences in the molecular volume is being conducted at present.
17. Isotopic Exchange of Nitrogen Between: Aminq?ompounds and Ammonia
"Isotopic Exchange of Nitrogen Between Amizaocompounds and
Liquid Ammonia," by L. L. Strizhak, S. G. Demidgnko, and
A. I. Brodskiy, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences
USSR, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy,.of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121+,
No 5, 11 Feb 59, pp 1089-1092
It was established that liquid ammonia does not exchange N15 with
nitrogroups, the nitrogen of the pyridine nucleus, or aminogroups when
they are bound directly to carbon atoms of aromatic nuclei or of alkyl
groups. Exchange with aminogroups takes place when a strongly negative
group, such as a nitrogroup or a sulfonic acid group, is present in the
aromatic nucleus. Exchange proceeds at a relatively fast rate in sub-
stances in which the aminogroup is bound directly to carbonyl groups or
analyogous CS or CNH groups. As far as the rate of exchange is concerned,
acid amides form the following series:
cc13,CO.NH2 > CH3.C0.NH2 > C2H 5 0. CO. N112 >
N02C6H1F, Co, NH2 > C6H5 . Co. NH2
It appears from this series that the rate of exchange increases with
increased electrophilic strength of the carbon atom to which the aminogroup
Is bound. Analogous relationships are observed in urea derivatives.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
18. Uranates of Alkali Metals
"Investigation of the Composition of Alkali Metal Uranates
Obtained by a Dry Procedure," by K. M. Yefremova, Ye. A.
Ippolitova, U. P. Simanov, and Academician V. I. Spitsyn,
Moscow State University; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 124Y No 5, 11 Feb 59, pp 1057-1060
The composition and properties of the alkali metal uranates obtained
by heating the carbonates of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and
cesium with uranium oxide were investigated.
19. A Book on the Gamma-Assaying of Uranium Ores
Rukovodstvo o Camma-Oprovoyaniyu Uranovykh Rud (A Manual of
the Gamma-Assaying of Uranium Ores), by A. G. Grammakov, V. L.
Shashkin, and M. V. Shiryayeva, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1959, four
standard printed sheets, price 2 rubles (reviewed in Tematiche-
skiy Plan Izdani Atomizdata na 1959 God [Publications Plan of
CPYR At W zdat for 1959], Atomizdat, Moscow, 1958, p 11)
"The fundamentals of the theory underlying the method of radiometric
assaying of uranium ores are discussed. The equipment used is described,
and applications of gamma-assaying are reviewed.
"The book will serve the needs of geophysicists and geologists who
are active in the fields of prospecting for and surveying of occurrences
of uranium ores. It can also be used as a textbook by students specializ
ing in the fields of geology and geophysics.
"Ten Thousand copies of the book will be published in the second
quarter of 1959."
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The Sulfate Method for the Separation of Transuranium Elements
"Investigation of the Sulfate Method for the Separation of'
Transuranium Elements -- Part I," by E. I. Grebenshchikova
and N. B. Chernyavskaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No It, Ap-r 59, pp 911-9 F9
In a paper presented by B. V. Kurchatov, V. N. Grebenshchi,kova,
N. B. Chernyavskaya, and G. N. Yakovlev at the First International Con-
?e;rence on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, Geieva, 1955 the principal
conditions for the analytical separation of PO+ and Np4+ by means
of the double potassium-lanth-clium sulfate were indicated. However, it
was found in connection with the application of this method for the
separation of americium from plutonium that there is a considerable dif-
ference in the behavior of these metals. Because of the importance of
the sulfate method and its extensive use, the distribution of plutonium
and americium between the double sulfate and solution was investigated
more thoroughly in the work described in this instance. It was established
that the coefficient of the distribution of americium does not depend on
the concentration of potassium sulfate in solution, but that of the dis-
tribution of plutonium does. The maximum value of the coefficient of
distribution of plutonium corresponds to the formation of the complex Pu
(So))3 ion in solutions. This complex is analogous in composition to
the complex lanthanum sulfate ion present in the solid salt and differes
from it only by its charge. The plutonium sulfate ion is smaller than
the lanthanum sulfate ion because the charge of the plutonium.ion (4+ )
is greater than that of the lanthanum ion (3+ ). This must have a favor-
able effect on the inclusion of the plutonium sulfate ion into the lattice
of the macrocomponent.
The data obtained on the distribution coefficients of Am and Pu make
it possible to select optimal conditions, not only for their joint separa-
tion from dilute solutions, but also for their separation from each other
by the sulfate method. Experiments on the separation of plutonium from
americium were carried out in an 0.19 molar solution of potassium sulfate
because the coefficients of distribution of Pu and Am show the greateet
difference at this concentration. The results obtained indicate that
arter separation of the total plutonium (97-98%), the precipitate is con-
taminated with a quantity of americium corresponding to 6-8% of the total
amount of this element present initially. Reprecipitation of the precip-
itated salt makes it possible to eliminate americium completely from the
plutonium.
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1.. Separation of Plutonium and Other Radioactive Elements by the Method
of Combined Crystallization
"Concerning the Problem of the Combined Crystallization of
Substances With Crystalline Precipitates," by V. I Greben-
shchikova, R. V. Bryzgalova, N. B. Chernyavskaya, and V. N.
Bobrova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 11-21
The coprecipitation of radioactive elements with crystalline pre-
cipitates was studied on the following systems:
Group 1. Microcomponents Am21+1, Eu1511, and Y91 - macrocomponents
(carriers) lanthanum oxalate La2(C2O1F)3.9H2O and the double lanthanum sul-
fate K3La(SO)4)3;
Group 2. Microcomponent Pu239 in the tetravalent state - the
same macrocomponents as in group 1);
Group 3. Microcomponents Y91, Cel41 , La11+0 , and Am241 in the
trivalent state and Zr95 and Pu239 in the tetravalent state - macrocompon-
ent K2b01j.
With respect to the coprecipitation of plutonium in the systems of
group 2, it was established that plutonium is enriched on the oxalate
carrier at a lower solubility of plutonium oxalate than that of the lan-
thanum oxalate and enriched on the potassium-lanthanum sulfate at a higher
solubility of potassium-plutonium sulfate than that of the double lanthanum
sulfate carrier. The explanation given for the behavior of plutonium in
the latter case is that complex ions of the composition Pu(S04)2- rather
than Put}+ ions enter into the lattice of the macrocomponent. Since the
effective concentration of the complex ion varies with the concentration
of K2SOI, one can, by man.pulating the concentration of K2SOk, either pre-
cipitate both Am3+ and PuF+ on the potassium-lanthanum sulfate carrier or
precipitate Pu11+ selectively, thus separating it from Am3+ .
On the basis of the results obtained in the investigation described,
it is concluded that determination of the valency of radioelements by the
method of isomorphous combined crystallization may lead to erroneous re-
sults because of the absence of experimental methods for distinguishing
between anomalous mixed crystals and true mixed crystals. In the copre-
cipitation of radioelements with complex and double salts under formation
of anomalous mixed crystals, the coefficient of the crystallization of the
microcomponent assumes a maximum value when the stoichiometric formula of
the macrocomponent in the precipitate is the same as that of the microcom-
ponent in the solution, independently of differences in the charges of the
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2-
ions (for instance, when La (S04) 3 ions are replaced by Pu(SOIE) 3 ions)..
The method of isomorphous crystallization can be applied for establishing
the limits within which complex ions are formed and also for determining
the dissociation constants of complex ions of radioactive elements in solu-
tion.
22. Selective Extraction of Rare-Earth Elements, Uranium, and Thorium
in the Form of Their Salicylates
"Extraction of Salicylates of Scandium, Yttrium, Cerium,
Lanthanum, Uranium, and Thorium," by B. N. Sudarikov, V. A.
Zaytsev, and Yu. G. Puchkov, Chair of the Technology of
Radioactive and Rare Elements, Moscow Chemico-Technological
Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady
Vysshey Shkol --Khimi a i Khimicheskaya Tekhnolo i , No 1,
Jan-Mar 59, pp 80-63
The distribution of the salicylates of scandium, yttrium, cerium,
lanthanum, uranium, and thorium between isoamyl alcohol and aqueous
solutions, depending on the pH, was investigated. It was established
that the salicylates are extracted quantitatively by isoamyl alcohol at
the following pH values: scandium, 3.3-5.5; yttrium, above 4; lanthanum,
above 4.5; cerium, above 5.0; thorium, above 3.0; and uranium, 2.5-5.5.
