SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100250001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 104
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 2, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

M F IR 131,891-1-3161 O Ppca"ved For RehV lV l.-~ f7 ~~..Ir4G V~256SC I,ENT I FI ~ 1 17 FV It MA1 I 01 1
REPORT
r
? FEBRUARY 1959 L
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c p 7
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
20 February 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue
%Nc'.tl_?1!.101' J? 'COi2 y
(Urn to irrAltl Cw /'s'r,rfJ 61fiCI
$2.75. ? S/
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director, of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR,,Eastern Europe,
and China. The information, selected is -intended', to indicate
current scientific developments and activities in the USSR,, in
the Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis-
seminated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
Chemistry
1
Chemistry and_Technology of Fuels and Propellants
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
.3
Industrial Chemistry
8
Isotopes
15
Organic Chemistry
16
Pesticides
19
Physical Chemistry
24
Radiation Chemistry
33
Radiochemistry
35
36
Communications
36
Wave Propagation
37
Instruments and Equipment
38
Components
39
Computers
41
Acoustics, Audio Frequencies
42
Reliability
43
Patents
44
Engineering
47
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Approximation Theory
Biharmonic Functions
Cybernetics
Numerical Analysis
Probability Theory
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene and Sanitation
Miscellaneous
VI. Metallurgy
VII. Physics
Atomic Energy
VIII. Miscellaneous
Page
48
48
54
55
56
57
58
58
61
61
67
68
71
78
83
85
85
93
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I. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Propellants
1. Book on Reaction Engine Fuels
Reaktivnyye Topliva (Reaction Engine Fuels),, by N. A. Ragozin,
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Gostoptekhiz~rat, Moscow, 1959,
? 8 i t d h
CPYRGHT
Vi. n e , s eets, 15,000 copies, price 5 rubles (announced in
Tematicheskiy PlannVy uska Izdaniy Na 1959 God, Gostoptekhizdat,
Moscow, No 2, Aug 58, p 16, Item No 79)
"This book will serve the needs of engineering and technical person-
nel of the petroleum conversion industry, engineers concerned with the
operation of reaction engines, and designers of reaction engines.
"The book describes methods for the production of fuels for different
reaction engines, reaction engine fuels used in the USSR and abroad, the
properties of these fuels, the conditions under which the fuels burn in
engines, operational characteristics, and rules for the storage and test-
ing of fuels.
"The book will appear in the third quarter of 1959."
2. The Behavior of Liquid Fuels at Low Temperatures
Primeneniye Zhidkikh To liv Pri Nizkikh Tem era urakh (Applica-
tion of Liquid Fuels at Low Temperatures),, by B. A. Englin,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Gostoptekhizdat, Moscow. 1959,
5 printed sheets, 15,000 copies, price 2 rubles 50?kopecks (announced
in Tematicheski Plan V ska Izdani Na 1959 God, Gostoptekhiz-
CPYRGHT dat, Moscow, No 2) Aug 5 8,, p 19, Item No 80)
"This booklet will serve the needs of engineers of petroleum conver-
sion plants and engineering and technical personnel concerned with auto-
motive, water, and air transportation involving the operation of engines
at low temperatures (e.g., in the winter, in Arctic regions,.and at high
altitudes).
"The booklet describes the behavior of liquid fuels (reaction engine,
aviation, automotive, and diesel fuels) at low temperatures, the cLanges
to which fuels are subjected under the conditions in question (formation
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of ice crystals, increases in viscosity, separation of paraffin wax etc.),
and measures which must be taken in connection with the storage, pumping,
and application of fuels in the North arid with the operation of aircraft
engines at high altitudes.
"The booklet will be published in the third quarter of 1959."
3. USSR Book on the Production of Hydrogen To Be Published
Osnovy Proizvodstva Vodoroda (Fundamentals of the Production
of Hydrogen), by Engr V. B. Ioffe, Gostoptekhizdat, Leningrad,
1959, 20 printed sheets, 20,000 copies, price 11 rubles 50 kopecks
(announced in Tematicheskiy Plan Vypuska IzdaniryNa 1959 God,
CPY od ekhizdat, MosCow),~ No py -.Aiig , 5 ,$) 2, Item No 68)
"This book is of great interest to a wide circle of specialists active
in the chemical and petroleum conversion industries, as well as in other
branches of the national economy. It will also serve the needs of students
at higher educational institutions.
"The book discusses present-day methods for the production and purifi-
cation of hydrogen, problems pertaining to the operation of hydrogen
installations, and safety procedures. Extensive reference material is
included in it.
"The book will appear in the third quarter of 1959."
4. Stability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Oils to Air Shock
"Stability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Oils to Air Shock,"
by S. E. Kreyn and 0. P. Makasheva; Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhno-
logiya Topliv i Masel, Vol 3, No 8, Aug 58, pp 9-15
The stability of petroleum oils to air shock is not connected ?rith
their stability to oxidation. It does not depend on the group chemical
composition, but is substantially determined by the fractional composition
or the vapor tension of the oil. The most stable oils to air shock are
those which exhibit a high viscosity (oils of the types MK-22, MS-20,
and others). However, these oils are not satisfactory from the standpoint
of operation at low temperatures. Oils with a low viscosity are not resist-
ant to air shock. Making these oils more viscous by means of additives
does not increase their stability toward air shock.
Testing of synthetic oils showed that some esters of pentaerythritol
and diethylene glycol with fatty acids have the highest resistance to air
shock. Oils obtained on the basis of these products are equivalent to
highly viscous petroleum oils as far as resistance to air shock is con-
cerned. Furthermore, these synthetic oils are superior to petroleum oils
with respect to suitability for use at low temperatures.
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Thickening of pentaerythritol and diethylene glycol esters with vinipol
and particularly with polymethacrylates results in oils with advantageous
viscosity-temperature characteristics and a high stability toward air
shock.
Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels
and Reactor Construction Materials
5. The Mechanical Properties of Uranium
"Mechanical Properties of Uranium," by G. Ya. Sergeyev, V. V.
Titova, Ye, M. Savitskiy, A. A. Zhultkova, and Z. P. Nikolayeva;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58, pp 618-623
This article describes the results of mechanical testing of uranium
at room temperature and elevated temperatures. Data are given on the hard-
ness of uranium in the temperature range of 20-6000 C, the extrusion pres-
sure in the regions of the alpha and gamma phases, the mechanical proper-
ties exhibited when the metal is subjected to tension, and the impact
ductility at the temperatures corresponding to alpha, beta, and gamma
phases. It was established that the individual grains of large-grained
uranium behave anisotropically in mechanical testing. It was furthermore
established that allotropic changes and differences in the crystal struc-
ture of uranium modifications exert a pronounced effect on the mechanical
properties. The dependence of the mechanical properties on the content
of carbon in uranium was established.
6. The Heats of Formation of Uranyl Chloride and Uranium Monooxytri chloride
"Concerning the Heats of Formation of Uranyl Chloride and Uranium
Monooxytrichloride," by S. A. Shchukarev, I. V. Vasil'kova,
N. S. Martinova, and Yu. G. Mal?tsev; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 58, pp 26 7-2 50
The heat of solution of Fe Cl3 in a 2% solution of HC1 at 250 in a
dilution of 1: 1760 was determined. The heat of formation of this salt
in the same solution was 1so determined. The heats of solution of UC
,e 4) U02 C ,Q 2, and U:)C X 3 in a solution containing 0.5% of Fe C), 3
and 2% of HCA were determined.
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The standard heats of formation of uranyl chloride and uranium monooxy-
trichloride from the elements were'determined and found,to be
L H U02 C12 = - 301.9 kcal/mol ; A H U0 Cl3 - - 283?4 kcal/ mol
The thermal effect of the synthesis of uranium monooxytrichloride from
uranyl chloride and uranium tetrachloride by the reaction
1/2 UC14 -H- 1/2 Uo2 C12 - 6.9 = UoC13
7. Heats of Formation of Uranyl Bromide and Uranium Monooxytribromide
"Heats of Formation of Uranyl Bromide and Uranium Monooxytri-
bromide," by S. A. Shchkarev, I. V. Vasil?kova, and V. M. Droz-
dova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12, Dec
58, pp 2651-2653
The heats of dissolution of U02 Br2 and UO Br in a solution contain-
ing 0.5% Fe Cl and 2% HCl were determined. On tae basis of the data
that were obtained in work involving synthesis of the two cpmpounds inves-
tigated, the standard enthalpies of the formation of these compounds were
calculated.
8. Precipitation of Uranyl Ions With Lithium Ferrocyanide
"Amperometric Investigation of the Reaction of Precipitation of
Uranyl Ions With Lithium Ferrocyanide," G. A. K1eyb; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 58, pp 2621-
2629
By using the method of amperometric titration, the reaction of the
precipitation of uranyl ions with ferrocyanide ions in the presence of
lithium ions was investigated. It was found that, depending on the con-
ditions of precipitation, the normal uranyl ferrocyanide (U02)2 [Fe (CN)61
or the double salts 5 (U02)2 [ Fe (CN)6 J. Lii,. [ Fe (CN)6 I and 5 (U02)2
Fe (CN)6 J. 2 Lai,, [ Fe (CN)6 J may form. Both double salts are incon-
gruently dissolving compounds.
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9. Properties of the 8-Hydroxyquinoline Salt of Uranyl
"Investigation of the System Uranyl Nitrate - 8-Hydroxyquinoline-
Water by the Solubility Method," by A. Ye. Klygin and N. S.
Kolyada; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12,
Dec 58, pp 2767-2770
The solubilities of 8-hydroxyquinoline at 250 in the range of pH
4-11 were 9nvesbigsbed and the dissociation constants of this substance deter-
mined. The following values for the dissociation constants were found:
K1 s [H+] [HR] . 8.66 x l0"6 ; K2 [H+3 [R-] . 1.76 x 10-10
[H2R.] [HR]
The solubilities of the uranyl salt of 8-hydroxyquinoline at differ-
ent p values were determined. On the basis of the data obtained in
regar3 to these solubilities, the solubility product of the salt was cal-
culated and found to be equal. to P = [UO2?] [R-]2 [HR] = (1.9 ?~ 0.5).10-29
at 250.
8-hydroxyquinoline is a group reagent for the precipitation of a
number of metal ions. In the presence of ethylenediamineteracetic acid,
it becomes a specific reagent for the precipitation of the uranyl ion.
10. Hydrates of,Sodium Pentacarbothoreate
"On the Hydrated. Modi'ications of Sodium Pentacarbothoreate,"
by I. I. Chernyayev, V. A. Golovnya, and A. K. Molodkin; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12, Dec 58, pp 2671-
2685
The syntheses of powdered Na6Th(C03)5.12 H2O proposed by R. T. Cleve
and A. Rosenheim and his collaborators have been repeated under somewhat
different conditions. New methods for the synthesis of crystalline
Na6Th(C03)5. 20 H2O and Na6Th(C03)5. 12 H
20 were developed. A new method
for the synthesis of Na6Th(C03)5.5 H2O has been worked out. Sodium penta-
carbothoreate was characterized by preparing the barium and calcium deriva-
tives Ba3Th(C03)5. 7 H2O and Ca3Th(CO3)5. 7 H2O. By employing the method
of heating curves, the thermal stability of Na6Th(CO3)5'. 20 H2O and
Na6Th(C03)5 . 12 H2O was investigated. It was. established' that.,
above '1000 both 'hydrates are transformed into anhydrpus
Na6Th(C03)5, while above 3000 two molecules of carbon dioxide are eliminated
with the formation of Th02 and Na2CO3.
- 5 -
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The capacity for the mutual transformation of hydrates in mother
liquors according to the scheme
Na6Th(C03) 5. 12 H 20 t----- I Na6Th(C03)5 . 20 H2O
was noted. Some crystallographic properties of these two hydrates were
determined. The indices of refraction were determined and syngony of
the crystals established.
The behavior of sodium pentacarbotho^eate toward water, alkalis,
acids, some organic solvents, and salts was investigated.
It was established that the water molecules in sodium pentacarbothore-
ate are not equivalent as far as the strength of the bonds which hold
them in the complex is concerned. The last water molecule is retained
with the greatest force. It is assumed that the coordination number of
thorium in sodium pentacarbothoreate is equal to 6 and that every car-
bonate ion occupies a single coordination point. Accordingly, a new
structural formula for sodium pentacarbothoreate is proposed, viz.,
Na6[Th(C03)5. H2o] (n-1) H20.
11. The Reddening of Rocks Containing Radioactive Minerals
"The Origin of the Reddening of Rocks Which Contain Hydrothermal
Uranium Deposits" by E. N. Baranov; Moscow, Atomnayaa Energy ,
Vol 5. No 6, Dec 58, pp 662-663
On the basis of the author's own investigation and of data published
in the literature, the radiation-chemical reactions which lead to the
reddening (because of the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron) of
rocks containing or surrounding deposits of radioactive minerals are
discussed with reference to the fact that this reddening is one of the
most commonly used indications in prospecting for uranium and thorium.
