SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100280001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 126
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 3, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
3 April 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing'. Single copy $2.75.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
Astronomy
Biology
Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Isotopes
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Radiochemistry
Miscellaneous
IV. Electronics
Communications
Components
Computers and Automation
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Miscellaneous
V. Engineering
VI. Mathematics
7
7
9
10
15
15
22
23
L.4
24
28
31
33
34
35
37
39
44
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Bacteriology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Psychiatry
Public Health., Hygiene and Sanitation
Radiology
Miscellaneous
VIII. Metallurgy
IX. Physics
Crystallography
Electricity and Magnetism
Nuclear Physics
Plasma Physics
Solid State Physics
Spectroscopy
NOT1: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
4+8
48
51
55
57
65
72
74
77
85
91
92
92
93
94
116
117
118
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1. Restricted Three Body Problem
"An Approximate Computation of the Ephemeris in a Restricted Three
Body Problem," by B. M. Shchigolev, Chair of Celestial Mechanics
and Gravimetry; Moscow, Vestnilr Moskoyskogo Universiteta, Seer~riy~aa
Matematiki, Mekhaniki Astronomic Fiziki, Khimii, No 5, 1958,
pp 37-4
An attempt is made to find the motion of an asteroid under the gravita-
tional pull of the Sun and Jupiter. Jupiter's motion is considered known
from tabulated functions of time. The mass of the Sun is taken as unity,
and the mass of the asteroid is neglected. The differential equations of
the asteroid will have the form the Sun's center taken as origin of co-
ordinates:
d2x 1c2x x' - x x'
+ = k2m
dt2 r3 ( 3 r' 3
and equations are similar for the two other coordinates. k2 is Gauss' con-
stant of gravitation, m' the mass of Jupiter, r2= x2 + y2+ z2 ; r12 = x '2.1y f.,
21z'2, l~2 = (x - x` )2 t (y - y' )2 + (z - z' ).2.
The approximate analytic methods, in particular, the method connected
with mean variations, were studied at the faculty of celestial mechanics of
Moscow State University (N. Moiseyev and N. Reyn, Us el:hi astronomicheskikh
nauk, sb. 3. Moscow, 1933; N. P. Reyn, DAN SSSR, 19, 1-2, 1938; N. D. Moi.4
seyev, Trudy GAISh, 14) 1, Moscow, 1945).
A method of replacing a variable by a mean constant value is applied.
This procedure differs from conventional methods in celestial mechanics.
It consists in a certain simplification of the differential equations of
motion, by substituting certain parts of the differential equations in such
a may as to render them solvable in a finit form. In the above equations
the nonlinear factors 1/r3, l/r'3, and l/p involve difficulties. 1/r3
is replaced by the constant value of the half major axis of the osculating
orbit. The substitution of other cubic factors is more complicated and is
explained in detail.
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2. Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atonic Energy Meld
at Geneva in 1956 Discusses Biological Effects of Radiation
"Concerning the Biological Effects of Radiation, by A. V.
Lebedinskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 187-199
The author briefly reviews and analyzes certain numbered reports pre-
sented at the Second International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic
Energy at Geneva and outlines certain trends toward the solution of various
problems of radiobiology. The major topics discussed are outlined as fol-
lows.
1. The study of the phenomena of radiation biology from the biophys-
ical and biochemical aspects with a consideration of the most outstanding
achievements in the study of the initial mechanisms of radiation effects,
especially with respect to proteins and nucleic acids.
2. The study of the phenomena of radiation biology from the cellular
aspect with fundamental considerations of radiation-induced changes in the
cellular microstructures, and organoids.
3. The study of radiation biology from the aspect of the whole organism
with a consideration of the changes brought about by the participation of the
endocrine and nervous systems.
4. The study of the effects of radiation on biological species and
the ensuing changes in the offspring of irradiated animals, both as genetic
changes and as changes in embryos.
5. The study of chemical protection from radiation and an analysis of
new trends and methods in antiradiation therapy and prophylaxis.
The author gives certain general -theoretical conclusions and comments
that many of these problems will have to be solved on an international sci-
entific cooperation level.
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3. Modifiability of Potato Virus
"Directed Modifiability of X-Virus of Potatoes in Mixed Infec-
tion With the Tobacco Mosaic Virus," by K. S. Sukhov and 0. S.
Kapitsa, Tr. In-ta Genet. AN SSSR, (Works of the Institute of
Genetics, Academy of Sciences UJSSR), No 23, 1956, pp 283-295
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biolo i a) No 11, 10 Jun 1958,
Abstract No 7771, by G. M. Razvyazkinrt)
"A mixed infection produced by a strain of X-virus and the cyphomandra
strain VTM was studied. Young tobacco leaves were infected with a mixture
of both strains. As a result, yellow-colored mosaic, considerably more
pronounced than after infection with only the strain, appears on the grow-
ing tobacco leaves. Inclusions belonging to both strains -- amorphous X-
bodies characteristic of the X-virus strain and hexagonal crystals char-
acteristic of the cyphomandra strain- are frequently observed in the
same cells of the mosaic leaves. In the initial period, of combination of
both viruses, the inclusions of the cyphomandra strain maintain their typical
configurations. The X-bodies are considerably enlarged, and the number of
them increases, which attests to the increased concentration of X-virus fol-
lowing combined infection with tobacco mosaic virus. Later changes also
cover inclusions of the cyphomandra strain. Analogous results were obtained
when the cyphomandra strain was replaced by the thermotolerant strain. The
authors suggest that the causative modifiability is a mutual metabolic ef-
fect, to which different viruses proliferating in the same cells are sub-
jected.
-. New Major Agricultural Institute Opened in Velikiye Luki, Pskovskaya
Oblast
"A Faculty for the Advanced Training of Specialists," by I. F.
Sutormin, director, Velikiye Luki Agricultural Institute, and
M. I. Shevchenko, dear: of the faculty; Moscow, Zashchita Rasteniy
of Vrediteley i Bolezney, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, p 58
The Leningrad Institute of'Applied Zoology and Phytopathology (IZIF)
and the Smolensk Zootechnical Institute have been transfered to Velikiye
Luki, Pskovskaya Oblast, and on the base of these institutes the Velikiye
Luki Agricultural Institute (Velikolukovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvennyy Inst-
itut was established. The new institute will have three faculties: the
Zootechnical Faculty, the Agronomy Faculty, and the Faculty for the Ad-
vanced Training of Specialists in Plant Protection.
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At the beginning of the academic studies (1958) the institute had 1,125
r:,tude nts, of whom 550 were enrolled in the Zootechnical Faculty, 175 in the
Agronomy Faculty, and 500 in the Faculty for the Advanced Training of Spe-
cialists in Plant Protection..
The institute has 21 chairs situated in four large buildings; attached
to the institute is a farm with 1;103 head of cattle, 1,692 pigs, and 136
horses.
During the 1958-59 academic year, 250 persons will graduate from the
institute's Faculty for the Advanced Training of Specialists in Plant Pro-
tection.
5,
Vitamin Bit Content of Milk in Latvia
"Vitamin B12 Content of Milk," by S. Ya. Laganovskiy, Doklady
Vsesoyuznoy Konferentsii o Molochnoy Delu (Reports of the All-
Union. Conference on Milk Industry); Moscow, Sel'khozgiz, 1958,
tE21-4::5; (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimi a Biolo icheska
Khim, No 2, 25 Jan 59, p 96, Abstract No 1 9
"After testing various milk samples in the Latvian SSR, it was found
that winter milk contained more vitamin B2 (average of 4.4 gamma/liter)
than summer milk (average of 3.9 gamma/liter). Supplementing cattle feed
by cobalt and other mineral substances increases the vitamin B12 content
in milk."
6. Phosphate Participation in Phosphorylation in Algae Photosynthesis
"Effect of Light on Phosphate Transformations in Plants," by S. S.
Baslavskaya and G. Veber, Moscow State University imeni M. V.
Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No 1, Jan/
Feb 59, pp 227-230
The aim of this' research was to discover whether or not the addition
of phosphorus to algae cultures in short-term experiments would cause
changes in the phosphorus metabolism of plants and whether these changes
would influence photosynthesis.
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The authors present data in the following form: the effect of light on
P3~' u:buorption and its content in organic compounds total of soluble and
innolubl.e P32 in trichloroacetic acid; the effect of light on P32 level in
organic phosphates soluble and insoluble in trichloroacetic acid; P32 con-
tent of organic compounds in percent of total P32; and P32 content in var-
ious fractions of organic compounds in percent of total organic P32 (under
dark and light conditions).
Results indicate that light accelerates the admission of phosphorus into
plants and its inclusion into organic compounds even when the plant exposure
to light was short (1-5 minutes). The content of phosphorylated compounds,
both soluble and insoluble in trichloroacetic acid, increases depending on
the plant, its general condition and ggrovrth, and the duration of exposure
to light.
These results confirm the positive effect of phosphorus on algae photo-
synthesis in short-term experiments. The effect of phosphorus may be ex-
plained by its participation in the formation of a number of phosphorylated
compounds which, in their turn, participate in processes of fixation and
reduction of CO2 and in the formation of intermediate products and other
photosynthetic reactions.
7. Partial. Reversibility of Cytogenetic Injuries Caused by Gamma Rays
"On the Reversibility of Cytogenetic Radiation Injuries," by N. V.
Luchnik and L. S. Tsarapkin, Institute of Biology of -the Ural Af-
filiate Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady A.ademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 124, No 1 Jan, Feb 59, pp 213-216
This research concerns the possibility of partially reversing radia-
tion injuries to chromosomes.
Pea seeds and seedlings, grown in the dark at 23?C, were irradiated
with gamma rays of radioactive cobalt., and at definite mitotic periods were
analyzed for chromosome fragmentations and other types of aberrations. A
neutral 0.01 M cysteine solution was used as antiradiation "protective Sub-
stanoe .
results indicate that, during the passage of ionizing radiations through
chromosomes, local changes occur, and these changes are capable, at definite
periods and under appropriate conditions, of causing chromosome franent-a-
tion and other types of aberrations. Probably, the development of these
changes depends on the general condition of the cell, which may vary greatly,
and on a number of other factors, including cumulative radiation injuries to
all the protoplasm. With this theory it is easy to explain significant dif-
ferences in radiation -injuries to chromosomes inflicted at various periods
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of their mitoois and differences in antiradiation effects of substances
administered before or after irradiation. It also eliminates the necessity
for choosing between the two theories, i.e., the theory of local effect of
ionizing radiation particles on chromosomes and the theory of their effect
through changes in cell metabolism.
The mechanism for hard ionizing radiation may differ, the author con-
cludes.
8. Sorption Mechanisms of Radioactive Strontium in Soils
"Strontium (Sr90) Sorption in Soils," by N. A. Timofyeyeva and
A. A. Titlyanova, Ural Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No;l,
Jan/Feb 59, pp ll1=117
The aim of this research was to determine sorption mechanisms of trace
amounts of aqueous strontium solutions in soils and to test the desorption
of strontium under dynamic conditions. Solutions used were distilled water,
calcium nitrate, and lake water.
Results confirm that strontium-90 is sorbed by all soils and that the
mechanism of sorption depends on ion-exchange,principles. Furthermore, the
degree of absorption by soils and its desorption from soils depends on the
quantitative relationships between the exchangeable cations of the soil-
absorbing complex and of the soil solution.
The authors conclude that on the whole data suggest that the migration
of strontium in soils is effected through ion-exchange reactions (absorption-
desorption) and that strontium migrates both vertically and horizontally.
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III. CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
[For information on analytical chemistry, see Item No 23.E
Fuels and Propellants
9. The Flame Temperature of Liquid Fuel Rockets
"The name Temperature of a Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engine, Part 1,"
by ,N. N. Sobolev, M. M. Belousov, G. M. Rodin, A. G. Sviridov,
N. G. Skorobogatov, and F. S. Fayzullov, Physics Institute imeni
P. N. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal
Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 27-36
It was established that the emission spectra of flames of rocket engines
operating on "tonka" (50% of xylidine + 50% of triethylamine) + nitric acid
or kerosene + nitric acid are continuous in the visible light region of the
spectrum and that the energy distribution of the spectrum can be described
by Wien's formula. The absorption capacity of the flames was found to in-
crease from the red to the violet end of the spectrum and to decrease with
increased coefficients of oxidant excess (a). The temperatures of the flame
were measured by'the color and brightness methods under different conditions
of operation of the engine. It was found that at values of a corresponding
to ratios close to the stoichiometric the observed temperature corresponds
to that calculated for equilibrium flow. The temperature of the gases in
the combustion chamber was also measured.
"The Flame Temperature of a Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engine, Part 2," by
N. N. SobolQv, V. F. Kitayeva, G. M. Rodin, F. S. Fayzullov, and
A. I. Fedorov, Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, Vol
29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 37-1E1E
The emission spectrum of the flame of a rocket operating on kerosene
~- liquid oxygen was determined in the visible light range. It was estab-
lished that this spectrum is continuous and that the absorption capacity,
is close to unity. The color temperature was measured under different
operational conditions. It was found that when the composition corresponds
to the stoichiometric the experimentally determined temperature values are
close to the theoretical.
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The continuous spectra are emitted by carbon particles.
On the basis of the results obtained, one may conclude that the color
and spectral line reversal methods of measuring flame temperatures should
be applied only at compositions close to the stoichiornetric. As far as
further development of optical flame pyrometry is concerned, the use of
the long-wave region of the spectrum appears prornising. As already pointed
out by A. Ye. I{xidyshevich in a report presented at the March 1957 Conference
on Optical Flame Pyromel;ry, spectrometry of radiation in the infrared region
for determing average mass temperatures is advisable. One should also at-
tempt to develop methods for measuring flame temperatures with the use of
waves of the centimeter and millimeter ranges : emission of waves of these
lengths by solid particles and alkali metal salts contained in flames ought
to be strong enough to make possible recording by new radiophysical methods.
that have become available for this purpose as a result of progress made in
this field.
10. The Pressure in Detonation Waves
"Investigation of the Pressure in Detonation Waves by the Method
of Deformation of Crusher Cones," by S. M. ICogarko; Moscow-
Leningrad, Zhurnal Telch.nieheskoy F,'iziki, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 128-140
On he examples of detonations of a hydrogen-air mixture of critical
composition and of methane-air mixtures in a tube of a large diameter (305
nun), it could be'shown experimentally that a reaction zone in which the
pressure is higher than that of the reaction products at the Jouguet point
exists in detonation waves. The measured numerical values of rebound pres-
sure in the detonation of methane-air mixtures of critical composition are
in -Good agreement with values calculated on the basis of present-day theory,
from which it follows that the pressure accompanying a detonation in a
shock wave must be approximately twice as high as that of the reaction
products at the Jouguet point. The experimentally measured pressure in deto-
nations of nietharle-air and benzene-air mixtures under the conditions studied
was found to be approximately twice as high as that of reaction products at
the Jouguct point. The crusher device is not suitable for measuring high
pressures that develop during the wave detonation of fuel-oxygen mixtures:
a method which will make it possible to record the pressure within a shorter
period of time must be applied.
[For additional information on fuels and propellants, see Items No Ill.
and 1J.
rJ -
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Industrial Chemistry
11. Projects of the Development of the Chemical Industry in the Armenian
SSR Under the Current Seven-Year Plan
"The Chemical Industry of the Republic Develops)" by B. Ter-
Gazaryan, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Yerevan, ICommunist,
Vol 25, No 272 (7435), 19 Nov 58
At present the production of synthetic materials in the Armenian SSR
is based principally on the conversion of acetylene derived from calcium
carbide. The great amount of electric power required for the production
of calcium carbide and the restricted availability of power have hitherto
formed an obstacle to the production of synthetic materials in Armenia.
The decision of the government to construct a pipeline for the transporta-
tion of natural gas of the Karadag Deposit to Armenia opens up possibilities
of producing acetylene there by the oxidative cracking of methane derived
from natural gas.
The unlimited possibilities of producing acetylene from methane and the
resulting cheap supply of acetylene assure a considerable expansion of the
production at existing plants and make possible the organization of new
enterprises of the organic synthetic industry under very favorable technical
and economic conditions. Under the circumstances, the planned expansion of
the production of synthetic materials on the basis of acetylene must be re-
garded as sound.
However, the outlined program of the development of the industry of
organic synthesis in the Armenian SSR does not assure production in Armenia
of the total quantity or even a considerable part of the chemical products
that"are to bi3 used by the converting industry now or in the future. To
give a few examples, the production of automobile tires is still based on
imported rubber, a considerable part of electrical insulation materials for
the cable industry and electrical engineering industry have to be imported
into the republic, the production 'of capron cord is based on caprolactam
produced elsewhere, and the great demand for plastics and resins for the
instrument-making and light industries will still have to be satisfied by
supplying raw materials produced in distant regions.
Although acetylene may serve as a crude material for a number of mate-
rials the production of which is to be organized, not all possible syntheses
based on acetylene can be carried out with adequate technical and economic
efficiency. For this reason, new types of raw materials derived from pet-
releun must be used in A2n,,--nia. The absence in the Armenian SSR of petroleum
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fields and petroleum conversion caterprises cannot form a serious obstacle
to the use of petrochemical materials, because the transportation into the
republic of petroleum crude materials of uniform quality will definitely
be more economical than the importation of a large quantity of diverse
synthetic products.
The Council of National Economy, the Gosplan, and the scientific re-
search organizations must take all the necessary measures to expand the
raw material basis of the chemical industry along the lines indicated.
Novel technological methods must be developed to achieve the ends
envisaged.
New processes and new types of production must not be based on tech-
nological schemes applied at present or the production facilities that are
available at chemical plants which are already in operation. The practice
of installing at chemical plants a large quantity of reserve equipment is
out of date. Even in the colder regions of the country, most of the op-
erating equipment can b installed out of doors. If this procedure is
followed, only small buildings will have to be erected to accommodate con-
trol panels.
[SIR Note: E. Ter-Gazeryan is director of the new Scientific Research
Planning Institute under the Armenian Sovnarkhoz; cf. Kommunist, Yerevan,
11 November 1958.
Inorganic Chemistry
12. Tasks of Inorganic Chemists Under the Seven-Year Plan
"Toward the 21st Congress of the CPSU" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Ihimii, Vol I, No 1, Jan 59, Pp 3-4+
The production of nickel, magnesium, titanium, silicon, germanium, and
other rare elements is being increased considerably.
The 1959-1965 Seven-Year Plan for the development of the national econ-
omy involves a number of important problems that have to be solved by in-
organic chemists.
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Particular attention must be paid to the development of plastics which
are capable of withstanding high temperatures of the order of 800-1,0000.
No polymers that contain carbon atoms are capable of withstanding these
temperatures. Nevertheless, a number of branches of the industry urgently
require heat-resistant plastics and fabrics. For instance, the branch of
industry that builds electrical machines requires high-temperature insula-
tion materials. Asbestos and mica cannot satisfy the requirements of this
type of production.
Inorganic chemists must develop new materials which are suitaule for
use in aggressive media and at high temperatures. One may indicate several
ways in which this problem can be solved.
One of the ways is development of new types .of glass. Glass fibers
made of ordinary silicon dioxide glasses are being produced at present
and applied in technology; furthermore, vitreous masses can be also ob-
tained from a great number of other substances ? with, high' melting points .
One can presumably use polymers of boron compounds'',for the production of
such vitreous masses; it is possible that polymerize;ble-th'eteropolycompounds
obtained in the form of melts will be useful for this -,:Vartibse.
In the attempts to develop plastic inorganic materials one may also
investigate the possibilities of using metals and metal Aloys. These can
be obtained in the form of very thin fibers and of fabrics woven from these
fibers.
Promising possibilities exist a^ far as the synthe5'is and investiga-
tion of compounds of silicon and germanium are concerned. These elements
are analagous to carbon and are capable of forming chain. molccizles. It
is probable that among compounds of these elements. polymers with the neces-
sary characteristics will be found.
It is obvious that one cannot search for-new materials blindly, without
being guided by theoretical concepts. In addition to ,the solution.' of
practical problems, one must do theoretical work on the polymerization of
inorganic molecules and on the conditions under which polymerization re-
actions will take the desired direction and may be accelerated.
E tensive work. will have to be done on the production and regeneration
of catalysts. This applies particularly to catalysts consisting of platinum
metals.
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work' pertaining tb the production of nuclear fuel and Its recovery
as well as to the utilization of by-products derived from nuclear fuel is
also a part of the responsibilities of inorganic chemists.
Semiconductor materials are of primary importance in present-day tech-
nology. Particular attention in the work done by inorganic chemists must
be paid to the development of new semiconductor materials and to methods
for their purification.
The so-called rare elements, and the alloys and compounds of rare ele-
ments are used for the purposes, mentioned above and for many other applica-
tions in the national economy.. One of the most important and urgent tasks
of inorganic chemistry during the coming years will be investigation of the
chemistry of a number of rare elements. Development of methods for'' the
separation and purification of- these elements and research on new applica-
tions for them will form an essential part of the work that has to be done.
Many problems in regard to the full utilization of mineral raw materials
remain unsolved. Problems of this type have been successfully solved by in-
organic chemical research in the past. They have become particularly u,-.-,gent
at present in connection with tbs forthcoming utilization of new types of
raw material produced la,Eastera Siberia, the Far Last, Kazakhstan, Turkmen-
istan, and other regions. o:~' tb USSR.
USSR inorganic chemists bave done successful work in the fields of
crystal chemistry, the physical chemistry of the vitreous state, physico-
chemical analysis of fusions and solutions, the chemistry of heteropoly-
compounds, the chemistry of complex compounds, and other fields. The ad-
vances made hitherto form a basis for the assumption that the current prob-
lams enumerated above will be solved.
13. Synthesis and Properties of Silicon Nitride
"The Thermal Stability of Silicon Nitride," by I. M. Kuleshov;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 488-491
Silicon nitride of the composition Si3 N4 was prepared by prolonged
heating (for 9 hours) of silicon powder in a stream of purified nitrogen
at an elevated temperature (1,400-1,450?). The thermal stability of
silicon nitride was investigated. It was found that this compound is
stable under ordinary conditions in the air, water vapor, and an atmo-
sphere of chlorine and hydrogen. Active metals (magnesium and aluminum)
have no effect on this compound. At temperatures above 1,0000 noticeable
decomposition of the compound takes place. Silicon nitride can be satis-
factorily molded at a pressure of 60-80 kg per Mn2. It sinters at 1,500?
in a nitrogen atmosphere. Products made of silicon nitride in this manner
are harder than glass.
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14. yntlie:sis of Lithium Borohydr:tde
"The Effect of the Temperature on the Reaction of Lithium
Hydride With the Ether Adduct of Boron Trifluoride," by Ye.