23. Radiation Changes in Metals
"On the Theory of Radiation?Induced Changes in Metals," by
I. M. Lifshits, M. I. Kaganov, and L. V. Tanatorov; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 4, Apr 59, pp 391-402
The development of radiants of local heating produced by adsorption
of the energy of nuclear particles passing through.matter is considered.
The interrelationships between electrons and the lattice which lead to
an equalization of the temperature of both are discussed. A method is
proposed for the calculation of the effective kinetic coefficients of
media undergoing fission. The nature of changes in the mechanical prop-
erties of samples which arise because of local heating is explained.
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The Effect of Irradiation on Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
"The effect of Irradiation on Solids," by Yu. N. Sokurskiy;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 4, Apr 59, pp 403-425
The papers on the effect of radiation on solids which have been pre-
sented at the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear
Energy (Geneva, 1958) are reviewed from a single viewpoint. Experimental
work is discussed which dealt with the quantitative evaluation of radia-
tion damage and also with problems of the action of neutron radiation on
fissionable materials (uranium, plutonium, and some alloys of these ele-
ments). Data are listed on the effect of high rates of burn-out (up to 2
atomic percent) on the dimensions and shape of reactor parts made of uranium
and its alloys and also on the-increase of the volume (swelling) of uranium
reactor parts under the effect of radiation. Detailed consideration is
given to data on uranium alloys containing 9% by weight of molybdenum and
also to data pertaining to pure uranium, which indicate that there is a
high mobility of atoms in uranium and its alloys during irradiation. Data
dealing with the effect of the temperature and of the dose of radiation,
as well as other conditions, on the mechanical properties of steels and
other construction materials are discussed. Results of work dealing with
the effects of irradiation on nonmetallic materials such as BeO, U02 -
BeO, U02 --Th 02, and graphite are reviewed.
25. .An Investigation of Heat Transfer to Liquid Metal Coolants
"Heat Transfer in Tubes to Sodium-Potassium Alloys and
Mercury," by P. L. Kirillov,. V. I. Subbotin, M. Ya.
Suvorov; and M. F. Troyanov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 6, No 4, Apr 59, pp 382-390
The results of experiments in which the coefficient of heat transfer
to sodium-potassium alloy was measured made it possible to conclude that
a boundary resistance to heat transfer exists and that this resistance
changes with time. The experiments were conducted by two methods: measur-
ing changes of the wall temperature and determining temperature gradients
in the stream. The content of oxygen in the alloy was found to exert an
effect on the boundary heat transfer resistance.
Measurements of the coefficient of heat transfer from a nickel tube
to mercury showed that a boundary resistance is absent in this case. This-
result indicates that the surface material has an influence on the heat
transfer.
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Measurements with a moveable thermocoil made it possible to establish
that end effects are absent and that the length of the section of heat
stabilization for hydraulically stabilized flow comprises 10 l/d, where
)./d is the relatilre length of the section being heated. Results obtained
iri the work described for the case when a boundary resistance to heat
transfer is absent are iii agreement with results obtained by other in-
vestigators.
Or5anic
26. Synthesis of Some New Esters of Phosphinic,and Phosphoric Acids
"The Synthesis of Several Esters of Phosphinic and Phosphoric
Acid," by B. A. Arbuzov and E. N. Ukhvatova, Scientific Re-
search Chemical Institute, Kazan State University; Moscow,
Zhurnai Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 2, Feb 59, pp 503-507
The reaction of the chloromethyl-P -acetoxyethyl ester with trialkyl-
phosphites leads to the synthesis of the esters of P -acetoxyethoxymethyl
phosphinic acid. The diethyl, n-dipropyl, and n-dibutyl esters were syn-
thesized and characterized. The constants are presented in the text.
Several esters of phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids cnn+sinina
heterocyclic radicals were synthesized. The acid chloride of diethyl
phosphoric acid reacted with the sodium salt of 4-methyl-2-oxythiazole
to form the corresponding diethyl ester of methoxythiazole phosphoric
acid. The physical constants are given in the text. The corresponding
n-butyl and isobutyl esters synthesized decomposed in the process of sub-
limation. The reaction. between the acid cloride of diethylphosphoric acid
and 4-methyl-2-aminothiazole yielded the corresponding substituted amide.
The physical constants are listed. The 2,5-dimercaptothio-3J4-diazole was
reacted with the acid chloride of the diethyl ester of phosphoric acid to
form a product which decomposed in the process of sublimation.
The authors also studied the reaction of dioxylan and the acid chloride
of dialkylphosphoric acid. But the reaction did not proceed in the desired
direction, i.e., with a halide in the ester radical.
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27. Reactions of Phosgene and Oxalyl Chloride With Esters of Phosphorous
Acid
"On the Reactions of Phosgene and Oxalyl Chloride With Esters
of Phosphorous Acid," by A. N. Pudovik and R. N. Platonova,
Kazan State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 507-510
The authors established that the reactions of complete esters of
phosphorous acid with phosgene and oxalyl chloride proceeds with the
cleavage of carbon monoxide and leads to the formation of the acid
chlorides of the dialkyl esters of phosphorous acid.
28. Fluorine-Containing Trichlorophosphazosulfonaryls and Their Deriva-
tives
"Fluorine-Containing Trichlorophosphazosulfonaryls and Their
Derivatives," by L. M. Yagupol'skiy and V. I. Troitskaya,
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 552-556
The purpose of this work was to synthesize and study the insecticidal
properties of trichlorophosphazosulfonaryls and their derivatives which
contain a fluorine atom or trifluoromethyl groups substituted in the
aromatic nucleus.
The trichlorophosphazosulfon-p-fluoro- and the m- trifluoromethyl-
benzene and the products of their hydrolysis, were obtained.
The synthesis of nine trialkoxyphosphazosulfon- and triaroxyphos-
phazosulfon-p-fluoro- and m-trif luoromethylbeenzene and nine diesters of
p-fluoro- and m-trifluoromethylphenylsulfonamidophosphoric acids are
described and their physical constants given.
Two compounds are mentioned as exhibiting some insecticidal activity.
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29. A Method of Determining Purity of Organic Substances
"The Determination of the Purity of Organic Substances
According to the Melting Curve," by A. K. Bonetskaya, S. M.
Skuratov, and A. S. Monauenkova, Chair of Physical Chemistry
of the Moscow State University imen:i. M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow,
Nauchnyye D)klady Vysshey Shkoly -- Khimiya i Khimicheskaya
Tekhnologiya, No 1, 1959, pp 113-116
The authors have developed a method which permits one to determine
the degree of purity of organic substances with an accuracy of 0.01-0.03
mo1.%.
This method essentially utilized a Snit apparatus (cf W. M. Smit,
Rec. tray. chim., 1956, 75, 1309) with two important modifications: the
measuring vessel is made of silver not of glass; and in place of the
mercury thermometers used for measuring the temperature of the substance
and for measuring the difference in the temperature between the substance
and the block, the authors have employed a copper- cons tantan thermocouple.
The accuracy of the method was verified by determining the purity of
diphenylamine, diphenyl, and caprolactam.
Radiation Chemistry
30. A Theoretical Treatment of Radiation-Chemical Reactions
"On the Theory of Radiation Chemistry," by L. S. Polak and
A. Ya. Temkin, Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125,
21 Mar 59, PP 584-587
A theoretical treatment is given to problems involved in the inter-
action of tracks, and methods are derived for the approximate calculation
of the number of free radicals and of the quantity of end-products of
gamma- and beta-radialysis. The methods in question are stated to be
suitable for calculations carried out on electronic computers.
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31. Application of the Method of Radiation-Chemical Reduction To Produce
Platinum Black With an Exceptionally High Catalytic Activity
"Radiation Method for the Production of Platinum Catalysts,"
by A. A. Balandin, V. I. Spitsyn, L. I. Barsova, and V. I.
Duzhenkov, Moscow State University and Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fiziche-
skoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 3, Mar 59, pp 736-737
Irradiation with electrons of hydroxyl complexes of platinum pre-
pared by the'dissolution of sodium chioroplatinate in sodium hydroxide
was found to result in the precipitation of finely dispersed platinum
with a catalytic activity superior to that of ordinary platinum black.
The catalytic activity was measured by determining the effectiveness of
the platinum in the low-temperature hydrogenation of cyclohexene. The
activity of fresh platinum catalyst prepared by the radiation-chemical
method was found to be 15-20 times higher than that of ordinary platinum
black prepared according to Loew. This activity, which was exhibited
during the first few days after preparation, deteriorated gradually in
17 days, but still remained much higher than that of ordinary platinum
black. The activity of samples obtained at 10-18? was lower than that
of samples obtained at 45-500?