12. The Uranoscope
"The Uranoscope, a New Device To Be Used in Prospecting for Ores
of Radioactive Elements," by M: K.; Moscow, Atomnaya Energi ,
Vol 5, No . :6; - Dec 58! pp 667
On the basis of paper No 1358 presented by K. Takahashi, N. Katayama,
and Motc-o Sato (Japan) at the Second International Conference on Peaceful
Uses of Nuclear Energy, Geneva, 1958, the uranoscope, a new device designed
by the authors of this paper, is described. It is pointed out that the
uranoscope not only records the intensity of radiation but also indicates
the location of the source of radiation, working on the radar principle.
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13. Methods for the Production of Beryllium
"Beryllium," by G. A. Meyerson, G. D. Sokolov, N. F. Mironov,
N. M. Bogorad, Ya. D. Pakhomov, D. S. L'vovskiy, Ye. S. Ivanov,
and V. M. Shmelev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec
58, pp 621.-63o
The properties of beryllium metal and the principal methods of produc-
ing it are discussed on the basis of results obtained in research done
by USSR investigators. The magnesium-thermic reduction of fluoride, the
electrolytic production of beryllium, and refining of beryllium by dis-
tillation in vacuum are compared.
? Different powder metallurgy procedures for the production of parts
from beryllium, the technology of melting in induction vacuum furnaces
followed by centrifugal casting, investigations on the extrusion of shapes
from beryllium, and the structure and properties of compact beryllium are
discussed. It was established that samples of pure beryllium obtained by
extrusion from hot-pressed batches produced by the vacuum method have a
tensile strength of about 20 kilograms per square millimeter at 4+25?C
and exhibit a high ductility, showing an elongation above 20%.
It is concluded that the method of vacuum melting followed by cen-
trifugal casting will find application in cases when parts of large dimen-
sions are to be produced,-which cannot be readily made by the powder
metallurgy method. When the vacuum method has been perfected, it will
presumably be applied extensively in the extrusion of beryllium shapes.
14. Separation of Niobium and Tantalum by the Distillation of Their
Pentachlorides
"Separation and Purification of Tantalum and Niobium by the
Distillation of Their Pentachlorides; Part 2," by L. A. Nisel
son; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12, Dec
58, pp 2603-2917
The volatile compounds of tantalum and niobium are considered from
the st~aitdpoint of their application for the separation and purification
of these elements by i'dittillation. Results are reported of a theoretical
calculation of the process of distillation of the pentachlorides of tanta-
lum and niobium.
::t has been demonstrated that the chlorides subjected to distilla-
tion must not contain any oxygen compounds. It was found that this condi-
tion can be fulfilled by supplementary chlorination of the initial chlo-
rides with carbon tetrachloride or thionyl chloride under pressure.
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Results are reported that were obtained by distilling mixtures of
chlorides containing different proportions of tantalum, niobium, and?
admixtures accompanying these elements. Experiments conducted on a sieve
plate column with 25 real plates (17-18 theoretical plates) confirm the
correctness of the calculations that have been carried out and the assump-
tion that had been made in regard to the high efficiency of the separa---
tion and purification of tantalum and niobium by the distillation of their
pentachlorides. The boiling points of the pentachlorides of tantalum and
niobium at atmospheric pressure have been determined. They were found to
be 231+.0 ? 0.25? for tantalum pentachloride and 218.3 ? 0.250 for niobium
pentachloride.
[For additional information on nuclear fluels and reactor construction
materials, see Item No 204]
Industrial Chemistry
15. Significance of Current Work on Organoelemental Polymers
"Organoelemental Polymers," by K. A. Andrianov; Moscow,' Uspekhj
Khimii, Vol 27, No 11, Nov 58, pp 1257-1303
This article, which reviews in detail work on polyorganosiloxanes;,
organosiloxane- carbon polymers, polyakylsiloxaneamines, polyalkylsilothi-
anes, polyorganometalsiloxanes containing aluminum, polyorganosiloxanes
containing boron (including a discussion of organic compounds of boron
in general), polyorganotitanosiloxanes, polyorganosiloxanes containing
tin and lead, polyorganosiloxanes containing antimony, polyorganosiloxanes
containing germanium (including a discussion of germanium-organic compounds
C PYRG HT in general), and ferrocenes is prefaced by the following comment:
"Currently a great interest. is being evinced toward organoelemental
polymers in connection with increased requirements put to high-molecular
compounds on the part of various branches of the national economy and
particularly on the part of machine building, the construction of instru-
ments, aviation, rocket technology, and some other fields. Stringent
requirements must be fulfilled as far as the thermal stability of polymers
is concerned. These requirements are imposed by trends in the development.
of the fields of technology mentioned above. Let us take--'power engineer-
ing as an example. The expansion in the application of power-generating
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equipment and the increased range of applications in this field necessitate
production of electrical equipment on a large scale and, in connection with
this, the use of large quantities of materials such as copper and magnetic
materials.
"In addition to this, the development of aviation, rocket technology,
electrification of work done underground, and electrification of the navy
demand reduction of the weight and dimensions of electrical equipment. All
t.lis makes it necessary for designers to develop machines, equipment, and
other electrical engineering devices in which a great amount of power is
concentrated while the weight and dimensions are kept small. To solve the
problems involved, the designer must increase the current density. This
leads to sharp increases in the temperature at which the machines or
equipment must operate. One must take into consideration in connection
with this that polymers are an important material in the construction of
machines, equipment, and, generally speaking, all devices used in con-
nection with the generation of power. Polymers used as dielectrics are
the first materials to be exposed to the action of heat evolved by parts
of electric equipment which conduct current.
"The use of nuclear energy in power engineering increases to a still
greater extent the range of utilization of electric power, while the specific
conditions encountered in nuclear power engineering in a number of cases
will put increased demands as far as temperatures are concerned which must
be withstood by dielectrics. At present the construction'of electrical
machines and equipment necessitates prolonged exposure of polymers to
temperatures of 180? or 200? and exposure for short periods to temperatures
of 2500, 300?, 350?, and higher.
"Let us take another example, this time from modern aviation. The
velocities at which aircraft are operated increase at a very rapid rate.
The speeds at which rapid aircraft land at present result in heating of
the tires of landing wheels up to temperatures of 3200. Furthermore,
the important problem arises of protecting interplanetary vehicles from
the heat which develops on their surface when they pass through the
atmosphere at high velocities. In this particular case, heat-resistant
polymers must aid in the solution of the problem of interplanetary travel
which is placed before science and technology.
"It is known that at velocities of 2,000-3,000 kilometers per hour the
temperature of the surface of airfoils may increase up to 3000 or higher.
This necessitates the application of thermal insulation to assure that the
desired temperature is maintained inside the craft or missile.
"Present-day technological methods for the production of articles
from metals, for instance, by investment precision casting, involve the
application of polymers which must withstand contact with the molten
metal. The shaping of metals, including nonferrous metals, also requires
the use of polymers as lubricants which must withstand the action of high
temperatures.
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"The stringent requirements which are put to polymers as far as heat
resistance is concerned naturally do not preclude the requirement to the
effect that the material must operate satisfactorily at low temperatures
down to minus 4O0 or minus 600. The necessity therefore arises for synthe-
sizing polymers the operational characteristics of which are satisfactory
within an extensive range of temperatures. These polymers, in addition
to being heat-resistant, must also exhibit sufficient elasticity, good
mechanical characteristics, resistance to moisture, etc. From this stand-
point, the synthesis and investigation of the properties of organoelemental
compounds acquire great importance, particularly in view of the fact that
the first representatives of organoelemental polymers, viz., polyorgan-
osiloxane's, were found to exhibit satisfactory characteristics in this
respect. Polyorganosiloxanes have a high heat resistance and are not
affected to a significant extent by exposure to low temperatures."
16. Trends in the USSR Synthetic Rubber Industry
"Principal Directions in the Development of the Synthetic Rubber
Industry During 1959-1965," ';~y K. A. Yakovlev; Moscow, Kauchuk
i Rezina, Vol 17, No 10, Oct 58, pp 1-5
An increase of the production of synthetic rubber by a factor of 3.4
is foreseen. The industrial production of synthetic rubber will no longer
be based on the conversion of ethyl alcohol derived from natural products
that can be used as foodstuffs. Plants have been built at which synthetic
ethyl alcohol is produced from by-product gases of petroleum conversion
plants. Toward 1966, the capacity of plants producing synthetic ethyl
alcohol will bu 2.1 times larger than in 1958. Production of ethyl alcohol
from wood and sulfite liquor has also been organized. Production of
synthetic rubber from synthetic andhydrolysis alcohol has made it pos-
sible not only to save raw materials which can be used as food, but also
to reduce the cost of the alcohol.
At present considerable supplies of n-butane have become available,
which can be used as raw material fox, the production of synthetic rubber.
This butane will be converted into butadiene and the latter used as raw
material for copolymerized oil extended synthetic rubber produced mainly
by low-temperature polymerization (type'SKMS-30 AM) and also of copolymer
lattices.
Production of butadiene from butane is more advantageous than its
production from ethyl alcohol.
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Only sodium-polymerized butadiene rubber,, butadiene-styrene rubber,
and methyl-styrene rubber are being produced from blitad.iene at present.
These elastomers cannot satisfy the constantly incrnaa,sing requirements
of the industry with regard to the useful life of tires, stability of
the rubber at high temperatures, impermeability to air, stability to
gasoline and oil,, etc. The tire industry requires synthetic elastomers
which are superior to natural rubber, or at least equal to it in quality.
A large number of investigators at the All-Union Scientific Research In-
stitute of Synthetic Rubber (VNISBK), the State Institute for the Design
and Planning of Rubber Industry Plants (xiprokauchuk), synthetic rubber
plants, and the Scientific Research Institute of the Tire Industry (NIIShP)
are engaged in work on the solution of problems pertaining hereto. The
investigators working in this field envisage the use of raw materials of
the natural gas and petroleum industries as crude material for the rubber
industry. Advances achieved in the field of the synthesis of monomers
and intermediate products for the production of polymers will make it
possible to produce under the Seven-Year Plan new types of synthetic rub-
bers for general and special applications.
To obtain the isoprene necessary for the production of isoprene rub-
ber,., which will be a complete substitute for natural rubber and will even
be superior to the latter in some respects, one can start with isobutylene
and formaldehyde; dehydrogenate isopentane-isopentene; or synthesize iso-
prene from acetone and acetylene. It is planned to produce isoprene rubber
in 1959-65 mainly on the basis of isoprene obtained by the dehydrogenation
of isopentane. In comparing isoprene rubber (SKI) with copolymer rubbers,
one must take into consideration the qualitative superiority of isoprene
rubber and the greater length of service given by rubber articles made of
it. Experimental data show that the useful life of tires made of isoprene
rubber is greater by 30% than that of tires made of the synthetic elastomers
used at present. Although the production of tires from polyisoprene rub-
ber (even when the isoprene is produced from isobutane and formaldehyde)
requires a somewhat greater capital investment, this increased investment
will pay for itself within a very short period of time (approximately 3
years).
The advantageous characteristics of butyl rubber, particularly its
impermeability to gas, should be utilized by making this rubber available
in sufficient quantities. Butyl rubber is produced by polymerizing
isobutylene together with 2-3% of isoprene. The Seven-Year Plan provides
for a development of the production of butyl rubber with the view of
fully, satisfying the demand for this elastomer on the part of the national
economy.
The availability of extensive supplies of cheap isobutane and the
development of a process for the dehydrogenation of isobutane to iso-
butylene make it possible to produce at a low cost butyl rubber with
good technical characteristics.
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It is more advantageous to produce isobutylene by the dehydrogenation
of isobutane than by the dehydration of isobutyl alcohol, even when the
isobutyl alcohol is produced by an oxo synthesis starting with propylene,
carbon monoxide, and hydrogen.
Articles made of chloroprene rubber are distinguished by a high
stability tc organic solvents and oil, stability to ozone., incombustibility,
stability to the effects c?? weather and light, resistance to the action of
acids and alkalis, impermeability to gas, and advantageous physical and
mechanical characteristics. This type of rubber is used extensively. The
use of chloroprene latex also increases. Under the circumstances further
expansion of the production of chloroprene polymers in necessary. The
project of the Seven-Year Plan provides for further inprovemezxt of the
characteristics of chloroprene rubber and chloroprene latex by producing
copolymers of chloroprene with styrene, isoprene, and acrylonitrile and
application of low temperature polymerization. At the same time, radical
changes are planned in the production of acetylene, which is the principal
starting material for the synthesis of chloroprene. At present, acetylene
that is used for chemical synthesis is produced from calcium carbide.
Introduction of more advantageous methods for the production of acetylene
is planned. These methods comprise oxidative high-temperature pyrolysis
of methane and electric cracking of gaseous hydrocarbons. Application of
these methods will make it possible to lower the cost of acetylene by a
factor of 1.5 and to reduce the capital investment which is necessary.
The cost of chloroprene rubber will be lower by 15% than that of
copolymerized oil-extended rubber of the type SKMS-30 AM. Furthermore,
the lower cost of acetylene will reduce the cost of intermediate products
such as the acrylonitrile used for the production of nitrile rubbers.
In addition to a sizable increase in the industrial capacity for the
production of elastomers for general applications, the production of dif-.
ferent types of synthetic rubber for special applications will be organized.
Various branches of the national economy require elastomers which will stand
higher temperatures (up to 500?), and exhibit a high stability to chemically
aggressive agents, a high resistance to wear, and other advantageous char-
acteristics.