M. Fedneva; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganiches lcoy I4limii, Vol It.,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 2136-293
In tin earlier communication (V. I. Milcheyeva and Ye. .M.' Fedneva,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 8, 1956)
p 902) the reaction in ether between lithium hydride and the ether adduct
of BF3 at different ratios of the interacting substances was discussed on
the basis of the experimental results obtained. In the present work the
effect of the temperature on the reaction in question was investigated.
The data that have been published in the literature in regard to the effect
of the temperature on the reaction between lithium hydride and the ether
adduct of BF3 are sketchy. It has been found in the experimental work de-
scribed in this instance that the yield of LiBH4 increases with decreasing
temperatures. The highest yield is obtained at 3-100. The maximum yield
of diborane is obtained at 10-25?. A method whereby lithium borohydride is
obtained with a yield up to 46% is described.
15. The Synthesis of Diborane by the Reaction Between Lithium Hydride and
the Ether Adduct of Boron Trifluoride
"Activation of the Reaction of Lithium Hydride With the Ether Adduct
of Boron Trifluoride," by Ye. M. Fedneva and N, N. Mal'taeva;, Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy I4zimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 269-293.
A simple and convenient method for the activation with halogens (iodine
and bromine) of the reaction between lithium hydride and the ether adduct of
BF3,"has been developed. This method makes it possible to prepare diborane
by a reaction which proceeds without an induction period, to regulate the
course of the reaction, and to carry out the reaction using benzene, tolene,
or xylene as a solvent. The conditions for the preparation of diborane in
a benzene solution in the presence of iodine or bromine were investigated.
It was established that for the complete conversion of "Lithium hydride an
excess of the ether adduct of BF3 up to 20% is necessary and that the optimum
temperature is 350. The possible mechanism of the reaction of 'lithiuin "
hydride with the ether adduct of BF3 in benzene in the presence of activators
(i.e., iodine or bromine) is discussed.
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16. S. A. Voznesenskiy's Work in the Fields of Applied Radiochemistry,
Water Treatment,, and Fluorocarbon Chemistry
S. A. Voznesenskiy (1892-1958)," by K. V. Astakhov, M. M.
Dubinin, K. V. Chmutov, and B. V. Nekrasov; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Ithimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan 59, pp 234-237
Prof S. A. Voznesenskiy, Doctor of Chemical Sciences) died on 6 August
1953. Ile was a prominent physical chemist, theoretician,and experimental
scientist and an outstanding instructor of inorganic chemistry. As, a' "
student, Voznesenskiy participated in research done at Prof N. A. Shilov's
laboratory at the Moscow Higher Technical School. He worked on the dynamic
activity of carbon and developed methods for testing the gas mask designed
by N. D. Zelinskiy. In 1921 Voznesenskiy became-instructor at the Mor;cow
Higher Technical School's Chair of Physical Chemistry, which was headed at
that time by N. A. Shilov. In 1927 Voznesenskiy became a docent at the
Chair of Colloid Chemistry and in 1929 was appointed professor and head of
the Chair of Analytical Chemistry at the Moscow Higher Technical School.
After Shilov's death in 1930, he became head of the Chair of Inorganic Chem-
istry. In 1932, the Chemical faculty of the Moscow Higher Technical School
was reorganized into the Military Academy of Chemical Defense. Voznesenskiy
remained professor and head of the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the Mil-
itary Academy of Chemical Defense.
During 1921-1941 Voznesenskiy directed the scientific work conducted
at the water purification laboratory of the Vodgeo Institute. In 1955,
he became professor and head of a chair at the Ural Polytechnic Institute.
The scientific research work done by Voznesenskiy was concentrated in the
fields of physical, colloid, and inorganic chemistry. He was interested in
the economically important problems of the purification of industrial waste
waters. As a result of theoretical and laboratory investigations carried
out ,'by Voznesenskiy, installations for the purification and decontamination
of waste waters were constructed at many USSR enterprises on the basis of
methods developed by him.
Voznesenskiy was one of the first in the USSR to recognize the impor-
tance of fluoroorganic compounds. Experimental work done by him led to
the compilation by him of the monograph Khimiya Ftora (The Chemistry of
Fluorine), which became a frequently used manual after World War II, when
he importance of fluoroorganic compounds was generally realized. The
some applies to his monograph Vnutrikompleksnyye Soyedineniya (Inner-
Complex Compounds). The results of Voznesenskiy's research on interphase
potentials formed a contribution to the formulation of concepts in regard
to boundary potentials. The experimental investigations of the adsorp-
tion of vapors from air streams conducted at Shilov's laboratory became
the basis of the formulation of a theory of the dynamic activity of layers
of adsorbents; they were of fundamental importance for the development of
the theory of the action of gas masks filled with carbon. During recent
years Voznesenskiy was in charge of a number of important investigations
in the field of applied radiochemistry.
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[SIR Note: A list of 65 publications and reports by Voznesenskiy fol-
lows the review of his activity. The titles listed are grouped under the
headings of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, and Water
Technology. Among the reports and articles lis-I;ed are the following:
"Solubility of Inorganic Salts in Organic Solvents and in Mixtures of Organic
Solvents with Water,"Zhurnal Neorgan1cheslcoy Khimii, Vol 2, No 4, 1957; "The
Adsorption of Radioactive Isotopes by Aluminum Hydroxide," Zhurnal Neorgani-
cheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 1, 1958; "Effect of Nonaqueous Solvents on the Ad-
sorption of Radioactive Microcomponents by a Number of Solid Adsorbents,
Dlauchnyye Dolclady Vvsshey Shkoly-Khimiya i Khimicheska a Telchnolo iya, No 3,
1956; "The Electrochemistry of Ion-Exchange Resins" (report 'prepared in
1944); "Ion Exchange in Highly Concentrated Salt Solutions" (report prepared
in 1943); "Adsorption of the Uransrl Ion From Aqueous Solutions by a Cation-
Exchange - Sulfonic Acid Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin" (report prepared in
1944); and Ochistka i Opresneniye_Vody Elektrolizom (Purification and Desali-
nation of Water by Electrolysis)) a treatise published by the Vodgeo Inst-
itute in 1933.
Isotopes
17. Diffusion Cascade for 'the Separation of Isoto es
"A Separation Cascade Consisting of Diffusion Columns," by R. Ya.
Kucherov and G. A. Tevzadze; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 207-208
The design and operation of a laboratory diffusion cascade for the
separation of isotopes are described. The results obtained in the separa-
tion of Ne22, Ar36, and c13 (in the form of methane) are tabulated.
[For additional information on isotopes, see item No 27.]
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
W. Problems of the Metallurgy of Uranium and of Metals Used in the Con-
struction of Nuclear Reactors
"Problems of the Metallurgy of Uranium and of [Reactor] Construc-
tion Metals," by G. A. Meyerson; Moscow, Atomnaya Ener~;i, 6,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 129-134
On the basis of non-USSR reports presented at the Second International
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (Geneva, 1958) problems are
considered pertaining to the production of uranium (reductive smelting,
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casting, treatment by the application of pressure, and powder metallurgy),
the metallurgy of zirconium (new data on technological flow sheets, he
quality of zirconium sponge, and the dimensions of ingots), production of
new reactor construction metals, i.e., niobium and vanadium (comparison of
different methods of production including the metallothermic, the vacuum
carbothermic, and electrolytic refining, and comparison of the quality of
the products obtained when these methods are used), the production of thin-
walled beryllium tubes to be used as sheathes for fuel elements, the ap-
plication of zirconium hydride as a moderator, and the use of zirconium-
uranium-hydrogen alloy in the cores of fuel elements.
It is pointed out that in the US and in England at present UF4 is re-
duced with magnesium rather than calcium.
19. High-Melting Nuclear Fuels
"High-Melting Fuel Materials and Elements," by G. A. Meyerson;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59, pp 135139
On the basis of non-USSR reports presented at the Second International
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (Geneva, 1958) problems are
discussed pertaining to the production and application of fuel elements with
cores consisting of uranium dioxide held in tubular or platelike sheathes,
the application of carbides and oxides of uranium and thorium in gas-cooled
high-temperature reactors (reactors in which temperatures up to 1,0000C are
encountered), and the use of metallic thorium in fuel elements.
20. Production of Uranium Tetrafluoride by the Action of Gaseous Hydrogen
Fluoride on Uranium Dioxide
"Application of Fluorination With Gaseous*Hydrogen Fluoride in the
Production of Uranium Tetrafluoride," by Yu. Vt Gagarinskiy; Moscow,
Atomnaya, Ener?;iya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59, pp 124-128
On the basis of non-USSR reports presented at the Second International
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (Geneva, 1958) methods, for
the production of UF14 by the action of gaseous HF on U02 at elevated tem-
peratures are discussed. Methods applied industrially as well as those
being developed in laboratories are taken into consideration. The follow-
ing conclusions are made.
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At present fluorination of uranium dioxide with gaseous hydrogen fluo-
ride is carried out in horizontal reactors equipped with encll.ess screw
agitators.
Methods for the fluorination of reduced uranium concentrates by the
fluidized solids method (leading to the production of UP() and for the
fluorination of agglomerated,". uranium dioxide moving countercurrently
to hydrogen fluoride in vertical reactors (leading to the production of
metallic uranium) have been brought to the stage of industrial applica-
tion. 'The second of the two methods mentioned is :-regarded as more
promising.
21. Treatment of Low-Grade Uranium Ores
"Industrial Methods for the Refining of Low-Grade Uranium Ores,"
by G. Ye. Kaplan, V. N. La,skorin, and V. V. Nevskiy; Moscow,
Atornnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59, pp 113-123
On, the basis of a' review of non-USSR work on the subject, the follow-
ing conclusions are drawn.
During recent years considerable progress has been made in the tech-
nology of the treatment of uranium ores. More than 70% of all uranium is
produced at present by a recently developed method for the extraction of
uranium from solutions by means of adsorption on resins. Extraction of
uranium by liquid extracting agents is also being applied on an extensive
scale, particularly at enterprises which apply dissolution of uranium with
acids.
Ordinary methods of mechanical concentration (by the specific gravity
method, flotation) and other methods) play a relatively minor role. However,
in connection with the treatment of an increased percentage of complex and
low-grade ores, the importance of mechanical enrichment and mechanical treat-
ment of uranium ores increases. Of particular advantage is radiometric en-
richment, which uses the radioactivity of uranium minerals for their separa-
tion from the accompanying rocks.
A bibliography consisting of 28. references (none of them USSR) is
appended to the article.
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22. Thr; Dissociation Constant of the U02 (003 )4- Ion
"The Dissociation Constant of the U02 (CO )4- Ions by A. Ye.
Klygin and I. D. Smirnova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khitnii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 424_5
The solubility of the uranyl salt of hydroxyquiniline in solutions of
ammonium carbonate of an ionic strength of 1.0 at a temperature of 250 was
determined. The composition and dissociation constant of the complex ion
U02 (cb3)4- were determined. The dissociation constant was found to be
1.7?0.6) . 10-23 at 250. This value differs from the approximate value
(5 X 10-19) determined earlier by a factor of approximately 3 x 104.
23. Extraction of Inorganic Elements With Solvents
"Application of Extraction in Inorganic Analysis," by A. K.
Babko and F. G. Zharovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy
Khimii, Vol 25, No 1, Jan 59, pp 42-52
The subject of the separation and isolation of inorganic elements by
extraction with organic solvents in the form of inorganic salts or com-
pounds with organic substances is reviewed. Data on elements of importance
as nuclear fuels (uranium and thorium) and as reactor construction material's
(e. g.) zirconium) are given. A table listing, information on the extracta-
bility of 36 elements indicates the compounds in the form of which these ele-
ments can be extracted. A bibliography consisting of 166 references (80 of
them USSR) follows the article.
24. The System HF - NbF5 - 1120
"Investigation of Solubilities and Hydrolysis in the System HF -
NbF5 - H2 0," by I. S. Nikolayev and Ya. A. Buslayev; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol. 4, no 1, Jan 59, pp 205-212
Niobium pentafluoride (Nb F5) was synthesized with the use of different
fluorinating agents including Cl F3. The system HF-Nb F5 - H2 0 (200
isotherm) was investigated by the method of isothermic dissolution within
the range of 0 - 100% of HF. The existence of solid phases of the composi-
tion Nb2 05 2H20; HNb2F11.4H20; HNbF6.H20; and Nb F was established.
The investigated solubility isotherm is of the type h2ving an initial
rectilinear section which made it possible to determine the composition of
the chemical compound present in a saturated solution and indicated that
this composition corresponds to H2NbOF Supplementary investigation of
the solutions by physicochemical methods of analysis also indicated a
predominant formation of a compound of this composition.
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25. Potassium ilexanitroniekelutes of flare-Earth Metals
"Mixed Potassium-Lanthanum Hexanitronickelates, Part 1," by I. V.
Tananayyev and M. D. Lyutaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol -4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 9'7-102
As distinguished from fearocyauides, hexanitronickelates are relatively
well soluble in water. Nevertheless{{. some of them can be precipitated when
an excess of the reagent (usually K1FLNi(N02) ]) is used. Separation of
metals In the form of their hexan:Ltronickelates is of advantage under the
circumstances, because it can be carried out in a wider range of conceutra-
ticns of the metals being separated. The hexanitronickelates of rare-earth
metals are being investigated from the standpoint of the possibilities of
using them to separate these metals.
The solublities in the system La(NO )3 - K4La[Ni(N02)6] - H2O were in-
vesti.gated at 250? It wa3 :fotmd that, as the concentration of K4[Ni(NO2)6]
in the system increases, hc'ee different solid phases are formed in succes-
sion: K61a2[Ni(NO2)6]3; K,,1La5[Ni(N02)6]9 . H20; and K5La [Ni(N02)6]2 . H20.
The existence of these three salts as individual entities was confirmed by
the thermographic method. The solubilities of KS5la [Ni(NO2)6]2 . H2O in
HIV02 solutions at concentrations of 1-7 mols of KNO per liter were determined.
A pronounced salting-out effect accompanied by conversion of the initial:
solid phase into K61a2 [Ni(NO2)6]3 was observed.
"Mixed Hexanitronickelates of Praseodymium and Neodymium, Part 2,"
by I. V. Tananayev and M. D. Lyutaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 103-109
The solubilities in the systems Pr(N03)3?- K4 [Ni(NO2)6]. H2O - H2O
and Nd. NO3), - K4 [Ni (NO2)6] - H20.at 250 were investigated. It was
established that, as the concentration of K4.[Ni(NO2)6] in the system in-
creases, tyro L.,':;erent solid phases are formed, namely K21M5 [Ni (N02)6]
H2O and KrM [ivi (N02)6]21
where M = Pr or Nd. Both phases were investigated
analytically and thermographically. The solubilities of K5M [Ni (N42)6]
in KNO2 solutions were investigated in the concentration range of 1-7 mols
of KNO2 per liter. It was established that the initial solid phase is
transformed into K21M5 [Ni (N02)6]9 . H20.
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26. The Hexanitronickelates of Rare-Earth Elements
"Hexanitronickelates of Samarium, Yttrium, and Ytterbium," by
I. V. Tananayev and M. D. Lyutaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol Ii., No 2, Feb 59, pp 457-464
The solubilities at 250 in systems consisting of rare-earth element
nitrates, potassium hexanitronickelate, and water were investigated. The
solid phases which precipitated were isolated and investigated, These
phases were found to correspond to a number of complex potassium hexanitron-
ickelates of the rare-earth elements in question. The composition of the
complex compounds isolated is given.
27. Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes in the USSR by the Distillation of
Liquid Hydrogen
"Progress in Distillation Technology," by M. E. Aerov, Doctor of
Technical Sciences, and V. A. Malyusov, Candidate of Technical
Sciences; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Nauka i Prom shlennost', Vol 3,
No 6, 1958 (Jan 59T pp 736-745
"Particular attention is paid at present to the production of deuterium
by the rectification of liquid hydrogen, because this method is regarded as
beiaL; potentially of greater advantage from the economic standpoint than
other known methods. In addition -co the investigation of processes for the
separation of hydrogen isotopes by distillation with the use of laboratory
columns, experimental and industrial installations for the rectification
of liquid hydrogen are being built in France, Western Germany, thf US, and
India. The greatest progress in the development of this complicated method
has apparently been made in the USSR, where an industrial installation [for
the separation of hydrogen isotopes by the rectification of liquid hydrogen]
has already been in operation for a long time (cf. . V. Kurchatov, Pravda,
28 Feb 1958)."
28. Critical Heat Fluxes in the Forced Flow of Water
"Generalization of Experimental Data on Critical Heat Fluxes
["Loads"] in the Forced Circulation of Sub-Heated Water" by
V. A. Zenkevich; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb
59, pp 169-173
It is predicted on theoretical grounds that the equation proposed
earlier by the authors (Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 3, 1957, p 159) can be
simplified for applications at low pressures. This equation was proposed
on the basis of a generalization of experimental data pertaining to
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critical heat loads during forced circulation of water heated to a point
below boiling in the pressure range of 100-210 atmospheres absolute. The
possibility of using the equation proposed earlier in a more extensive
range of pressures (35-210 atmospheres absolute) is demonstrated.
Published experimental data on the critical heat load at low pressures
confirm theoretical conclusions concerning the determination of functional
relationships between the criterion to be found and the determining criteria
at pressures of the water close to the atmospheric. As a result of the con-
clusions that could be made, the critical equation for this particular case
was considerably simplified. The formula for calculations obtained on the
basis of this equation is recommended for application in the pressure range
of 1-15 atmospheres absolute.
29. The Effect of Nuclear Irradiation on Insulators
"The Effect of Irradiation on Insulators," by Yu. K. Gus'kov and
V. F. Sachkov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 204-205
Problems pertaining to the modification of characteristics of insulators
as a result of irradiation with neutrons and gamma rays are of importance,
because the materials in question are used extensively in the construction
of nuclear reactors. The dependence of the electrical -conductivity of
porcelain, mica, and quartz on the density of neutron flow and the density
of gamma radiation as well as on the total :adiation flow was investigated.
It was established that quartz, porcelain, and mica, preserve their insulat-
ing properties to a satisfactory extent at flow densities amounting to 1013
neutrons per cm per second and a total flow amounting to approximately 5 x
1010 neutrons per cm2.
30. A Method for the Calculation of the Heat Conductivity of Molten Metals
"Calculation of the Heat Conductivity of Molten Metals," by
G. F. Vutenko and M. I. Radchenko; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 6, No 2, Feb 59, pp 205 207
Data on the heat conductivity of molten metals cannot be readily extra-
polated to high temperatures. On the other hand it is easy to extrapolate.
the electrical conductivity. An. equation has been derived which is of
practical interest for the calculation of the heat conductivities of liquid
metals at high temperatures. With the use of this equation, the heat con-
ductivity at any temperature can be calculated on the basis of the electrical
conductivity at the melting point, the melting point, and the electrical con-
ductivity at this temperature.
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The electrical conductivity can be determined experimentally much more
easily than the heat conductivity. The equation that has been derived ap-
plies to a group of thermodynamically similar substances consisting of metals
in the right subgroups of the periodic systems.
[For additional information on nuclear fuels and reactor construction
materials, see Item No 187].
31. Separation of Yttrium-90
"Separation of Carrier-Free Yttrium-90 in a Radiochemically Pure
State, Part IV," by N. P. Rudenko, Scientific Research Institute
of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow Zhurnal Ne-
organicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 220-22
It was established that pure yttrium-90 can be extracted repeatedly
from solutions of strontium-90 in the form of the salt formed by it with
8-hydroxyquinoline, using chloroform as the extracting solvent. If the
extraction is carried out at a PH of about 7 from an acetate buffer solu-
tion, the yttrium-90 is obtained in a radiochemically pure state, because
the salt formed by strontium with 8-hydroxyquinoline is extracted only at
a pH of about 11.
32. Isolation of Carrier-Free Radioactive Antimony and Radioactive Indium
"Isolation of Carrier-Free Sb125 and Inll3m," by V. N. Rybakov
and I. I. Stronskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2,
Feb 59, pp 208-210
A method has been developed for the separation of tracer quantities of
antimony and indium from radioactive isotopes of tin. By using this method,
carrier-free Sb125 and Inll3m have been separated. A chromotographic column
has been used for the repeated separation of Inll3m.
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33? Coprecipitation of Radioactive Cesium
"Investigation of the Coprecipitation of Microquantities of Cesium
With Prussian Blue by the Method of Instantaneous Coprecipitation,"
by M. Krs and 0. Ye. Zvyagintsev, Moscow Chemicotechnological Insti-
tuto.imeni D. I. Mendeleyev and Military Academy imeni A. Zapotocky
at Brno; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 227-229
The method of instantaneous precipitation was applied for the investiga-
tion of equilibria in systems with difficulty soluble components. By using
this method for the coprecipitation of cesium with ' Prussian '.blue, the
validity of some relationships which underlie the formation of anomalous
mixed crystals was confirmed.
(For additional information on radiochemistry, see Item No 16.]
Miscellaneous
34. 11th All-Union Conference on High-Molec,'.lar Compounds To Be Held in
June 1959
"Announcement" (unsigned article); Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy
Khimii, No 1, Jan 59, back cover
The Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, together
with the State Committee of the Council of Ministers USSR for Chemistry and
the Moscow State University plan to convoke in June 1959 in Moscow'the 11th
A114Union Conference on High-Mclecular Compounds which will be concerned with
they problem of conversion and application of polymer materials.
The following themes will be discussed at the sessions of the confer-
ence: (1) anticorrosive materials; (2) dielectrics; (3) crude and vulcan-
ized rubber; ()'chemical fibers; (5) polymer materials in construction;
(6) methods of testing polymer materials; (7) conversion of plastics; (8)
polymer materials in machine building; and (9) films, preservation [of food-
stuffs, etc.], and packaging.
CPYRGHT
"Persons and organizations desiring to participate in the conference
must present their theses consisting of no more than 3 pages by no later
than 15 February 1959 to the Organizational Committee of the 11th A11-Union
Conference on High-Molecular Compounds, Moscow, V-71, Leninskiy Prospekt,
d. 14, Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR."
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Coamuunications
35? Selectivity of FM Radio Receivers
"On the Selectivity of Radio Receivers Operating in VHF Sub-
range," by B. I. Savitskiy and P. A. Kotikova; Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No 1, Jan 59, pp 38-43
According to the preu.,nt plans for extension of VIIF-FM radio broad-
casting in the Soviet Union, it is centemplated,to organize fou` program
radio broadcasting in the frequency range of 66 to 72 Mc and a six-pro-
gram broadcasting in certain densely populated areas with an added 72-73
Mc range.