Radiochemistry
32. Work on Radioactive Isotopes in Latvia
"News Item -- USSR" (unsigned report); Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 6, No !a, Apr 59, p 196
The Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR, developed,
jointly with enterprises of the Latvian Sovnarkhoz, a number of devices
based on the utilization of radioactive isotopes. These devices are to
be used for-the automatic control of technological processes. Experimental
prototypes of appliances to be used at enterprises of the metallurgical,
chemical, food, and other industries were constructed by the following
industrial plans: VEF, Hydrometric Appliances, "Kompressor," and the
Radio Manufacturing Plant imeni A. S. Popov. The VEF Plant has launched
the production of devices for automatic control of the temperature, po-
tentials of direct and alternating current, and other variables. The
Te chni co -Economic Council of the Latvian Sovnarkhoz outlined tentative
measures for expediting the construction of instruments and expanding the
use of radioactive isotopes at Latvian industrial enterprises.
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Miscellaneous
33. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR To Be
Established in Kazan'
"The Raw Resources of Tatar ASSR Should Be Developed Fully,"
by A. Shmarev, Chairman, Tatarskiy Sovnarkhoz; Moscow, Sovet-
skaya Rossiya, 24 Jan 59
To develop new technological processes of drilling, obtaining, and
refining petroleum and gas, the Tatar Scientific Research Petroleum In-
stitute will be greatly expanded, and a new Institute of Organic Chemistry
(Institut Organicheskoy Khimii), Academy of Sciences USSR, will be estab-
lished in Kazaan'?.
The new institute and the other institutes of the area will be staffed
by personnel trained at the Kazan' University imeni V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin and
at the Kazan' Chemico-Engineering Institute.
3h. 1Oth Anniversary of the Physico-Chemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov
"Major Center of Chemical Sciences," by N. M. Zhavoronkov,
Corresponding Member of Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Khimicheskaya Nauka i Pro shlennost', No 6, Nov-Dec 58,
PP 13-1t
The Scientific Research Physico-Chemical Institute imeni L. Ya.
Karpov was founded .'Yi 1918 in Moscow as the Central Chemical Laboratory
of the Chemistry Division of the Supreme Council of National Economy
(VSNKh). The founder was L. Ya. Karpov. Between 1930-1932, the insti-
tute gave '1p several of its specialized laboratories, which became the
bases for the establishment of new chemical institutes. After World War
II, the institute's, research program was greatly accelerated. New labora-
tories were added, and many of the scientifi,e,,associates of the institute
received Stalin prizes for their discoveries and developments.
A; the present time, the institute has 2 academicians on its staff,
5 corresponding members of Academy of Sciences USSR, 15 doctors of sciences,
and nearly 90 scientific associates having a candidate of sciences degree.
The institute has 18 scientific research laboratories, headed by well-known
chemists of various specialities.
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The theoretical research conducted at the institute is primarily con-
cerned with the study of the kinetics and mechanism of various physico-
chemical processes and with working out the problems of the theory of
chemical structure of substances. These problems primarily concern the
solution to the structure and properties of polymers; the formation of
new bases for the selection of catalysts; the study of radiation-chemical
processes and the developing of methods of utilizing the energy of radio-
active radiation; the study of conditions for the formation of aerosols;
the study of their properties; and the development of methods of filtra-
tion.
The institute's laboratories are equipped with the latest instruments
and apparatus, and the techniques employed in research and development
are the most advanced.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Acoustics;
35. Theory of Scattering of Sound Waves in the Atmosphere Tested
' CPYRGHT
Experimental Investigation of the Scattering of Sound in a
Turbulent Atmosphere," by M. A. Kallistratova, Institute of
Physics of the Atmosphere, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 1, 1 Mar 59, pp 69-72
"Scattering occurs in the propagation of sound waves and radio waves
in a turbulent atmosphere. Observations in the region of the shadow of
those signal levels which greatly exceed the levels determined by diffrac-
tion serve as an indirect indication of the scattering of waves. Much has
been written on the propagation of ultrashort waves beyond waves beyond
the horizon. The analogous phenomenon for 'sound waves was studied by
Pridmore-Brown and Ingard. The scattering of sound waves is evidently
caused by microheterogeneities in the wind and temperature fields. Pulsa-
tions in temperature and humidity are responsible for the scattering of
radio waves in the troposphere. The theory of the scattering of sound waves
in turbulence was first advanced by A. M. Obukhov and further developed
by D. I. Blokhintsev and V. I. Tatarskiy. Actual formulas for the scatter-
ing cross section of radio waves were obtained by Silverman on the basis
of the current picture of the microstructure of the temperature field,
i.e., the 2/3 law of' Kolmogorov and Obukhov."
Following the above introduction, the author describes a direct experi-
mental study of the scattering of sound in the ground layer of the atmosphere,
which was made to test the theory of wave scattering in turbulence. This
layer was chosen since its turbulence characteristics could be determined
on the basis of meteorological measurements. The study of sound scattering
was made in September 1958 at the Tsimlyanskiy station of the Institute
of Physics of the Atmosphere. The experimental set-up is described and
graphs of the measurements are given. Good agreement was found between
the formulas and the measurements. It is concluded that the theory based
on the hypothesis of locally homogeneous turbulence correctly describes
the relationship observed between scattering intensity and the magnitude
of the pulsations.
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C'c mocnexlt s
Pew-~r.ful fuulse `.f:ranr.t'or.riers
"Ca,lculat,icn of Pc~~,rerf'i;.l Pulse Transformers Generating Long-
Duration Pulses," by F. .N.,tkbanov; Leningrad Electrical
Engineering Institute imeni V. I. U1?yancv; Minsk, Izvestiyi
VVysshikh Ucheb .kh Zavedeniy,, Ene et:ika, Nc' 3:, Mar 59,
pp 16-27
An ext:?ensive application of pulee technique in various fields of engineer-
ing created a demand fcr powerful high-vc..;ltage generators of square pulses,
with power in the pulse varying from tens of megawatts to hundreds of kilo-
watts, and with pulse duration from a :fraction of a microsecond to Leveral
milliseconds,, An important, element of such powerful pulse generators is
the pulse transformer which serve:; to c:bange the voltage, to match the load
impedances or to change the pulse polarity,.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the problem of electrical
calculation of powerful pulse transformers generating long-duration pulses.
The sequence of calculations for a pulse transformer was as follows. the
cross-section of wires were selected with consideration to heating; the
value of the dLuay.eti.zing field of the tr.anafcrmer was estimated; a preliminary
selection of wire cross-section and number of turns was made; the selection
of winding height coefficient {n. where h is height of winding and n is
number of turns,' was carried out to assure the desired pulse duration,* final
checking of the pulse transformer performance was conducted
37. Transistorizes. Device for Power Directional Control
"Transistorized Pulsed Device fc;r Power Directional Crcntrc?l,"
by O.. 11. Mamontov, `he Iahoratory for Control Machines and
Systems, Academy of Sciences, USSR; Minsk:, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchehn;Tkh. Zave.cleniy En.ergetika,, No 1, Max' 59, pp 2 -30
Pulsed circuits possess a higher degree of performance accuracy than
continuous action circuits, therefore their use in electronic relay protec-
tion is of great interest.. A pulsed circuit of phase.-differential, high-
frequency protection relay incorporating transistors de-, loped at the
Laboratory for Control Machines and Systems; possesses high performance
reliability. The power-directional relay built, with transistors operates
on the principle of detection of phase relation between two sin.uscidal
voltages, one of which is proportional to the line current, and the other
to the line voltage. In such a relay., a pulse appears to the output of the
circuit only when the direction of cur 'ent in the power line changes?
Transistors of type P3 and P4 were used in this experimental relay.
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This directional relay was 'tested at the Laboratory for Control Machines
and Systems, Academy of Sciences USSR and proved to be accurate and reliable
in operation.
38. Semiconductor Type Refrigerators
"With Semiconductors," by V. .Potapov,' Chief': Engineer,
"Santekhnika" Plant; Moscow, Promyshlennaya-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 18 Mar 59
The collective of the Moscow plant "Santekhnika," in cooperation with
the workers of the Heating Systems Laboratory, Scientific Research Institute
for Sanitary Engineering at the Academy of Building and Architecture USSR,
have built a heating-cooling system using semiconductors. In summer, it
is used to cool the air and in winter, to heat it. Wide-scale research con-
ducted by Soviet physists and in particular, the Institute for Semiconduc-
tors, Academy of Sciences USSR, preceded the development of suci a system.