The project of the Seven-Year Plan provides for the production of the
following elastomers for special applications:
1. Nitrile rubbers which exhibit a high resistance to gasoline and
oil and a relatively high stability at low temperatures.
2. Silicone rubber, which preserves its electrical and dielectrical
characteristics within a wide range of temperatures. Silicon elastomers
can be used from minus 60? to plus 2500.
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3. Butadiene.methylvinylpyridine rubber, which exhibits a high stability
to gasoline and oil, a high thermal stability, and a high resistance to wear.
Articles made of this type of rubber can be used at temperatures up to 180-
2000.
4. Butylacryl rubber to be used as material for rubber articles resist-
ant to gasoline, oil, and ether. Rubber of this type can be used at tempera-
tures up to 180-200?.
5. Polyester urathane elastomers which exhibit an exceptionally high
resistance to abrasion. These elastomers are to be used for the production
of articles and parts that must have an exceptionally high abrasion resist
ance. Polyester urethanes are promising not only as elastomers for special
applications, but also as a mass-produced rubber for general purposes.
6. Butadiene methylvinylpyridine latex to be used for the impregnation
of tire cords. Use of this latex increases the adhesion between the cord
and the rubber used as material for the tires.
7. Lattices SKS-50 and SKS-65 to be used for the production of foam
rubber and water-soluble paints.
The production of the sodium-polymerized butadiene rubber SKB will be
curta9led sharply, because this type of rubber is greatly inferior to but-
adiene-styrene and isoprene elastomers. Some of the synthetic rubber plants
now in operation (the Yaroslavl' and Voronezh plants) will produce only
copolymer rubber in the future. The quality of the copolymer rubbers will be
improved and their variety increased (oil-extended, carboxyl, and carbon-
black-filled elastomers will be produced; a more advantageous emulsifier,
i.e., wood rosin, will be used; etc.). Similar measures will be taken as
far as production of lattices is concerned.
Extensive utilization of petroleum gas and natural gas as initial crude
materials for the production of synthetic rubber will make it possible to
improve the technical and economic indices of this production and reduce the
capital investment, while at the same time the variety of products of this
type will be increased and their quality improved.
17. Vulcanization of Rubber By Radiation
"Vulcanization Under the Action of Nuclear Radiation," by Z. N.
Tarasova, M. Ya. Kaplunov, B. A. Dogadkin, V. L. Karpov, and
A. Kh. Breger, Scientific Research Institute of the Tire In-
dustry; Moscow, Kauchuk i Rezina, Vol IT., No 5, May 58, pp 14-21
The structure and properties of radiation vulcanizates of the rubbers
SKB, NK, SKS-30 A, SKS-30 AM, SKI, and mixtures of NK with SKS-30 AM con-
taining fillers were investigated. The 7culcanized products were obtained
by irradiate n withatotal dose of 107-10 roentgens in a nuclear reactor
or with a Co?0 source of gamma radiation. It was found that the density
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of the vulcanization network formed as a result of irradiation is deter-
mined by the dose of absorbed energy, the type and composition of the
rubber, the content of fillers in the mixture, the content of softeners
and antioxidants, the conditions under which irradiation has been carried
out (viz., the medium and temperature), and some other conditions.
It was found that radiation v-ulcanizates exhibit a thermomechanical
stability superior to vulcanizates containing thiuram. In radiation
vulcanizates, the relative velocity of strain relaxation depends on the
density of the vulcanization network. The relaxation curves are linear.
These findings testify to the formation of carbon-carbon cross links.
Active carbon black reduces the velocity of chemical relaxation in
radiation vulcanizates. During the irradiation of purified rubbers an
intensive process of oxidation takes place; as a result, there is a com-
plete loss of unsaturation when the dose of radiation amounts to 60
niegaroentgens. In technical rubbers an insignificant degree of formation
of oxygen-containing groups is observed. At doses of 60 megaroentgens the
content of 1-4 double bonds in technical rubber is reduced by 30%. The
conditions under which heavy multilayer samples can be obtained by radiation
vulcanization were investigated. It was established that it is possible
to produce a homogeneous vulcanization network independently of the thick-
ness of the sample within the limits from 0.1 to 40 millimeters. The con-
ditions under which molding is carried out were found to be important for
the production of homogeneous samples.
The physicomechanical and technical properties of rubbers obtained
by radiation vulcanization were investigated. It was found that radiation
vulcanizates have a superior resist& ce to thereto-oxidative aging as com-
pared with the best sulfur vulcanizates and that they exhibit a small
residual deformation, a low hysteresis, a high resistance to multiple
deformations, and a high resistance to heat.
The tensile strength of radiation vulcanizates obtained by apply-
ing the right dose of radiation is equal to the tensile strength of the
best sulfur vulcanizates.
Vulcanization of tire casings by irradiation has been carried out on
an experJmental basis. Cobalt-60 was used as a source of gamma radiation
and a dose of 50 megaroentgens was applied.
The effect on tire cords of irradiation in a nuclear reactor was in-
vestigated; it was found that..terylene [dacron] cord is the most resistant.
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18. Chinese Presents Procedure for Synthesis of Silicone Rubber
"Preparation of Silicone Rubber," by Chiang Ying-yen (yam
;), Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Peiping,
Kao-fen-tzu T'un -hsun (Reports on Macromolecules), Vol 2,
No , 195b) pp 2!.8_21l9
This article discusses the preparation of silicone rubber by the direct
process, using dimethyl dichlorosilane as the starting material, silica as
the filler, and benzoyl peroxide as vulcanizing agent. Introductory remarks
note that silicone rubber is resistant to temperatures ranging between 250
and minus 80 degrees centigrade and has a tensile strength of at least
50-60 kilograms per cubic centimeter.
[SIR Note: The author gives no bibliography or other source of informa-
tion, nor does he state that silicone rubber is produced anywhere in China.
The cumulative subject index for Volumes 1 and 2 of this journal lists this
article under "research reports." Other articles of interest indexed as
research reports, which do not necessarily have a bearing on silicone rubber;
include the following: "Preparation of Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid Cation
Exchange Resins," by Chu Hsiu-ch'ang and Ts'ao Chia-then, Vol 1, p 51;
"Preparation of Isopropyl Benzyl Hydroperoxide," by Yang Jen-chung, Vol 1,
p 119; and "Preparation of Isopropyl Benzyl Hydroperoxide," by Kao Pao-
yuan and Cheng P ing, Vol 1, p 173J
Isotopes
19. The Electromagnetic Separation of Platinum Isotopes
"Electromagnetic Separation of Platinum Isotopes," by V. M. Gusev;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58, pp 641-642
A method is described whereby the stable isotopes of platinum are
separated and enriched electromagnetically after the platinum has been
ionized in a gas discharge changer. The degrees of enrichment are compared
with those obtained at the Oak Ridge laboratory with the use of the electro-
magnetic separator there. It is pointed out that the electromagnetic method
of separation must be applied for the separation of platinum isotopes and
isotopes of other elements of the platinum group because all known com-
pounds of these elements are unstable.
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Organic Chemistry
20. Organ hosphorus Research
"Addition of Complete Esters of Phosphorous and Phosphinous Acids
to Conjugated Systems. ITI. Interactions of Trialkylphosphites
With Ci:iiriamic, Maleic and Pyruvie Acids," by Gil'm Kamay and V. A.
Kukhtin, Tr. Kazansk. Khim-Tekhnol. In-ta (Works of the Kazan'
Chemicotechnological Institute), 1957, No 23, 133-137 (from Refer-
ativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimi? a No 19, 10 Oct 58, Abstract No 64551
CPYRGHty B. Gilyarov)
"As a continuation of the study of the reactions of (RO)3P (1) with
unsaturated acids (Cf. Report II, RThXhiia, 1958, 46845) it was established
that (1) reacts with C6H5CH-CHCOOH and malefic acid to form correspondingly
(RO)2P(O)CH(C6H5)CH2COOR (2) and .(RO)2P(O)CH(COOH)CH2COOR (3). .02H50)3P
(la) and CH3COCOOH react violently to form (C2H50)3P0. (la) and CH3COOCH=
CH2(after 20 hours at 100-120?) do not react. The data for compound (2)
are given in the order: R, yield in %, boiling point in ?C/mm, n20D and
dI4.20: C2H5, 50.5, 189-190/7, 1.4906 and 1.1199; C3H7, 51, 196-197/1+,
1.1+868, 1.0819; CI4H9, 37.1, 208-209/2, 1.4856 and 1.0682; and also for
compound (III) : C2H5, 17.5, 143-146/0.5, 1.1+390 and 1.11+46; C3H7, 19.2
157-158/1, 1.4348 and 1.01+25. "
"The Action of Carbon Tetrabromide on Acid and Neutral Esters
of Phosphoric Acid," by Gil'm Kamay and F. M. Kharrasova, Tr.
Kazansk. Kh3m. -Tekhnol. In-ta (Works of the Kazan' Chemicotech-
nological Institute), 1957 No 23, 127-132 (from Referati.vn
2aurnal -- Khimi a No 20, 25 Oct 58, Abstract 675 9 by V. Gil-
yarov)
On reacting (RO) 2P(O)H (R = C11-4 cm, C2H5) with CBr4 in ether at a tempera-
ture of -20?, CHBr3 can be separated. (C2H50)3P and 014H90)3P react violently
with CBr4; only C2H5Br and C4H9Br are separated. From (C6H50)2PC1 or C6H50PCl2
with ROH in the presence of C5H5N in ether the following esters are obtained
(enumerated are the yield in %, boiling point in ?C/mm, n20D, and d420):
C6H50P(OCH3)2(I) 36.6, 86/12, 1.4940, 1.12148; 06H502P0CH3'(14, 47, 169.5-
170.5/11, 1.5568, 1.1643; (C6H50)2POC2H5 (III), 66.5, 169.5-170/12, 1.5483.,
1.1342; (C6H50)2POCH2C6H5 (IV), 61.5, 197.5-198/14, 1,5836, 1.1674. When
15.5 grams of (C6H50)3P and 15.6 grams of CBr4 are heated (100-120?C, 6 hours
in an atmosphere of C02), (C6H50)2P(O)Br (V) is obtained; yield 42.5%, boil-
ing point 198-200?/3mm,, melting point 46-47?. With 7.25 grams of (I) and
12.9 grams of CBr4 in ether CH3Br and CHBr3A0are obtained yield 79.4%, and
unpurified (CH30)C6H5OP(O)Br, yield 8.6%o, n D 1.5050, d00 1.2162. (II)-
(IV) with CBr4 form RBr and (V).
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"On Esters of Propylenel Glycol Phosphorous Acid and Their Con-
versions,," A. Ye. Arbuzov and N. A. Razumova, Kazan''Chem-
icotechnological Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 9, Sep 58,
This article reports the rests of the study of the interactions be-
tween cyclic esters of pro ylenel glycol phosphorous acid and alkyl halides
(the Arbuzov Rearrangement . As a result of this interaction two types of
compounds are formed:
1. cyclic.propylenel glycol esters of alkylphosphinic acid;
2. open-chain halide esters of alkylphosphonic acid.
As a result of the study of the rearrangement process) a mechanism
of this rearrangement was proposed which can be represented by the follow-
ing equations :
CH3-- CH - 0 CH3 - CH - 0 / OR
0 POR ?+ R"H aE . --> :I ~ P-R - H a-e. -->
CH2? CH2- We,
-- CH - 0,, / R CH3 --CH - 0 ,P . R'+ R H al-
P .
CH2 ,Hat 0 OR CH2_ 0 0
It was established that the process can terminate at the stage of the
formation of the halide esters of alkylphosphinic acids depending chiefly
on the temperature at which the reaction is carried out.
It is possible that the rearrangement of the alkyl-cyclic esters in
some cases proceeds in two parallel ways. The first, according to the
scheme assumed for the trialkyl esters of phosphorous acid; and the second,
with an intermediate stage of opening of the ring.
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"Synthesis and Investigation of the Complex-Forming Capacity of
Several Organophosphorus Compoundds," by M. I. Kabachnik, T. Ya.
Medved', G. K. ICozlova, V. S. Balabukha, M. , M. Senyavin, and L. I.
Tikhonova, Institute of Organoelemental Compounds, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, !zvesti Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Otdeleni ee
Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 9, Sep 58P pp 1070-75
The authors investigated the complex-forming capacities of several
alpha-aminoalkylphosphinic acids and derivatives of these acids prepared
by them earlier. They also specially synthesized and investigated several
ethylenediaminobisphosphinic acids. The latter were obtained by reacting
aldehydes or ketones with ethylenediamine and dialkylphosphites:
R
0
R )CO+U2NCE2CHN1J2+(R'O)2 P -H -)
R R
I
(R'0)2 F - C - HNCH2-CH2NH-C --P (OR' )2+2Ii20
11 1 1 II
0 R R 0
The esters of ethylendiaminobisphosphinic acid formediu this.marrer. were sapon-
ified by the action of hydrochloric acid to the corresponding free acids.
Acetone, methylethylketone, propionic aldehyde, and benzaldehyde were used
as the carbonyl component. The esters of ethylendiaminobisphosphinic acid
were characterized in the form of their picrates. Only the methyl ester
of ethylendiaminobisisopropylphosphinic acid was isolated in the free
state. The free acids occurred as achromatic, crystalline, high-melting-
point substances, insoluble in organic solvents and readily soluble in
weak acids and alkalis.