The ;3oviet-manufactured radio receivers operating in the VHF-F.M range
have an excessively, wide band-pass and insufficient selectivity, compared
with certain Western European receivers. Thus, for example, according to
the existing specifications for the second-class VHF-FM receivers, the
band-pass is 160 kc. To improve the selectivity of Soviet-manufactured
VIIF-FM radio receiving sets, it was proposed to design new circuits for
the intermediate frequency tract in which improvement of the linear selec-
tivity of the receiver is obtained through the reduction of the band-pass.
36. Transmission of Signals With Many Discrete Code Elements
"Theory of Transmission of Signals With Many Discrete
Elements," by B..A. Varshaver; Moscow, Radiotekhnika,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 3-13
The problem of determining the upper limit of speed of transmission
and the transmission capability of a communication channel utilizing the
corrective code and signals with many discrete code elements is analyzed
in this article. The following methods of modulation are examined:
pulse-time, phase, frequency and amplitude modulation with do pulses of
different polarity. It was proven that for frequency and pulse-time mod-
ulation in the "bit-by-bit" reception of coded combinations, the utiliza-
tion of average power cannot exceed a certain value.
Formulas and graphs are presented which permit evaluating means for
improving the performance of the communications system utilizing signals
with a great number of discrete code elements.
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37. TV Broadcasting Fr(,-n Satellites
"At the Technical Council of the Ministry of Communications"
CPYRGHT (unsigned article); Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 1, Jan 59, p 67
"At the meeting of the Technical Council of the Ministry of Communica-
tions USSR, a report of Professor S. I. Katayev was heard on the subject
of feasibility of solving certain problems of TV broadcasting in conjunc-
tion with the launching of the artificial satellites.
"S. I. Katayev has indicated that the solution of the problem of
covering a large territory by TV broadcasting encounters great difficul-
ties due to the fact that reliable propagation of VHF waves can be obtained
only in the line of direct visibility. This brings up the problem of lift-
ing the relay stations to a great height.
"The solution of this problem can be visualized with the aid of
launching an artificial satellite which will revolve in a circular equa-
torial orbit at an altitude of about 36,000 km.
"The launching of artificial satellites, especially the third Soviet
satellite carrying an active transmitting radio station, as well as
achievements in allied fields of science. and rocket technology, and the
preliminary calculations and evaluation of individual assumptions lead to
the conclusion. that the launching of a satellite with the desired orbit
parameters needed to accomplish TV broadcasting over large territories is
quite feasible.
"S. I. Katayev has pointed out that in the solution of a number of
problems for the subsequent development of TV technology, including the
selection of standards, it is necessary even now to take into account the
possibility of utilizing a satellite. It is also necessary to start to
develop a series of concrete problems, such as transmitting and receiving
radio equipment designed for operation over several years without servic-
ing, selection of optimum wave length for the cosmic retransmitter, auto-
matic scanni.ig of large antennas in cosmic space, sufficiently powerful
independent long-lined power sources, investigation of the economic var-
iants of color TV designed to utilize the cosmic retransmitter etc.
"The speaker proposed including in the Seven-Year Plai? for the devel-
opinent of the national economy basic measures for realization of a cosmic
retransmitter of TV programs."
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35. Reorganization of Programs at Soviet Technical Schools
"Reorganization of the Program at the Moscow Electrical l;ngi-
nearing Institute of Conmaunications, ".by N. P. Braslaviskiy;
Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 2, Feb 59, pp 5-6
The article contains the following passages;
Modern communication technique, based on the principles of radio
engineering and electronics, is highly complex and, therefore, requires
of students a profound knowledge in the fields of physics, mathematics,
CPYRG HT electrical engineering, and radio engineering.
"In conjunction with the above we consider, it expeditious that, at
the engineering faculties of out institute (radio communication and radio
broadcasting faculties, and telegraph and telephone conmiunication faculty)
the students, during their first 3 yearns of studies, should be relieved
from work at plants. This will permit thorough study during thy first
three courses (years), of mathematics, physics, theoretical electrical.
engineering and other theoretical subjects, and at the same time allow
intensification of laboratory work.
"The -total study period in the engineering faculties (including a
year of work in industry) will be 5 years and 6 months. At the same time,
prediploma practice will be lengthened to 8 weeks, when the student will
be sent to an establishment to work as a technician, and in special cases
even as an engineer. This will bring diploma projects closer to reality
and will improve their quality."
39. Sequential Summation of Intelligence
"Sequential Summation of Intelligence in Communication Systems
With Duplication," by It. V. ICul'kay; Moscaar, lektrosvyaz',
No 1, Jan 59, pp 3-11
To improve reliability of reproduotion of transmitted intelligence
in the presence of interference, a method of duplication, specifically
a method of simultaneous duplication by transmitting the same intelligence
through several channels of communication, is successfully applied.
The article describes a new method of intelligence summation for the
described duplication process. Such a method consists in sequence connec-
tion of the communication channels with the aid of an independently oper-
ated selector st-ritch. Investigation has shown that at a proper rate of
channel swritching, improvement of signal-to-noise ratio is almost as good
as for the condition of continuous operation of all the channels. The
article also examines the case when a detecting element is inserted between
the co: unutator switch and the swmiation element.
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The advantage, of the method of 'sequential summation is that, for the
condition of a large number of duplicating channels, the amplification of
signals from different channels can be carried out in one single, common
amplifier.
110. Color Television in USSR
"Problems of Color Television Development," by A. Kakunin;
Moscow, Radio, No 1, Jan 59, pp 10-12
"After prolonged research and study of findings abroad in the field
of color television, the members of the institute [Leningrad Electrical
Engineering Institute of Communications] haia selected the compatible
color system with one subcarrier for color intelligence placed inside the
spectrum of the black-white signal."
The band pass of the whole TV channel is 8 Mc, and of the video sig-
nal 6 Mc. Broadcasting of color TV programs will be conducted on the 12
conventional channels for black-:white TV broadcasting.
At the State Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Commu-
nications USSR, the design of color TV equipment has been completed and
an experimental studio built.
41. TV Receiver "Znamya-58"
"TV Receiver 'Znamya-58'," by V. KLibson and V. Neyman; Mos-
cow, Radio, No 1, Jan 59, pp 33-35
The TV receiver "Znamya-58" is a modernized version of the older
"Znamya" set. It is designed to receive programs on all 12 TV channels.
The set has 15 tubes, seven semiconductor diodes, and the 43LK2B picture
tube. The screen size is 3110 X 255 mm. The intermediate frequencies
are 34 and 25 Me for the video signal and 2'( and 75 Mc, for the audio
signal. The sensitivity of the set is about 200 microvolts and adjacent
channel selectivity is about 31 db. The power consumption of the set
is about 130 w. The over-all dimensions are 520 X 495 X 475 mm, and it
weighs 28 kg.
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112. Functions of Frequency and Time
"On Certain Asymptotic Relationships Between Functions of Fre-
quency and, of Time,'.' by H. Dobesch, Berlin; Berlin, Nachrich-
tentechnik, No 1, Jan 59, pp 13-18
In the measurement of the properties of quadrupoles, for example in
the case of the transmission paths in television, it is possible to begin
with the frequency functions of amplitude and, preferable, of the group
velocity, or with the time dependences, surge or impulse. Both measure-
ments are equivalent. Their relationship is given, for example, by the
Laplace integral. Frequently, special values of functions are sufficient
for an estimation of the curve. These are obtained with an asymptotic
reference function for t ----> 0 or W ---> oo, and vice versa, whenever an
impulse acts as an input function. The conventional relationships, which,
as a reference function, use the first term of the frequency function
developed in a series, can be supplemented by the second term, if the
group velocity function (group transit time function) is considered in
addition to the amplitude function-, The asymptotic relationships between
the amplitude function, or the group velocity function, and the output
time function of'the surge are derived and experimentally confirmed.
The article, an abstract of a dissertation presented to the Faculty
for Electrical Engineering of the Dresden Technische Hochschule, Institute
of Communications Engineering, was presented at the Sixth Annual Conference
of the [West German] Television Engineering Society in Munich, 1958.
Components
"3.
Electronic Accelerometer
"Electronic Acceleration Pickup Unit With Loop Cathode,"" by
L. A. Goncharskiy; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 28-29
The article describes the construction of an electrorfic acceleration
pickup unit developed by the author, in which the cathode loop has a
rectangular form. Such a loop possesses high flexilitity in the direction
perpendicular to its plane. The directly heated cathode is placed between
two flat electrodes (the plate and cold cathode), which create a hoanog-
enous electric field. The cathode loop is deflected toward one of the
plates when the pickup unit is brought to accelerating motion. Such a
deflection of the cathode loop results in the change of the plate current.
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The loop cathode was made of oxide-coated tungsten wire 25 microns in
diameter. The length of the loop is 20 mm, and the resonant frequency
of the hot cathode is 50 cycles. The length of the whole unit is 1,0 mm
and its diameter is 10 mm. The voltage sensitivity of the unit is it. v
at one m/sec, when 50 v are impressed on the plate and 0 v on the cold
cathode. The filament voltage is 2.2 v and the filament current is 100
milliamp.
The advantages of the new acceleration pickup unit are simplicity
of construction and high sensitivity.
44.. Infrared Radiation Sensitivity of Germanium Photodiodes
"Threshold Sensitivity and Noise Spectrum of Germanium Junc-
tion Type Photodiodes," by L. Ya. Pervova; Moscow, Radio-
tekhnika i Plektronika, No 2, Fib 59, pp 330-331.
The relatively high sensitivity of germanium photodiodes (10-50
milli:amp/lumen) make' them useful for registration of weak fluxes of infra-
red radiation.
At the Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute recently germanium junction-
type photodiodes were developed having such a large sensitive area that they
are capable of registering even unfocused ra4ation. The sensitivity thres-
hold of the germanium photodiodes was found to be about 10-10 lumen-sec1/2
for the light modulation frequency of '(0 cycles when the voltage applied to
the photodiode'was one v. The sensitivity of the photodiode can be further
increased by increasing the light modulation frequency.
The author thanks S. M. Ryvkin and V. N. Makarov for the assistance.
45. Three-Cavity Klystron Multiplier
"Three-Cavity Klystron Frequency Multipliers," by A. D. Sush-
kov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 2, Feb 59, pp 246-
252
The three-cavity klystron multiplier with signal preamplification
is a frequency multiplier in which the first two cavities are designed
for the input (to be multiplied) frequency and'the third for the output
(multiplied) frequency. The signal fed to the input of such a klystron
io first voltage-amplified, and then its frequency is multiplied.
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The performance of the three-cavity klystron was checked experi-
mentally for the multiplification factors of three and five and the out-
put fregi" ncy,of 3,000 Mc. The experimental data has shown that the
three-cav',ty klystron with signal preamplification has a considerably
greater amplification factor than that of an equivalent two-cavity kly-
stron frequency multiplier.
1i6. Von Ardenne Institute Reports on Miniature Vibrating Capacitor
"On a Vibrating Capacitor With Good Constant," by M. von
Ardenne and E. K1ar, Manfred von Ardenne Research Institute,
Dresden-Weisser Hirsch; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 1,
1959, pp 26-28
A description, cross sectional drawing, and four photographs are
given of a miniature vibrating capacitor which can be used wherever test-
ing instruments with a high input impedance and a good constant are
required. The capacitor operates on the principle of electromagnetic
excitation of the vibrating electr9de. With an operating impedance of
1013 ohm, currents of 10-15 - 10-10 can be identified. The following
data is given:
quiescent capacitance C : 32 micromicrofarad
coupling capacitance: C1:
61 micromicrofarad
electtode spacing of quienscent capacitance a; 30 microns
capacitance to ground Cpl: 8.75 micromicrofarad
Cpl: 15 micromicrofarad
conversion factor I'u : 0.10 with excitation current leer 11 mill.iamperc
Pu : 0.18 with excitation current leer = 20 milliampere.
The special capacitor was developed on contract for the Office of
Nuclear Research and Nuclear Engineering, Berlin; S. Klein was in charge
of the precision mechanics work.
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47. China Components Production
"Manufacture of Power Capacitors" (unsigned article); Peiping,
Druzhba, No 33, Aug 58, p 29
"In the middle of July, in Sian, the first Chinese electrical power
capacitor plant officially began operation.
"This plant is one of the most important units of industrial con-
struction designed with the help of the Soviet Union. It was designed
with consideration of the latest technical achievements of the Soviet
capacitor industry. Its construction is evidence of the fact that our
country has taken a great step forward toward achievement of world. leader-
ship in the field of capacitor production. In.the past it has been nec-
essary for China to import electrical power capacitors; but now, all
demands will be satisfied by domestic production.
"Simultaneously with the construction of the Sian plant, experimental
production of electrical power capacitors was begun. With the aid of
Soviet specialists at the plant, 19 types of capacitors were developed
for production before the plant was officially opened."
Computers and Automation
O. The Future Soviet Computers
"The Near Future of Computer Technique," V. I. Leskutov; Mos-
cow, Pr iborostroyeniye, No 1, Jan 59, pp 5-6
The article contains the following passages:
"The development of modern computer technique in the Soviet Union
will be based on the urgent needs of science and the national economy;
and, therefore... according to the Seven-Year Plan the volume of computer
machine production should be increased 4.7 times, resulting in a produc-
tion value of 2.1 billion rubles in 1965. At the same time, the quali-
tative indexes of the computers will be improved.
"However, to manufacture mathematical machines possessing the logical
capabilities, speed, and reliability superior to those of similar foreign
machines, it would be necessary to expand considerably the volume of sci-
entific and research works and to shorten drastically the time of con-
structional design.
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"In the very near future, machines with a speed. of 5,000 and 20,000
operations per second will be produced serially, instead of 100 and 2,000
operations which are typical of the presently manufactured machines of
the type 'Ural', 'Strela' and others. But the mentioned speed is far from
the attainable limits. During the coming 2-3 years, it will be necessary
to build machines which will perform not less than 100,000-200,000 opera-
tions a second and to store up to 3,000-32,000 numbers."
49. Methods of Detecting Systematic Errors of Transformation Discussed
"Concerning Mathematical Methods of Controlling Abstract
Transformers," by Yu. I. Zhuravlev, Moscow State University
imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 123, No 2, Nov 58, pp 227-230
In technology devices are encountered which are referred to as trans-
formers, possessing a definite "input" and a definite "output" and which
function in the following manner. A certain physical quantity x of a def-
inite nature is entered at the "input." A transformation of that quantity
is performed within the device and a quantity f(x), also of a definite
physical nature, is obtained at the "output". This is what transpires
when the device functions properly. However, breakdowns occurring within
the process are assumed. In such cases the f(x) obtained is distorted.
It is important to know whether the device is operating properly in each
individual case. A running control is used for this purpose during the
device's operation which consists in that at a particular moment of time
earlier values of x for which f(x) is known are entered at the input.
These values are compared with the values obtained by the device.
In the present work, several general questions associated with the
evaluation of the possibilities of control are considered. There is
discussion concerning the discovery of systematic errors of transforma-
tions. Random failures here are, generally speaking, not det-scted. In
the work it was assumed that x E [a,b] and that f(x) is measurable and.
bounded on [a,b]. The transformer was considered as a register from which
one is unable to obtain information concerning its interior during opera-
tion. It is assumed that only certain functional characteristics of the
transformer are known.
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Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
50. Velocity of Propagation of Audio-Frequency Electromagnetic Waves
"Velocity of Propagation of Audio-Frequency Electromagnetic
Waves," by Ya. L. Alpert and S. V. Borodina, Scientific
Research Institute of Terrestial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and
Radio Wave Propagation; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 195-201
The determination of phase velocity of electromagnetic wave propaga-
tion in the range of audio frequencies (1,000 - 20,000) is described.
The analysis of atmospherics and their phase characteristics was utilized
for such determination. It was estimated that with decrease in frequency,'
the average phase velocity becomes considerably greater that the velocity
of electromagnetic waves in free space; such a difference might be as high
as 10% at a frequency of 2,000 cycles.
Subsequent experiments will permit obtaining the relationship between
velocity and frequency down to a frequency of a few tens of cycles. The
results of this experiment will permit the effective conductivity of the
lower portion of the ionosphere to be determined.
51. Investigation of Radio Signal Fading
"Investigdtion of the Nature of Fast Fading Radio Signals Above
the Earth's Surface at Middle Distances," by A. A. Semenov and
G. A. Kopneyev, Chair of Electromagnetic I?lave Propagation,
Physics Faculty, Moscow State University; Moscow, RadiotekluLLka
i Elektronika,'No 2, Feb 59, pp 187-194
The Chair conducted, during the period from December 1955 to March
1956, an investigation of electromagnetic wave propagation for the case
of direct line of visibility. The radio wave path traversed heavily
wooded topography. This experiment to study electromagnetic wave fad-
ing was conducted on the 3-cm Vravelength.
The experiment could not establish any simple relationship between
wind velocity and signal fading. For operations on 3-cm wave length, the
effect of reflection from heavily wooded topogrophy can be neglected in
many cases.
The results of this investigation can be useful in the study of radar
presentation of ground topography.
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52. Wave Propagation in Bent Wave Guides
"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Loaded Bent Wave
Guidon," by A. N. Didenko, Moscow State University, Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 2, Feb 59, pp 172-180
Electromagnetic wave propagation in loaded bent wave guides displays
a series of specific peculiarities not exhibited in the case of rectilin-
ear rectangular wave guides. Analysis of the dispersion equations and
expressions of the field, leads to a conclusion that sometimes these pecu-
liarities are exhibited only as slight modifications of the well known
phenomena occurring in rectangular wave guides. Slight nonuniformity of
the longitudinal component of the electrical field along the radius of
the round wave guide, when comparatively few septums are placed in the
crave guide, makes such loaded bent wave guides useful in acceleration of
elementary particles in a cyclic installation.
Wave guides partially loaded with dielectric material are more. effec'
tive from the standpoint of assisting acceleration of elementary particles
than are wave guides'loaded with septums (ribs).
Instruments and Equipment
53. VIII" Oscillator With Delay Feedback
"Problem of Stabilization of Self-Oscillations in a VIIF Oscil-
lator with Delay Feedback," by 1. S. Gonorovskiy; Moscow,
Radiotelthnika, No 1, Jan 59, pp 25-33
Circulation of radio pulses in a ring circuit with delay feedback
and the mode of formation of such oscillations is ::::.:mined in this article.
The relationship between the band-pass of the oscillator system and the
value of delay, as well as the duration of the trigger pulse and the value
frith' respect tQ delay for. such type circuits are examined and defined.
The peculiarity of the system with delay feedback is its ability to gener-
ate oscillations at various frequencies, and under certain conditions even
to generate simultaneously oscillations of different frequencies.
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54. Unretarded Backward-lave Oscillator
"Experimental Investigation of Unretarded Backward-Wave Oscil-
lator," by K. Ya. Lizhdvoy; Moscow, Radiotellinika i Elektron-
ika, No 2, Feb 59, pp 212-217
The article describes experimental investigation of a high-frequency
oscillator in which the interaction between electron bunch and electro-
magnetic wave having a phase velocity equal to that of the speed of light
is utilized. The length of the experimental oscillator is 13 can, current
at the collector 20 millim-nps, strength of electric field 1,000 v/mm and
magnitude of magnetic induction 1,000 gauss. It was shown that the oscil-
lator output can be increased if the magnetic field is gradually decreased
toward the end of the interaction space.
The possibility of frequency modulation of this type of oscillator
was examined.
Materials
55. The Ternary System Thallium-Selenium-Tellurium
"Physicochemical Investigation of the Ternary System Thallium-
Selenium-Tellurium," by N. S. Bubyreve, and A. P. Obukhov,
Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy IChimii, Vol !?, No 1,
Jan 59, pp 132-137
The ternary system thallium-selenium-tellurium was investigated.
It-,was found that alloys and/or melts formed within this system exhibit
semiconductor properties and have electrical conductivities which differ
by multiples amounting to tens of millions depending of the composition.
This circumstance is assumed to be of great practical interest, because
it makes feasible the development and production of semiconductor mater-
ials with the required electrical and chemical characteristics on the
basis of chalcogenide phases. The results obtained indicate that it is
advisable to investigate ternary and higher multi-component semiconductor
systems.
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56. Semiconductor Compounds of the Composition AIBVBVI
"Ternaxy.Semioonductor Compounds of the General Formula
AIBVBVXI," by L. D. Dudkin and A. P. Ostranitsa, Institute of
Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No 1, Jan 59,
pp 94-97
It is assumed that ternary semiconductor compounds are formed on the
basis of binary compounds of which one at least must exhibit semiconductor
properties. The formation of ternary compounds of the general formula
AIDVBVI (where Al = Cu, Ag; DV = Sb, Bi; and BVI = Se, Te) was inves-
tigat d from this standpoint.' It was found that out of'the eight pQs-.
sible compounds. of this general composition, the following four are
actually formed: CuSbSe22, AgSbSe2, AgSbTe2, and AgBiSe2. The physico-
chemical properties of these compounds and the conditions of. their forma-
tion were investigated. .
57. Physical Properties of Semiconductors
"On the Relation Between Energetic, Electrophysical, and
Me.hanical Properties of Semiconductors," by B. F. Ormont,
Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No 1, Jan 59, pp 129-132
The range of problems involved is subjected to theoretical (mathemati-
cal) treatment.' The following problems are considered: relationship
between the energy of atomization of the compound, the energy of the lat-
tice, and the enthalpy of formation; relationship between the total spe-
cific surface energy and the energy of atomization; correlation between
the surface energies of semiconductors and their microhardness, and depend-
ence of the width of the forbidden zone of semiconductors on the strength
and type of the chemical bond.
58. Magnetization and Coercivity of Nickel-Zinc Ferrites
"Magnetization and Coercivity of Nickel-Zinc Ferritea Espe-
cially in the Case of Impurity Admixtures," by W. Holzmueller,,
Leipzig, and Th. Kampf, Dresden; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik,
No 1, Jan i9, pp 44-46
Measurements of the magnetization properties and coercivity of fer-
rites, to which up to 15 percent by volume of BeO, Th02, Cr20 , and WO
had been added, showed that irreversible magnetization processes are t9
be traced back to Bloch wall shifts. In weak fields, however, rotational
processes also.play a part, being responsible for the initial permeability.
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If the angle between the magnetization and the field H is represented by
then only the component H sin d is effective for the rotation in the
field direction, so that, as S approaches 0, the rotation of the magnet-
ization vector in the field direction becomes more and more difficult to
determine. Bloch wall movements then play a decisive role. This shift-
ing of the Bloch walls is restrained by the impurities, and the coercive
force increases rapidly. A similar effect is exerted by pores, which are
especially large and numerous at low sintering temperatures, which is con-
firmed by measurements of specific gravity. Tungstan oxide vaporizes for
the most part during the sintering process, but lowers the sintering tem-
perature considerably.