39. Piezoelectric Accelerometers
"Wide-Band Piezoelectric Transducers for Accelerometers," Ye. A
Korepin; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No 4, Apr 59, pp 21-25
The article supplies data needed for the design of piezo-transducers
used in accelerometers and other pick-up units. Special calculation. for
"bonded" transducers, consisting of piezoelements connected to the inertial
mass and to the frame with a polymerizing glue, can be carried out with the
help of an equivalent circuit.
The following piezoelectric crystals were examined: quartz, Rochelle
Salt, dihydro ammonium phosphate and barium titanate. The article recommends
a technique for crystal cutting to improve the acceleration sensitivity of
the transducers.
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Computers and Automation
40. Use of Computers at Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR
"Electronic Machines in the Laboratory of Machine and Computer
Mathematics," by M. V. Pentkovskiy, Academician, Academy of
Sciences Kazakh SSR; Alma-Ata, Vestnik Akademii Nauk'Kazakh-
skoy SSr, No 1, Jan 59, p 101
The Laboratory of Machine and Computer Mathematics of the Academy of
Sciences Kazakh SSR obtained two computers in 1958. One was a EV-80-3
computer and the other was the similar IPT-5-
The electronic EV-90-3 computer is a high-speed, digital machine. The
computer performs the arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, and a series of logical operations necessary
for control by a computer process. Data is fed into the machine with the
help of standard punched cards. The computer processes 80 punched cards
per minute. The results of the computer are also given in the form of
perforations either on a new block of punched cards or on the original
block of cards. The computer makes it possible to simultaneously process
three blocks of cards. The results are obtained in digital form with the
help of the T-5 tabulator.
The EV-80-3 is convenient for processing a large volume of initial
information when the processing*is not mathematically difficult. During
the process of calculating, blocks of punched cards may be repeatedly
passed through the computer, whereupon the program of calculations may
be shortened. The laboratory intends to utilize the computer for mechaniza-
tion of calculations concerning natural resources. The electronic computer
is al.?eady installed and ready.
In the second machine, the IPT-5, it is possible to reproduce and
register *processes described by systems of ordinary differential equations
with constant or variable coefficients. The equation of the system may
be either linear- or nonlinear. The IPT-5 is as yet not installed.
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it 1.. Computers Cont.roll:i.n Power Diotribut,iLn in Electric Systems
"Sc!lt.ction of Proper Setting of Shunt-Capacitor PF Correcting
1Eriuipment by a Digital ('omputer? on Long-Distance Transmission
L.ine3," by Z. B. Golemho and I. A. Boche.k, Laboratory of Con?-
troling Muchlnes and Systems., Academy of Sciences USSR; Minsk,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnylch Zavedeniy, Ener ek;ika, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 12-17
The main problem of long-distance electric power transmission is the
maintenance of stability of parallel operation for several electric stations
spaced a considerable distance from each other, The capability of a digital
computer to handle a great number of variable data can be effectively
utilized for investigation and calculation of electric power systems. In
examining such difficult problems as the determination of losses in complex
systems, calculation of current distribution, calculation of short-circuit
current, estimation of stability and automatic control of the system, the
computers become indispensable.,
The present work describes a method for selection and proper setting
of PF correcting shunt-capacitors by a digital computer to control the
power flow in an intricate electric power network with stations spaced a
great distance from each other. The M-?2 digital computer of the Laboratory
of Controlling Machines and Systems was used in this experiment, The block
diagram of the computer program contains four basic parts. The first part
serves to form the commands,.. depending on the number of sections in the line
and to enter the initial data into the computer. The second part performs
the calculation of the first section of the line for given voltages at the
beginning and end of the section. The third part performs the calculation
of any k-th section. The fourth part performs calculation on a section
with power takeoff and for fixed value of voltages at the section.
For transmission lines with a great number of junctions, the actual
calculation time is but a few seconds. However more time is consumed in
recording the results; this is due to the slowness of the present mechanical
recording devices.
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Sc.ratter Propagation of Microwaves
"Transmission Distortions or Mi.rrowaves Scatter Propagation,"
by A,, V. Prosin; Moscow, Llektrosvyaz', No 5, May 59, pp 32-42
Th', main reason for signal distortion in distant tropospheric propaga-
tion of microwaves is the scattering of waves from various layers of
troposphere, resulting in signal arrival at differerit.intervals. An
investigation was conducted on scattering of microwaves from turbulent
ncnhomEgeneities of the troposhere and the resulting distortions for
distant transmission. Expressions for the transfer characteristics
of the troposphere are derived. A frequency band is determined "for
which scatter propagation is possible at a great distance, It was
observed that, for scatter propagation the distortions in the leading and
trailing edge of the pulse signal are similar to distortion. caused by
the passage of a pulse through a filter circuit. This led to an expression
for the transfer coefficient of a network which simulates the conditions
in the troposphere. A formula is also derived for cross-noises in a multi-
channel communication system operating with frequency modulation.,
As a result of this study, the author concludes that, in order. to
increase the troposphere band-pass for the scatter propagation of microwaves,
it. is essential to increase the directivity of transmitting and receiving
antennas and to line up the axis of the antenna with the plane of the horizon.
43
New High-Power Radio Telescope
"New High Resolving Power Radio Telescope," by S, E. Khaykin
and N. L. Kaydanovskiy, Main Astronomical Observatory, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory, i. Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 2,.
Mar-Apr 59, pp 19-24
The large radio telescope of the Main Astronomical Observatory was
built in 1956, and, at present, it has 90 reflecting elements each 1.5
m long and 3 m high. These flat reflecting elements are placed along an
are segment (2-fl 800) of 100 m radius and are arranged as if they were
touching the surface of an imaginary paraboloid with its axis directed
toward the point of observation, while the points of contact lie in the
horizontal plane passing through the forcus of the paraboloid. The
relatively high accuracy of the segmented reflecting surface of this new
telescope is attained through exact positioning of its individual elements.
The reflector converts the plane wave into a cylindrical wave with a
verticu 1 axis. The cylindrical wave is further converted into a spherical
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wave by a second parabolic cylinder,. By shifting the reflecting elements
and the exciter, the Maxis of the radiation pattern can be pointed in any
di,?,-- eticon The antenna exciter is in-ado in two variants: in the form of
t parabolic-segment reflector (cheese type) and In the form of a parabolic
c ya.i rider
This telescope makes it possible to realize, for the wave length of
3 cm, a directivity pattern with a angle of 1.2 minutes in the azimuth
plane and one degree in the elevation plan n-. Telescopes of this type can
be built with a reflecting area of from 10 to lo5 square meters,. A
sensitive receiver for 3.2 and 10 cm waves makes this telescope suitable
for observation of discrete radio-wave sources.
Laboratory Instruments and Equipml ent?
+~E Imat,e Recording With a Cathode-Ray Tube
"Recording Images With a Cathode-Ray Tube," by Yu. Ye.
Karpeshko; Moscow, Elektrosvyaz?, No 5, May 59, pp 58-62
Recording of images with the aid of a cathode-ray tube is becoming
widely used in various branches of science and engineering. Investiga-
t.ions carried out at the Television Chair of the Leningrad Electrical
Engineering Institute for Communications (LEIS) and the Phototelegraph
Laboratory of the Scientific Research Institute of City and Rural Tele-
phone Communications (NIITS) have shown that the use of electronic scanning
for the purpose of securing an image makes it possible to greatly speed
up the analysis and recording, and to introduce some elements of automa-
tion into the process of transmission. The latter is possible because
of the continuity of such recording.
Factors influencing the nature of recording when scanning with the
aid of an electron-ray tube are studied. An analytical expression is
d,r.ived describing the character of positive photographic recording on
high-sensitivity paper.