The complex-forming capacity of aminoalkylphosphinic acids was checked
by the chromatographic method described in work of Senyavin and Tikhonova
(M. M. Senyavin and L. I. Tikhonovap Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 1,
No 12, 1956, p 2772). The activity of the complex-forming agent was char-
acterized by the total volume of the filtrate (VrmX ), flowing out of a
cationite column with the ions of the element-adsorbed on it, from the
beginning of the washing up to attainment of the maximum concentration of
the element being washed out in the filtrate. The value of Vmax under
otherwise equal conditions) depends on the degree of stability of the
complex-forming compound, and is lower when the latter is higher. For
this experiment, ions of the rare-earth elemeits ytterbium and yttrium
were used containing the isotopes Yb175 and 191.
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The data obtained show that some ethylenediaminobisphosphinic acids,
namely, ethylenediaminobisisopropylphosphinic acid, ethylenediaminobispro-
pylphosphinic acid, and ethylenediaminobisbenzylphosphinic acid, form
stable complex compounds with ytterbium and yttrium.Several aminoal.kyl-
phosphinic acids, including alpha??aminoisopropylphosphinic acid, hydr-
oxybenzylphosphinic acid, N-dimethylaminoisopropylphosphinic acid, and
a7.pha-aminoisobutylphosphinic acid, form less stable complex compounds
with ions of these elements.
21. Reactions of Trialky]phosphites
"On the Reaction of Trialkylphosphites With Nitrosyl and Nitryl
Chloride," by B. A. Arbuzov and E. N. Ukhvatova, Scientific Re-
search Chemical Institute imeni A. M. Butlerov of Kazan' State
University imeni V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin; Moscow, Izvestiya Akad-
emii Nauk. SSSR Otdelen a I4litnicheskikh Nauk No 11, Novi,
pp 1395-1396
As a result of the investigation it was concluded that:
1. Oxidation to trialkylphosphates is brought about by the action of
nitrosyl chloride or nitryl chloride on trialkylphosphites.
2. In the case of triethylphosphite, a small amount of tetraethyl-
pyrophosphate could also be isolated.
"Tables of Results of the Initial Investigation of New Insect-
icides, Fungicides, and Bactericidal Compounds" (unsigned art-
icle), Organ. Insektofun itsi i Gerbitsi (Organic Insecto-
fungicides and Herbicides), 195 8., 316 - 360 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Khimi No 24, 25 Dec 58, Abstract No 82 605., by I.
CPYRGHT Mi1'shteyn
"The results of the investigation of compounds synthesized by various
scientific research organizations are presented. Of the compounds investi-
gated for contact insecticidal properties against Calandra granaria, the
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CPYRGHT
most active were FC6H4SCC13-p, (C2H50)2PONHCSNHC6H5, C1C6H4SCC13-p,
C6H5SO2NHPOFOH, m-NO2C6H4SO2NHPOFOH, and p-C1C6H4S02NHPOOKF. Of the com-
pounds investigated as systemic insecticides, the most active were (CH30)2-
PSNHNH2, (CH30)2PSN(C2HZFOH)2, (iso-C H 0)2PSN(C H40H)2, (iso-C33H~77O) PSNC -
115C2H5, (CH30)2SPSCH2NHCOOC2H5, H35 [~T(CH3)2]2-6
PSOPO[N(CH3)2]2, (C2H50)20PNCH3P/~(0C2H5)2, (CH 0)P(0)[0PS(OC2H5)2]2,
[(CH3)2N](C2H50)POOPS(OC2H5)2, [(CH3)2N] PoOSPJOC2H5)26 (C211 50)2SPOSP-
(0C2H5)[N(CH3)2], (C2H50)SP[N(C2H5)21(OCH ), technical [(CH3)2N]2P00SP-
(0C3H7-iso), (c2H5)2PSSCH(CH3)SC2H5, and.I(C2H5)2N]2PSOSP(OC2H5)2. As
fungicides against Fusicladium dendriticum Fuck., the most active were
CCl2-C(CH3)-N-1\I-C(=0), NH2NHC(=S)SHNHNH2, (CH3)2NN.-HC(=S)SH?NH2N(CH3)2i
(NH2NHOSO2O)2Cu, NH2NHC S)NH2, (NH2NHSCS)2Zn, 1,6-dinitro-beta-naphthol,
2-nitroso- and 4-nitroso-alpha-naphthol, 1-nitroso-beta-naphthol, its Cu
salt, (p-Br.CoeH4O)2PONHCO00H3, (p-BrC6H4O)2PONHCOOC4H9, (C21150)2PONNaCSOCH3,
V
(C2H50)2P0NNaCSOC2H51 ('so-.C3H7o)2PONNaCSOC2H5, (iso-C3H7O)2PONNaCSOC3H7-
iso(C6H502PSNCS, ~1.7H35CNCH2CH2NHCH2COOH, CH2C(=o)N(SCC13)C(=O)CH2C13-
CSCS2NHC2H4NHrS2SCCl3, 1-nitroso-3-bromo-beta-naphthol, C6H5CH2CS2NHCH2-
CH2NHCS:,CH2C6H5, monooximes _f chloro- and methylquinone, and C13COC6H4CN-p,
C13COCEH4C1-p. The following were active against Pseudomonas malvacearum
E. Smith: 2,4,5-trichlorophenol., 4-nitro-alpha-naphthol, the Cu and Zn
salts of l-nitroso-beta-naphthol, dinitrothioeyanoanabenzene,asri the Mn,
Zn, Na and Fe salts of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamic acid."
23. New Systemic Insecticides
"Amides and Hydrazides of Thiophosphoric Acid as Systemic Insect-
icides," by A. G. Zen'kevich, N. N. Mel'nikov, Ye. A. Pokrovskiy,
and A. S. Sedykh, Organ. Insektofun itsi i Gerbitsidy (Organic
Insectofungicides and Herbicides), 1958, 51 - 60 from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Khimiyaj, No 24, 25-Dee 58, Abstract No 82787, by I.
CPYRGHTil'shteyn
"In addition to the compounds described earlier (RZhKH, 1956) 3953),
a number of acetamides of dialkoxythiophosphoric acid with the general
formula (RO)2PSNHCOCH3 (I) and bis-[dialkyl)-aminothiophosphate]- methanes
with the general formula [(RO)2PSNH]2CH2 (II) have been synthesized. To
a suspension of NaNH2 in boiling C6H6, a hot benzene solution of acetamide
is added, the precipitate is separated, dried, treated with a solution of
dialkylchlorothiophosphate, toluene or xylene is added, the mixture heated
on a water bath, the NaCl precipitate separated, the filtrate washed with
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CPYRGHT
water, dried and distilled. I was obtained with the following R, boil-
ing point in oC/mm, 8200, d42 : C3H7, 90-95/0-131 1.4679; C4H9, 130/1-2,
1.4684., 1.0128. To the amide of dialkyichlorothiophosphate, a 40%solu-
tion of Ch 330 was added, the mixture agitated for 7 days, the product ex-
tracted with ether and then d,iatilled. (21) was obtained with the follow-
Ing characteristics: C2H5, -, _; C3H7, 110-120/0.05, 1.5021, 1.1143; C4H9,-
140-156/o.o7, 1.4810, 1.0629. All the amides and hydrizidee of thiophos-
phoric acid as well as (I) and (II) were investigated for systemic insect-
icidal properties. The following possess intraplant activity: (CH30)2-
PSNH2 (III), (C2H5o)2PSNH, (C3H70)2PSNH2, (iso-C3H70)2PSNH2, (CH30)2PSN-
(CH )2, and (CH30)2PSN(C2H5)2. The most effective is (III) which has an
activity approaching that bf octamethyl.
24. Contact and Intraplant Insecticides
"Contact and Intraplant Insecticides of the Systox Group of
Compounds," by P. V. Popov, L. P. Bocharova, N. S. Ukrainets,
and A. S. Sedykh, Oran. Insektofun itsi i Gerbitsi Or-
ganic Insectofungicides and Herbicides)., 195b,, 13 -. 25; from
Referativn Zhurnal -- Khim a, No 24, 25 Dec 58, Abstract No
CPYRGHT MM 7b, by I. Mil'shteyn
"The contact toxicity of the following 18 organophosphorus compounds
against Calandra oryzae L. was investigated: the thiol isomer of systox
I), the thione isomer of systox (II), the thione isomer of methylsytox
III),- the thione isomer of methylethylsystox (IV), (C2H5O)2PSOC2H40C2H5,
(C2H50)2PSSCH2OC2H5, (C2H50)2PSSCH2OC3H7-iso, (C2H50)2PSSC2H4OC2H5, (CH3o)-
(iso-C3H70)PSOC2H4SC2H5, (CH 3O)(C4H9O)PSOC2H4SC2H5, (CH30)(iso-C5H110)-
PSOC2H SC2H5, M 74, (RO)2PSSC2H4SC(?NH)NH2(R-CH3, C2H5, C4H9), (C2H50)2-
PSSC('=NH)NH2, (C2H O)2PS0-C=CH-C(CH3)=N-C(--S)-NH, and DDTP. In addition,
the activity of (I)-(IV) against Aphis fabae Scop., Megalosiphum picridis
L., and Metatetranychus citri McG. was also studied. (I) possesses the
most active contact toxicity properties followed by technical mercaptophos
(IV), (II), (IZI).and (IV). The intraplant activities of (I), metasystox,
(V), octamethyl (VI), acetylcarbamide (VII) were investigated 'using
Epitetranychus urticae Koch. on grapes and cumcumbers, and M. ulni Koch.,
on apple treeso The intraplant action of (II) and (TV) against red citrus
mites was investigated using trifoliates. With a concentration of 0.015-
0.03%, (I) and (II) have a persistance of 20-36 days. (VII) is a good
intraplant insecticide, but a more detailed study of its activity is re-
quired. With a concentration of 33%, (I), (II), (IV), and (V) do not
burn plant leaves.
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25. Insecticidal Activity of Certain Organophosphorus Compounds
"The Insecticidal Activity of Certain Mixed Esters of Phosphoric
and Thiophosphoric Acid," by P. V. Popov and N. S. Ukrainets,
Orga1'.. Insektofun itsid i Gerbitsid (Organic Insectofungicides
and Herbicides),, 195b,, 122 - 127; from fl ferati n Zhurnal --
CPYRGHe'm'Ya, No 2.4, 25 Dec 58, Abstract No 82795, by I Mil'shteyn
"The results of determining the insecticidal activity of 45 esters of
phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids toward Calandra granaria are presented.
Some of the esters investigated were: trimethyl-, triethyl-, triisopropyl-,
tris-(beta-ethoxyethyl)-, beta- ethoxyethyldiethylthiophosphate, diethyl-4-
ni trophenylphosphate (I); dimethyl-3-methoxy-, dimethyl-3-ethoxy-,.dimethyl-
3.propoxy-, dimethyl-3-is oamylokythiophosphate, dimethyl and diethylamides
of dimethyl- and diethylthiophosphoric acid, octamethyl, diethyl-4-chloro-,
diethyl-2, 14. dichlorophenyl-phosphate, diethyl-4-chloro-, diethyl-2,4-chlor-
ophenylthiophosphate, and others. The most toxic compounds have one phen-
ylic radical; an NO2 group in the para position increases the insecticidal
properties; changing the NO2 to a Cl in the phenyl nucleus decreases toxi-
city; the introduction of a second Cl atom on the 2 position lovers act-
ivity still further; 1,4-dihydroxyphenyl-bis-(dialkylphosphates) and -thio-
phosphates are more active than the corresponding 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl com-
pounds. Of all the compounds, only (I) approaches the toxicity of thiophos.
However, it is highly toxic to warm-blooded animals."
26. Organophosphorus Compounds Containing Heterocyclic Radicals
"Esters of Phosphoric and Thiophosphoric Acids Containing Hetero-
cyclic Radicals, Report No I, Compounds Containing Pyrimidiyl and
Imidomethyluracil Radicals," by B. A. Arbuzov and V. M. Zoroastrova,
Chemical Institute imeni A. M. Butlerov, Kazan' State University
imeni V. I. U1'yanov-Lenin; Moscow, Izvesti Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Otdeleniye nimicheskikh Nauk, No 11, Nov 5 8., pp 1331-1339
The authors :synthesized the following esters of phosphoric and thio-
phosphoric acids containing.pyrimidyl and imidouracil radicals: 2,4-dime-
thylpyrimidrl-6-diethylphosphate; 2,4-dimethylpyrimidyl-6-diethylthiophos-
phate; 2-phenyl-4-methylpyrimi yl-6-diethylphosphate; 2-phenyl-4-methyl-
pyrimidyl-6- diethylthiophosphate; 2-phenyl-4-methylpyrimidyl-6-diisobuty-
lphosphate; 2-imido-4-methyluracil-6-diethylphosphate; 2-imido-4-methy-
luracil-6-diis obutylphoephate; 2-imido-4-methyluracil-6-diethylthiophos-
phate; G'13H2404N3P and C9H1604PN3.
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Some of the synthesized compounds were tested by M. A. Kudrinaya at
the Kazan' Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR for their insecticidal
activity against the grain weevil and for their toxicity to mice. As a
result of the data obtained 2-imido-4-methyluracil-6-diethylphosphate was
found to have an LDIOO of 2.5 mg/kg while the remainder of the compounds
synthesized were less toxic or my slightly toxic.