The coercive force of specimens which were not completely sintered
was found to be about one hundred times as great as that. of ferrites
sintered at 1,5000. Thorium oxide and chromium oxide in particular
increase the sintering temperature of the nickel-zinc ferrite by 200-
3000.
[For additional information on materials, see Item No 68.]
Miscellaneous
59. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Communications
"Authorship Certificates" (unsigned article); Moscow, Elek-
trosvyaz', No 1, Jan 59, P 80
Class 21a, 32, No 112778 -- B. V. Krusser and G. A. Morozov;
Transmitting Television Tube
Class 21al, 1302. No 113135 -- B. N. Petrovskiy and Ye. M. Martynov;
Circuit of Multistage Electronic Telegraph Pulse Storage Unit
Class 21a1, 31+u, No 113215 -- I. P. Zhukov; A Method for Bright-
ness Control of Cathode-Ray Oscillograph
Class 21a2, 6. No 112992 -- A. N. Radchenko; Binary Relay Scaling
Device
Class 21a4, 901. No 113100 -- S. I. Tetel'baum; Method for Genera-
tion of SHF Oscillations and Oscillators Therefor
Class 21a ', 222 No 112999 -- S. I. Borovitskiy; A Method for
Separation of Useful Signal :n Presence of Noise
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Class 21a4, 4606. No 113222 -- V. D. Kuznetsov; Cophasal Multiple
Horizontal Wide-Band Antenna
Class 21a4, 660. No 112601 -- B. Ye. Kinberg and I. K. Berkovskiy;
Mobile Periscopic Antenna Array
Class 21a4, 71. No 113191 -- L. N. Bryanskiy; Device for Control
of the Process of Matching of Wave Guides at SEEP,
60. A. S. Popov Centennial
"Preparation for the Jubilee -- The 100th Anniversary of A. S.
Popov's Birth" (unsigned ar-L,icle); Moscow, Radio, No 1, Jan 59,
CPYRGHT p 16
"During March 1959, a Jubilee All-Union Scientific Conference will
take place in Moscow devoted to the problems of development of radioelec-
tronics. The most prominent scientists of the Soviet Union will partic-
ipate in the conference.
"During the period from 16 March to 7 May scientific-technical con-
ferences concerning the problems of development and assimilation of radio-
electronics in various fields of communications will. be organized at
scientific research institutes and higher educational institutions."
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V. ENGII RING
61. Choice of Nozzle Size for Rocket Engine Discussed
"On the Choice of the Relative Magnitude of the Critical Cross
Section of the Nozzle of a Rocket-Engine Clamber," by 0. I.
Kudrin, Chair AD-2 [Chair of Aircraft Engines - 2), Moscow
Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavend y, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 3, 1956, pp 78-
. A theoretical study of the influence of the relative magnitude of
the critical cross section of the nozzle on the basic characteristics
of a rocket engine is described. The variation of only two factors is
considered: thermal efficiency and time of stay of gas particles in the
chamber.
Results showed that time of stay is a function of the relative crit-'
ical cross section of the nozzle; that the volume of a non-isobaric cham-
ber must be greater (by 1+0-50;l, in the limiting case) than that of an
isobaric chamber to keep the time of stay constant; that engine thrust
decreases with an increase in the non-isobaricity of the combustion cham-
ber for a constant chamber volume; and that a change in the time of stay
can influence racket engine characteristics mach more strongly than a
change in the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
The study'was completed in 1951 with the collaboration of A. I.
Serovoy.
62. Supersonic Diffusers Studied
"Characteristics of the Simplest Supersonic Diffuser (Reverse
Laval Jet)," by B. S. Vinogradov, Chair of the Theory of Air-
craft Engines, Kazan' Aviation Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnyl.h Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Telthnika,
No 3, 1958, 0-67
The simplest supersonic diffuser, the reverse Laval jet, is studied
because of its importance in the analysis of the characteristics of the
supe-sonic compressors of the inlet porticn of ram-jet engines and other
supersonic diffuser ducts with a throat. The results of a theoretical
calculation of the characteristics of such diffusers are given and the
t,,2Tes of airflow corresponding to different operating cycles are briefly
considered. The calculati3ns are simplified and kept within the limits
of a one-dimensional theory for purposes of clarifying problems connected
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with such critical phenomena as duct locking and passing through the veloc-
ity of sound in continuous manner of by means of a shock. Friction and
the posslIbility of diagonal shocks or complex systems of shocks are not
considered. It is assumed that only normal shocks can occur in the duct.
63. Theory of Induction Flow Meter Studied
"Study of an Induction Flow Meter to Measure Highly Variable
Liquid Flow," by B. D. Zhilkin, Chair AD-2 Chair of A iicraft
Engines - 2,) Moscow Aviation Institutes; Kazan',. Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Seriya Aviatsionnays. Tekbnika
No 3, 1950, pp 68-77
A theoretical and experimental study of an induction flow meter with
rectangular .tact is described. Harmful electrochemical effects of the
liquid on the electrodes are considered. The relation between induction
e m. f . and liquid flow is derived.
64. Forced Oscillations of Circular Plates' Studied
"Certain Problems in the Dynamics of Circular Plates and Flat
Spherical Shells," by R. L. Malkina, Chair of Structural Mech??
anics, Ural Polytechnic Institute; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnylh Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, No 3, 1956,
pp 50-59
The problem of the forced oscillation of circular plates and flat
spherical shells of finite dimensions is considered for arbitrary bound-
aa^y conditions. The effect of suddenly applied forces is treated in
particular. A method is given for reducing problems in the dynamics of
fiat spherical shells to problems in the dynamics of circular plates.
65.? Bending of. Cylindrical Panels Studied
"Bending and Stability of Plat Cylindrical Panels and Plates
With Elastic Ribs," by M. S. Kornishin, Chair of Theoretical
Mechanics, Kazan' Chemicotechnological Institut6, Kazan' Affil-
iate, Academy of Sciences USSR; Kazan', Izvestiya Vysshikh Uc1 bnykh
Zavedeniy, Seriya Aviatsionnaya Tekhnika, 170 3, 1956., PP 34-30
The bending and stability of flat cylindrical panels and plates rein-
forced zrith longitudinal and transverse ribs of different stiffness are
considered. The, panels are rectangular in outline and are subjected to a
transverse load and a:;ial forces.
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A method is given for conutructing the force function with considera-
tion of the action of the ribs. The method is then used to solve the
bending problem by applying; the Bubnov-Galerkin procedure.
66. Creep Considered in Study of Thick-Walled Shell
"Creep of a Spherical Shell," by N. Kh. Arutyunyan, Academi-
cian, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, and M. M. Manukyan,
Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR, and Yerevan State University; Yerevan, Doklady
Akademii Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Vol 27, No 4, 1958, pp 209-216
Nonlinear creep and variation in the instantaneous deformation are
considered in the problem of the equilibrium of a thick-waller. spherical
shell subjected to uniform external and internal pressure. The problem
is reduced to the solution of a second-order nonlinear integral equation
of the Volterre type. Expressions are given for the stress state in the
shell and the concentration of stresses in a spherical band.
67. Buckling of Cylindrical Panels Subjected to Pressure Studied
"On the Bending and Stability of Flat Shells, Rectangular in
Outline, Subjected to External Normal Pressure," by N. I.
Krivosheyev, Chair of Higher Mathematics and Theoretical
Mechanics, Kazan' Institute of Construction Engineers; Kazan',
Izvestiya'Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Seriya Aviatsionneya
Tekhnika, No 3, 1953, pp 34-49
A solution is given for the,problem concerning the stability and
buckling of flat shells of nonnegative Gaussian curvature subjected to
a'uniform normal pressure. The solution is obtained by expanding the
functions derived in terms of powers of a small parameter. The shell is
assumed to be resting on slightly twisted, unstretchable ribs which are
flexible in the tangent plane to the surface of the shell.
66. Heat Transfer Agents For the Cooling of Hot Junctions of Semiconduc-
tor Cooling and Refrigerating Devices
"A Method of Conducting Heat From Semiconductor Cooling
[Refrigerating[ Devices," byYe. A. Kolenko, A. G. Shcherbina,
and V. G. Yur'yev; Moscow-Leningrad:, Zhurnal Tekhnitheskoy
Fizi.ki, Vol 28, No 11, Nov 58, pp 253-251.5
Inorganic salts, organic compounds, wax, paraffin wax, and Wood's
alloy were investigated from the standpoint of their application as h--at-
absorbing materials for the cooling of the hot junction of an industrial
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semiconductor refrigerator of small capacity. Wood's alloy was found to
be best as far as the magnitude of the product of the latent heat of
fusion and the density is concerned. To utilize the superior latent heat
of fusion of salts, the use of metallic sponges frilled zrtth a solid salt
is suggested. The heat conductivity of salts alone is stated to be inade-
quate for efficient cooling.
69. National Committee of the Soviet Union on Automatic Control Organized
"On the Convocation in Moscow of the First International Con-
gross on Automatic Control" (unsigned article); Leningrad,
Tekstil naya Promyshlennost'. No 1, Jan 59, p 94
A National Committee of the Soviet Union on Automatic Control
(National'nyy Komitet Sovetskogo Soyuza Po Avtomaticheskomy Upravleniyu)
has been organized under the Academy of Sciences USSR. The members of
the committee are V. A. Trapeznikov, Corresponding Member of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, chairman; Prof A. M. Letov, deputy chairman; B. N.
Naumov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, scientific secretary; V. V.
Karibskiy, Candidate of Technical Sciences; and Docent Ye. P. Stefani,
Candidate of Technical Sciences.
The International Federation on Automatic Control (IFAC) has com-
missioned the National Connnittee of the Soviet Union on Automatic Control
to organize and convoke -the. First International Congress in Moscow, which
is to be held from 25 June to 5 July 1960.
All inquiries are to be mailed. to the following address: Moscow,
1-53, Kalanchevskaya Ul., 15-A, in care of "Congress on?Autotnatics."
70. V. T..Iholin, Soviet Gas Turbine Specialist, Dies
"Vasiliy Tikhonovich HIiolin" (unsigaed.article); Leningrad,
Dnergomashinostroyeni,; e, No 1, Jan 59,, pp liii
The "tragic death" of Vasiliy Tilhonovich Kholin, Stalin Prize Win-
ner and chief engineer of the Nevskiy Machine Building Plant imeni Lenin,
occurred on 17 October 1958; he Was 51.
ICholin had been directing work on gas turbine insta ,rations for gas
mains and stationary power gas turbine installations, which were being
constructed for the first time in the USSR.
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In 1929, he graduated from the Bryanek Industrial Technical School
and in 1935 from the Leningrad Industrial Institute. He had been with
the Nevskiy Machine Building Plant imeni Lenin since 1911.7. He was a
member of the Editorial Council of Energomashinostroyeniye.
His awards include two Orders of the Labor Red Banner, the Order
"Znak Pocheta," and two medals.
(For additional inforZnation on engineering subjects, see Section III,
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry.)
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71. Fourier Series Used for Approximating Almost Periodic Functions
"Fourier Series as an Apparatus for Approximating Almost-
Periodic Functions," by Ye. A. Bredikhina, Kuybyshev Aviation
Institute; Moscow, Doklady Akad.emii Nauk SSSR, Vol :.23, No 2,
Nov 58, pp 219-222
One of the problems of the theory of harmonic approximation is the
question concerning the establishment of a dependence between deviation
of partial sums of a Fourier series from a continuous function of period
2 and the best approximation of this function by trigonometric poly-
nomials.
In the present work several results of considering the analogous
problem for almost-continuous functions are briefly stated: namely, the
dependence between the deviations of the partial sums of a Fourier series
from, an almost-periodic function, the Fourier exponents of which do not
have finite limit points, and the best approximations of that function by
integral functions of finite degree.
72. Convergence of Schwartz-Type Algorithms
"On the Problem of Convergence of Schwartz-Type Algorithms,"
by K. Kalik, Leningrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov;
Kazan' Izvestiya Vysshilh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Matematika,
No 1(8), Jan/Feb, 1959, pp 75-90
In the second half of the last century, an algorithm for the solution
of a Dirichlet problem in a certain region fL was proposed by Kh. A.
Schwartz. The region 1l was assumed to be the sum of two partially over-
lapping regions al and 122 for which the Dirichlet problem could be solved
individually comparatively easily.
S. G. Mikhlin proposed an algorithm, analogous in design with the
algorithm of Schwartz, which he called the "generalized algorithm of
Schwartz." This algorithm serves for the approximate solution of bound-
ary value problems in multiply-connected region.
The algorithm of Schwartz was used for the proof of the existence
of Dirichlet boundary value problems for regions of a complicated form,
when it was known that there existed a solution for regions of a particular
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form (for example, the circle). Works on thethe questions have appeared
for a comparatively long time. In recent times the Schwartz algorithm
has been utilized as a computation apparatus. The generalized algorithm
of Schwartz has begun to bear an applied character.
Hitherto both algorithms have been considered in the f ndamental
problem of Dirichlet for various equations. The works of G. M. Goluzin
[2a] and S. Ya. Kogan [5] are an exception. In the work of G. M. Goluzin
the uniform convergence of the generalized algorithm of Schwartz is proved
for all three boundary value problems for the case of. Laplace' s equation
if the multiply-connected region is plane and bounded by, curves suffi
cj,ently removed from each other. S. Ya. Kogan proved that the algorithm
of Schwartz converges uniformly for Neuman's problem in the case of the
equation of Laplace. It is noted that in this,work it follows from the
given values of the normal derivative at the boundary that since they
are thrice continuously differentiable, it is sufficiently rigidly bounded.
The author briefly enumerates,,, in chronological order the fundamental
results pertaining to the problems of Dirichiet,.,,';S. G. Mikhlin [7b]
proved, using integral equations, that the generalized algorithm of
Schwartz converges sufficiently uniformly to the equations of elasticity
for given displacements on the boundary in the case of a biconnected
region, the boundaries of which are sufficiently removed from each other.
Thereafter S. L. Sobolev [fib] proved that both the algorithms converged
uniformly in the case of the equations of elasticity for given displace-
ments on the boundary. S. L. Sobolev did not require boundedness but
separation of the boundaries. V. I. Krylov [4] considered the method of
Schwarz on a wide class of elliptic equations of the second order. A. Ya.
Gorgidze [3] proved the convergence of the generalized algorithm for the
equations of elasticity for given displacements and for that case when a
multiply connected region has order greater than two, if the boundaries
are sufficiently distant from each other. B. N. Shibayev [9] proved that
the algorithm of Schwartz converges in the mean in the case of the Dirich-
let problem for the equation ,&u t ~ u = 0, if) is less than the first char
acteristic number. In the work of S. G. Mikhlin [7c] it is proved that
the algorithm of Schwartz converges uniformly in the case of the Dirichlet
problem for self-adjoint, elliptic equations of the second order.
In the present work the algorithm and the generalized algorithm of
Schwartz are studied for the case of biconnected regions. It is proved
that both algorithms may be applied to a sufficiently wide class of bound-
ary value problems; namely, to those which may be considered with the help
of the method of orthogonal projections. This signifies that homogeneous,
self-adjoint, elliptic equations of any order are admitted, and even
strongly elliptic systems. It is also knoz-m that the method of orthogonal
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projections may be applied for various boundary value problems, in any
case for boundary conditions of Dirichlet, Neuman, and the so-called third
boundary condition when a linear combination of the conditions of the
values of the unknown function and its normal derivative is given on the
boundary of the region.
During the consideration of the generalized algorithm we require one
other condition to be satisfied; namely, it is required that the sought-
for solution may be expressed in the form of a contour integral, taken
according to the boundary of the considered region. This last condition
somewhat limits the region of applicability of Schwartz's generalized
algorithm.
The problem concerning the representation of a solution in the form
of a contour integral with the help of the Green function was covered in
detail in the work of K. Miranda [6].
1. M. I. Vishik, "Method of Orthogonal and Direct Expansions in the
Theory of Elliptic Differential Equations;" MaMat.b., Vol 25(67), No 2,
1919
2. G. N. Goluzin
a. "Solution of the Foundamental Plane Problems of Mathematical
Physics for the Case of the Laplace Equation and Multiply-Connected Regions
of Bounded Circumferences, " Mat. Sb. , Vol 141, No 2, 19311.
b. "Solution of the Dirichlet Space Problem for the Laplace
Equation and for Regions, Bounded by a Finite Number of Spheres," Mat.
Sb . , Vol l+l, No 2, 1934
3. A. Ya. Gorgidze, "An Application of the Method of Successive
Approximations," DAN SSSR, Vol 30, No 5-6, 1931E
1+. L. V. Kantorovich and V. 1. Krylov, Priblizhennyye metody vysshevo
analiza (Approximation Methods of Higher Analysis), Gostekhizdat, M.-L.,
1952
5? S. Ya. Kogan, "Concerning the Solution of the Neumann Problem
by the Alternating Method of Schwartz," DAN SSSR, Vol 65, No 3
6. X. Miranda, Uravneniya s chastnymi proizvodnSmi ellipticheskogo
tips, (Partial Differential Equations of the Elliptic Type , Izd. inostr.
lit-ry, M., 1957 (translation from the Italian)
7. S. G. Mikhlin
a. Problema menimuma kvadratichnogo funktsionala (Problem of
the Minimum of a Quadratic Ihznctional , Gostekhizdat, M.-L., 1952
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b. Integral'nyye uravrieniya (Integral Equations), Gostelthizdat,
M.-L., 1952
C. "ConceTming the Algorithm of Schwartz," DAN SSSR, Vol 77,
No 4, 1951
8. S. L. Sobolev
a. Nekotoryye primeneniya fur+ktsional'nogo analiza v matematiches-
koy fizike (Sane Applications of Functional. Analysis in Mathematical Phy-
sics), Izd. LGU, 1950-
b. The Algorithm of Schwartz in the Theory of Elasticity," DAN
SSSR, Vol 4(13), No 6, 1936
9. B. N. Shibayev, "Application of the Alternating Method to a Wave
Equation," Dissertation L.., 1950
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VIL MEDICINE
Bacteriology
73. Macroluminescence for Detecting Bacteria
"The Use of the Mac rolumine scent Method for Detecting Dysentery
and Typhoid Bacteria," by A. P. Konenko, Chair of Microbiology,
Kharkov Medical Institute; Moscow, Laboratornoye Delo, Vol 5,
No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 51-53
The article reports a search for new methods of culturing intestinal
bacteria and for conditions under which differences in the chemism of their
life processes could be detected by luminescent methods. A new culture
medium consisting of 1,000 ml of meat-peptone bouillon (pH 7.6), 100 ml
of bile extract from bulls, and, 500 mg of neutral red was developed for
these experiments, which are described in detail. The medium is called
BNZh (bouillon, neutral red, and bile).. A table is given to show
luminescence of enteric bacteria on BNZh medium in filtered ultraviolet
rays. The following conclusions are presented on the basis of results
CPYRGHT obtained:
CPYRGHT
"1. BNZh, a new differential diagnostic medium for bacteriological
diagnosis with the use of ultraviolet rays, has been produced
"2. It was establishe.a that dysentery and typhoid bacteria do not
change the luminescence of the culture medium. Other bacteria of the in-
testinal group impart different shades of fluorescent yellow and orange
to the BNZh medium.
"3. Atypical dysentery strains maintain the fluorescence inherent in
typical dysentery strains on the BNZh medium."
74. Dissociation in Brucella Cultures
"The Phenomenon of Dissociation in Brrucella Cultures and
Modifiability of Type Characteristics," by Bo P. Pervush in,
Nauchn. Tr. Kuban_sk. Med. In-ta (Scientific Works of the
Kubansk Medical Institute),, No 15 (28), 57, pp 168-176
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal - BiologGi a, No 12, 25 Jun 53,
Abstract No 527069 by V. G. Petrovskaya)
"Out of 528 Brucella cultures titrated, 94..1% belonged to three basic
types. Some 5.9% of the cultures could not be identified; 20.1% rugose
variants appeared in the typed cultures. Selective investigations of four
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dissociated strains (me.litensis,, abortus, Buis) and paramelitensis types)
and their variants showed that the -transition of cultures from S- into
R-forms was accomplished in part of the cultures by changes in their
differential diagnostic characteristics. The significance of this observa-
tion was considered, and a study of the cultures immediately after isola-
tion from the organism is recommended; the possibility of changes in
type characteristics, which can be reflected in epidemiological evalua-
tion of their significance, should be avoided."
'75. Microscopic Observation of B. tularense in Organs and Tissues
"Certain Results of the Microscopic Observation of the Tularemia
Pathogen in the Organs and Tissues of Guinea Pigs," by V. P.
Dzhanpoladova, Chair of Microbiology, Rostov-na-Donu Medical
Institute; Moscow, Znurnal Mikrobiologii9 idemiologii i
Itimunobiologii, Vol 3 0,, 1, Jan 59, P 50
. "During studies of experimental tularemia, we sought an explanation
of the problem of the length of time the tularemia pathogen is preserved
in the organism of a rabbit previous1y, infected with a virulent tularemia
strain (100 million microbial bodies subcutaneously in the groin region).
"Results of the experiments demonstrated the presence of B. tularense
in the rabbit organism. Strains isolated from different organs and tissues
of the rabbits were found to be typical tularemia bacteria according tc
their morphological, tinctorial, and pathogenic characteristics.
"On microscopic examination of smears of organs and tissues from
guinea pig No 2187 infected with B. tularense which were isolated in the
eecond passage from bone marrow of rabbit No 30 (413 days from the time
of infection), and from guinea pig .No 5 infected with B. tularense
isolated from the spleen of rabbit No 64+ (333 days after infection),
large numbers of bacteria were observed in the spleen, liver, lungs, and
other organs and tissues.
"On microscopic examination of smears of organs and tissues from
guinea pig No 420, infected with a culture isolated in the second passage
from punctate obtained from a bubo of rabbit No 38 (150 days from the
time of infection), microorganisms were observed in the spleen, liver;
lungs, and lymph nodes.
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"Guinea pigs were infected with virulent B. tularense for control
purposes. B. tularense were not found in smears from organs and tissues
of these animals.
"We repeatedly reported the observation (microscopic) of tularemia
bacteria in guinea pig organs and tissues. However, since the results
were analogous, we limited the presentation of the above-mentioned data.
We did not find similar data in the literature at our disposal."
76. Modifiability of Diphtheria Bacteria
"Modifiability of Diphtheria Bacteria in Experimental Animals,"
by E. V. Bakulina, Tr. Krymsk. Med. In-ta, (Works of the Crimean
Medical Institute), No 1r, 1957,, pp 148-153 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal;- Biolo i a, No 12, 25, Jun 58,. Abs.ract No 52710, by
V. G. Petrovskaya
"Experiments were performed on experimental animals (guinea pigs and
white mice) which were susceptible to and naturally resistant to diphtheria.