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Hi r~h`lfacuum Meter
" ~l~I'17 ;';.LL:? un Vacuum M,:! er, fw..' I~11 I],SUL'' !'/ll i of F L Jsu t. B 1 1:G1ef'. n
L.:;..1+ and 10-1O mm Hg," by V? M. G..Lvrilyulk and Ya., M. Kucherov,
I ys i.cs Institute, Academy of Sciences Ub P, Moscow, Pr. i.bor.y
i `E khni1ut FksPori. menta, No 2, Mar-Apr jQ, pp 83-1-85
The -iut?hor. ; have clevelopt:d a vac cum meter :uid manometer tube 1:?o
n:aa,';urt pressure as low as 10-10 mm Hg. The, c t;hode of the manometer tube
i. m'ade'. of i).?].-mm tungsten wire about 1.10 mm lc?rig.. The grid ?'f the tube
is Lxl the form of a helix about 30 mm in diametar and 50 mm long wound
from 0..4-mm tungsten wire. A 0.2-nun tungsten filament, about 50 mm long,
serves as ion collector. This manometer tuba is highly sensitive because
it encompasses a large space where ionization occurs and from where ions
arc. admitted to the collector. This tube constant is 0,15 a;'n.Im Hg at
5 mill.iamps of electronic current. The measuring circuit of the vacuum
rit.:t?er incorporates the metering tube 2E2P0 The output, signal from the
metering stage is fed to the input of the dc amplifier, which contains
two balanced stages and a cathode follower. The whole amplifier circuit
is shunted by a iOO';16 negative feedback. The, voltage amplification factor
of the c.~.rcu1t is about 500 , The whole rangy:; of pressure measurement is
t'.rom .L : t to 1.0' LO mm Hg, and is divided into 7 subranges ? The rectifier
unit is bu:ilt? with six diodes of nG-Ts27 diodc ~;o
This ir_st:rument was tested at ;;, laboratory a.l.' the Physics Institute
oi' the Academy vi" Sciences USSR, and proved to be reliable and accurate.,
Tha author thank N. D. Morgulis and G. F. Kubenchuk for their assistance.
Patents
Sovi ct Pa'te'nts in the Field of El.ectresr.i cs
"E1_::e ;r. ice. L Engineering, " unsigned; Mosc:.c~w, BV11c't e.rt'
IZcbretcniY, No 7: 1959, pp 17-31
Cla,::?s 2 La No 118,850. P~ A. Kotov, D' ''flee for Regiatering Coded
Cunlbination Distortions.,
Class 21a1, 5",,, No 11885;2,. V. I. Grig'c'_i.''yev and M. Zh., Zbda..r..ceva
lutontatized Method for Telegram Reception in. ,w '."y-stem of Direct- Cannect.icla,_
C1a,ss 21a.1, 3411., No 118855,. Yu. M. Braude-zolotar.ev, image A.~aaly'zc.r.'
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Class 21a1, 3530. No 113857. Yu. G. Dan:ilc.vskiy, .Method for Drum
Phase-Position Control in a Receiving Fucsim.ile Apparatus..
Class 21a2, 36i. No 118859. 1? G. .Kat.:.ryev, Device for Forming
Pu.Lscs with Steep Leading Edge
Class 21x2, 391o No 10860.. A,. N. Svenson; Method for Naprowi.ng the
Spectrum of Group Signal In Multiplex Communication Systems with Frequency
Division of Channels.
Class 21a3, 4107. No 118861, V. A. Za.meshayev and A. V. Nit.siyev-
skaya, Remote Control Method of Bilateral Underwater Amplifiers.,
Class 21x4, 801; No 118863. A. I. Popov and V. G. Fopelishev, Method
for Stabilizing the Leading Edge of Pulse C.rom SHF Tube Oscillator.
Class 21a4, 2206. No 118865, V. M. Semenov and V., V. & Sergeyev,
Reception with Two Antennas.
Class 21a4, 4866, No 118868. A. S. Surikov, Pulse Modulator with
Partial or Complete Discharge of Stored. Energy.
Class 21.x4, 71. No 118873. V. P. Vasil?.yev, .Method for Measuring
the Phase Shift.
Semiconductors
47,. T .he Properties of Solid Solutions of I'h/N!I'k~,a09 in Pb3MgNb2O9
"The Meehdnism of Polarization in Solid Solutions of
Pb3NiNb209 in Pb3MgNb2O9, " G ~ P. Smolensk iy, A 0 I
1;ra.novskaya, and S. N. Popov; Leningrad, Fizika
T'verdogo Tela, Vol 1.; No 1, Jan 59, pp 167-163-
It was established that in the solid solutions Fh (NiM 2>O9 the icr
of? each of the two initial compounds preserve their inai.viduality. )Xea ur.e-
me.uts of the dielectric polarization of solid solutions of this composition
indicated that a hysteresis loop is formed when a strong field is applied.
The compound Pb3MgNb20c~ exhibited a hysteresis loop which is typical for
seignettoelectri.cs, while the compound Pb3NiNb2O9 showed a loop without a
regional saturation, even in strong fields. The two compounds for.m an
uninterrupted series of solid solutions. In these solid solutions there
is a gradual transition from the properties of one compound to those of
the other. The possible mechanism of polarization in solid solutions of
f:his type is discussed.
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48. Solid Solutions in the System Zinc Selenide-Gallium Arsenide
"Solid Solutions in the Sysiiem ZnSe-GaAs," by N. A. Goryunova
and N. N. Fedorova; Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute
of the Academy of Sciences USSR and All-Union Scientific
Research Storage Battery Institute at the Gosplan USSR;
Leningrad, Fizika Tverdoga Tela, Vol 1, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 344-345
Results obtained by the investigation of the pseudobinary section
ZnSe-GaAs of the four-component system Zn-Ga-As-Se are briefly reported.
The work in question represents a part of an investigation conducted at
the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR, on
thr' homogeneous regions of multicomponent semiconducter alloys for the
purpose of studying the possibilities of the variation of electrical
characteristics.
49. Lithium Silicate Scintillator Glasses
"Lithium Silicate Scintillator Glasses for the Detection of
Slow Neutrons," by V. K. Voytovetskiy and N. S. Tolmacheva;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, No It, Apr 59, p 474.
The effects of the addition of cerium, phosphorus, and boron to lithium
silicate scintillator glasses were investigated. When a silicate glass of
this type is activated with cerium, it becomes a very effective scintillator
for the detection of thermal neutrons. The results obtained
indicate that by varying the composition of scintillator glasses, one can
produce selective detectors of nuclear radiation.
50. Cadmium Sulfide Photoresistors for Radiation Dosimetry
"The Application of Cadmium Sulfide Photoresistors in the
Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation," by Yu. S. Deyev; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 4, Apr 59, pp 458-1+65
The advantages of using crystals as sensitive elements in the dosimetry
of ionizing radiation are emphasized. It is brought out that cadmium
sulphide photoresistances have a considerably greater sensitivity to various
types of radiation than air ionization chambers. The high sensitivity of
cadmium sulfide and the small dimensions of the crystals of this substance
which have to be employed make it possible to solve successfully a number
of problems in dosimetry.
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i1 review of USSR and non-USSR work on the subject is given. Methods
L'or I}v., production of single: crystal and polycrystal photoresista.nces
tri,cd on e tdrnium sull'id.e and their do ;; irn,a?ric, temper.,ture, and tirn::
ch_.racterist:tc.s are discussed. Snme shortcomings of cadmium sulfide
crystals as sensitive elements and possible ways of removing these
?!,.: L.;ini.u;v are subjected to ccnsideration. The circuits of cadmium
suti'ide dosimeters are holm.
.s tar as methods for the production of cadmium sulfide crystals
n.rc concerned, it is stated that work on the subject progressed eonsid-
crably, subsequent to 1946, when R. Frerichs found a convenient method
for the production of Cd S crystals. The method devised by Frerichs,
which received extensive application, consists in carrying out a reac-
tion between vapor of metallic cadmium and hydrogen sulfide in the gas
phus., with subsequent crystallization of the cadmium sulfide. The
t::r_hrriques for the preparation of single cadmium sulfide crystals have
be,:n iniproved since then. Among the methods used at present, the reac-
tion of cadmium vapor with sulfur in a stream of argon gives the best
results. Single crystals formed by this method have a surface up to
;several square centimeters. Good results are also obtained by using
another method of producing the crystals; at the State X-ray-Radiological
Institute, large single crystals of cadmium sulfide were obtained by sub-
:Li.min, cadmium sulfide luminophore in a stream of nitrogen. Work done
by USSR and non-USSR scientists showed that polycrystalline cadmium sulfide
pr::parud by special methods has a high photosensitivity approaching. that
A' si.ng.Uj crystals. By subjecting calcium : L.t.l.Cide power to pressin and
cm)
subsequent heat treatment, photoresistances were obtained which exhibit
:i. high over-,a1.1 photosensitivity. In 1957, polycrystal layers which are
hi.Ehly sensitive to ionizing radiation were prepared at the Phys:i.co-
Tc~rirn:i.cai Institute, kcad,emy of Sciences USSR, by ev~:iporati.ng cadmium
sulfide powJ r in vacuum and deposi.t?ing it on a conducting support.
r~.nn_ n ; with 1951, photoresistors of the single crystal and po.lycrys-
1:,all:ina types have been produced on o,n industrial scale in the USSR.
At present., cadmium sulfide crystals are used for counting indi-
v:.idu:-1.1 !) rtiC1(s (protons, alpha particles, and. deuterons) and also for
d ternrir~ing the magnitude of doses of different types of ionizing radia-
t.iun.