27. Some New Insectofungicides
"In the Field of Organic Insectofungicides, Report XXXVI, The
Interaction of Tetrachloro- and Pentachlorocyclopentadienes With
Certain Unsaturated Compounds," by N. N. Mel'nikov and S. D. Vol-
odkovich, Scientific Institute for Fertilizers and Insectofungi-
cides; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,' No 12, Dec 58, pp 3317-3319
Special research was undertaken to synthesize and study the condensa-
tion products of 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro- and 1,2,3,4,5-pentachlorocyclopen-
tadienes with certain unsaturated compounds, primarily bicyclo-[2,2,1]-
heptene, bicyclo- [2,2,1]-heptadiene-2,5, esters of maleic acid and certain
other substances. It was shown that this reaction proceeds easily under
the same conditions as the reaction of unsaturated compounds with hexa-
chlorocyclopentadiene. In all, 14 polycyclic compounds, never before
described in the literature, were synthesized.
A study,of the insecticidal properties of these compounds on the
housefly, conducted by Ye. F. Granin under the direction of K. A. Gar,
indicated that the most active insecticide was 1,2,3,4,1O-pentachloro-
1,4,5,8,-diendomethylenehexahY4lronaphthalene which is twice as active
as chlorindane, but it is less active than aldrin. 1,2,3,4,-Tetrachloro-
1,4,5,8,-diendomethylhexahydronaphthalene was practically inactive. There-
fore, according to the authors, the nature of the substituent in the endo-
methylene bridge greatly affects the toxicity of aldrin type compounds.
Insecticidal activity decreases from dichloro- to monochloro derivatives,
and still further to difluoro derivatives.
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28. Studies Involving Tagged Organophosphorous Compounds
"The Penetration of Dietliyl-lE-nitrophenylthiophosphu,te Into the
Body of Warm-Blooded Animals," by K. A. Gar, N. A. Sazonova
and V. I. Chernetsova, Organ. Insektofungitsidy i Gerbitsid
(Organic Insectofungicides and Herbicides)., 1956, 66-79 (from
Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi a No 24, 25 Dec 58, Abstract No
CPYRGHT 2791' by I. Mil'shteyn
"After animals (white mice, guinea pigs ? rabbits, and cats) have been
poisoned with thiophos (I) (a preparation tagged with P32 was used) admin-
istered orally and cutaneously, P was detected: iaithin a short time in all
the orgfLns of the animals tested. The distribution of the phosphorus was
approximately the same in all the animals tested. Thiophos is carried by
the blood; P is found in the blood a few minutes after the thiophos is
administered. The quantity of thiophos P in -:.the bodies" of animals
slaughtered 4 days after oral administration is markedly lower. After 10
days, only an insignificant amount of thiophos is found in the organism.
Thiophos is quickly broken down in the bodies of animals. The thiophos
hydrolysis products are eliminated from the body with. the urine- The
authors believe that the hydrolysis taking place in the body of the animals
is of an enzymatic nature."
Physical Chemistry
29. Review of the Activities of.the Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya.
Karpov
"The 40th Anniversary of the Physicochemical Institute imeni
L. Ya. Karpov" (unsigned article); Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
CPYRGHi'ii, Vol 32, No 12, Dec 58, pp 2657-2662
The 0th anniversary of one of the leading scientific research organ-
izations-6f the Soviet Union, i. e., the Physicochemical Institute imeni L.
Ya. Karpov, took place in 1958.
"This institute launched its activity in 1918 under the name of the
Central Chemical Laboratory of the Chemical Division, Supreme Council of
the National Economy (f1SNKh).
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"One of the ozrga.nizers of the institute and later its permanent direc-
tor, for 28 years was the outstanding scientist A. N. Balch, who attached a
very great importance to the advancement of work in applied chemistry and
was of the opinion that development of a new and advanced chemical tech-
nology is impossible without a sound theoretical. basis. He considered
that physical chemistry is this theoretical basis. Beginning with the
first years of his direction of the institute, Bakh assembled talented
young people who had demonstrated their ability by doing research in phy-
sical chemistry. With the support of the government he organized a very
well-equipped. institute, ,which was operated on the principle that there
must be a firm connection between science and practical applications.
"Important problems pertaining to the development of new processes of
chemical technology and the improvement of old processes were solved by the
institute. Individual laboratories of the institute were subsequently re-
organized into independent institutes of applied chemistry. For instance,
thie is the origin of the Institute of Plastics, the Institute of Synthetic
Fibers, the Institute of the Nitrogen Industry, the Coal Institute, the
Institute of Special Chemistry, etc.
"The Institute imeni Karpov has conducted extensive organizational,
work in connection with the development of USSR physical chemistry. It
initiated the holding of regular conferences and the publication of peri-
odicals in this field. The advanced physicochemical experimental work and
the major theoretical investigations conducted at the institute made it
famous both in the USSR and abroad. A broad scope of research was always
characteristic of the institute. Before World War II, the most prominent
work done at the institute was within three major subdivisions of physical
chemistry, namely,, surface phenomena and electrode processes, the structure
of matter, and chemical kinetics. After World War II, the relative weight
of work on methods for the production of polymers and the treatment of poly-
mer materials increased and research in the field of catalysis expanded.
Research in radiation chemistry and work on the separation of mixtures in-
creased in volume with the result that these subdivisions developed into
major independent fields of research.
"Research done at the institute in the field of electrochemistry and
surface phenomena played, a prominent role in the development of this field
of knowledge in the USSR. The problem of the localization of electromotive
forces, the structure of the double electric layer at the boundary between
metals and solutions, and the effect of the electric field on the kinetics
of reactions taking place at electrodes received a firm' theoretical basis
as a result of investigations conducted at the institute under the direc-
tion of D. N. Frumkin. Subsequent many-sided investigation on the kinetics
and mechanism of the electrolytic formation of hydrogen made it possible
to formulate a number of basic relationships pertaining to electrochemical
kinetics, which is one of the principal subdivisions of present-day theo-
retical electrochemistry.
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70
"In later work done under the direction of V. I. Veselovskiy, a number
of investigations was carried out on the mechanism and kinetics of reao-~
tions of electrochemical oxidation and of electrochemical separation of
isotopes. As a result of this work, attention was turned to the role played
by surface compounds. Concepts were advanced on the mechanism of the '
initiation of electrochemical reactions by the action of light and nuclear
radiation, as a result of the action produced by electrochemically active
products of radiolysis and excitation, by virtue of the absorbed radiation
of electrons, and because of the effect exerted by semiconductor elect-
rodes.
"Research in the field of radiation electrochemistry conducted at the
Laboratory of Electrochemistry added valuable information in the new field
of physical chemistry formed by radiation chemistry, which deals with the
laws of the transformation of the energy of nuclear radiation into *chemical
energY.
"In work conducted under the direction of Ya. M. Kolotyrkin, it was
demonstrated that adsorbed components of the solution, particularly anions
of the electrolyte, exert an important influence on the kinetics of elect-
rode reactions. The most recent work done at the laboratory of Electro-
chemistry made it possible to establish correlations pertaining to the
electrochemical behavior of metals and their behavior with respect to
corrosion under consideration of passivation. In investigations confirm-
ing the results obtained by other investigators, it could be demonstrated
that there is no essential difference between anddic and chemical passiva-
tion of metals in aqueous solutions of electrolytes. The results of this
research led to actual methods for the evaluation of the corrosion prop-
erties of metals depending on their composition and to the development
of effective methods for the protection of metal constructions against
corrosion.
"Of great importance is research in the field of colloidal chemistry
done at the institute (Rabinovich, Kargin). In the research in question,
the mechanism of the coagulation of colloids by electrolytes and the prob-
lem of the stability of colloidal systems were investigated. This work
led in recent years to a clarification of the mechanism of the formation
of colloidal particles. It was found that under ordinary conditions exist-
ing during the formation of colloidal solutions, when the rate of the sep-
aration of a substance exeeeda the rate of its crystallization., . rather
large particles are formed which in most cases are spherical and amorphous.
These particles later crystallize and disintegrate under the formation of
a. large number of crystals, which are the commonly encountered colloidal
particles.
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CPYRGHT
"Systematic investigation of the physicochemical properties and be-
havior of smokes and fogs was launched in the USSR at the institute (Pet-
ryanov, Fuks). The investigations in question led to the development of
new and original methods for the investigation of aerosol systems. An
ultramicrophotographic method for the simultaneous determination of the
dimensions and charges of aerosol particles on a large scale, which was
developed at the institute, has found particularly extensive applications.
Of especial importance has been work done at the institute on the theore-
tical aspects and practical applications of processes for capturing aerosol
particles by fibrous materials used in filtration. New filtering materials
developed at the institute (FP = Petryanov's filters), which consist of
ultrafine polymer fibers, have been applied extensively. Methods were de-
veloped for the practical application of these materials in the purifica-
tion of air and of industrial gases, for the protect9 of individuals,
and for gravimetric, radiometric and radiographic me:.. :rcments carried out
on aerosol systems.
"Research on non-aqueous solutions begun in 1.928 at a laboratory
organized by A. M. Monoszon played a considerable role in the formation
of present-day concepts pertaining to the electrochemistry of homogeneous
catalysis, the theory of acids and bases, and other subdivisions of general
and physical chemistry. Among the investigations within this range, one
must first of all note work on the electrochemistry of nonaqueous solutions
in which the values of normal potentials of different metals in some solu-
tions were established (Pleskov) and research concerning the effect exerted
by the properties of solvents on acid-base equilibria and catalysis in
solutions (Shatenshteyn).
"Work in the important subdivision of the chemistry of surface phenom-
ena, which comprises the statics, kinetics, and dynamics of molecular ad-
sorption, was conducted under the direction of A. A. Zhukhovitskiy. In the
course of work done in this field, a theory of adsorption from actual solu-
tions was formulated and a theory of the surface tension of concentrated
solutions.
"Beginning with 1948, particular attention in the field of sorption
processes was paid to the investigation of the properties of high-polymer
ion-exchange materials and the development of processes for the separation
of mixtures (Tunitskiy). The kinetic properties of USSR ion-exchange
agents were determined, a theory of the diffusion of ions in ion-exchange
agents was developed which takes into consideration the electric field
generated during diffusion, and the principal relationships pertaining to
the dynamics of ion-exchange adsorption and the theory of chromatography
were established. Furthermore, problems were solved that are related to
the separation of radioactive and stable isotopes (e.g., those of carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen). A low-temperature method for the separation of
carbon isotopes was developed. At the same laboratory, by using a mass-
spectrometric method, the processes of dissociation were investigated which
take place when electrons collide with ions. In addition to this, mass-
spectrometric methods of chemical analysis were developed.
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"Considerable attention to the investigation of the separation of
stable isotopes of light elements was paid in work done at a laboratory
organized in 1946 by N. M. Zhavoronkov. At this laboratory, work was
done on the theoretical and experimental aspects of hydrodynamics and
mass-transfer in processes of absorption, rectification, molecular dis-
tillation,, and chemical exchange. On the basis of the work that had
been done,, methods were developed for the calculation of some processes
under stationary conditions. Furthermore, new principles were proposed
for the design.of equipment for the separation of mixtures. On the ba6is
of results that were obtained.,, methods for the production of materials con-
taining heavy isotopes of nitrogen, oxygen, and other elements in a con-
centrated form were introduced into the industry and applied there success-
fully.
"Beginning with 1936, work on polymerization and the properties of
polymers was expanded and conducted on a large scale at the institute.
The most important achievements of the Laboratory of Polymerization Pro-
cesses directed by S. S. Mevedev were demonstrations of the free-radical
nature of polymerization processes and formulation of concepts pertaining
to the initiation of polymerization and to the initiation and termination
of chains as processes which originate because of the formation and inter-
action of free radicals. The mechanisms of initiation processes in photo-
polymerization was clarified. In recent years, work has been done on the
effects of gamma radiation on polymerization processes and polymers. Phe-
nomena of redistribution of primarily absorbed energy between components
were discovered and investigated. Furthermore, the ^mechanism of the cross-
linking of polymer chains under the action of gamma radiation in dependence
on the structure and the physical state of polymers was studied. New con-
cepts were formulated concerning the mechanism of emulsion polymerization,
which made it possible to establish the general validity of relationships
known previously and of new relationships established in work done at the
laboratory. New data and relationships were also discovered in investi-
gations on cationic polymerization and copolymerization.
"Work done at the Laboratory of Colloid Chemistry (V. A. Kargin) in
the field of high-molecular compounds had the purpose of clarifying the
connection between structure and the properties of polymers. Investiga-'
tion of phase equilibria. in polymer solutions proved the latter to be
true homogeneous solutions. This result conflicted with the tendency
prevalent then to regard these solutions as being of the lyophilic -col-
loidal type. Work along these lines made it possible to estimate the
flexibility of the chains of a number of polymers, to get results on the
density of the packing of chains, and to'correlate the data obtained with
the properties of solid transparent polymers.
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PYRGH
"A theory describing the behavior of amorphous polymers in a wide range
of temperatures was developed and a thermomechanical method for the invest-
igation of polymers proposed. Particular attention was paid to flow pro-
cesses, which are of great importance from the standpoint of the treatment
of polymers. A new phenomenon of chemical flow was discovered which in-
volves scission and recombination of chain molecules. The mechanism of the
deformation of crystalline polymers was clarified. This deformation was
found to involve a recrystallization process.