The animals were infected subcutaneously with a gravis type culture;
specific serum (1000 AE) was given to, one group of animals the day before
infection; serum was given to a second group 2 hours after infection,
and a third group served as controls. The antidiphtheria serum sharply
increased the percentage of survival-of atypical forms in guinea pigs.
The introduction of serum to guinea pigs did not produce the same results.
The biochemical properties of atypical cultures differed; several cultures
were characterized by the loss of enzymatic functions."
77. Survival of R. burneti in the External Environment
"Survival of Rickettsia binieti in the External Environment.,
Their Resistance to the Action of Physical and Chemical Agents,
and Methods of Disinfection;," by N. I. Fedorova, Institute of
Epidemiology and. Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaleya; Moscow,
Gigiyena i Sanitariya, Vol 23, No 11, Nov 58, pp 53-57
This article is a survey of the work of many authors on the subjects
mentioned in the title. It is pointed out that difficulties are encountered
in experimental work with R. burneti since it does not grow on ordinary
culture media and that data obtained by different authors seldom correspond.
However, statistics on the survival and resistance of this pathogen in the
environment are more uniform. The most significant of these collected data
are discussed in the following three sections: "Survival of R. burneti
Under Environmental Conditions; Resistance of R. burneti to the Action of
Various Physical and Chemical agents; and Methods of Disinfection." These
sections contain references to research and observations performed from
19+3 to 1958.
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The first section deals primarily with examination of persons occupa-
tionally connected with the processing of meat and dairy products from
infected animals. A brief paragraph on 19+3 research notes that R. burneti
can survive in ticks for 1,001 days and that ticks can transmit the pathogen
to subsequent generations.
The second section of the report contains references to the effects
of yr::ious physical factors (temperature, ultraviolet rays) and chemical
far? Fors (phenol, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, formalin, chick embryo
yolk sac, acids, and hydrogen peroxide) on R. burneti.
The last section of the article presents data on the effectiveness
of pasteurizing milk, salting meat, composting manure, and disinfecting
rooms and enclosures with steam. Caustic soda, "Preparation KhB" and
chlor::.line are recommended for disinfecting wood or linoleum surfaces
and linens; chlorination is suggested as the best method for disinfecting
water.
Immunology and Therapy
78. Combination of NIISI Polyvaccine, Smallpox Vaccine, and Brucellosis
Vaccine
"The Immunological Effectiveness of Components NIISI Polyvaccine
Combined With Live Smallpox and Brucellosis Vaccines," by F. A.
Shpugunov, Chair of Microbiology, Military Medical Order of
Lenin Academy imeni Kirov; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epide-
miologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 1, Jan 59, pp 4-28
The purpose of the research described in this article was to explain
the separate and combined effects of live smallpox and brucellosis vaccines
ou the immunological effectiveness of certain components of the polyvaccine.
The polyvaccine, experimental series No 17, was obtained from Moscow
Institute of Vaccines and Sera imeni Mechnikov, and was an improved variant
of NIISI polyvaccine. In this variant; the typhoid component was reinforced
at the expense of Vi-antigen, and a purer tetanus anatoxin was introduced.
The smallpox vaccine, series No 121, was obtained from Leningrad Institute
of Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Hygiene imeni Pasteur, and the brucellosis
vaccine, series No 51.?2, from the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology
imeni Gamaleya.
The vaccines were tested on rabbits in the same dosages used for
humans. The immunogenic qualities of the tetanus, typhoid, paratyphoid B,
and Fle.xne.r?s dysentery components of the polyvaccine were studied. The
experimental procedure is described in detail; a table and graphs are
given to show results observed 60 days after immunization.
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The following conclusions are offered on the basis of the results
CPYRGHT obtained in these experiments.
"l. After immunization of rabbits with NIISI polyvaccine combined
with smallpox and brucellosis vaccines, the immunizing effect of the
typhoid, paratyphoid B, F.lexner's dysentery, and tetanus components of
the polyvaccine did not differ from the effect observed in animals
immunized with only the polyvaccine.
"2. The purified tetanus anatoxin component in the NIISI polyvaccine
had a sharply pronounced immunological effect following immunization with
the polyvaccine alone and with the polyvaccine combined with the smallpox
and brucellosis vaccines."
79.
Brucellosis in Reindeer
"The Problem of Serological Diagnosis of Brucellosis in
Reindeer," by M. K. Bespalova, Byul. Nauchno-Tekhn. Inform.
N. -I. In-t S. Eh. Krayn. Severa;. (Bulletin of Scientific-
Technical Information of the Scientific-Research Institute
of Agriculture of the Far North, No 3, 1957, pp 27-28
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo iya No 11, 10 Jun 58,
Abstract No 50160',., authors summary)
"Examination of blood sera from 3,040 reindeer of different ages (in
addition to calves up to 6 months old), suffering from bursitis and clin-
ically healthy (for detection of inapparent forms of infection),, showed
that: (a) the RA (agglutination reaction) is specific in examining
reindeer for brucellosis, and that the Huddleson reaction is more sensi-
tive than the Wright; (b) sera from reindeer suffering from brucellosis
has a high agglutination. titer (1::1.,600, 1:3,200); (c) the positive
reaction disappears with time; (d) bursitis occurs in reindeer which
react ;positively for brucellosis according to the RA. The majority
of the reindeer -with bursitis react positively to brucellosis antigen."
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80. Cholera Therapy With Antibiotics
"Therapeutic Effect of Antibiotics and Chemopharmaceutical
Preparations on the Experimental. Cholera Process in Rabbits,"
by T. I. Puchkova and Z. D. Khanina, Tr. Rostovsk. n/D gos.
n.-i. protivochumn. in-ta (Works of the Rostov-na-Donu State
Scientific Research Institute), 1956, 10, 234-258 (from
Referativr yy Zhurnal Biologiya, No 13, 10 Jul 58, Abstract
No 61530, by M. A. Gruzman
"A protracted infectious process developed in rabbits after they
were administered a culture of virulent cholera vibrions (100 million
microbes directly into the vesica fellea. A number of rabbits were
given therapeutic treatment immediately after the infection; others --
8 days later (after agglutinins appeared in the blood). No therapeutic
effect was obtained by the use of synthomycin, disulfurmin, or suigine.
Streptomycin administered intramuscularly in doses of 50,000 units twice
in 24 hours cured the animals completely in both experiments within 20
days. Groups of rabbits were treated with streptomycin for only 10 daysi
10 days after the termination of the treatment a culture of cholera
vibrion was isolated from the bile of these animals. Thereapy with
levomycetin (0.1 gram internally three times in 24 hours) begun im-
mediately after infection provided an immediate effect; it did not,
however, always rid the organism of the causative agent; in a number
of the rabbits relapses of the infectious process after 10-20 days of
therapy were noted."
81. Trachoma Therapy
"Therapy of Trachoma by the Intravenous and Subcutaneous
Injections of 0.5-percent Solution of Sodium Sulphidine,"
by L. Abraitiene,, Sveikatos aasaua (Lithuanian), 1957, No 11,
No 39 37?,, (from Referati W Zhurnal -- Biologi a,
10 Jun 589 Abstract No 5212
"Subcutaneous and intravenous injections of a 0.5-percent solution
of sodium sulphidine were given to 120 trachoma patients. The course
of treatment continued for 1. 1/2?-2 months. The ma,;ority of the patients
recovered; six of the patients required another course of treatment."
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82., Ultrasound Atomizer Produces Therapeutic Aerosols
"Application of Ultrasound for Aerosol Therapy," by A. P.
Livenson, All-Union Scientific Resea-'ch Institute of Medical
Instruments and Equipment; Moscow, Mr.ditsinskaya Promyyshlennost
SSSR, Vol XIII, No 1,y Jan 58,, pp 17-24
Discusses the advantages of the utilization of ultrasound atomizers
in the prophylaxis and therapy of diseases requiring aerosol treatment.
Lt has long been known that an ultrasound ray directed toward a body of
liquid and focused on the surface of the liquid by means of a sound re-
flecting device considerably intensifies the formation of aerosol fogs.
The mechanism of aerosol formation under the influence of ultrasound
has not been fully clarified yet. There are, however, several satis-
factory theories. Among them is the theory of cavitation advanced by
K. Soliner in 1936 and confirmed by Bergman in 1956; the theory of
capillary waves and consequent evaporation advanced by K. Bisa, K.
Dirnag.l, and R. Esche in .1955 and by B. I. Sorokina in 1957. Before
ultrasound atomizers could be utilized for inhalation therapy it was
necessary to determine a number of factors: their productivity, that is,
air saturation by aerosols for a unit of time; the density of the aerosol
fog; drop content of nonvolatile substances; electric charge of the drop;
homogeneity of the aerosol; the coefficient of useful effect; and the
effect of ultrasound on medicinal substances. As a result of experiments
conducted by Streibl, Bisa, and others it was established that ultrasound
atomizers provide a density of aerosols considerably greater than that
provided by nozzle type atomizers; that the ultrasound produced aerosols
are highly homogenous; the aerosol. drops are negatively charged; ultrasound
atomizers can produce aerosols with a greater content of nonvolatile
substances in suspension than do nozzle type atomizers. Despite the
well-known fact that ultrasound is capable of decomposing macromolecular
compounds, it has no effect on medicinal substances; the coefficient of
the useful application of ultrasound atomizers is considerably greater
than that of nozzle type atomizers. They can be used as room inhalators
for prophylaxis or therapy of diseases requiring inhalation treatment.,
and for disinfection and other purposes. Ultrasound atomizers are now
being manufactured in a number of foreign countries. Within the near
future ultrasound atomizers will be widely utilized in inhalation
therapy. Bibliography -..- seven titles.
(Comment : No mention is made of any ultrasound atomizers now being
manufactured in the Soviet TJnioni
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Oncology
83. Tobacco, the Causative Age nt of Pulmonary Cancer
"Smoking and Cancer," by Candidate of Medical Sciences V. S.
Grazhul?; Moscow, Zdorov ye, Vol IV, No 12, Dec 58, pp 22-23
An article calling fo- an all out struggle against the tobacco habit.
It briefly reviews the history of tobacco and the development of the smok-
ing habit. It has long been known that tobacco in all its forms is harm-
ful to the human organism. It was not, however, until recent years that
it was definitely established that tobacco is a causative agent of pulmon-
ary cancer. In 1936 Dr Roff,, an Argentine physician, isolated the tar
faun; tobacco which produced skin cancer in mice. Since then it has been
established that from 90 to 98 percent of the persons who developed lung
cancer were heavy smokers. It has also been noted that cancer of the
tongue and mouth area is closely connected with the smoking habit. The
struggle against the tobacco habit and therefore cancer is a complex
problem which cannot be solved by administrative measures alone. It
requires the cooperation of society as a whole.
84. Effect of Infections on Leukoses
"Effect of Infections on the Clinical Course of I,eukoses,"
by Chi. M. Abdullayev, A. M. Akhundova, and 0. Kh. Ter-
Mrkt.ycheva, Azerb. tibb zh.a 19579 No 5, 7-12 (from
Ref. er. ,Zt i vrin --asirnal -~,-- Biolyi a,, No 11,, 10 Jun 58, Abstract
No 517220 by R. P. Zolotnit skayaT
"Ci.ted are observations made on three patients afflicted with lymphaden-
osis i.nuinom the total number of leukocytes has somewhat decreased (from
307,650 to 899+00 per milliliter of blood; from 19,000 to 1+,000 per
milliliter of blood; and from 128,000 to 89,700 per milliliter of blood)
without any essential modification of the leukocyte formula as a result
of malaria from which they had recovered. After the malaria attacks
abated under the influence of antimalarial therapy, the number of
leukocytes again increased and the condition of the patients became
worse. The purulent, processes -which developed in the course of the
lymphadenoses induced a 3.-week remission in one of the patients, but
aggravated the general condition of another patient who died after
symptoms of progressive anemia, and leukopenia developed. The authors
think that the suppurative and inflammatory processes in cases of
leukosis may produce a brief remission in patients who retain the
functional ability of tissue henDpiiesis, but in other cases the combina-
tion with suppurative processes leads to the complete exhaustion of
hemopoiesis."
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Effect of Cancerous Serra on Chicken E m b r y o s
"Effect of Sera From Cancerous Patients on the Development of
Chicken Embryos," by Leon Cholewa, Po.lski t
,god. lekar. (polish),
195'(., 12, No 2k, 929?932 (from Referratjtim
vv zhurnal Biolorziva,
TTn l? 'tn 7:.'1 rCl nv- ____.._ ... i
"The injection of sera from patients suffering from cancer, chronic
myeloid, or :Lymphatic leukemia, or sera obtained from healthy persons
into fertilized eggs (195) on the 5th day of incubation had a negative
effect on the development of the embryo; no difference in the effect of
the sera, whether obtained from healthy or diseased persons,, was noted."
86,. St_u_dy of, Data. on Pathogenesis and Development of Hemolytic Diseases
of New-Born Infants
"Certain Data on the Pathogenesis and Pathological Anatomy of
Hemolytic Diseases of New-Born Infants," by G. G. Gevorkyan,
Pathoanatomical Department of Moscow Oblast Scientific Research
Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology (director, 0. D. Matspa-
nova,, &nor.ary Physician of RSFSR; and Prof V. P. Mikhaylov,
scientific director); Moscow, Akusherstvo i Ginekologiya, No 1,
Jan/Feb 59, pp :34-38
The author concludes from personal c.linicoanatomic studies of hemolytic
diseases and from hematological and biochemical data, that hemolytic diseases
of the new-born infants are diseases of the blood. system bordering leukosis.
In view of this fact, the author deems it advantageous to have thorough
blood studies continue up through adolescence in individuals who from birth
showed sins of hemolytic diseases, because of the possibility of the
development of these symptoms into other forms of hemolytic diseases later
On.
8'T. Therapy of Leukoses
"On the Problem of the Therapy of Leukoses (Second Report),, by
K. I. Kovaleva, Tr. Otchetn. nauchn. konferentsii (Rostovsk.
n/D. med. in-t) Works of the Reporting Scientific Conference)
for. 1956, Rostov na-Donu,, 1957, 345-346 (from Referativny
Da,urnal -?-? Biologiya, No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract No 51764)
"Thirty patients afflicted with, leukosis (11 patients with acute
leukosis and. 19 with chronic) were under observation. The ages of the
patients were as fo.llows ~ 14 of them were up to 25 years of age, and
16, over 30 years old. The patients with acute leukosis were treated
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with blood trgnsf'usinns in combination with antibiotics, vitamins, liver,
and iron preparations, with ACTH in individual cases, with 6-mercaptopurine
and Kh.rushchev's preparation. Despite this energetic and complex therapy,
not a, single case of prolonged remission occurred, and all. the patients
died within 6 months to .1 1/2 years after the disease set in. The patients
with chronic leukosis were subjected to roentgenotherapy in conjunction
with blood transfusions, and the administration of liver and iron prepara-
tions, and vitamins. Seven of the patients with chronic leukosis were
administered P32 after having undergone a course of roentgenotherapy.
Clinical remission was observed in five of them within a period of 2.8
months. The general condition of two of these patients worsened. within
2-3 weeks."
haxnacolo and ToxicoloEy
88.
Effect of Amina.z1.ne on Antibiotic Toxicity
"Effect, of Aminazine on the Sensitivity of White Mice to
Penicillin,, Streptomycin, and Biomycin," by L. M. Astanina.
Control Analytical 'Laboratory of the Fourth Main Administra.
tion of the Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow, Farmakologia i
Toksiko.lo ,a, - Vol X}Q., No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 1$-21
White mice were used in experiments which were carried out to deter-
mine the effect of ami.nazine, the hydrochloride of N-(3 -di-metb.yl-
aminopropy;l),-2n-chlorphenothiazine synthesized at the All-Union Scientific
Research Chemophannaceutical Institute by M. N. Shchukina and N. V.
Savitskaya, on the toxicity of penicillin, streptomycin, and biomycin
when they are used in conjunction with the drug. The mice used weighed
18-20 grams. Aminazine was administered to the animals in the form of
0.1-percent solution subcutaneously in doses of .10 gamma/gram. The
antibi ::ti.cs were injected 60 minutes after the administration of aminazine,
when the animals were already in a state of sleep. The experiments estab-
lished the following
1. Aminazine raised the sensitivity of the animals to penicillin,
particularly to sublethal doses of the antibiotic.
2. Aminazine had no effect on the toxicity of streptomycin.
3. Aminazine raised the sensitivity of the aminals to biomycin.
4. The antibiotics bad. no effect on the duration of sleep induced
by aminazine in the mice.
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89, Toxic Effects of Aureomrcin
"Danger of the Intraperitoneal Administration of Aureomycin
by Jaroslav Kudr, Rozhl. chirurg, (Czech), 1957, 36, No 1, 32-
36 (from Referativn 7,hurnal -- Biologiya, No 11, 10 Jun 58,
by
Abstract No -520,-(T---
Frolova
"The intraperitoneal. administration of a suspension of aureomycin
to three patients in the course of surgery produced meteorism and other
complications in two of the patients, and serous-fibrinous peritonitis
in the third patient. The greatest changes took place in the areas where
the localized aureomycin residue was visible. The intraperitoneal
administration of aureomycin to guinea pigs produced peritonitis and
killed the animals."
90. Distribution of Aminazine.-S35 in the Tissues of Rats
"Autoradiographic Investigation of the Distribution of Aminazine.
S35 in the Tissues of Rats," by M. F. Merkulov, N. A. Fedorov,
and I. A. Poberiy, Uch. z2E. 2vo Mosk, Med. in-ta (Scientific
Notes of the Second Moscow Medical Institute
(from Referat ivnyy 2kiurna,l -... Biologiyap No T-1957., 16, Aug 58., , Abstract
t
No 7570
"Aminazine-.S35 was slowly administered intravenously to rats in doses
of 50 milligrams per kilogram of weight. Twenty minutes later the animals
were killed and the aminazine content in the tissues was determined. A
considerable portion of the radioactivity was washed out during the procedure
used for the processing of the tissues, and the autographs obtained revealed
the distribution of the ami.nazine..S35 fractions which were closely attached
to the structural parts of the cells. A selective accumulation of am3nazine-,
S35 in the nuclei. of the epithelial cells of the alveoli was observed in
the lungs; in the renal organs aminazine-S35 was predominantly concentrated
in the epithelial formation, of the cananiculi and in the Bowman?s capsule;
in the spleen, the accumulation of aminazine-S35 in the follicles exceeded
the level of its accumulation in the red pulp. Comparatively large ac-
cumulations of aminazine were fot?nd in the follicles of the thyroid gland.
In the brain aminazine was absorbed by the gray matter with an intensity
twice as great as that, of the white matter. In the liver and suprarenals
the distribution of aminazine was of a more diffused character."
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91. Schizophrenia Therapy
"Comparative Data on the Modifications in the Indexes of
Nitrogen Metabolism and Oxidation Processes in the Therapy
of Schizophrenia With Aminazine, Serpasil, and Neurotoxic
Serum," by E. Ya. Skuin, Vopros. Psikhiatrii (Problems of
Psychiatry) vyp. 2 M., 1957, llb-122 (from Referatiynyy
Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract No 59116)
"Biochemical investigations conducted after aminazine (I) and serpasil
(II) were administered to schizophrenic patients disclosed an increase in
the peroxidase time and an increase in the blood free oxygen content. In
the author's opinion this indicates an inhibition of the oxidF.tion processes.
On the basis of all the biochemical indexes the general action of II differs
from that of I by biochemical changes which are less expressed than those
caused by I, and by an indication of a less pronounced and more gradual
effect of II on metabolism. Nitrogen metabolism was normalized by I and
II in the process of therapy. Therapy with neurotoxic immune serum
provided only' temporary relief and the changes in metabolism were ir-
regular and unstable."
92. Drug Reactions in Brucellosis Therapy
"Reaction Caused by Sulfadiazine, Streptomycin, and Chloromycetin
in the Therapy of Brucellosis," by Ma Chun-i, Chung-hua nei-k'o
Tea-chin (Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine), 195 6., , Nom,
633 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Bi o i a No 11, 10 Jun 58,
Abstract No 52067, by Kao T'ien-hsiang)
"A reaction similar to the Herxheimer syphilitic reaction was observed
in a brucellosis patient treated with sulfadiazine, streptomycin, and
chloromycetin. The patient recovered within 57 days following two courses
of treatment with these preparations."
93. Effect of Sulfidine on the Cardiovascular System
"Data on the Effect of Sulfidine on the Cardiovascular System,"
by Gvishiani, Byul. N.-i. in-t malarii i med. parazitol. Gruz.
SSR (Bulletin of the Scientific Research Institute of Malaria
and Medical Parasitology, Georgian SSR), 1956, No 3 (27), 66-71
(from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i a . No 11, 10 Jun 58,
Abstract No 52122)
"A single intravenous administration (to cats and rabbits) of sulfidine
(40-60 millgrams per kilogram body weight) lowers blood pressure for 5-30
minutes. Several administrations (twice- daily for a period of 10 days)
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lower blood pressure for longer periods of time. Sulfidine in dilutions
of 1:10 and 1:5 parts per 1,000 increases the systole and the contracting
rhythm (experiments on isolated hearts of cats and rabbits). Sulfidine
when administered into the femoral vein dilates the vessels of the ear;
in diffusion directly through the ear vessels it constricts them some-
what."
94. Datisca cannabina Toxicity
"On the Toxicity of Datisca Hemp and the Pathohistological Changes
Caused by Its Administration into the Organism of Experimental
Animals," by S. Zaslavskaya and N. Izmaylova, Nauchn. raboty stud.
Tashkentsk. med. in-ta (Scientific Works by Students of the
Tashkent Medical Institute) Tashkent, AN Uzbek SSR, 1956, 51-57
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biolo i a, No 13, 10 Jul 58,
Abstract No 61599, by F. S. Voroboyeva
"The toxic properties of aqueous and alcohol extracts of the roots,
leaves, seeds, and seed pods of Datisca hemp (Datisca cannabina) were
investj:gated in experiments which were carried out on frogs, mice, and
rabbits. The injection of these preparations into the animals produced
a depression of the nervous system, paralysis of the extremities, and
lowered reflex irritability. Pathohistological investigation of the
internal organs revealed plethora, stasis, and various degenerative
modifications; more acute changes were noted in the central nervous
system. Preparations from various parts of the plant are characterized
by similar action, differing only in the degree of their toxicity. The
seeds and seed pods are the most toxic. The lethal dose of an infusion
prepared from the seeds and seed pods is 0.2 milliliter for frogs and mice;
that of an infusion prepared from leaves is 2 milliliters for frogs and
one milli3iter for mice."