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IV. ENGINEERING
Heat '1'ransl'cr and Fluid Flow,
;.L . Theory of Porous Cooling l'or Rocket Motors Given
1! (;:.a Flow Through Porous Metal Walls, " by Yu . V. I1' in,
M,)scow Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebn kh %avQdeni Seriya Aviatsionna Tekhnika,
No 1, 1959, Pp 65-73
T1112 flow of as through porous metal walls without heat exchange
.Ls utul L.:d. The introduction states that "the development of liquid
rock.::t motors has led to successively higher temperatures and pressures
in the combustion chamber, and a resulting increase in the heat, flux in
the chanb~:r w;a Lls . The method of porous cooli'ag i s one promising method
of herat ulim.i.n Ltion.. The rnathod is also applicable in high.-pressure as
turbines and In devclopinrr means for returning scientific apparatus from
sat !.Llites to earth...."
A theory of the hydraulic resistance of a porous medium is developed
and tha results of an experimental study are given.
-`' . '_,n,ergy Flow Considerations Used To Calculate Axial Flow Turbines
"V_Lriational. Principle of Maximum Flow of Mechanical Energy
u.nd its Application in Calculating Axial Flow Turbines," by
It, N Lrshov, Khar' kov Aviation Institute; Kazan'.. Izve,~t.iya
Vysshikh Uchabri kh Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionn Tekhniku,
11c 1, 1959, pp +0-5
It is shown that the steady-state motion of a viscous medium responds
to t.h: ?ond-ttion of maximum flow oi' mechanical energy across the dea:erircin-.
ink; cross c.action, i.co, the surface on which the processes of energy
,:.:; iic.nge and dissipation are concentrated. The principle of maximum t1.c:~,,
of tu-.han:Lcal energy is applied to calculate the axial velocities in the
;:p,:_tec s between the blade lattices of axial flow turbines. A comparison
o!' th,. calculations with experimental measure=ments gave satisfactory
rt salts .
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I i_, 1 _i, t? 1 1 ) 1 1 (A' ( ' I i i ":t,_ i c.']' i (. (c':; t:'-l' ;1X:(;.t 1. P?'e11t1rfl1' . " },y II V ?
:')1.i.ytl[ 1', N1I5;;(L Av u .IO Irlst?itlite; 1 alt:Lt Iz,\, f t
`f.a 7[ : I.~h 1rrh . mY kh Glav,ode. n-[ ---
.. ! ,,' ~,.: S`-,c?iTt Ilv:t.a't~;i-onrlcaY_1i._.P-,Ahn.ik-a,
?n-t'}'tcNI. is L teen l.'oi' ealculutti.u(; the .flow of liquids through axil;t:L
whi.ch are .installed before the main centrifut;al pump in the feed
y; t. n t 1' : t i.rc:r:ai.'t entities The purpose of the axial pr?epumps is to
~.l(l1,rc:+vv tlu:! riuk1.cavitation properties of the main pump
;11 , G;.1.1.10iticalenins Suestecl to Avoid Cracking in Combustion
"i'cmr)erature Stresses at Llli.pt.ical Openings,, " by L~ 1,
Ft Ldmarl, Kuybyshev; Kazin' , :Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebriykh
~~ti_?; edetli ~,~ Seriya Aviatsionnira Tekhni.ka, No 1, 1959,
1?'p L; i, i 11 j - -
Ti~.~ (;rc:h.l.ern arose in. finishing the combustion chamber of a ga,s turbine,,
:.4vu: i A1.itting at the circular openings in the cylindrical. casing C.1.
t hi(u ?cmtlus 1: icn chamber, it was proposed that elliptical openings be sub-
r,1 1.,1 ?~'.ci for' c.l r'cular it was then necessary to know how to orient the
;1.i1!t.ic_tl c:pettingt, in a (riven temperature field and what should be the shape
c: .' Since there was no considerable temperature variation
I,113 thickness of the casing, and since the radius of the casing
ir.l co111p_tri:;or1 wt.t?h the s>mia :cs of the ellipse a nonunifox7niy
ili' :':,_c[ tl. ru plat--.- of :Lnfini l-ely large dimensions and with ell.iotical
r cfii }~'~ . w.;s Studied
i : shi!vlzi that. titc~ plans temp'ra.tax.rc- prc}?.leu1 may be reduced
t?'.i i i 1_;~.i 111 7. (::a2'+?:L(:.Ci.lal' solution of the -c,- sSon. e:c'{ua.tion, the right :aide
Ylii7, t defiued by the given teiripcrd't:?L17' field, and the contour i'rt;l,:l.eltt
-,;',y t.huory,. Since the partieul,lr .;ol..t?icn of the Poisson c:.qua-
. ...?i; .i i! de :enderlt; c?f the form of thy' regi(:?rly the temperature. prc?h1e:n is
(: tc) an codin.ar.'y Contour prohleni,.
';_:.x:~., ;a rtolnlnil'ormly h atsi, :i_nf1.nite plat? with elliptical C:L-rn:~rtg
1?t-,d ? The Particular solution of the Poisson equation and the
c -ii,ar~. r on are ohtaincd I'or an infinite plane subjected to iiuagin.ar y
1:o the L;.onto:.rr of. the elliptical opening.. Finally, t the
i ::t'. u: t:sses at; any 1:,GitLt? of an iT1I'l.rllte plate with an elliptical.
.!:!,'?.In Ac:: derived:
38
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Mu hanic,al EEngine~ring
Uri i.versal Method for Profiling Turbine Blades Presented
"Prui'iiing Turbine Blades in a Subsonic Flow," by N. Ye.
Salamatin, Kazan' Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya
V,ysohikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniaeriya Aviatsionnaya
Tekhhnika, No 1, 1959, pp 95-104
A lack of a single method for constructing the profile of a turbine
blade has resulted in various profiles being obtained for identical con-
ditions, it is commented. Although the individual methods produce profiles
with a sufficiently high efficiency, it is stated further, it would be
desirable to have a universal method of profiling which would be
sufficiently simple and guarantee that losses are slight. A universal
rnethod for profiling turbine blades in subsonic flow is presented and
an example is worked.
56, inamical Rigidity of Two-,and Three-Bearing Rotors
"Determining the Dynamical Rigidity of Rotors by the Method
of Expanding the Dynamical Bending into a Series in Terms
of Characteristic Forms," by L. D. Vil'ner and N. Yao
Osipov, Kuybyshev; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 1, 1959,
PP 111-124
Formulas are given for calculating the dynamical rigidity of two- and
three-bearing rotors,. The method is said to yield relatively simple work-
4 formulas for calculating the distribution of mass and moments of
ine-tia along rotor..
Propulsion
:7. Combustion in Turbulent Flow Studied
"Method of Determining Combustion Characteristics in
Turbulent Flow," by E. A. Petrov and A. V. Talantov,
Kazan.' Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika., No 1,
1959, pp 89-9!4
The development of small-scale combustion chambers with a high heat-
r:-lease mate is directly connected with problems of organizing the fuel
combustion process in a high-velocity flow, or with problems of turbulent
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combustion, the introduction states. A method is given for determining
the '.velocity o!.' flame propagation, the extent of the combustion zone,
and cOmbust.Lori time, The only Initial information required for this cul-
culutior..s is the interior and exterior boundaries of the inverted cone
of the flame,
5`3. Turbulent Flame Velocity Studied
"Effect of Initial Parameters on the Turbulent Flame
Velocity of Homogeneous Fuel-Air Mixtures," by K. P.
Vlasov and N. N. Inozemtsev, Moscow, Aviation Institute;
Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, -Serra
Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 1, 1959) pp 38-)5
Various experimental. results on the effect of initial parameters
on turbulent flame velocity are reviewed and generalizations are drawn.
Variables examined are fuel-air ratio, initial temperature and pressure,.
and turbulence of the incident flow. It is noted that a knowledge of
the effect of Initial parameters on the turbulent flame velocity is
essential for understanding turbulent combustion and for designing the
firing chamber of jet engines.
59. Gas Used as Exhaust Valve in Turbine
"Gas Screen in Gas Turbines With Periodic Combustion," by
V. I. Lokay, Kazan' Aviation ibstttute; Kazah', Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seri Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 1,,
1959, pp 74-60
The possibility of approaching the cycle v = const in a as turbine
with periodic combustion is investigateda A gas screen is used to
partially close the exhaust chamber at the moment of firing The gas
screen operates automatically. The turbine is described, and a theory
oi' its operation is developed.