"Structural investigations demonstrated that,, in addition to phase
transformations, a high degree of orientation may be established in amor-
phous polymers. Cellulose is a typical example of an amorphous polymer, in
which a high degree of orientation exists. By the application of various
methods for the investigation of structure combined with electron micros-
copy it was possible to clarify in a general manner the development of
order and crystalline structures in polymers.
"The investigation of the radiolysis of polymers led to a knowledge
of the principal characteristics of the mechanism of this process c.nd to
the development of measures for protection against the effects of radiation
as well as the synthesis of polymers stable toward the-effects of radiation
(V. L. Karpov).
"In 19+5 systematic investigations dealing with the synthesis of organ-
ometallic compounds and the clarification of their structure were begun at
the institute under the direction of K. A. Kocheshkov. 'In the early period
of work on this subject, principal attention was paid to the discovery and
investigation of the most important types of these compounds. Later, on
the basis of results obtained in the study of organoelemental compounds,
the laboratory participated in the development of methods for the synthesis
of monomers (particularly fluoroorganic monomers) for the production of
polymers with predetermined characteristics. Theoretical research done at
this laboratory on crystalline organometallic compounds and complexes de-
rived from them led to valuable results applied in the catalytic polymeriza-
tion of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
"Problems of chemical structure and of the reactivity of organic com-
pounds constituted the principal field in which work is being done at the
Laboratory of Molecular Structure (Syrkin, Gur'yanova, Shorygin, and Shi-
gorin). The development and application of different physicochemical
methods, for instance, quantum-chemical methods of -calculation, Raman
spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, investigation of absorption spectra
in the ultraviolet field, measurement of dipole moments, the method of
tracer atoms, etc.., made it possible to clarify a wide range of aspects
of this problem and to obtain significant results as far as investigation
of the structure and reactivity of individual classes of organic compounds
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CPYRGHT
is concerned. Furthermore, other general relationships pertaining to or-
ganic chemistry were established. A considerable proportion of research
done in this laboratory dealt with the formulation of fundamental relation-
ships applicable to the theory of methods applied in the investigation of
the structure of molecules. Important results along this line were ob-
tained as far as the theory of the intensity of lines of Raman spectra
and the interpretation of resonance Raman spectra are concerned.
"Within the same general range of research are investigations carried
out at the laboratory of Isotope Reactions (A. I. Shatenshteyn) in which
systematic work is done on the kinetics and mechanism of hydrogen exchange
in nonaqueous solvents (ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, and others). A pre-
requisite for research l.n this field was the concept concerning the acid-
base nature of hydrogen exchange in solutions and the idea in regard to
the capacity of hydrocarbons for participation in protolytic reactions with
strong bases aid acids. The work in question represents a valuable contri-
bution to the investigation to the problem of reactivity of organic sub-
stances and. of the mutual influence exerted by atoms on each other in mole-
cules.
"An important contribution to the problem of the structure of sub-
stances and to the clarification of the nature of the chemical bond was
also made by work done at the X-Ray Laboratory (G. S. Zhdanov) where syste-
matic chemical investigation of representative groups of chemical compounds
is being conducted. The research in question led to the.discovery of the
phenomenon of superperiodicity in crystals. -Work on the crystal chemistry
of cyanides and particularly of thiocyanates led to important discoveries
of crystal-chemical relationships affecting the structure of crystals con-
sisting of different structural elements and pertaining to,the,nature of
the chemical bond. Under the leadership of this laboratory, the applica-
tion of X-ray methods is being introduced into the chemical industry.
"Research on the theory of structure, thermodynamics, and properties
of simple and complex compounds, particularly compounds of a variable com-
position, is being conducted at the Laboratory of Complex and Solid Com-
pounds (B. F. Ormont). In the work in question, a number of general re-
lationships was established.
"Work done by I. A. Kazarnovskiy deals with the investigation of the
structure of higher oxygen compounds of metals and the mechanism of the
formation and decomposition of such compounds. Kazarnovskiy discovered
new and very important compounds, viz., the sodium superoxide Na 02
(Novoxide), potassium ozonide (KO3), and ozonides of other alkali metals.
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CPYRGHT
"In the field of kinetics and catalysis, work done by M. I. Temkin is
of particular importance. Temkin was the first to formulate a general
theory of absolute vel?:~cities of heterogeneous reactions and processes of
activated adsorption. He proved the correctness of a logarithmic adsorp-
tion isotherm (Temkin's isotherm), starting from concepts concerning the
inhomogeneity of the surface and the mutual effect of adsorbed particles
on each other. The theory of phenomena taking place on inhomogeneous sur-
faces was used by him successfully for determining the kinetics and mech-
anism of important technological processes such as those applied in the
synthesis of ammonia, in conducting water gas reactions., in the gasifica-
tion of coal, etc. Treatment in a general form of the problem concerning
the bond energy of intermediate surface compdunds that is optimal for the
reaction in question represented a significant contribution to a theory
which would make possible the expedient selection,of catalysts.
"Of considerable interest from the standpoint cf the theory of acid-
base catalysis is work conducted in this [Temkin's) laboratory on the de-
termination of the temperature dependence of the acidity of the most im-
portant concentrated acids. The results obtained made it possible to
interpret in a novel manner the dependence of the reaction velocity on
the acidity of the medium.
"Investigations conducted at the Laboratory of Heterogeneous Catalysis,
which was organized in 1929 and then headed by M. Ya., Kagap, led to the de-
velopment of catalysts for the synthesis of a number of important products
such as acetone, acetaldehyde, butyric. aldehyde, and..butanol. 'Suitable
catalysts have been developed and processes investigated, for the dehydro-
genation of paraffinic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the physicochemical
characteristics of aluminum oxide, alumosilicate, and chremoaluminum cat-
alysts were established. The mechanism of the Lebedev synthesis of buta=
diene from alcohol was clarified.
"Work at the Laboratory of Heterogeneous Catalysis which is now headed
by G. K. Boreskov, is concerned with the scientific aspects of the se]ec-
tion and production of catalysts. Work done at this laboratory led to the
clarification of the effect of the porous structure of catalysts on pro-
cesses of mass transfer and heat transfer occurring during the course of
catalytic reactions. Extensive experimental data were obtained which in-
dicate that a number of metal and oxide catalysts have a specific catalytic
activity which remains approximately constant. The dependence of the cat-
alytic activity of elements on their position in,,the period.ic'syotem.was
subjected to systematic investigation. New catalysts were developed for
hydrogenation, oxidation,, hydration, catalytic purification of gases, etc.
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COMMERCE j
Lewis L. Strauss, Secretary Washington 25, D. C.
Office of the Secretary
W. R. Tilley--EMerson 2-4040
Ext. 7093
FOR RELEASE IN SUNDAY PAPERS,
MARCH 1, 1959
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE STRAUSS NOTES
NATIONAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEEK
Secretary of Commerce Lewis L. Strauss directed the nation's attention today
to National Weights and Measures Week--March 1 to 7. The National Bureau of
Standards, a part of the U. S. Department of Commerce, is the ultimate source of
accuracy in this country for the standards of measurement upo'i which all commer-
cial transactions involving quantity are based.
The first Federal weights and measures law was enacted by Congress on March 2,
160 years ago, National Bureau of Standards historians pointed out. This early
law dealt with the accuracy of weights and measures and other instruments used in
determining duties on imports.
In modern times, according to NBS, weights and measures operations are ex-
tremely complex, and play a vital role in every area of commerce and industry
where goods are exchanged, and when agreement as to value or quantity is essential.
To the housewife buying a pound of butter, the prairie farmer selling wheat,
the steel manufacturer producing tons of sheet metal, the basis of confidence in
the exchange of goods is the accuracy of the national standards of measurement, as
maintained by the National Bureau of Standards, and their extension into the day-
to-day business of the nation through the state standards of measurement.
The Bureau called attention to the fact that John Quincy Adams in 1821, when
he was Secretary of State, stated in a report: "Weights and measures may be
ranked among the necessaries of life to every individual of human society. They
enter into the economical arrangements and daily concerns of every family. They
are necessary to every occupation of human industry; to the distribution and
security of every species of property; to every transaction of trade and commerce;
to the labors of the husbandman; to the ingenuity of the artificer; to the studies
of the philosopher; to the researches of the antiquarian; to the navigation of the
mariner, and the marches of the soldier; to all the exchanges of peace, and all
the operations of war. The knowledge of them, as in established use, is among the
first elements of education, and is often learned by those who learn nothing else,
not even to read and write. This knowledge is riveted in the memory by the habit-
ual application of it to the employments of men throughout life."
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CPYRGHT
"Particular attention is paid to the solution of problems pertaining
to new polymerization processes (specifically processes carried out with
the application of high-energy radiation), the synthesis of new monomers,
and the synthesis of block and graft polymers. The intention exists of
further expanding the investigation of the structure of monomers and of
their reactivity.
"Considerable attention is also paid to the investigation of radiation-
chemical processes. In addition to the expansion of the range of radiation-
chemical reactions being investigated and the scope of work on their kine-
tics and mechanism, the task has been set of finding ways for the practical
application of processes of this type. Considerable attention is being
paid in connection with this to work on polymer systems (applications of
radiation polymerization, production of graft polymers, radiation vulcani-
zation of elastomers and plastics, etc.) and processes of oxidation, halo-
genation, and others.
"The decisions made by the plenary sessions of the Central Committee
CPSU and the theses of N. S. Khrushchev's report presented at the 21st Con-
gress of the CPSU, which have been published under the title "Control Fig-
ures of the Development of the USSR National Economy During 1959-1965" for
consideration by the whole people, impose on the staff of the institute
the obligation of making a contribution to the advancement of the chemical
industry. There can be no doubt that the staff of the institute will be
equal to the task involved in this."
Radiation. Chemistry
30. The Effect of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Isotopes on the Physical
and Chemical Properties of Solid Substances
"The Effect of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive Elements on the
Physicochemical Properties of Solid Substances," by V. I. Spitsyn,
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 11,
Nov 5 8., pp 1296-1302; p 1399
The author of the report and his collaborators (I. Ye. Mikhaylenko,
V. G. Finikov, V. V. Gromov, and others) investigated the effects of radia-
tion emitted by radioactive elements on the rate of isotope exchange, ad-
sorption capacity, and other characteristics of solids. The rate of the
isotopic exchange of sulfur at an elevated temperature (8400) between solid
potassium sulfate containing s35 and gaseous sulfur trioxide was found to
depend on the specific radioactivity of the K2SO4. As a result of an in-
crease of this radioactivity from 0.01 millicurie per gram to 2 millicuries
per gram, the rate of isotopic exchange increases by a factor of approxi-
mately 6. A further increase of the radioactivity of K2SO4 to 10-20 milli-
curies per gram leads to a reduction of the rate of isotopic exchange.
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Similar results were obtained in an investigation of the rate of
isotopic exchange of oxygen in the systerl Na2SO4 - 02 at 680-800. In the
experiments that were conducted, gaseous oxygen containing 018 and Na2SO4
containing different quantities of the radioactive isotope S35 were used.
The rate of isotopic exchange was measured by the mass-spectrometric method.
It was established that increasing of the specific radioactivity of Na2S04
up to one millicurie per gram increases the rate of exchange while further
increases reduce the rate of exchange.
It was also established that the quantity of methylene blue adsorbed
by a barium sulfate precipitate depends on the content of S351n the latter.
A. A. Balandin, V. I. Spitsyn, N. P. Dobrosel'skaya, and I. Ye. Mikhay-
lenko found that the rate of dehydration of cyclohexanol on a catalyst con-
sisting of a mixture of MgSO4 with Na2SO4 increases with an increasing con-
tent of s35 in the catalyst mixture.
The effects that have been observed are apparently due to changes in
the crystal lattice taking place as aresult of the action of the radiation.
These changes lead to an increased chemical activity on the surface of'the
solid substances investigated.
This report was presented at a general conference of the Department
of Chemical Sciences, Academy-of Sciences USSR, held 22-23 May 1958.
31. The Action of Gamma Radiation on Aqueous Solutions of Tin and Titanium
Salts
"The Action of Gamma Radiation Emitted by Co6o on Aqueous. Solu-
tions of Tin and Titanium Salts," by L. P. Sidorova, A. V. Zimin,
and M. A. Proskurnin; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol
3, No 12, Dec 58, pp 2793-2797
It was established that, in the irradiation of 1.0-2 molar solutions
of Sn2 + in sulfuric acid, the yield of hydrogen does not depend on the
concentration of the acid within the range from 1-4 N and amounts to 0.36-
0.40 molecule per 100 ev. It was furthermore established that introduction
into a 10-2 molar stannous tin solution of Fe2+ ions in 10-2 molar and 10-3
molar concentrations does not noticeably change the :hydrogen yield. It was
shown that reduction of .suspended Sn (OH)2 to metallic tin by hydrogen atoms
proceeds further-in a weakly alkaline medium than in a weakly acidic medium.