95. Effect of Cobalt on Hemopoiesis
"Effect of Cobalt on the Hemopoietic System of Man," by Hanna
Lipinska, Polskie arch. med. wewnetr., (Polish), 1956, 26,
No 9, 1337-13 from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i a, No 16,
25 Aug 58, Abstract No 758 19, by M. Gruzman
"Patients suffering from anemia were given CoC12 per os three to five
times a day in doses of 10-20 milligrams for periods of 14-16 days; more
frequently they were given CoC12 in doses of 10 milligrams five times a day.
It was shown that CoC12 had a stimulating effect on the blood producing
organs of persons suffering from various forms of anemia, as well as of
"rersons in whom no modifications of the. hemopoietic system were observed.
The stimulating erect of'CoC12 on eryhtxop6iesis was particularly noticeable it the
infectio-toxic farms of anemia which accompany neoplasms and which develop atterstomach
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resections. No effect of cobalt on erythrocyte resistance was noted. Doses
of 50 milligrams of CoC12 for periods of 15 days are usually sufficient to
stimulate the hemopoietic system; in these doses the preparation is not
toxic. The stimulating effect of cobalt lasts for a period of several
wee'.cs."
96. "Effect of Antihistamines on Metabolism
"Effect of Some Phenothiazine Derivatives and Antihistamine
Preparations on Carbohydrate Metabolism.," by Ye. L. Pravotorova.,
Laboratory of Pharmacology of Metabolism of the Institute of
Pharmacology and Chemotherapy of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya, Vol XXI, No 6, Nov.-
Dec 58 pp 7-li
Report on the results of experiments conducted on rabbits, predominantly
males, to determine the effect of the pb.enothiazine derivatives -- aminazine
and mepazine - and the antihistamine preparations -- dimedrol and diazoline
(naphthalene-115-disulfonate-9-benzil-N-methyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbonyl)
-- on some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism: blood sugar content, glycogen
content in the organs, and hyperglykemia induced by adrenalin. A number.
of experiments were carried out in which the animals were administered the
drugs in various doses. The experiments established that aminazine, mepa-
zine, dimedrol, and diazoline produced no essential changes in the blood
sugar content as compared with that in control animals. Mepazine, dimedrol,
and diasoline raised the glycogen content in the organs and depressed the
hyperglykemia caused by adrenalin. Aminazine sharply intensified the
hyperglykemia without, causing any essential changes in the glycogen content
in the organs. It may be assumed,, the author writes, that the effects
produced may be the result of the antihistamine properties of the prepara-
tions. The contrary effect of aminazine on adrenalin induced hyperglykemia
may possibly be due to the fact that antihistamine property of the drug
is weakly expressed and it acts mainly on the central nervous system.
97. New Antispasmodic
"The Antispasmodic Drug Hexamidine,," by Yu. I. Syrneva, All-Union
Scientific Research Chemicopharmaceutical Institute imeni S.
Ordzhonikidze; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Promyshlennost SSSR, Vol XIII,
No 1, Jan 59, PP 56-57
Permission to manufacture hexamidine, a new antispasmodic drug, has
been granted by the pharmacological committee of the Scientific Medical
Council, Ministry of Health USSR. Chemically, hexamidine is 4,6-dioxo-
5-phenyl-'5-ethylhexahydropyrimidine, and has the following structural
formula:
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H--"TT %O
HZC / av\ C
jN c c5
Hexamidine is a white crystalline substance,, is poorly soluble in
water, more readily soluble in alcohol, and has a melting point of 277-
281 degrees. When administered to animals it acts as an antispasmodic.
Clinical tests conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry
of Health USSR,, the Psychiatric Clinic of the Second Moscow Medical
Institute, and the Clinic of Nervous Diseases of the Gorkiy Medical
Institute established its effectiveness in epilepsy, mainly in severe
attacks. It is only slightly toxic; some side effects such as somnolence,
dizziness,, headaches, ataxia, and nausea may be observed during the first
few days of its use.
980 Use of Atropine in Proserine Intoxication
"Effect of Various Doses of Atropine on the Course and Outcome of
Proserine Intoxication in White Mice," by V. B. Prozorovskiy,
Chair of Pharmacology, Leningrad Medical Institute of Pediatrics;
Moscow, Farmakologi rya i Toksikolo iya Vol XXI, No 6, Nov-Dec
58, pp 37-
White mice weighing 18-22 grams were used in experiments conducted to
determine the diapason of effective doses of atropine and to characterize
the optimal and minimal doses of the drug when used to counteract proserine
intoxications Aqueous solutions of both preparations, proserine in con-
centration of 0.005 percent and atropine in concentration of 0.5 percent,
were administered to the animals. Two variants of experiments were carried
out. In the first variant the mice received proserine in doses about 90
percent lethal. In i,he second variant lethal doses of proserine were admin-
istered. The experiments established that atropine prevented proserine
lethality in mice when used in doses ranging-from 000005 to 300 gamma/gram;
that the optimal doses of atropine when used to counteract proserine in-
toxication in white mice were 50-100 gamma/gram and that the minimal doses-
was 000005 gamma/gram; that the female animals were able. to tolerate
proserine better than the male mice; that atropine is a more expressed
antagonist of proserine in the female mice than in the male animals; that
nice which are more tolerant of atropine than other warm-blooded animals
were at the same time highly sensitive to the drug when it was used as
an antagonist of proserineo
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99. Ganglioblocking and Hypotensive Drugs
"Ganglioblocking Activity of Some Derivatives of Nicotine;" by
D. A. Kharkevich, Laboratory of Special Pharmacology at the
Institute of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya, Vol kXL,
No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 28-30
The ganglioblocking and hypotensive properties of the nicotine deriva-
tives D-47 [diiodomethylate beta- (4-dimethylaminobutyl)-N-methyl pyperidine],
D-48 (diiodomethylate beta (N-methylpyrrodiline) pyridine], and D-49 [beta-
(4=dimethylaminobutyl)=Nanethyhpyperidine] were studied. The substances
were synthesized by S. V. Zhuravlev and M. I. Dorokhova of the Chemistry
Division of the Institute of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR. The experiments were carried out on anesthesized
and decerebrated cats. The blood pressure, respiration, and cardiac reac-
tion to the stimulation of a peripheral section of the vague nerve were
registered. In addition records were kept of the muscular contractions of
the third eyelid, and the biological currents of the postganglionic fibers
when the preganglionic sympathetic stem was stimulated. White mice were
used to determine the toxicity of the drugs. The experiments established
that D-47 which has the following structural formula
CH2
CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-N ~CH3
C]12 N CH2
CcCH3
CH3
is the most active of the three as a ganglioblocking agent. It also had
a marked hypotensive effect when administered to the animals in a dose
of one milligram per kilogram body weight. Its hypotensive effect was
of 2-3 hours' duration. D-48 and D-49 were only slightly effective as
ganglioblocking and hypotensive agents.
100. Antimalarial Drug
"Quinocide, a New Antimalarial Drug," by G. Ye. Gozodova, In-
stitute of Malaria, Medical Parasitology, and Helmintology,
Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Pro shlennost
SSSR, Vol XIII, No 1, Jan 59, pp 5 -5
Although tropical malaria has been almost completely eradicated in
the USSR,, 3-day malaria ..s still widely prevalent in rural areas. Until
recent years no drug was available which completely cured the disease.
Relapses which were explained by the prolonged existence of the so-called
tissue forms of the causative agent of malarial infection in the hepatic
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11H-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-N 1-1
2HC1
CH3 ~H
It is a fine crystalline powder, odorless, light orange in color,
and has a bitter taste. It is manufactured in the form of a dragee
containing 0.005 and 0.01 grams of the preparation. Complete cure of
3-day malaria is achieved by the administration of the drug in doses
of 0.03 gram every 24 hours for a period of 10 days, or 0.02 gram every
24 hours for a period of 14 days. There are no absolute contraindications
to the use of quinocide.
CH30
cells were frequent. The problem of completely curing the diseases was
solved by V. I. Stavrovskaya and M. B. Braude of the Chemical Sector of
the Institute of Malaria, Medical Parasitology, and Helmintology of the
Ministry of Health USSR in 1952 when they synthesized the new drug --
quinocide. Chemically quinocide is the hydrochloride of 6-methoxy-8-
(4-aminopentyl)-amino quinoline, and has the following structural forLrula:
101. Effect of Caffeine on Blood Catalase
"Concerning the Problem of the Effect of the Central Nervous
System on Blood Catalase Activity," by V. G. Nazarova, Uch.
Zap. Saratovsk, Gos. Ped. In-ta. (Scientific Reports of the
Saratovsk State Pedagogical Institute), 1957, No 28, 68-77;
(from Referativnyy Diurnal -- Khimi a. - Biolo icheska a Khimi a
No 3, 10 Feb 59, Abstract No 2250)
"Studies were conducted on the effect of prolonged stimulation of
the central nervous system, produced by the administration of caffeine
subcutaneously, on blood catalase. Results show that caffeine (10 mg/kg
body weight of rabbits) raises whole blood catalase activity by 20-50%.
The catalase content of each individual erythrocyte is increased. The
change in blood catalase activity is reversible; it returns to normal
5-8 days after the introduction of caffeine."
102. Effect of Tranquilizers on Carotid Sinus Reflexes
"Effect of Hexamethonium and Chlorpromazine (largactil) on
Sinocarotid Reflexes," by 0. Sager, V. Chivu, and V. Florea-
Ciocoiu, Studii si cercetari neurol. Acad. RPR. (Rumanian),
Inst. neurol., 1957, 2, No 2, 171-184 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal
-- Biolo i a, No 13, 10 Jul 58, Abstract No 1370, by E. M.
Sheynbaum)
"The injection of hexamethonium into the perfusate of the carotid
sinus (CS) of dogs isolated from the general blood circulation but
retaining its connection with the nervous system does not change the
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Irritability of the mechanoreceptors of the CS. Chlorpromazine similarly
administered blocks the irritability of the mechanoreceptors. The injec-
tion of chlorpromazine into the tuber cinerum, the third or fourth ventricles,
or the cisterna magna depresses the reactivity of the CS without affecting
blood pressure in some cases. This points to the existence of separate
automatic centers with reflexogenic zones side by side with the vasomotor
centers of the medulla oblongata."
Physiology,
103. Bone Regeneration and the Cerebral Cortex
"Effect of the Functional Weakening of the Cerebral Cortex on
the Regeneration of Bone Tissue," by G. B. Bochorishvili;
Tbilisi, Soobshchen3iaAkademii Nauk Gruzinskoy SSR, Vol XXI,
' -..'_ _
No 3, Sep 58, pp 359--364
Experiments were carried out on dogs to elucidate the role which the
functional state of the cerebral cortex plays in the regeneration of bone
tissue. A deeply disturbed condition of the cerebral cortex was produced
by developing first positive conditioned reflexes in the dogs by means of
visual and sound stimulants; then experimental neuroses. In some dogs a
conflict of reflexes was produced by passing an electric current through
their bodies at the moment when they were eating meat. Observations
established that this functional disturbance of the cerebral cortex in
the animals was accompanied by delayed, depressed, and in many cases
perverted regeneration of bone tissue. This wasclearly indicated on
roentgenograms.
104. Morphological and Biochemical Blood Changes Due to Vibration Sickness
"Concerning the Problem of Morphological and Biochemical Changes
in Blood During Vibration Sickness," by N. N. Pushkina and L. B.
Yushkevich; Inform. Byul. Mosk. N.-I., In-t Sanitarii i Gigieny
(Information Bulletin of the Moscow Scientific Research Institutes
for Sanitation and Hygiene), 1958, No 16, I7-48; (from Referativr~yy
7hurnal -- Khimi a, Biologicheskaya Rhimiyay No 3, 10 Feb 59,,
Abstract No 2906)
"During morphological studies on the blood of patients suffering from
vibration sickness, the following changes were observed: increased
leukocyte count (9,000-13,000 especially during the second and third stages
of the sickness), a tendency toward lymphocytosis, and changes in the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate. No changes were evident in the red blood
component. In these patients a tendency toward hypoglycemia was evident
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('(o-'75 mg %, especially during the second and third stages of vibration
sickness) and the quantity of cholesterol ranged from 200 to 225 mg %
in 15 % of the patients. The authors recommend the use of morphological
and biochemical studies in examining patients suffering from vibration
sickness."
105. Acclimatization to Arctic Conditions
"Acclimatization of Humans to Conditions on a Floe in the
Arctic Ocean," by L. Ye. Ponomarev and G. M. Sokolov, Depart-
ment of Polar Medicine of the Main Administration of the
Northern Sea Route; Moscow., Sovetskaya Meditsina, No 1, Jan
59, pp 100-106
The authors of this article were members of a group of scientists
who set up a base on a flat mass of floating ice in the Arctic. in April
1955? They called this base "North Pole Station 4." They spent a year
on the floe, until April 1956. They drifted in a general northerly
direction, and by September 1955 they had traversed the area of the so-
called "pole of relative inaccessibility." Subsequently they reached
a :latitude of 87?20? North, and a longitude of 177?55? East. The
distance they covered in their drift northward was 750 kilometers from
their starting point. They made a loop and again drifted northward,
covering a distance of 2,600 kilometers during the entire year they
spent on the floe.
Their one-year stay on the floating ice was not easy even though they
had excellent facilities and equipment available for combating the elements
and for recording weather conditions.
Experiencing polar nights that last 5 months and snowstorms that
travel 30 meters per second, the members were apprehensive concerning their
ability to orient themselves. Several tons of snow gradually covered the
camp with a layer 2-3 meters thick. Orientation was also difficult
during the summer months when the sun shone 25 hours at a time, melting
the ice and resulting in the formation of large lakes 1.5 meters deep which
threatened to drown the entire camp. Some other difficulties encountered
by members of the expedition were: unusual changes in weather, drop in
temperature to -50?C in the winter time, and skirmishes with bears.
Since proper organization of the work regimen and mode of life on
floating ice serves to harden the organism and also serves to prevent
sickness, proper organization of medical and sanitary measures is absolutely
necessary. This was taken care of by physicians who were members of the
expedition. Physicians who accompanied the expedition also made observa-
tions, insofar as conditions allowed, on the process of acclimatization of
the members during the entire year they were adrift.
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A sufficiently strict daily routine was established on the station
"North Pole 4." This routine was based on experiences of earlier Soviet
polar expeditions and polar stations established on d;,?ifting ice. Although
sharp changes in weather, breaking up of ice, and the presence of drifting
snow made it necessary for all hands to do clearance work, proper organiza-
tion of work and rest helped to prevent fatigue and any morbid conditions.
The Majority of men felt well even during the months of polar nights, they
slept well, and their efficiency was unaffected. No disturbances in the
nervous system were noted.
Frame tents, designed by Engr S. A. Shaposhnikov, were used as living
quarters and workshops. 'T'hese frame tents can be carried easily from place
to place, set up and taken down without any difficulty. Gas stoves were
used to heat these tents. In the spring when there was hardly any wind
and the temperature outside was between -25?C and -35?C, one or two burners
in each tent held the temperature at 12?C and 14?C (the temperature of the
floor remained close to 0?0. The frame booths, which were lived in during
winter months, were heated by using economical cast iron-ceramic stoves.
Gas stL;'res were found to be unsuitable for winter use, because continual
burnin. of gas and insufficient ventilation contaminated the air in the
booth..
A kitchen was established in one booth adjacent to a booth that was
used as a mess room. Food was cooked on gas stoves. In the summer time
snowflakes, obtained far away from the area where men lived, were gathered
and used as drinking water. A special container was used to melt the snow
to warm the water. The authors of this article state that members of the
group belonging to the station "North Pole 4" were more successful in
collecting snowflakes for water during the 4 months from June to Octcber
than during any other months of the year. It was noted that the taste
of salts (chlorides) in the water was hardly noticed during the summer
months; the content of chlorides in water from snowflakes gradually
increased with the approach of early autumn frosts (between 3% and 10%),
and the taste of water changed.
Special diets which are applicable to conditions existing on drifting
ice in the Far North were observf::i. Daily food rations were based on
results of experiments conducted on Din Island. Between 4,000 and 5,000
large calories were found to be needed 'by each member of an expedition
into the Far North. Ingredients and amounts needed per person were as
follows: proteins, 140-160 grams; fats, 120-150 grams; carbohydrates,
500-630 grams. According to the classification of the Institute of
Nutrition, these caloric quantities of the daily needs of each member
of an Arctic expedition correspond to energy expenditure by those people
on the mainland who do heavy nonmechanical physical labor. These norms
actually corresponded to the energy expenditure of polar explorers on
drifting stations (with a few minor adjustments depending on the season
of the year). A card file of the daily activity of every member of the
expedition was kept on station "North Pole 4," and special tables were
used in calculating the energy expended by each member.
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The expedition took along a large assortment of products to avoid
monotony in eating. The menu was made up a week in advance, which provided
an opportunity for selecting varied food products. Food was served three
times a day and distribution of calories was. breakfast, 20%; dinner,
46;u; and supper, 34%. Vitamin balance was maintained in the organism of
each individual by an abundant supply of fresh vegetables: onions, garlic,
cabbage, and garden beets. Fruit such as apples, mandarins, oranges,
and lemons was also on hand. When fruit was temporarily unavailable, its
vitamin content was supplied by polyvitamins and vitamin C.
Bathing facilities were installed in one of the booths. According to
the author, solar radiation during the spring-summer period is reflected
in large quantities (from 50% up to 97%) by the snow into the atmosphere,
whereupon the snow melts slowly. Garbage absorbs heat, and, therefore,
if the surface of the camp is contaminated even with small particles of
trash, the local thermal balance of the surface changes. These particles
absorb heat, which accelerates the melting of snow, and water that forms
on the ice surface absorbs the solar energy. All this speeds up the
general process of melting the snow and ice and leads to inundation of
the camp, thereby creating difficult conditions on the floe. Disposal
of excrements and garbage, therefore, is very important from the very
first days of the stay on the drifting ice. A spot a distance away from
camp was marked and designated for trash disposal, and. on station "North
Pole 5" the entire load of trash was thrown into a crack close by.
Every member of the expedition was supplied with two pairs of glasses,
dark amber in color, which reliably protected the eyes from the adverse
effects of radiant energy and at the same time supplied the necessary
color contrasts in the visual field. Not one case of eye sickness or snow
blindness was observed among members of the group on station "North Pole
4." A study was made of ultraviolet radiation during the summer months
(July-September) 1955? This study was made in the region of the North
Pole at a latitude between 820 and 83008' North.A summary of the actual
daily average of ultraviolet radiation in July and in August in the area
of the North Pole (in comparison with available data that deal with other
regions) is presented in the table below.
Over-all Dimensions of Ultraviolet Radiation
(in milligrams per square centimeter of oxalic acid)
Region Under Investiuation
Ju
August
Author's Name
Station "North Pole 4"
21.4
15.6
L. Ye. Panomarev
Leningrad (1947)
14.7
12.1
Ye. V. Donetskaya
Outskirts of Leningrad. (1950)
19.9
20.9
G. A. Sviderskaya
Z. N. Kulichkova
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,It can be seen from the table above that the sun shines brightly in
the area of the North Pole only a few hours a day during July and August..
Ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. in that region exceed ultraviolet
rays emitted by the sun in a number of cities located in moderate zones
by 2.9 erythemic doses per day. It can also be seen from the figures in
the table that the majority of members of the "North Pole 4" and "North
Pole 5" expeditions were able to expose their bodies to the sun when
the thermometers on the walls of the tents and booths showed. that the
temperature was 16?C or higher.
The authors of this article further state that during the period of
polar nights,, the human organism is completely deprived of natural
ultraviolet :radiation. Beginning with November,, therefore, each member
of the expedition was subjected to 20-25 exposures under a quartz lamp
until pigmentation was noticeable. A quartz mercury vapor. PRK4 lamp was
used for this purpose. The lamp was usually placed at a distance of
65?.75 centimeters from the skin; the duration of each exposure was
ordinarily between 3 and 10 minutes every other day. By irradiating
the living and working quarters, bacterial contamination of the air was
reduced considerably. It was found that people who arrived at the station
"North Pole 1E" in the middle or toward the end of summer appeared to be
less sensitive to artificial ultraviolet 'radiation tb n those who arrived
at. the end of the winter period. Increased cutaneous sensitivity to
quartz radiation was noted in the latter.
Almost everyone who ever conducted an expedition into the Arctic
region has pointed out the need for medical selection of personnel, because
many difficulties arise on drifting ice which demand excellent physical
condition, endurance, stamina, and composure. People who have had a
previous history of some disease usually suffer a relapse on an ice floe.
Personnel on "North Pole 4+" were given a physical examination every month
during their entire year of stay on the ice floe. Physical examinations
included observEtion of blood pressure and vascular tonus, and examination
of blood. Alt_.c,ugh limited in scope, these observations made it possible
to note any charges in the organism during the period of acclimatization.
From a general biological viewpoint, acclimatization, according to the
authors of this article, must be looked on as a complicated process of ad-
justment of the organism to its environment. Acclimatizing reactions were
noted in people mainly during the first 4.6 weeks after their arrival. at
"DTorth Pole 4." These reactions consisted of a tired feeling, decreased
appetite, an insurmountable feeling of somnolence while at work, and
shortness of breath during light physical exertion. The physical condition
of the members improved during polar days, because of the considerable
amount of work one out of doors and indulgence in physical exercises
(volley ball games and skiing). During the period of polar nights most of
the members gained weight up to between 2 and 4 kilograms. Transport of
cargo during the autumn and preparation of living quarters and working
premises for winter served as an excellent supplementary factor in the
physical conditioning process bei.,re the onset of polar nights.
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During the first 1 1/2-2 months of polar nights,, the majority of the
uv._mbers of' the expedition lost their appetites and they lost weight as a
result; some were restless in their sleep and had unpleasant dreams..
Subsequently, people slept well some nights. Slight functional shifts in
the nervous system, which were characterized by increased irritability,,
were noted during this period? Even though the appetite in the majority
of the members improved somewhat; during January and February,, loss in
weight increased progressively. Some people weighed even less than when
they first arrived
The physician of station "North Pole 5,," Gavri.lov, discovered that
th.e vitamin content of blood drops and even goes below normal during the
polar night ueriod (particularly during the second half). This is mani-
fested particularly by shortness of breath and rapid fatigue during li.&rt
physical exercise.,
The 28 members of "North Pole 4" were subjected to systematic examina-
tion during their entire period of drifting (one year) on the ice floe
Inf.ormationwas dbtaimdby means of an oscillograph and by using the auscultatory
method of deteiiiiining 'blood pressure. The highest blood pressure found was
between 130 mm end 85 mm; the lowest? between 85 mm and 45 mm. The oscillo-
graphic blood pressure was somewhat 'below that of the auscultatory in the
majority of those examined.