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60. Nozzle Area of Turbojet Controlled With Air Ducts
"Gas Dynamical Control of the Jet Nozzle of a Turbojet
Engine," by A. G. Zenukov, Kazan' Aviation Institute;
Kazan', Izvesti ay Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seriya
Aviatsiorinaya Tekhnika, No 1, 1959, pp 55-6
The gas dynamical method of ? controlling the area of a jet nozzle,
it is observed, in which a change in the effective area is achieved
by compressing the main gas flow with a stream of air or gas injected
into the flow at a certain angle is one of the simplest in comparison
with mechanical methods. Research conducted to find the best design
for such a nozzle is described. The study was made during 1957 and
1958 at the Scientific Research Laboratory of Gas Turbine Engines,
Kazan' Aviation Institute
Results showed that the method is feasible and that the best nozzle
would have two rows of openings at an angle of 90 degrees to the main
flow and arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Any angle greater than 90
degrees caused a considerable loss in thrust.
61. Design of Centrifugal Compressor Given
"On a Design for a High-Pressure Centrifugal Compressor,"
by V. A. Strunkin, Kazan' Aviation Institute; Kazan',
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya
Tekhnika, No 1, 1959, pp 105-110
The reasons for the decline in interest in centrifuga-L compressors
are given as low coefficient of productivity, caused by the low specific
frontal thrust of turbojet engines; pressure insufficient for turbojet
engines in a single-stage design and structural complexity in multistage
designs; and lower efficiency in comparison with axial-flow compressors.
The advantages of the centrifugal compressor for use in gas turbines for
transportation purposes are then stressed. The design of a centrifugal
compressor for these purposes is described.
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St.rut;tural Engineering
2 Tanks With. Wire Windings Calculated
"On Calculating High-Pressure Tanks," by B. M. Luklyanov,
Kazan` Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uche lch Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika? No 1,
1959, pp 125-1-33
It is stated that a considerable decrease in the ratio of the weight
of a tank to the weight of the gas contained in it can be achieved by
winding several layers of a thin band or wire around a thin-walled cylinder.
It is noted that, until now, only indications have appeared in the litera-
ture as to how such a tank should be calculated. Stresses in the wall of
the cylinder and in the wire winding are determined for the general case.
Axial stresses in the walls of the cylinder caused by gas pressure on the
bottom of the tank are taken into account.
The theoretical results for a particular, case concerning stresses on
the inner surface of the cylinder wall are compared with experimental data.
63: Bending of Cylindrical Shells With Large Openings Studied
On the Action of Cylindrical Shells With Large Openings,
by S. N. Kan, Khar'kov Higher Aviation Engineering Military
School-
Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy,
Seriya, Avlatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 1, 1959, pp 32-37
The bending and twisting of cylindrical shells with large openings Is
considered.. The case of a joint consisting of a number of points of con-
tact is also considered. The closed shell directly adjacent to the
region of the opening is studied in particular,
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Tunnel Buildinia
61~. New "funnel and Duct-Building Device
"Russian Subterranean Rocket for Tunnels" (unsigned
article), Delhi, Navbharat Times, 20 Apr 59
Tadzhik engineers have constructed a subterranean rocket for building
tunnels and underground irrigation works. The equipment has a powerful
head which crushes the rock after which the rocket builds the tunnel accord-
ing to specifications. The rocket engine is also useful in. constructing
underground irrigation ducts.
65. USSR-Report. On the New Uriderg _ound Duct-Building Device
"Fire-Spitting Mole" (unsigned article); Moscow,
CPYRGHT Len nskoye Znamya, 21 Feb 59
"Scientific workers at the Tadzhik Institute of Water Problems have
given the name "Firing-Spitting Mole" (Ognennyy Krot) to the device
invented by Engineers G. Mosevich and N. Vasil'yanovskiy and Technician
Kh.. Nasretdinov. This device is also called a subterranean rocket.
It consists of a cylinder resembling an artillery shell. Its purpose
is the construction of subterranean pipeleneso
"The head of the shell-shaped device has a burner or jet to which
liquid fuel and air are conducted. The device, which is secured by a, cable
to a tractor, moves underground. The hot flame projected from the burner
fuses the ground, with the result that a large cylindrical opening is left
behind the "mole." This cylindrical opening is suitable for use as a
water conduit; it is neither washed out nor does it collapse. The pipe...
less water conduit, which has been built in this manner is capable of serving
for tens of years, The new invention will considerably facilitate the
irrigation of "bogar" lands (lands that are not flooded) which are suit-
able for gardens and pastures."
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V. MATHEMATICS
Approximation Theory
66, I p.r. oximal;ion of Functions Vanishing Together With the Gradient
"Concerning the Approximation of Functions Vanishing Together
With the Gradient on the Boundary of a Region by Functions of
a Particular. Forni," by I. Yu. Kharrik; Moscow, Matematicheski.y
Sbornik, Vol 47 (89), No 2,, Feb 59, pp 177-208
The boundary value problem for the equation
m
A = F, 4 u
i,j=1 C)2
under the boundary conditions
. . , x m )
(1)
uI = 0, grad Ir- _ 0 (2)
is considered in a m-dimensional space having the boundary r defined by
the given equation cp(xl , . . . , xm) = 0, It is known (see V. P. I1'in,
"Concerning the Convergence of Variation Processes," DAN SSSR, Vol 81,
i~lo 2, 1951, pp 137-1110), that if u is an exact solution of the equation (1)
under the boundary conditions (2), and u is an approximate solution, then
the value
max I u(xl
(xl , . . . , xm) E D
may be reduced to an estimate of the integral
m 2 (u-u) 2
Tcu) =l . . flE
D i, j1 axi a x
J
, 0 0 , xm) - u(x1, c . 0 , xn) i
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- 2f(u-u)J dxl , . . dxm.
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I t 1s assumed that the method of Pitts is employed for, solution of
the problem where un , the n- th approximation, is sought in the form
2
x nt
x,al) m x
(3)
Since the value of I url) may only be increased upon the replacement of
u of any other function of the form (3), it is sufficient to know with
which degree of accuracy we may approximate the solution u with arbitrary
second order functions of the form (3) for an estimate of I(un)0 The
final estimate is nztural'ly connected with the differential properties of
the function u,. In connection with this, L. V. Kantorovich asked the fol-
lowing question,,.
Given a function u(xl , ~ , . )xm) having continuous partial deriva-
tives up to the k-th order eD vanishing on r along with the gradient
there f" is the boundary of an m-dimensional region defined by the equation
P (X1, ? o u , xm) = 0. What is the possible order of the approximating
function u(xl xm) and its derivative functions of the form
s xm) 12 P (x .1 , o , x ) , where P (x , C ,
n 1. m n 1
pol:y-nomial of a degree not exceeding n, relative to each of the arguments
Xi 2, . . , m)? The present work is dedicated to the investigation
of this question.
67. Summation of Fourier- Tcheb.rcheff Series by the Fejer Method
CPYRGHT "On the Problem of Summation of Four ier-Tchebv cheff Series by
the Fejer Method," by B. L. Golinskiy; Moscow, Matematichesk
Sborn.ik, Vol 47 (89), No 2, Feb 59, pp 255-.264 ~ `
Let f( c3) be a rea'1_, periodic function of period 2' belonging to
the class Lr 10, 21T ; p), i.e.,
o f.(co) r pi,(Q) dc) L oo, r 1,
where p (c.p) is a summa.ble function of period 2'i . As usual in this
space we assume that
-45-
(1)
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CPYRGHT
fl 1 r"'If(T) r p((P) dy r
2 Ti ~J o
(2)
The weight function of Steklov is introduced on an interval
1.a,b j C [0, 2T{ 1; namely,
,r(h) h F0 ,r?(h) ~t7hh `f(p) - f(P)I rp(p) dQy
Pi , a+h [a, b)~ (3)
su
Wp ~ yr(h) _ ?,r(8) is introduced,
6:d
Let r Pn(elL ) ) o be an orthonormal system of polynomials on the
segment [0, 2;rf] corresponding to the weight p(cp), i,e,,
1 27T (0, in = n,
Kv (e ie , e iCO
~ 1, m - n,
Pk(ei0 ) PkV)
k=0
is the Dirichlet kernal of this system of polynomials. A segment of the
Fourier-Tchebycheff series was denoted by S- (f;9 ) the Tchebycheff func-
tion of fOP ) and let 11
(k) 1 : IS,, (f;e) ?_ f(e)1 kI k
(0) _ nji ao (n,1, 2,
~n f
(4)
where k is any positive number.