It was established that in 10-2 molar and 0.1 molar solutions of T13+ in
hydrochloric acid the radiolysis of water comprises 5.0 molecules per 100
ev, whereas in sulfuric acid'solutions it amounts to 4.2 molecules per 100
ev. It is con uded that redox,systems with single electron transitions of
the T13'----~ Ti" type are best suited for bringing about the maximum yield
in water radiolysis. On t}Ie other hand, systems with two - electron trans-
itions of the Sn2 +_4 Sn t type, give yields close to the molecular in
this radiolysis.
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Radiochemistry
32. New Antimony Isotopes
"New Isotopes of Antimony," by I. P. Selinov, Yu. A. Grits, D.
Ye. Khulelidze, Ye. Ye. Baroni, Yu. A. Bliodze, A. G. Demin, and
Yu. P. Kushakevich; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58,
p 660
Tin enriched with the Sn112 and Sn114 isotopes was irradiated with
deuterons having an energy of 10 Mev. The antimony isotopes formed as a
re,3ult of the bombardment were isolated chemically and identified thereby.
The nuclear reactions by which the antimony isotopes were formed are dis-
cussed. Work is being conducted on the clarification of the radioactive
disintegration chains of the newly discovered isotopes.
33. Preparation of the As74.Isotope by Irradiation of Germanium on the
Cyclotron
"Preparation of the As74 Isotope on the Cyclotron.," by A. T.
Guldamashvili, P. P. 12nitriyev, N. N. Krasnov, V. Ya. Mishin,
and Ye. N. Khaprov; Moscow, Atcmnzaya Energiyaa, Vol 5, No 6, Dec
58, pp 660-661
Arsenic isotopes were produced by bombarding metallic germanium in a
cyclotron with deuterons having an energy of 10.8 Mev. The Marsh method
was used to concentrate the arsenic. The arsine that had formed was de-
composed and the radioactive arsenic deposited in the form of a black mir-
ror in the quarz capillary of a modified Lockemann apparatus. By. distil-
ling this arsenic from the capillary, concentrated As( preparations were
obtained.
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II. ELECTRONICS
Communicat ions
35. Multichannel Systems
"Parallel Selection Multichannel System With Controlled Coupling,"
by M. Ye. Gertsenshteyn, A. M. Pokras, and L. G. Solovey; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika, No 12, Dec 58, pp 20-25
Multichannel systems in which several transmitters or receivers,
tuned to various frequencies, are connected to one antenna have found wide
application in :.aodern SHE radio-engineering equipment. For rather narrow
frequency bands and relatively low matching requirements, the problem of
separation or combination of channels may be solved with the aid of a
system of parallel sections, in which various filters are connected to
each other in parallel and to the common transmission line by means of a
simple and compact ramified waveguide joint.
The article discusses a calculation method for a simple ramified
waveguide with a traveling wave ratio of about 0.95 at the output. A
five-channel ramified waveguide was designed for frequency range of 8,600-
9,200 Mc, using two-section filters for channel separation.
36. 1,500-Mc Radio Station
"Radio Station Operating on 1,500 Mc," by V. Lomanovich; Moscow,
Radio, No 12, Dec 58, pp 18-21
A radio transmitting and receiving station operating on a 1,500-Mc
frequency was recently designed. It draws its power supply from a 6-v
storage battery. A transistorized converter supplies the required plate
voltage. Power of about 0.1 w is fed from the transmitter to the antenna.
The over-all power consumption of the station is 9 w when transmitting and
6 w when receiving. The station is built with two basic. blocks. The radio-
frequency block contains a master oscillator (using a 6SllD miniature tube)
assembled according to a common-grid circuit. The antenna is inductively
coupled to the oscillator. The radio-frequency block is mounted on the
antenna pole. The antenna horn is of a pyramidal shape, producing a 400
radiation beam in the vertical plane. The power supply and control block
include a combined AF modulator-amplifier (tube 6S6B) and a do converter.
The converter is assembled on push-pull principle of a blocking oscillator
using P4 type transistors.
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Adjustment of the master oscillator to 1,520 Mc is accomplished with the
aid of a plate cavity-resonator. Semiconductor diodes DG-Ts25 are used in
the rectifying bridge circuit.
Tubes 6S5U and 12S3 are the recommended substitutes for the tube 6S11D;
the latter is used in radiosondes.
3'(. Transmission-of Information
"Transmission of Information in Channels With Feedback," by P. L.
Dobrushin; Moscow, Teoriya Veroyatnostey I Yeye Primeneniya, Vol 3)
No 4, 1958, pp 395- X12
The use of feedback is shown not to increase the capacity of channels
without memory. Several simple channels with memory are considered and
their capacities are compared when feedback is and is not used.
Wave Propagation
38. Generation of Millimicrosecond Pulses
"Generation of Millimicro second Pulses of High-Repetition Rate,"
by B. A. Mamyrin, Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 11, Nov 58, pp 27-38
The article presents a method for generating millimicrosecond pulses
having a repetition rate of the order of one megacycle and amplitude of about
200 v. A method of engineering calculation for such an oscillator and the
operating conditions for the output stage tubes are given. The miniature
tube GU-29 is recommended for the output stage of such a generator.
A millimicrosecond pulse generator developed at the Leningrad Physico-
technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR will be described in
a separate article at a later date.
The author expresses thanks to I. F. Kalinkevich for his assistance.
39. Inclined-Incidence and Reflection Ionosphere Sounding
"Certain Problems Related to Inclined-Incidence and Reflection
Sounding of the Ionosphere," by B. I. Osetrov; Moscow, Radio-
tekhnika, No 12, Dec 58, pp 3-10
The inclined-incidence and reflection method is a new and effective
way of investigating the condition of the ionosphere. The works of N. I.
Kabanov, K. M. Kosikov, and others have shown that the method accurately
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reflects the actual picture of ionosphere distribution. This method provides
vai1')le data which helps to improve the reliability of radio communication,
especially communication with microwave frequencies. With the help of the
inclined-incidence and reflection method it is possible to maintain control
of radio-wave communication and to monitor the operating frequencies.
The essence of the method consists in measuring the backward scatter
propagation produced by an inclined radio beam at the point of incidence with
the ionosphere or the ground surface. If a receiver with cathode-ray scope
is located in the vicinity of the transmitter, a series of scatter-reflected
signals will be observed on the scope. The amplitude of the scatter-reflected
signals depends on the transmitter pulse power, gain factor of transmitting
and receiving antennas, scattering properties of the ionosphere or ground,
absorption of ionosphere, sensitivity of the receiver, and some other factors.
The article describes investigation of ionosphere inhomogeneities with
the aid of the inclined-incidence and reflection sounding method.
Instruments and Equipment
40. Instruments Used in Aviation Engineering
"Electromagnetic Oscillographs Used in Aviation Engineering Study
and Testing," by V. P. Nikulin; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 12,
Dec 58, pp 16-18
In testing aviation equipment, both on the ground and in the air, multi-
channel electromagnetic oscillographs are used widely to record data on light-
sensitive paper or film. High sensitivity of vibrating elements in these
instruments permits recording microcurrent from transducers without any ampli-
f ication. Nonelectrical parameters that can be recorded with the aid of
electromagnetic oscillographs include altitude of flight, airspeed, g-loads,
angle of attack, angular velocity, rpm, fuel consumption, temperature, pres-
sure, vibration and stresses in various structural members, etc.
These oscillographs operate from a 27-v do line, with permissible volt-
age fluctuation of ? 10%. The accuracy of readings is from ?0.3 to t1.5%,
the sensitivity for current is from 5,000 to 10,000 mm/milliamp, and the
natural frequency of oscillating components is from 10,000 to 15,000 cycles.
The following electromagnetic oscillographs were developed at one of the
instrument building plants of the State Committee for Aviation Engineering
and at scientific research institutes: a small size five-component (galvano-
meter) K5-22 oscillograph, 9-component K9-21 oscillograph, 12-component K12-
21 oscillograph, 12-component 12-OS-2 oscillograph, and 20-component K20-21
oscillograph. The weight and over-all dimensions of the mentioned instru-
ments are as follows, respectively: 8.5, 28, 10. 9.5 and 19.9 kg; 255 x 214
x 130, 230 x 320 x 445, 205 x 185 x 390, 370 x 230 x 230, and 282 x 266 x
480 mm.
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41. Soviets Make Television Microscope
"Television Microscope" (unsigned article); Bratislava, Pravda,
2 Dec 58, p 14
The Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute completed a television
microscope which can transmit a picture up to 70 meters. Essentially, the
equipment is composed of an ordinary microscope, instruments for the con-
version and amplification of the optical imaga, and a unit for sending im-
pulses to the television receiver. The resulting picture of the microscopic
object is observed on the receiver picture tube.
42. Spectral Analysis of-Microscopic Pa3.ticles
"An Instrument for Micro spectrometry With Spectral Photometers,"
by K. H. Brauer and F. Froehlich, Institute for Experimental
Physics, Halle University; Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der
Physik, Vol 6, No 5, 1958, pp 216-222
An accessory device for spectral photometers is described and illustrated,
with which absorption measurements can be made on any microscopic objects and
with which pointwise measurements of plane objects which are extended in micro-
ranges can be produced as a function of the coordinate in the plane of the
object. The performance of the device when used together with the Jena uni-
versal spectrophotometer is investigated for the wavelength range of 250-
1,100 millimicrons. Some examples of possible uses of the device are given.
[For additional information on instruments, see Item No 12.]
Components
43. Iron-Carbon Batteries
"Iron-Carbon Battery VDZh-400," by S. Gantman; Moscow, Raaio,
No 12 Dec 58, pp 45-46
At the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Current Sources, an
iron-carbon battery-with alkaline electrolyte and electrodes of activated
carbon and spongy iron was developed. This battery is designated VDZh-400
and can be used for filament heating of battery receivers, in signalization
and automatic blocking on railroads, in wire communication systems, for
lighting, etc. The carbon electrode is prepared by pressing a mixture of
activated charcoal wetted with a solution of cautehouc in benzine and paraffin.
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The basic characteristics of the VDZh-400 battery are: diameter 221 mm,
height 75 mm, weight 5 kg, emf about 0.9 v, average discharge current 0.5 a,
maximum permissible discharge 1.0 a, and capacity about 400 amp-hours.
44. Triode 6SilD
"Triode 6S11D" (unsigned article); Moscow, Radio, No 12, Dec 58,
p 27
The principal application of the triode 6S11D is for generation of SHE'
radio waves. The tube is of metal-glass construction, with silver-plated
cylindrical cathode and plate outlets, and disk-type grid outlet. The
indirectly heated cathode requires 6 v for the heater and draws about 172
milliamp of current. The over-all length of the tube is 47.5 mm. The
tube parameters are as follows: transconductance 6.5 milliamp per v,
amplification--factor 16.7 output power not less than 300 milliwatts, input
capacitance 2.53 micromicrofarads, output capacitance not greater than 0.1
micromicrofarad, and maximum generated frequency 1,800 Mc.
45. Pulse-Duration Control Method
"Pulse-Duration Control With Blocking Oscillator," by B. S.
Danilov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 12, Dec 58, pp 36-44
Two coupled blocking oscillators can be conveniently applied to the
control of pulse duration when a nonlinear two terminal network of proper
parameters is incorporated into the circuit. Such a circuit contains two
parallel-connected blocking oscillators sharing the common core of a pulse
transformer. The volt-ampere characteristic of the two-terminal network
is such that it permits a wide range of voltage and current fluctuation,
thus enabling control of pulse duration by feeding additional energy to
the system. The experiment was conducted with 6N8S tubes.
The author thanks S. A. Dobrov for assistance rendered.
?46. Chinese-Made Photo Conductive Cell Described
"Properties and Applications of a Chinese-Made Cadmium Sulfide
Photoconductive Cell," by Chou Ting-hsin ()I I ), Shang-
hai Precision Medical Apparatus Plant; Peiping, -ch Shih-
yen Chi-shu (Instruments and Experimental Techniques)., No 2, 1958,
pp 31-37
This article gives the characteristics and applications of a cadmium
sulfide photoconductive cell manufactured in China by the state-operated
Shanghai Precision Medical Apparatus Plant. According to the author, the
initial trial manufacture of the semiconductor device was carried out in
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1956. Basic research on its improvement was concluded in June 1957? Its
performance is reportedly comparable to that of the Soviet FS-K1 and FS-K2
models and the German (Dr B. Lange) 1956 photocell.
An illustration showing sizes of the Chinese and foreign models as com-
pared with a paper clip is included. Technical performance data are well
supported with charts.
Computers
47. Equivalent Circuits for Relaxation Phenomena
"On the Theory of Relaxation. II. Electricq.l Network Models for
the Relaxation Behavior of Matter," by S. Kaestner, Institute for
Plastics of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Berlin-
Adlershof; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 2, No 3/4, 1958,
pp 146-162
Electrical networks are given which can be used as "analogy models"
for the relaxation behavior of any system. In the most generalized case,
they are made up of inductances or capacitances, ohmic resistances, and
ideal transformers. Certain special cases are discussed in which the
desired result is obtained without ideal transformers; such cases are of
special importance for the design of analog computers. Additional models
are computed which can be used especially for theoretical considerations and
which are very simple in structure. These models contain, however, a cer-
tain number of negative circuit elements.