A persistent drop in blood pressure took place during the first 4-5
months of stay on the ice floe: it dropped 15-30 mm and did not change
until. the return to the mainland. Changes in blood pressure occurred as
a result of intensification of the activity of physiological mechanisms
of adjustment, and of compensatory reactions of the organism.
Blood. of 24 members of "Station North Pole 4" was examined during
the period of polar days (August)., in the middle of the period of' polar
nights (November-December), and at the end of the polar' night period
(at the beginning of the period of polar days). in March. (Calculation
of leukocytes and processing of all blood. examination data were done by
G.. M. Sokolovao) Hemoglobin in all personnel was normal throughout their
entire period of stay (from April 1955 through April 1956); it fluctuated
between,76 and 96 units? The number of erythrocytes was also normal in
all members of the expedition (between 309 million and 504 million).
Fluctuation in the number of erythrocytes did occur in individual members
of the expedition but it was not significant. The color index was normo-
chromic it everybody examined.; it fluctuated from 0083 to 1-
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The erythrocyte sedimentation rate underwent no changes in the members
of the expedition who were examined. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate
was from 2 mm to 5 mm per hour in the majority of people examined; in only
one member of the expedition, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 10 mm
per hour during initial examination.
The number of leukocytes during polar days and during the period of
polar nights (as well as at the end of the period of polar nights) fluctuated
rather.- widely: from .leukopeni.c numbers (4,100-4,600) to the upper limits
of the normal range (9,600-10,ooo); the range of fluctuations did not change
during all these periods.
In comparing the number of leukocytes present during the period of
polar days with the number of leukocytes persent during the period of polar
nights, it was noted that their number increased, from 400 to 4,600 per mm3
(in .l people). On the contrary, in, eight people, their number decreased
:Cron.. 0 to 4100 per mm3. No definite change in the number of leukocytes
was observed at the end of the period of polar nights or at the beginning
of the period of polar days. The cause for leukocytosis in one individual
was not clear. In two other members, leukocytosis,was thought to be due
to frequent exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis in one., and to exacerba-
tions of highmoritis in the other.
Attention was attracted by the fact 'that a high content of eosinophils
(1%.-8%) and monocytes (2%-14%) was noted in most of the personnel from
the very beginning of the period of polar dayse The same high percentage
of eosinophils and monocytes was noted i'hrien the period of polar nights
reached its climax and when it was over.
Fluctuation in the percentage of segmentonuclear neutrophils and. in
the percentage of lymphocytes in some individuals. was not considered too
important.
As far as avitaminosis is concerned, particularly scurvy, changes in
blood took place in the form of anemia, leukopenia with neutropenia, and
thrombocytopenia. These changes disappeared after treatment with ascorbic
acid (V. Ya. Chekin 'Ye. M. 'ermi.lova, A. M. Endel.? .Smol?nikov, and G. M.
Danishevskiy).
No incidence of anemia was observed in individuals examined on
"North Pole 4." Leukopenia was observed in five people (between 4,500
and 4,900) during the period of polar days. Neutropenia of between
40% and 49% was also encountered in a few people only, particularly
in those in whom leukopenia was observed. Consequently it can hardly
be said that these changes were connected with avitaminosis since fresh
vegetables and fruit as well as other food products were available in
sufficient quantities.
The reason for the higher percentage of eosinophils may be connected
with helminth invasion. This is plausi:blc since helminth invasion was
observed in various people at different times.
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Psychiatry
106. Plans for Developing Soviet Psychiatry in the Next 7 Years
"Prospects for the Development of Soviet Psychiatry in the
Next 7 Years,," by V. A. Gilyarovskiy; Moscow,, Zhurnal
Nevropatolog:Li i Psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova) Vol 59,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 3-,
This article discusses the prospective development of Soviet psy-
chiatry during the next 7 years. The author refers to a 1957 article
(published in Sovetskaya Meditsina) which reported a decrease in the
incidence of psychiatric ailments die to increased emphasis on the pro-
phylactic aspect of psychiatry; this trend will be continued and inten-
sified. Therapy, it is pointed out,, must be based on thorough study of
all characteristics of patients and on all conditions accompanying the
illness. The complexities of analyzing psychiatric disturbances in large
groups of patients rather than in individuals are mentioned; this task
is controlled primarily by psychiatric organizations and scientific
research institutes which are in contact with large hospitals and are
therefore in a position to collect the necessary data. The importance
of collecting data on incidence in different parts of the country is
stressed, since examination of local conditions can explain etiology
and can suggest control. measures.
The following are among suggested improvements in the handling of
psychiatric cases, therapy should be initiated earlier; neuropsychiatric
departments should be set up in somatic hospitals, since many psychiatric
disorders are directly attributable to somatic ailments; outpatient
facilities should be augmented, particularly in outlying districts which
are poorly serviced in comparison with urban areas.
In response to a special query from the Scientific Council of the
Ministry of. Health USSR concerning improvement of psychiatric service
in outlying areas, the board of directors of the All-Union Society of
Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists proposed a number of necessary
measures? Qualifications of psychiatric personnel should be higher and
the number of qualified children's psychiatrists should be increased.
Also, more ambulatory ca?:e for children and adolescents is proposed in
connection with speech therapy for harmonic personality formation.
Alcoholism, it, is noted, plays an important part in the etiology of
many psychic and other diseases,, and its control should be an essential
element of the work of all psychiatric collectives. Anti-alcohol brochures
are considered helpful.
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It is stated that the aforementioned suggestions, which constitute
the first stage of improving neuropathological and psychiatric services,
can be discussed at sesL3ions of institutes and at the All-Union Conference
of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists which will be called during the
next'few years. After th.!s stage has been completed, the subsequent stage,
consisting largely of scientific research with emphasis on organization
of aid and evaluation of results obtained in this field., can be planned.
Responsibility for plans for this type of work will be delegated chiefly
to separate institutes.
The basic development of Soviet psychiatry, it is stated, follows
dialectical-materialistic methodology. The work of Pavlov, Korsakov;
and Michurin on the importance of the environment is mentioned.
Several special conditions are considered necessary for successful
completion of this development program. The f "lowing specific problems
must be resolved, the etiology, pathogenesis, and therapy of schizophrenia.,
and differentiation of this affliction from other psychoses and neuroses;
detection of incipient schizophrenia,; remissions and relapses; and the
relationship of cortical and subcortical areas, particularly the problem
of reticular formations.
New institutes are recommended in Central Asia and Siberia and the
fact that only one journal of neuropathology and psychiatry exists is
deplored.
107. Experimental Psychoses Induced by Lysergic Aci.cl
"Experimental Psychoses Induced by the Diethylamide of Lysergic
Acid (LSD) " by Jenone Iranyi and Rozsa Frater, Orv. hetilap,,
(Hungarian,i, 1957., 98, No 41, 13.15-1120 (from Referr;r,lvnyy
Zhurral --? Biologiya, No 13,, 10 Jul. 58 9 Abstract No 61573)
"On the basis of the study of experimental. psychoses induced by the
oral administration of 10-150 gamma of ISD (DLK) to 29 patients suffering
primarily from schizophrenia in the chronic stage,, and of investigations
conducted on themse.lves,, an absence of relationship between the reactions
to the dose of DLIC and the character and degree of expressed clinical
symptoms in most of the patients was observed. Intoxication by DLK
resembles weakly expressed reactions of the exogenic type. Romberg's
positive symptoms, tremors of the cilia and hands, dysarthria,, muscular
hypertonia, dizziness, anorexia, paresthesia,, somnoi,~nce, etc. are notedx
during the period of intoxication. Psychic disorders are marked by
disturbed perceptions (illusions , hallucinations s hyperacousia,, disturbed
olfactory sense, a sense of unreality and depersonalization), and dis-
turbed. thought and attention. Frequently there are aftereffects in the
forms of difficulty of thought expression, inability to concentrate,
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slow association, etc. A rise in the resistance of psychic patients to
the action of DLK is noted (expressed symptoms of intoxication were
observed in only 11 of the 29 patients). In addition to its effect on
the di-encephalon, DL'K apparently affects the cortex. The diagnostic
value of DLK is doubtful; it has practically no therapeutic effect. DLIC
may be utilized to some extent as a means for the establishment of tem-
porary contact with the patients."
Public Health` Hygiene, and Sanitation
108. Public Health in the Turkmen SSR
Review of M. G. Berdyklychev's book Zdravookhraneniye Turk-
menskoy SSR (Public Health in the Turkmen SSR,, Turkmen State
Publishing House, 1957, 248 pp, by P. P. Radkin; Moscow,
Sovetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, No 12, Dec 58, PP 55-56
The reviewer of this book thinks that it makes a significant addition
to an already large number of books published on the subject of health
service in various union republics. .He expresses the hope that more
such books will soon be published on the development of health service
in other republics of the USSR. Knowledge of development of health
service in various republics of the USSR is considered important not
only because the Communist Party program calls for increased effort in
health protection, but also because this part of the Communist Party
program was incorporated into the constitution of the USSR.
The reviewer of this book calls attention to the fact that the
development of health service in each union republic differs. It is
influenced by the nature of the local economy, cultural factors, the
local way of life; and geographic and climatic conditions. Experiences
of health workers in each union republic can benefit health services of
the entire USSR and may prove useful to research workers of foreign
countries.
The introduction in the book surveys the achievements and long-
range aims of Turkmenistan. Since the Soviets gained control of the
government, it is noted; Turkmenistan has been transP?ormed from a colo-
nial border state of tsarism into a florishing Soviet republic of the
East. As a member of the Soviet Union, Turkmenistan has achieved great
succea~, *a all fields of endeavors including that of public health.
Progress achieved in the development of health service in the Turkmen
SSR becomes more conspicuous if it is compared with the situation that
existed prior to the October Revolution. The author of the book tr.erefore
devoted the first chapter to conditions that existed prior to the revo-
lution. The reviewer states that when one reads in this chapter passages
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from dull, callous edicts of tsarist satraps and reports of their subor-
dinates about the horrible death rate among adults and children,, about
epidemics, and extinction of the population, it is difficult to believe
that this took place only 4O years ago. All tsarist edicts are full of
supercilious contempt concerning the needs of the native Turkmen popu-
lation. The author of the book then shows how striking the change has been
since the Soviets took control, how realistic the Soviet attitude has
been. It became possible to create a genuine national public health
service in Turkmenistan only after the October Revolution.
The chapter that discusses the principal stages of the development
of health service in the Turkmen SSR seems to be the central one: it
consists of four parts which correspond to the principal stages of eco-
nomic development of the republic. This chapter briefly describes how
health service was organized after the October Revolution, its status
on the eve of the revolution, and its development during prewar five-
year plans, during World War II, and during the period after the war.
Organization of medical service to the population of Central Asia
encountered great difficulties at first. Even the insignificant network
of medical establishments that existed. before the revolution was in a
state of decadence toward the end of the. Civil Ware With the establish-
ment of the Turkmen SSR, in 1921E, the population of the republic expe-
rienced an economic and cultural uplift. The People's Commissariat of
Health RSFSR gave considerable help to the newly formed People's
Commissariat of Health Turkmen :SSR. The flow of medical workers from
Moscow, Perna, Samara, Perm, and other cities increased each year.
The author of the book shows a gradual increase in the allocation
of funds for health service, an increase in medical cadres, expansion
in the network of therapeutic and preventive medical and. sanitary-epidemic
control establishments. Expenditures for health service in the republic
in 1957 were 370 times greater than in 1.925. At present 180 rubles per
year per person is spent for health protection in Turkmenistan. In 1911E,
only 14 kopecks per year per person was spent for health protection.
There were 300 hospital begs available in Turkmenistan in 1)13. At the
beginning of 1957., there were 10;700 hospital beds available in the
republic. In 1.957, the number of hospital beds available throughout
the whole USSR was six times greater than in 1913; in Turkmer-istan,, the
number of hospital beds available in 1957 was 33 times greater than in
1913. Such an. improvement in health service in the Turkmen SSR is the
result of Lenin's policy concerning the nationalities within the frame-
work of the USSR. The aini of this policy of Lenin, was to raise the
standards of backward nations to the level of the most advanced. Spe-
cial:ized medical add can no\r be found in all rayon hospitals of the
Turkmen SSR. At present. -the rape.tic, surgical., obstetrical,, and
gynecological service is available to all kolkhozniks in their own rayon
hosi;.Icals. A number of rayon hospitals have oculists on duty and also
professional personnel of other specialties.
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A large army of medical workers at present stands guard over the
health and welfare of the population of Soviet Turkmenistan. Prior to
the revolution there was not a single native physician practicing in CPYRGHT
this area; now there are hundreds of -them. The number of physicians
CPYRGHT has increasecl by 26 times since the Soviets gained, control of the govern.
mcnt. As la r as the number of physicians is c
was tra iii; ar behind not only the countries bordering it, such as
Iran and !Afghanistan, but also the United States of America and the
countries of Western Europe."
Considerable scientific medical research work is being conducted
in the scientific research institutes of; the' Turlunen SSR which belong
to the public health service system. Scientific medical research is also
being conducted in the Ashkhabad Medical Institute. Of the 250 sci-
entific medical research workers in the republic; 1E0 are Turkmen; 23
of 88 candidates of medical sciences are Turkmen.,. Scientists of Turk-
menistan have had over 2,000 scientific medical works published, mainly
in the field of regional pathology. Socialist transformation of Turk-
menistan drastically changed the nature of regional pathology in the
republic. Only 20 years ago malaria and trachoma constituted 40% of the
total incidence of disease among the po l.ation,*of the republic. Malaria
and trachoma do not play any appreciable:role at-present.. Pappataci
fever and typhus have been completely eradicated and the incidence of
cutaneous leishmaniasis has decreased to one .tenth of the former figure.
The book discusses all phases'of'health service in the Turkmen SSR,
including protection of mothers and children, development of m?.aical
resorts, and medical science in general. Physicians of Turkmenistan
have succeeded in reducing the incidence of sicknesses that have caused
loss of man-hours of work. Statistics that deal with medical service
have been compiled by the Scientific Research Bureau of Medical Statistics
of the Ministry of Health Turkmen SSR.
Economically strong kolkhozes are constructingexcel.lent buildings
for maternity homes and for permanent nurseries. Indexes of the physicall,
development of children brought up in nurseries of the republic surpass
the prewar level in growth, an average of 1 -2 cm, and in weight, up to
one kg. Thus, the nurseries not only free mothers for socially useful
work, but help to bring up a healthy group of replacements.
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Radiology
109. Multiplicity of Pathogenetic Mechanisms Ar^,ing Simultaneously
Characterize Acute Radiation Sickness
"The Problem Concerning the Pathogenesis of Acute Radiation
Sickness From a Pathophysiological Aspect," by Prof P. D.
Gorizontov; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4+, No 1,
Jan 59, pp 6-12
The author reviews several. works concerning the characteristic
changes occurring in the body during acute radiation sickness. Special
reference is made to changes in the sorption properties of the tissues
of the small intestines, liver, and muscles of irradiated animals; changes
in the tyrosine content of various blood vessels after general irradi-
ation; and changes in leukocyte count of peripheral blood of recipient
dogs after the perfusion of their extremities with the blood of irradiated
dogs. These changes are correlated with t~.me in terms of seconds., minut'Jes,
hours, and days.
The author concludes that the pathogenetic effects of ionizing
radiation on organisms proceed along several pathways w.iich may be
summarized as follows:
"1. Initial physicochemical and chemical changes arising due to
ionization and the stimulation of molecules.
"2. Disturbances of neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms.
"3. Infections, and manifestations of infectious and noninfectious
allergies."
These processes always comriience with the initial stage, but nay
follow different pathogenetic development. This phenomenon is substan.
tiated especially by the fact the cause of death due to or following
radiation can differ depending on the conditions of irradiation, the
period of the disease development, and individual reactivity.
ng a mos simu . aneous y zs one o e special c_ arac ,erns tics o
The author concludes that
the effect of ionizing radiation on animal organisms. This fact readily
explains the difficulties which arise; for example, in determining the
quantitative interrelationships of the effects of ionizing radiation."
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110, Exogenic Infections in Radiation Sickness Reviewed
"Exogenic Infections in Radiation Sickness," by R. V. Petrov;
Moscow, Uspelthi Sovremennoy Biologii; Vol 46, No 1.(4), 1958,
pp 48-61
Soviet and non-Soviet literature is rich with reports concerning
the study of infectious complications in irradiated organisms arising
due to decreased. natural and acquired immunity but both lack a general
analysis of these data. The present report attempts to supplement this
feature, and summarizes radiation effects on exogenic infections with
respect to the following: sensitivity of irradiated animals toward infec-
tion, the possibility of activating latent infections, characteristics
of the course of infectious processes in radiation sickness, and diagnosis
and the effectiveness of specific therapy.
111. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Hepatic Glycogen Content
"On the Mechanism of the Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the
Content of Glycogen in the Liver,".by.B. M. Grayevskaya, Insti-
tute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 2022-254
The aim of this research was to define and explain the rt,le of local
and distant effects of ionizing radiation on the nature of radiation
sickness and hepatic glycogen content.
Tests were conducted on three groups of mice subjected to either
general X-ray irradiation with 600 r, local irradiation of the liver
area,, or irradiation by screening the liver area during general irradia-
tion.
Results verify that there is a sharp decrease in liver glycogen
content by the 4th day, both in the group subjected to general irradiation
and in the group subjected to local irradiation of the liver area, but
no substantial change is evident when the liver area is screened. Within
30 days after irradiation (general irradiation) a 50% mortality rate was
observed in the first group, but no deaths were observed in the remaining
two groups. A drop in. the leukocyte count was incrP, :sed on the 4th day
after general. irradiation; but was only slightly increased in the other
two groups. Least radiation injury was evident in mice subjected to
local irradiation of the liver area, while greatest injuries were evident
in animals subjected to general, irradiation.
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The author could not find any definite correlation between changes
in the hepatic glycogen content and the general condition of the irradiated
animals. He, therefore, postulates that the quantitative changes in the
glycogen content of the liver of irradiated animals are determined, to a
great extent) by the direct effect of radiation on hepatic tissue.
112. Effect of Plutonium Poisoning on the Synthesis of Nucleic Acids in
Hepatic Tissue
"Nucleic Acid Content and Synthesis. in Liver. During Subacute
Poisoning by Plutonium) by V.. V.~.,Konstaritinova and R. Ye.
Libinzon; Moscow; Voprosy Meditsinskoy IChimii, Vol 4, No 5,
Sep/Oct 58, pp 339-3-7
A plutonium nitrate solution (0.,02 microeuries per g of body weight)
was injected intraperitoiieally into fats to study the effect of plutonium
on the content and synthesis of nucleic acids in the rat livers. Appro-
priate tests were conducted 1-2 weeks, and 1-2 months later. Injections
of rad.oactive phosphorus were administered 4 hours before sacrificing the
animals, Tables and graphs present. experimeitql' c1 1,a;.
Results indicate the following:
"One or 2 months after the, plutonium injection the amount of RNA
was increased by, approximately '25% -on the average) .
"The DNA content in the liver tissue was decreased (26% below normal
on the average) starting with the second week 'aid all through the experi-
mental period.
"After plutonium poisoning, the permeability of hepatic -tissue toward
radioactive phosphorus was increased.
"The rate of RNA, and DNA synthesis was accelerated almost during the
entire experimental period."
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113. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Teeth and Surrounding Soft Tissues
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Soft Tissues of Teeth and
Parodontium," by L. P. Stepantsova, Chair of I-Iistolo;;y and
Chair of Roentgenology, Moscow Medical Stomatological Insti-
tute; Moscow, Stomatolo,;iya, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 22-30
The author reviews work done on the effects of ionizing radiation on
the oral region, and describes his on research findings concerning the
effects of using large doses of X rays (700 r) on rats. Photomicrographs
illustrate osteoclastic resorption, and other des;L-ructive changes after
irradiation.
Results prove that the rnorpholo,-;i'.,,,l changes in the s Dft tissues
inside and around the -teeth are significant and appear as tissue resorp-
tion and regeneration. Initial symptoms of injury appear in 5 days after
irradiation, and maximum changes are attained in 10-30 clays after irradi-
ation. In cafes of severe injury, -these changes remain as long as 60
days after irradiation. Symptoms of regeneration become apparent 20 days
after irradiation and, in cases of mild exposure, are completed within
70 days. In very acute cases some teeth may fall out.
ii). Changes in Elastic and Viscous Properties of the Skin After Irradi-
ation
"Changes in Elastic and Viscous Skin Properties After Local
Irradiation by Large X.Ray Doses," by V. M. Mastryukova and
A. I. Polivoda; Moscow, Diof izika, Vol 1, No 1, Jan 59, PP
101-107
The aim of this research was to study the effect of irradiation and
to measure the value of the decrement of damping of the skin and subcuta-
neous tissues during edema due to irradiation.
A special apparatus to measure the value of the decrement of damping
(v) was constructed and is sketched and described. Damping curves repre-
sent fluctuations of beams produced after hitting the skin in shank area
of rabbits with a mallet, and graphs illustrate changes in skin (v).
Amory the merits of this method is that the values it measures for
the elastic and viscous properties of the skin can be detected earlier
than the values obtained by other methods known at present.
These experiments verify that changes in the elastic and viscous
properties of the skin after local irradiation are characterized by the
development of edema. Evidently, the value of (v) is closely linked to
the physicochemical molecular properties of the live skin.
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"The majority of dogs in which hemorrhage was induced 1-6 days after
irradiation (by 500 r) died. In these dogs, essential changes were noted
in the processes of serum protein restoration, and there was an increase
in the blood stream of a type of protein having the electrophoretic
mobility of alpha globulins. In dogs subjected to hemorrhage 1 1/2
months after irradiation, the serum protein restoration picture was
similar to that of nonirradiated animals subjected to hemorrhage.
"Evidently these facts indicate that during the acute phase of
radiation sickness the processes of regeneration of serum albumin are
inhibited, but the organism does not lose the capacity to mobilize
extravascular reserves of this protein and to use alpha-3-globulin
sources as the albumin deficier_cy rises in the vascular bed.
The authors conclude the following:
"Changes become evident in the connective and collagenous structures
after local irradiation by large X-ray doses (4,500 r). Physicochemical
changes occur in the intercellular tissues and in the mechanical structures
of the vessel walls which increase their permeability and intercellular
fluid content.
"This research ascertained that there are two phases of tissue edema
which occur after irradiation, and during this period the elastic and
viscous prop:: ties of the skin and subcutaneous tissues arc changed, and
the value for the decrement of damping (v) is increased. Evidently, these
values are the results of disturbances in the afferent innervation of
the nerve endings, and are also the result of the direct effect of ion-
izing radiation."