The author, after the above introduction, proved the following lemmas
and thec)rems
Lemma L If f (J) C L2 [0, 27 ; p ], then
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
~'1) K
C e e1A
Ali e) -~ (iE)
I 2 l 2
n ) + [i+nc 2-) +
e,2
2 ,TT + e
- dt ] 2 j (5)
t2
where C is constant, not depending on the choice of e
I:ewma 2, let p(cp) , 0 almost everywhere in [a, b ] C (0,
f( cr) Ls [0, 2IT ;ps I Then almost everywhere in (a,
e 4.h
s(h) = h f i f(y)-f(e)IP(T) dT = o(l)o
2 ?T ] and
b]
Theorem, L let fJ)) E 0 ]0, 2IT ; p] and p(cp ) m -"- 0 almost ever vwher. e
in [a -~, b+~ ], ~ 00 Then f (k) (A) = 0(1) for k=1, 2 almost every-
n
n
::hare in [aV b],
?neorem2, If f(c~) E L2 [0, 2Tf ; p] and f(cp) is continuous in [a, b ],
and the weight p(cP) satisfies the conditions p(4) m 0 almost every-
where in [a- , b+' ], '~ - 0, and p(cp) M almost everywhere in [a, b ],
then
(l)
(e) = o(1)
uniformly according to e within [a, b],
Theorem 3,, If f(c) E L2[0, 27T ; p] and the weight p ( q ) m -`. 0
almost everywhere in [a+ b- 0, and with a 'bounded variation in
[0, 271 then
(k)
E)) = 0(1) almost everywhere in [a,, b ] [0, 21T ] where k is
-, 47 -
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CPYRGHT
Theorem 11, If the functions f:"cp ) and P(cP ) satisfy the conditions
%
k) e) of 1)
of ;,heorerr- 3 and if z (Cp ) is CIDI tinuou.ts in [a,, b], -then
n
uniformly according to E3 for and positive k within (a, b).
6r - S7MUM.~ation of Series by Cesare Methods Over I.~P[a,b ] Space .Rases
"Ramming of Series Over L
[a, b j Space Bases, p 1 by Cesar o
Methodsby A. A. Talalyan, Institute of Mathematics and
Mechanics; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 124,
No 5,
11 Feb 59, pp 987-969
Let there be given an infinite matrix
all a12 ' alk o
a21 a22 - - - a'2k '
ail a12 aik o e
t1)
It is assumed that the elements of this matrix satisfy the follow-
iag conditions:
1,. ? The series Z aik converges absolutely for all sufficiently
k co
large values of i , where the lim 7, aik = 1,
i -r co k=1
2. For all sufficiently large values of i the inequality
00
Z 1 aik M is satisfied where M is independent of I.
k=1.
3? lim max aik 0,
i->oo 1-=k
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CPYRGHT
It is said that the :i.nfii na to sFri~ _. E; un is anr,.cl. the
n' 1 r:,r, it
ror?r'euponding to the matrix (1) if the se>r?ies ay.
vk-rives t';;r a.11 su[':ficl.erii, ly lar ;e values of i and ha,,; a ::.i.im wl.,i(A.' te.ndr:
t:) a definite finite limit as :L-4oo, It is known that for arrv Cesar;,,
method of positive order there is a T' method, (see D. Menchoff,
iau;! 1.?,
With, rrra?nch, vol 64, No 160, :1.936) "-~~_
The following three theorems are proved:,
Theorem 1? Let ~Yn(x)) be a normalized basis of the space
Lp(a)b)., pal and let f(x) be an arbitrary, almost everywhere finite
measurable function defined on [a,b]0 Then, if there is given a count-
able sequence of methods T', T2, . , T', . . it is possible to
change the orders of the functions in such a manner that for the obtained 00 new s.ystemc~ (x) } there exists a series E cn Y-)
(x) which sums
n n=1 n
Lo f (, x) by any method T' , n = 1, 2, e o , where the 'Lira cx1 = 0,
n -> oo
Theorem 2~ Let { (x)} be a normalized basis of the space
LI (a, b), p 1, and let f (x) be an arbitrary, almost everywhere finite
measurable function defined on [a,b], Then it is possible to change the
order. s of the functions that for the obtained new system ~cf~,a(x) }
t n
there exists a series cn qa (x) which sums to F(x) by any Cesaro
n=1. n
method of positive order- for li.m ct1 = 0
n->00
Theorem 3? If ~(4 (x)) is a system of functions defined on laVb]
and Vormir_g a normalized basis in the space I [a, b 1, p 1, then for any
treasurable function f(x), defined on [ayb] there exists a series a.,,1
(x) which converges according to the measure on [a,b] to f(x) ; for
t1 ?
1.im = 0 (see A. A, Talalyan, Izv, AN Ar? SR, ser fiz,-matemo nauk,
',To.l. 10, No 1, 1957) ,
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Calculation of the Integral
"Remarks Concerning; the Ca.1c1a.aut:to:"n of the Integral
o xs e-x f(x) dx," by V., 1? Krylov, .IV? .I, Korolev,
and N., S? Skob:lya, Minsk, Dc;klad,y Akademli Nauk Belo-
Vol Vc;i. 3Y lu,, 1,,
During calculation of the integral
oO
1(f) xs e-x f(x) dx a, mechanical quadrature of the
0
n
form 1(.f) Ak f(xk) = Qn (f) Is frequently employed. The abscissae
k=1.
of the quadrature, xk,, are roots of the polynomial
= ~, _l )n x-s ex dn n [xs+n a -x] and the coeffi-
dX
(S),
have the values A.k = nk ( nts{-i) / fxkfL n (xk) 12
The quadrature mentioned above permits calculation. of Vf) to any
desired accuracy for an extremely wide class of functions f, if n is
Laken sufficiently large, however, in practice, cases are often encountered
where the convergence of Qn(f) to 1(f) as n approaches infinity occurs
very- slowly,. Thus, in order to "obtain 1(f) with the required accuracy,
it is necessary to take a large number.' of 'terms in the sum EI Akf (xk) o
The. latter often makes calculations difficult to accomplish,
The cause of the slow convergence may be seen in the following:, the
values of .xk and Ak indicated above are obtained if necessary for the
equation involving the quadrature to 'be exact for polynomials of a, pos-
sible high order,, The formula involving the quadrature is constructed
such that, the closer according to the character of its behavior the
function f for the weight xse-x is to the polyrlomia i.s, the more rapid
the convergence. IT that is not correct, and if the character .'f the
behavior of f on the half line [0, oo] is different from the behavior of
the poly.nomials., then, for that number n of abscissae :x:k the accuracy
if the calculation of the integral becomes, generally speaking, w,;.rse and
convergence of the quadrature process is made worst?
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Functions, continuousl'or 0 G X J it1 vrpJ't,Ol',:L
r?''presentations of the form
CL~%X" }?
X i~ Co i? CV i x +
are cons tder?ed, Function,,; of this type are of tern met, in v.;.j?rc>x imtz t:ic,nr,.,
Their behavior on the h'+-.:L licie 0' x 00 differs significantly i'ra.m th#>
behavior of polynomials? which apparently are impossible I.o acknovler'lge
as ra good tool for the upproximation of functions of that type.
The quadrature process for them will, converge, but the c;)nverge.rice
will be extremely slow, The quudrature formulae described Lti,ove are not
a good instrument for, the integrals a) xs e-x f(x) dx when f 'belongs
to the indicated class of functions,
Here, as an apparatus for the approximation of f, it would probably
be more advantageous to employ rationL1 functions in place of poly(.,omials,.
The choice of them must in some sense be in agreement with the properties
of the integrated functions of f? Thus, while defining the class of fuic
tionns f we are limited only by. the requirement of the exist-
ence of the asymptotic equation (1) and we do not make other assump-
tions as a basis for construction of the quadrature formula, We may take
any system of rational functions bounded on the ray 0 G x 4 co sufficiently;
complete for calculation of the integral?
Difference Equations
'70,. Systems of Two Difference Equations Discussed
"Concerning a. System of Two Difference Equations," by
A,. C. Naftalevich; Moscow, Ma.tematicheskly Sboraik,
Vol 47(89), No 1, Jan 59, Pp
As is known, the problem of solving the difference equation
n-1.
fix.n) = E
k?,x) ff,x+k) + a(x),
Approved For Release 1999/09/23 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000100330001-7
 Approved For Release 1999/09/23 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R0001 00330001-7
Wore the val"inb,le x %aLi;ilmes nI y iwi .n ve wen, consists of the fol
;,loving, at tl corlseclll'..IVF? .iat.ei;ra.l p:ICli?S of :i straLg'1C line valuer{ of
1.!y