Materials
48. Electrical Properties of EgSe-EgTe System
"Electrical Properties of Thin Films of HgSe-EgTe System," by
0. D. Yelpat'evskaya, Semiconductor Institute of the Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhmicheskoy Fiziki,
No 12, Dec 58, pp 2676-2683
Thin films of semiconductors can be utilized for construction of such
components as photosensitive layers, resistors, semitransparent contacts,
and bolometers. Numerous experiments have shown that the current-carrier
mobility of the film is substantially lower than that of the solid material.
The hole mobility for germanium single crystal is 1,900 cm2/v-sec, while
that for the film is only 50em2/vesec. The highest value for the current-
carrier mobility in the fi7 was obtained with HgSe-HgTe and GaS'b`, for
which it was about 1,000 cm'/v. sec/.
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The decrease of carrier mobility in continuous thin films, where the
grain structure has not yet developed, is explained by the fact that a great
portion of free electrons is scattered over the surface of the film. The
film samples of tellurium and selenium and their solid solutions several
microns thick were deposited on mica or glass plates.
It was shown that under certain conditions of preparation of HgSe film,
the carrier mobility can be raised to almost that of a single crystal, while
the temperature dependence can be reduced considerably.
49. X-Ray Analysis Device for Modern Ceramic Capacitor Materials
"An X-Ray Counter-Tube Goniometer With a Precision Focusing Tube
as Radiation Source," by A. Eckardt, Institute of Technical
Physics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, and F. Stary, In-
stitute for Experimental Nuclear Research, Dresden Technische
Hochschule; Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 6,
No 5, 1958, pp 193-202
This article describes and illustrates (four photographs and seven
diagrams) an X-ray counter-tube goniometer developed at VEB Kerazn sche
Werke, Hermsdorf. An attempt was made to get the highest possible re-
solution through the use of an X-ray tube with an effective focal spot
width of 30 microns, used in the Bragg focusing arrangement. Various
factors are considered which influence the width of the interference
lines. Several of the first interference diagrams show that the attempted
resolution was achieved.
Acoustics, Audio Frequencies
50. Research at Radio Broadcasting and Acoustics Institute
"At the Laboratories of the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute
of Radio Broadcasting and Acoustics," by B. Semenov, chief engineer;
Moscow, Radio, No 12, Dec 58, pp 8-9
The Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Radio Broadcasting and
Acoustics (IRPA) is working on problems of developing complex broadcasting
equipment operating at higher frequency ranges. At the Department of
Acoustic Equipment, the ribbon microphone ML-11B with cardioidal characteris-
tics, microphone ML-15 with circular directivity characteristics, dynamic
microphone ND-38 with a 40- to 15,000-cycle band-pass., and capacitor microphone
MK-3 with a 40- to 15,000-cycle band-pass were recently developed. New wide-
band (12-15 kc )- loudspeakers 1GD-9, 20-3, 3GD-7, 1+GD-l, ;-GD-l0, and 5(D-15
were designed at the institute.
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At present the IRPA is developing a magnetic-electric sound pickup with
a band-pass of 30-15,000 cycles, and a new acoustic system utilizing the
principle of pseudostereophonic sound presentation, which does not require
side speakers.
51. Ultrasonic Crystal Microphones for Underwater Detection
"Crystal Microi hones With Small Dimensions for the Detection of
Ultrasonic Oscillations in Liquid Media," by H. Markgraf, German
Office for Measure and Weight; Berlin, Feingeraetetechnik, No 12,
Dec 58, pp 543-547
The article discusses seignette salt crystal microphones in miniature
design for the detection of the directional characteristics of hydroacoustic
ultrasonic waves in open waters.
After a description of the production of the piezoelectric crystal and
the design of the microphones, the results of tests are reported. The measured
sensitivity of the microphones ranges from 2 to 5 - 10-6 v/microbar at a
temperature of 24.90C, which was considered satisfactory. The frequency re-
sponse is practically linear between 30 and 200 kilocycles per second.
A description is then given of a microphone sonde with a lithium sulfate
crystal for admeasuring relative sonic field. values in liquids within a fre-
quency range of 30 kc-30 Mc.
The crystals (seignette salt and lithium sulfate) were grown by Dr. Goll-
witzer and Dr Schwinghammer in the chemical laboratory of the Central Physical-
Technical Institute (PTZ) of the German Office for Measure and Weight (DAMG).
Reliability
52. Reliability Sections Organized
"Toward Further Successes of Soviet Radio Electronics" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 11, Nov 58, pp 3-4+
CPYRGHT 1e article contains the following passages:
"To organize the radio engineering society and mobilize its attention
toward fastest solution of all requirements related to reliability problems,
the Central Administration of the Scientific-Technical Society imeni A. S.
Popov has organized in 1958 a special Reliability Section, which already
has begun to function.
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CPYRGHT
"The Central Administration of the society has approved the recom-
mendation, of the Reliability Section to organize similar sections at a
number of oblast, kray, and republic administrations of the society, where
radio electronics enterprises are located. The initial steps have been
already taken to organize such sections."
53. Appeal for. Emphasis on Reliability
"Resolution of the Reliability Section of the Central Administra-
tion of the Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering
and Electrical Communications imeni A. S. Popov (NTORiE) "(un-
signed article); Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 11, Nov 58, p 74
CPYRGHe article contains the following passages :
"The Reliability Section of the Central Administration of NTORiE imeni
A. S. Popov appeals to the leaders of scientific research, design, and
manufacturing institutions connected with radio electronics and other allied
fields, and to the party, trade-union, and Komsomol organizations of these
institutions,, as well as the primary organizations of the society, to
intensify the struggle for improved-quality production in all sectors of
design, assembly of equipment, and manufacture of individual components.
"At the scientific research institutes it is necessary to expand
substantially the work related to the study and improvement of component
reliability. At the design bureaus and research institutions the cause of
equipment failure should be studied relentlessly.
"The Reliability Section of the Central Administration of NTORiE imeni
A. S. Popov requests that the TsBNIT [Central Bureau for Scientific and
Technical Information?] on radio electronics and the Bureau of New Technology
(BNT) of the Ministry of Defense organize the translation and publication
of foreign materials related to the subject of radio electronic equipment
reliability."
54. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Class 21. Electrical Engineering" (unsigned article); Moscow,
B i.leten' Izobreteniyr, No 10, Oct 58, pp 36-59
Class 21.a1, 903. No 115492 -- A. I. Borovikov; Frequency Relay
Class 27.a1, 3204. No 115446 -- M. V. Kukharev; Device for Plane Scanning
of Images With. Oscillating Mirror
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Class 21a1, 3210. No 115236 -- I. Ya. Lyamichev; Method and Device
for TV Image Transmission
Class 21a1, 3212. No 115585 -- A. M. Khalf in and V. N. Krasnov; Method
for TV Signal Transmission
Class 21a1, 3234. No 115218 -- I. I. Tsukkerman; Method for Transmission
of Color Images
Class 21a1, 3235. No 115353 -- A. S. Selivanov; Transmitting TV Tube
Class 21al, 3235. No 115577 -- B. V. Krusser, I. K. Malakhov, and
A. P. Nefed'yev; Method for Reduction of Internal Noises in Transmitting
TV Tubes
Class 21a1, 3402. No 115617 -- I. Ya. Lyamichev; TV Receiving Screen
Class 21a1, 3550? No 115221 -- B. I. Lytkin; Method for Separation of
Frame Synchronizing Signals in TV Receiver
Class 21a3, 1710. No 115403 -- I. V. Prangishvili;?Contactless Switch
Class 21a4, 602. No 115239 -- Yu. N. Prozorovkkiy; Generator of Milli-
microsecond Video Pulses of Triangular Shape
Class 21a4, 13. No 115726 -- A. D. Artyn; Method of Phase Modulation
Class 21a4, 2202. No 115481 -- A. A. Bronnikov; Electromechanical Band-
Pass Filter
Class 21a4, 5002. No 115494 -- L. I. Kupriyanovich; Device for Calling
and Switching Channels of Radiotelephone Communication
Class 21a4, 6601. No 115634 -- A. M. Model'; Separating Filter for
Feeding an Antenna From Several Transmitters
Class 21a4, 71. No 115341 -- N. A. Isayev; Compensated Stepwise Voltage
Divider
Class 21a4, 71. No 115538 -- B. M. Kuvaldin, N. K. Kaminskiy and S. P.
Kuznetsov; Phase Detector for Measurement of Phase Shift Between Voltages
With Multiple or Rational-Fractional Frequencies
Class 24a4, 71. No 115709 -- R. Ye. Makhlin; Wavemeter With Two Tunings
for Measurement of Small Frequency Difference
Class 21a4, 7204- No 115618 -- A. M. Model'; Separating Waveguide Filter
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Class 21d2, 1203. No 115377 -- V. I. Shiryayev and V. G. Golyatin;
Device for Forming of Control Pulses
Class 21g, 1301. No 115688 -- V. P. Tychinskiy; Method for Obtaining
Nonlinear Characteristics of Traveling-Wave Tube and Device for Accomplish-
ing It
Class 21g, 1317. No 115681. -- V. P. Tychinskiy; Vacuumless Amplifier
of SHF Oscillations
46
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III. ENGINEERING
55. "Ener eticheski B 111eten "' Discontinued
Moscow, Energeticheskiy Byulleten', No 12, Dec 58, back cover
Gostoptekhizdat announces that the publication of the periodical
Energetichskiy Byulleten' will be discontinued after the December 1958
issue.
47
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17. MAT EMAT!CS
Approximation Theory
56. Fourier Series of Eigenfunctions of Differential Operators
"The Use of Fractional Powers of Operators in Studying Fourier
Series of Eigenfunctions of Differential Operators," by M. A.
Krasnosel'skiy and Ye. I. Pustyl'nik, Voronezh State University;
Moscow, Doklady Akademii NaukSSSR, Vol '122, No 6$''Oct 58,ipr.978=981
In recent years interest has increased in the investigation of
Fourier series of eigenftinctions of the Laplace operator and other dif-
ferential operators (see, for example, the works of 0, A, Ladyzhenskaya,
Smeshannaya zadacha dl a i erbolicheskogo uravneni a [The Mixed Prob-
lem for a Hyperbolic Equation], 1953, and the works of V. A. Il'in, Usp.~
matem. naukL Vol 13, No 1, [79] [1958], and Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. Mateia.,
Vol 22, No 1,9 1958 and the bibliographies presented there). Questions
concerning the conditions for uniform convergence, concerning the speed
of convergence of these series, concerning application of the Fourier
method to the solution of boundary value problems, concerning the term-
by-term differentiation of series, etc., have been studied.
The series of enumerated problems, in the opinion of the authors,
lead to considerations utilizing positive, fractional powers of dif-
ferential operators. All the difficulties are reduced to determining
from which to which functional spaces the negative powers of the opera-
tors are in effect, and this is known in essence for the spectfic, dif-
ferential operators. Note was taken of the fact.that in a similar case
fractional powers were utilized in the theory of nonlinear integral
equations and in the theory of parabolic equations by M. A. Krasnosel'-
skiy in his work Topologicheskiye Metody v Teorii Nelineynykh Integral'-
n kh Uravneniy (Topological Methods in the Theory of Nonlinear Integral
Equations), 1956, and by M. A. Krasnosel'skiy, S. G. Kreyn, and P. Ye.
Sobolevskiy in their work which appeared in DAN, Vol. 112, No 6, 1957.
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57. A-pproximation by Interpolation Polynomials
"Approximation of Nonperiodic Functions by Interpolation Poly-
nomials," by D. L. Berman, Novgorod Pedagogical Institute;
Kazan', Izvestiya V sshikh'Uchebnykh Zavedeniy Matematika,
No 6 (7). Nov/Dee 5 ,S pp 30-35
Let a matrix of basic points
-1 G 4n) G x(n) . . . x(n) 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
M
and a function f(x) defined on the segment [-1, 1] be given. Let us de-
note by Ln (f, x) the Lagrangian algebraic interpolation polynomial of
order (n-i) constructed for the n-th row of matrix (1) and for the func-
tion f(x).
As is known,
L (f,x) (f,x) f ( xkn) k(n) (x),
k-1
(n) in
where k (x) 3 k=1 are fundamental polynomials of Lagrange con-
structed yfor the n-t,h row of matrix (1) .
We will designate the set of all functions defined on the segment
[-1,1] and satisfying the inequality
f(x2) - f(xl)
C x2 - xl, x1, x2
E [-1,1] . by H(l).
En (x, Ln) = En(x) - fsupp(1) .f(x) - Ln (f, .x).
S. M. Nikol?skiy has made, a systematic study of the quantit-es
En (x) for different, methods of approximation and different classes of
functions. In his work "Approximation of Periodic Functions of Tri-
gonrmetric Polynomials," Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V. A. Steklov AN SSSR,
Vol 15, pp 45-49, 1945, he obtained an asymptotic estimate of the quan-
tity En (x) for the approximation of 21r: periodic functions, satisfying
the Lipsc1,itz conditions by Lagrangian trigonometric interpolation poly-
nomials having equally spaced basic points.
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The different trait of the present work is the fact that the quan-
tity En (x) is studied in the case when the interpolation process of
Lagrange is built for an extremely wide class of basic point matrices.
In particular, all the matrices of the form (1) belong to the class of
matrices made up of the roots of Jacobi polynomials
1(0(n'), Fn) (x), n = 1, 2,
with parameters satisfying the inequalities
-1