115. Combined Effect of General Irradiation and Hemorrhage on Restor-
ation of Serum Proteins
"The Effect of General X-Rays Irradiation on the Restoration of
Serum Proteins in Dogs After Hemorrhage," by V. M. Rodionov,
V. D. Uspenskaya, 0. G. Zamyatkina, T. A. Grunt, and V. P.
Polyakova, Institute of Biological and. Medical Chemistry, Aca-
demy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Voprosy Meditsinskoy
Vol h) No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 327-333
The aim of this research was to study the shifts in the normal restor-
ation picture of various fractions of serum proteins after hemorrhage
following irradiation. Various tables and diagrams and electrophoretic
tracings accompany the article.
CPYRGHT The authors make the following conclusions:
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.I.166. Gamma Radiation Effects on Blood and Connective Tissue Cells of
1;: .planted Mice Spleen
"A Study of the Effect of Gamma Rays of Co6o on Blood and Con-
nective; Tissue Cells of Mice Spleen After Explantation," by
A. F. Ivan itskaya, Institute of Animal Morphology imeni A. N.
Severtsov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Altademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No I., Jan/Feb 59, pp 209-212
Discrepancies have been noted in the radiosensitivity of various
types of cells; for example, radiation doses absolutely lethal to blood
elements have no effect on connective tissue cells. This discrepancy
was studied by the explanation of the spleen before and after the irradi-
ation of animals and by the direct irradiation of the spleenic tissue
fragments and their incubation in cultures at normal and low temperatures.
Results indicate that of the three major types of cells in the spleen,
the lymphocytes are the most vulnerable to radiation injuries, and they
are injured first and most severely. The granulocytes of the myeloid
series are more resistant, but the cells of the reticuloendothelial
tissue are the most resistant. a`athough it is still difficult to explain
the great vulnerability of the lymphocytes and the great resistance of the
reticular type cells, it is important to note that the lymphocytes have
the largest nucleus to plasma ratio, and the cells of reticular nature
have the smallest nucleus to plasma ratio.
Finally, the explantation method proves that radiation injuries to
cellular elements occur not only due to direct and distance effects, but
also due to the irradiation of isolated fragments of spleen.
117. Accelerating Radioactive Calcium Elimination
"Concerning the Question of Accelerating Ca1~5 Elimination From
an Organism," by 0. A. Khomutovskiy, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot. Do
Radiol. i Rentgenol. Kievsk. In-t Usoversh. Vrachey (Compila-
tion of Scientific Works on Radiology and Roentgenology, Kiev
Instit!it.e for the Advanced Training of Physicians), Kiev, 1957,
9-~ (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi a Biologichesl.aya
CPYRGHT I himiya, No 3, 10 Feb 59, p 69, Abstract No 2-67r(-07
"In experiments on rats it was shown that one hour after the admin-
istration of the disodium salt of EDTA [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]
at a dose eflual to 0.22 mg/kg body weight of the animals, the elimin-
ation of Ca'15 was 2',.-36% greater than that of the controls. Preliminary
saturation of 't-he organism by nonradioactive ::a'_ciam accelerates the
elimination of Ca'!-5 by 19-201,0' above that of thy: controls."
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113. Accelerating Radioactive Phosphorus Elimination
"Accelerating; the Elimination of Radioactive Phosphorus From
an Organism," by T. P. Sivachenko, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot. pu Radiol.
i Rentgenol. Kievsk. 7'n-t Usoversh. Vrachey (Scientific Works on
Radiology and Roentgenology of the Kiev Institutes for the
Advanced Training of Physicians ), Kiev, 1957, )+1-48 (from
Reforativnyy Zhurnal -- 1Qzimi 13iologicheska m Khimiya, No 3,
10 7cb 59, Abstract No 2 9
"In experiments on rats it became evident that the acceleration of
p32 elimination from organisms was possible by the administration of
substances which stimulate the nervous system (caffeine and phenamine,
vitamins D2 and the parathyreocrino hormone, which increase the intensity
phosphorus-calcium metabolism). Greatest percentage elimination of p32
follows the ingestion of nonradioactive phosphorus and potassium salts.
119. Effect of Irradiation on Reflex Excitability of the Vagus Center
"The Effect of X Rays on Reflex Excitability of the Vagus
Center," by M. M. Gromakovskaya, Institute of Biological
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklad7 Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 124, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 205-20
It has been reported that screening the truck of animals from ion-
izing radiations prevents permeability disturbances arising in the hema-
toencephalic barrier and that these disturbances, on the whole, are due
to disturbances in the visceral organs. Thus, the author in this research,
attempted to find the :relationship between injury to visceral organs and
disturbed function of the vagus nerve which supplies these organs. This
was done by studying the early changes in the reflex excitability in the
vagus center [in the brain] of irradiated rats (160 rats irradiated with
800 r), and then correlating the rate of onset of disturbances occurring
in the permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier with changes in the
functional condition of the vagus nerve center.
Results of tests using total, or partial irradiation; administration
of morphine, atropine, ergotamine, and sodium bromide; and severance of
both superior cervical sympathetic ganglia verify the following:
1. Changes in reflex excitability of the vagus nerve center of
irradiated animals arise earlier (within the first few minutes) than
changes '.n permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier (within 45
minutes); therefore, it may be assured that changes in the permeability
of the hematoencephalic barrier are a result of disturbances in the func-
tional condition of the nervous system.
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2. Prevention of disturbances in the functional condition of the
vagal center bar the administration of morphine or atropine prevents changes
in the permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier in irradiated animals.
3. Changes in the permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier, as
well as survival of irradiated animals, are closely linked with the irra-
diation of the trtuik or of the abdominal region; thus proving the high
radiosensitivity of the organs of the abdominal cavity -toward irradiation.
Thus, the author concludes ?t-hat disturbances in nerve impulses in
radiosensitive organs of the abdominal cavity, after their irradiation,
are the source of changes in the functional condition of various branches
of the central nervous system, including the vagal center which in their
turn cause disturbances in the normal permeability of the hematoencephalic
barrier.
120. Air Ionization due to Various Therapeutic and Diagnostic Methods
"Air Ionisation in Room, in Which Physical Methods of Therapy
and Diagnosis Are Used," by M. I. Salmanova, Chair of Hygiene,
Kuybyshev Medical and cow Stomatolog?Lcal Institutes; Moscow,
Gigiyena i Sanitar.s.,,, No 11, Nov 58, pp 74-76
Air ionization was determined in various rooms by using a P. N.
Tverskiy 1-2 counter) for light ions with a mobility of 0.5-1.0 and heavy
ions with a mobility of 0.001 to 0.002 cm2/sec per volt.
Results indicate that the ionization of air in physiotherapeutic
chambers (due to the use of high- and low-frequency currents and light
therapy) does not attain a high enough degree of ;oiicentration to be of
occupational-hygienic significance.
In X-ray cabinets when the apparatus is turned on, the concentration
of aif ions becomes very high, especially when using deep radiotherapy.
There is no increase in air ionization when the apparatus is turned off.
A hi ;h degree of ionization is detected in radiobiological depart-
ments and depends on the quantity of radioactive substances found in, the
room, the storage conditions, and the protective measures taken.
The highest concentration of air ions, with the predominance of
positive ions, occurs in treatment room-, durin,; the process of "changing"
the patients with radium, or during the sterilization of radioactive
preparations.
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This high level of air ionization is largely due to meteorological
conditions, the absence of rationally constructed ventillation facilities,
and the lack of necessary precautions for insulating these installations
from other areas.
Measurement of air ionization may be -taken as a sensitive index of
air contamination with radioactive substances.
[For additional information on radiology see Item No 33.]
Miscellaneous
121. Plans for Physiological Science
"Immediate Problems in Planning for Physiological Science," by
D. A. Biryukov; Moscow, Fiziolo icheski Zhurnal SSSR imeni
I. M. Sechenov, No 1, Jan 59, PP 3-
The author of this article states that the first state plan for
development of the national economy was instituted by V. I. Lenin in
1920. The plan consisted of utilization of all scientific knowledge
gained both at home and abroad and it placed the main emphasis on elec-
trification of the country. Subsequent advances made in the Soviet Union
in science and technology became identified with all stages of planning
for development of the national economy and building of socialism and
communism in the Soviet Union.
A decree promulgated in 1958 by the Central Committee of the Com-
munist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers USSR, dealt
with the long-range Seven-Year Plan for development of the national
economy: it emphasized that an all-out effort be made to increase labor
productivity. The increase in labor productivity is to be based on
continuous technological progress and adeptness in extensive utilization
by all industrial establishments of the most advanced achievements in
science and technology.
Izvestiya and another published in Pravda:
The author of this article then quotes from an
article published in
science in chemistry, metallurgy, energetics, automation, biology, phys
ology, medicine, and many other fields of knowledge is indi~-putable.
i
scientists ai?e confronted" (Pravda, 3 October 1958). He further states
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that unlimited possibilities have arisen in the Soviet Union for scientific
research and development. Advances made by Soviet scientists in many
fields of science and technology attest to this. This is also confirmed
by the fact that the first artificial earth satellite was sent into space
by Soviet scientists. But the scientists of the Soviet Union did not
achieve success in every field of science. This statement refers partic-
ularly to physiology. It is necessary to isolate imperfections in scien-
tific research in physiology, possibly because that science has recently
been given a high priority status, the author says.
A need exists for active planning in physiological research. The
article says that great progress must be made in developing the most
important segments of physiology in the shortest time possible. Similar
attempts were made long ago, but sufficiently satisfactory results were
never acheived. Enormous amounts of material, funds, and manpower have
been allocated by the government for research in physiology, but this
is not fully reflected in the results of scientific research. The state
has the right to expect results and to use these results in developing
the national economy. The article continues:
"...The necessary theoretical prerequisite for advances in medical
and agricultural sciences is biological progress. A significant increase
in the sphere of operation of biological science depends on the progress
made in physics and chemistry." This is an exerpt from statements made
by N. S. Khrushchev in his report to the 21st Congress of the CPSU. It
fully illuminates the long-range development of progressive physiology.
Khrushchev's statements warn physiologists of the possibilities of impro-
per detachment of Soviet science from broad general biological premises.
History has demonstrated that any attempt in "professionalizing" any
biological discipline, for example medicine, ultimately creates a stum-
bling block in the path of its development. Consequently the fear of
"biologizing" physiology seems c range at least. It must not be forgot-
ten how much has been done for medicine by people who were not medics,
says the author. It is sufficient to name a few: L. Pasteur, V. K.
Roent;en, the Curies, I. I. Mechnikov, N. Ye. Vvedenskiy, and others.
Furthermore, the above quotation from Khrushchev's statements stress the
impossibility of developing Physiology further without taking into con-
s ideration its organic bond with .?iys ics and chemistry.
The article states that planning in economics and in sciences in the
USSR is carried out for the benefit and welfare of. human beings, and that
the nature of research in physiology must be subordinated to this prin-
ciple.
Speaking at the first conference on planning; scientific research in
physiology, held a quarter century ag;o, Academician L. A. i,:oeli called
attention to the slow progress made by Soviet biophy,7icists and physiolo-
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The need for long-range planning of research in physiology is very
acute. This need provides justification for coordinated action on a
national scale.
Soviet physiology has been characterized primarily by the formation
and development of outstanding schools cat' this science. I. M. Sechenov,
N. Ye. Vvedenskiy, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Ukhtomskiy, L. A. Orbrli, K. M.
Bykov, P. S. Kupalov, I. S. Beritashvili, and others have contributed
greatly to Soviet physiology. The main attention of various schools of
Soviet physiology has been directed to investigation of evolutionary
physiology and nervism. The majority of Soviet physiologists have directed
their efforts mainly toward solving the problems of the nervous regu-
lation of functions. Next to the physiology of the nervous system, the
greatest attention was given to the study of the function of the digestive
tract. In addition, theoretical and practical medicine has experienced
the need for solving many problems connected with nervous regulation of
the functions of the following systems; blood circulation, respiration,
excretion, blood, and lymph.
No systematic comparison can be made between Soviet and foreign
investigations in the physiology of the principal functions of animal
and human organisms. It can be stated, however, that investigations
in the physiology of individual organs are conducted abroad in a more
systematic manner.
It is necessary, therefore, to expand research dealing with the
principal physiological functions of the organism to the level reached
by modern technology. By using modern biophysical methods, it is quite
important to intensify efforts toward developing problems of the general
physiology of the nervous system, particularly in that area which deals
with cortical formations. The physiology of cell' reparation is an enormous
field and requires further investigation. The functions of the cardiovas -
ciilar system (particularly at high altitudes and in cosmic space), diges-
tion, respiration, water n.nd salt metabolism, heat exchange, and the
physiology of muscles must attract the attention of Soviet physiologists
in the next few years.
The posit:.on of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers USSR "concerning strengthening
the bond between school and life and concerning further development of the
system of national education in the country," makes it imperative that
greater effort be made in the study of labor physiology. Relaxed in the
past few years, research in this area must be revitalized considerably.
Investigations in the labor physiology of adolescents is important,
because a large number of young men and women who are in the :_;econd stage
of their education must turn to professional labor.
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The author concludes his article by saying that stress must be
placed in USSR on the development of scientific research on the foundation
of Marxist-Leninist philosophic principles.
Plenum of Scientific Medical Council of Ministry of Health RSFSR
"In the Scientific Medical Council, Ministry of Health RSFSR"
(unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 20 Feb 59
In a recently hold. ~l. ~IIIL';l of the Scientific Medical Council of the
Ministry of Health RSFf;I 1".-c f N. A. Vinogradov, chairman of the council,
gave a report on the meuau for realizing the 7-year problem-thematic
plan of scientific research of medical establishments of the RSFSR. His
report disclosed that twee thirds of the me.'Acal research in the republic
is conducted in medical vuzes (i,i3her education institution.,), especially
in such fields as enteric, infectious, and cardiovascular diseases and
cancer. Fifteen persons took part in the discussion of the report. Prof
V. V. Kovanov and Prof A. K. Sangaylo (Sverdlovsk) pointed out the existing
disproportions in financing scientific research in vuzes and scientific
research institutions.
The plenum held three sessions at which the following spoke: Prof
V. G. Yeliseyev -- "Connective Tissue and Its Role in the Physiological
and Pathological Reactions of the Organism"; P. V. Markov, Corresponding
Member of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR -- on certain problems of cel-
lular research; A. A. Bagdasarov and. S. I. Sherman, I. A. Kassirskiy,
A. F. Tur, M. S. DulItsin, S. A. Reynberg, N. M. Nemenova and M. P.
Khokhlova, and Z. V. Gorbunova and 0. S. Patokova -- on various aspects
of the problem of leukosis.
123. All-Union Scientific Society on Radiation Medicine Proposed
"To Our Readers," by the Editorial Board; Moscow, Meditsinskaya
Radiologiya, Vol l., No 1, Jan 59, PP 3-.5
As a proof of the rapidly increasing importance of radiobiology in
general, and medical radiology in particular, 120 reports from a total
of 690 presented at the Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic
Energy discussed the biological effects of ionizing radiation and the
uses of radioactive isotopes in scientific research, diagnosis, and therapy.
It was also pointed out at this conference that, since the list of
radioactive isotopes is rapidly increasing and the number of uses for
each isotope is greatly expanding, the number of radiologists and medical
specialists who are engaged in various fields of research and therapeutics
and constantly exposed to sources of ionizing radiation is also increas-
ing. In view of the above-mentioned situation, the editorial board
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considers that a substantially significant cause exists for the creation
of an All-Union Scientific Society on Radiation Medicine. Naturally, the
editorial board thinks that the Meditsinskaya Radiologiya Journal should
be the publishing organ for this new society whose important task will be
to correlate the conditions and future prospects for the development of
medical radioloUy both in the USSR and abroad.
Furthermore, the editorial hoard of thejournal considers it its duty
to I)articipate in making the necessary arrangements for the first conven-
tion on radiation medicine, and will make sure that thcc prerocuisites for
the future success of this organization will be met.
124. Joint Conference on Asian Flu Feld in Kiev
"Report on the S :ientific Conference of Institutes of Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR and the Problem Commission of Min-
istry of Health Ukrainian SSR on Problems of Influenza," by
Prof N. I. Morozkin, ' orresponding Member o?.' Academy of Mer.z.cal
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vestniit Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 81-83
A Joint C rence on Fxblems of Asian Flu was held by the Institute of Infec-
tious Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, the Institute of
Virology imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, and the
Institute of Lxperimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, in
Kiev from 25 to 28 September 1958. The conference was attended by
representatives of medical establishments and institutions of the Ukraine,
the RSFSR, a.nd most of the union republics, as well. as the countries of
the
Over 38 reports on various aspects of Asian flu were given at the
conference.
125. Prof 0. N. Podvysotskaya, Soviet Dermatology Specialist, Dies
"01'ga Nikolayevna Podvysotskaya (1884-1958)," by S. M. Gitman.,
Candidate of Medical Scienc--~~ , Mc:scow, Vestnik Akademii
Medits insk11 h Nauk SSSR, i Feb 59, pp 94-96
Prof 01'ga Nikolayevna Podvysotskaya, Doctor of Medical Sciences,
Honored Worker of Science, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, and head of
the Chair of Skin an( Venereal. I)iseases, First Leningrad Medical Institute,
died on 1 December 1958 at the age of 711.
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Podvy3otskaya u._ic, born in Siberia in the town of Yeniseysk, and
u,rs.duated In 19.11, from the Women's Medical Institute in St Petersburg.
She obtained her doctor"s degree in 1921. Her entire medical career was
devoted to the study and teaching of dermatology and venercology. She
1,,:came head of the Chair of Skin and Venereal Disease: , First Leningrad
Medical ;Institute, in autuirui i944.
Podiysotskaya is the author of over 70 scientific works on the
clinical and experimental, problems of dermatology and venereology, 20
of which are concerned with tubercular diseases of the skin.
126. Yugoslav Chemist Claims Ability to Diagnose Illness From One Drop
of Blood
"The Diagnosis of an Illness From One Drop of Blood," by R. L.;
Zagreb, Borba, 24 Feb 59
Fahrudin Zejn.ilagic, a chemist and instcuctor in the Secondary Dental
School in Sarajevo; claims to be able to diagnose cancer, cirrhosis of
the liver, nephritis, infectious jaundice, and many other diseases from
one drop of blood.
"The essence of this method is how individual fluids on the basis of
their atoms affect individual illnesses.... Even cancer can be discovered
early.... The reactions are so clear that even laymen can read them."
Zejn.ilagic demonstrated his method in January at the First Internal
Clinic of the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. He has not offered any details
concerning his method.
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127? Rhenium-Molybdenum Alloys
"Rhenium-Molybdenum Alloys," by Ye. M. Savitshiy, M. A.
I`ylkina, and K. B. Povarova, Institute of Metallurgy imeni
A. A. Baykov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 424-434
The constitutional diagram of the system Re-Mo was determined.
The compounds, solid solutions, and phases formed in this system are
characterized.
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IX. PHIGICS
Crystallography
128. Properties of Diamond Type Crystals
"Electrical, Optical, and Elastic Properties of Diamond
Type Crystals," III. Light Absorption and Dispersion," by
V. S. Maskevich, Kiev Polytechnic Institute; Moscow Zhurnal
Eksperimental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 36, No 1, Jan
59, PP 108-115
The dispersion, double refraction, and single photon absorption of
light in the infrared xegion die be lattice vibrai ns are studied. The parameters
of the theory are determined, and a numerical computation of the effects
mentioned above is performed. The theory predicts an essential relation
of absorption to the direction of propagation and the polarization of
light. An experimental check of the theory is considered very desirable.
129. Double Spin Resonance in Alkali-Halide Crystals
"Frequency Spectrum of Double Spin Resonance at Color Centers
in Alkali-Halide Crystals," by V. Ya, Zevin, Brest State Peda-
gogical Institute Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimentallnoy i Teoreti-
cheskoy Piziki, Vol 36, No 1, Jan 59, pp 116-12b
The relations of the frequencies; of double spin resonance to the
orientation of the crystal in an external static magnetic field has been
found for U2-, F2+, and M-centers in alkali halide crystals. The angular
relations are determined by the structure of the center and can be used
for a direct experimental study of the structure of the color center of
the alkali halide crystal by the double spin resonance method.
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Electricity and Magnetism
130. High-Frequency Discharge in Gases
"Investigations of High-Frequency Discharge in Gases in a
Wide Range of Decimeter Waves. II," by G. A. Anashkin, Chair
of Electronics; Moscow, Vestr!.' Muskovskogo Universiteta,
Seriya Matematiki Mekhaniki, astronomic, Fiziki, Khimii,
No 3, 19582 PP 9-7
It was shown experimentally (J. S. Townsend et al., Phil. M?.g., 26,
290, 1938; B. Lax et al., J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1197 1950; F. KKossel et al.,
Ztschr. Phys. 139,2, 183, 195 that the minimum of the characteristic
expressing the relation of the discharge voltage of the field to the varia-
tion ofL tl:' strength of the constant magnetic field at low gaseous pres-
sures corresponds to the condition of frequency equality :43b = e!H - W
me
where H is the value of the applied magnetic field .for a minimi;m. of the
characteristic, cis the circular frequency of the electric field, and ob
is the circular frequency of the electron rotation. Because other inves-
tigations (L. Ferretti et a].., Nuovo Cimento, 2, 3, 639) 1955; D. Posin,
Phys. Rev. 69, 51+1, 1946) do.not agree with * these results, an attempt is made
to find out whether resonance minima may be found on discharge character-
istics as stated by the first mentioned references and whether the men-
tioned equality holds in the case of nonuniform Jield of a coaxial,. veguide and
to determine the role of formation of stable negative ions in a negatively
charged gas and the field frequency for characteristics of discharge.
The results of study of available data proved that the mentioned
equality holds for homogeneous and nonhomogeneous fields. At low pressures
at any specified frequency, if the tubes are of a sufficiently large di-
ameter,, the discharge characteristic may be obtained with its character-
istic resonance minimum. To every frequency of the applied electric field
there corresponds an optimal pressure at which the resonance minimum is
the deepest.
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131. Magnetic Moments in a Magnetic Field
"A System of Magnetic Mom::ubs in a Weak Variable Magnetic
Field," by G. V. Skrotdkiy and A. A. Kokin, Ural Polytechnic
Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimentallno i Teoreticheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 36, No 1, Jan 59, pp 169-175
A system of magnetic moments is studied. It possesses electric
excriange and weak magnetic dipole-dipole interactions and is located in
an external magnetic field Ho } h(t). The equation of the motion of the
magnetization vector is derived with accuracy to the second order terms
in the perturbation theory (P. Kubo, K. Tomita, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 9,
888, 1957) for weak variable fields, h(t)