SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 6, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

QLIF ED
F ASS 4090 - SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
I l/P 8 1 1 8 9.1 7 T 15 Approved for Release'19991U5 :C
FEB;RURR~ 1959
-REPORT
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
6 February 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluate. information extracted from
recently received publications o' the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The infolhmation selected,is intended tQ indicate current.
scientific' developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countties, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Goverment research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
III. Earth Sciences
IV. Electronics
V. Engineering
31
VI. Mathematics 32
VII. Medicine 38'
VIII. Physics 57
IX. Miscellaneous 70
NOTE: I-t ns in this report are numbered consecutiv--ty.
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1. Irradiation Effects on Plant Activity of Meristematic Ti,sue
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Metabolism of Reserve
Organs of Plants," by B. A. Rubin and L. V. Metlitskiy, Insti-
tute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey, Biologic, Vol 19, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 387-396
The aim of this research was to study the possibility of using
radioactive isotopes and emission products of heavy nuclei for prolonging
the period of vegetable storage. Potato tubers irradiated with gamma
rays were used in studying metabolic phenomena: involved in the dormant
state, germination, growth, and sensitivity to microorganisms.
Topics discussed include the morphological and anatomical changes
in growth zones of the tubers due to the effect of ionizing radiation,
and the effect of ionizing radiation on nucleic acid metabolism.
Results indicate that irradiation delays tuber germination because
of the following: altered statet'of cellular colloids, shifts in the
isoelectric zone of proteins toward the acid s1,de, delayed synthesis of
nucleic acids in the growth points, decreased activity of a number. of
oxidizing enzymes in the mitochondria, and, consequently, decreased rate
of respiration. As a result of these changes the meristematic tissue in
the eyes of irradiated potato tubers loses its capacity to divide. These
same changes are produced by physical factors such as low temperature or
chemical preparations'. because they delay oxidation processes in the tubers.
The author concludes that irradiation makes it possible to prolong
the potato storage'period.
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II. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Pro eJp ].l&. is
2.. The Theory of the Chemical Stability of losives
"On the Problem of the Theoretical Basis for the Determi: ation
of the Chemical Stability of Explosive Substances," by W. K.
Andreyev, Moscow Chemi cote chnological Institute imeni D. I.
Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauchnyye 1Doklad V sshe . ?Shkoly . -- Khimiya,
i Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiva No 11, Nov 5 8., pp 635- 39
The chemical transformation of explosives is usually a complex proc-
ess which consists of a number of consecutive and parallel reactions the
relative weight of which change's with changes in the temperature. For
this reason the evaluation of stability in the low-ten erature region on
the basis on the dependence of reaction velocity on temperature in the
high.-temperature region is most reliable when the two temperature regions
are close to each other.
The stability of explosives is determined by the interrelationship
of three characteristics: (1) the initial velocity of the s
chemical transformation; the development (2) of self -accelerating reactions,
specifically the maximum velocity of these reactions; and (3) the effect
of admixtures or impurities on these reactions.
One may distinguish between two types of the thermal decomposition
of explosives; one type of decomposition is characterized by a strong
acceleration of the decomposition under the effect of decomposition prod...
ucts or some other admixtures (e.g., decomposition of nitroglycerin and
of other nitric acid esters or of explosives which decompose in the
solid state) while a relatively weak acceleration is typical for the
other type of decomposition (e.g., decomposition, of nitramines and aromatic
ni.trocompoundn). In the case of the first. type. of decomposition its self-
acceleration and the presence of admixtures which contribute to this
self-acceleration play the principal role; in the second type of decompo-
sition these factors play a relatively less important, role and the initial %
velocity of the chemical transformation is of greater importance.
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;~ - Sortie V..".wwr Re:Jtats isi the
rii_ rJe!;-",X.l r .
at'LCj1., titi r;, J@73
"Opfiica:l. 1 vesti.gation of Transverse by
B. V. Voytsekhovski,y, B. :Ye . #otov, V. V, aad
M. Ye. Topchi,y,=, , ,Sibs riara D~ pas -me: 1.) J .cap: .my of a':iences
USSR; Tfn?rosibirsk, Izve ;ti ii, S:L'Lbi.T,sko:,jro Ot l::.Le,ya Aka&eni.'.
Vauk. SSSR To 9, Sep 58, pp 4-4--5p
0:, the basis of the experimental iraveeti.gn;hio: d--scr7:h^ei?., the follow-
ing physical model of a detonation wave is proposed.:
A. shock wave propagates ahead of the combustion front. This shock
wave heats the gas to a high t?.anperature. Because of the imstabl ity of
the flat front of combustion, transverse &eton.a,tion waves begin to prop-a-
gate through the gas compressed and heated by the shock wave. These
detonation waves crisscross the whole surface of the shock wave in dif-
ferent directions with a network, of lines, formixsg a system of cej.L.-,
whic"n ebange with time.
Every transverse detonation wave consists of a shock wave followed
by a combustion front. The pressure at the Jouguet point behind its
front is approximately four times greater than that at the charnical peak
of the principal detonation wave. At points of double collisions and
particularly of triple collisions between transverse detontio? 3 waves,
the pressure is several times higher than be:b.:z. s,?i. -the front of the propa-
g a?ting shock wave.
The stability of transver, se shock waves in explaim d by a sharp
increase in the rate of combustion (determined by the factor 2e A
"'rte
after the secondary shock compression
In a normal detonation wave the total gaent.::.ty of gas passes 'through
the stage of a secondary shock compression.
The dimensions of the detonation cells (i,- according to
,ouguet) are determined by the composition an1s^1. pr seure of the. gas m.ix.-
ture; they depend only to a small extent on the di.aure?rer of the datona,-
ti.on, tube, increasing somewhat at small diametr-era.
A transition from a normal detonation to a spa, a detona?tio:r:: takes
place when the diameter of the tube does not differ., greatly from the
dimensions of the cell. Under these conditions ' a, f :c y: trerss detosr,,ati .,:n
wave is preserved solely along the wails of the tubee, t~.he detonation
is facilitated because of additional heating of the gc.s due to frictio; -.
Thus, in spin' deton Lion the layer of gas the -oral' 'b-ur..'::s in
a transverse detonation wave while the gas ~1rLt b_3; the :I: ! :c ve:.:Creme bi - El
by virtue of turbulent ccanbustion.
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The scheme for the calculation of the characteristic angles of a
single transverse detonation wave in normal detonation does not differ
from the scheme for the calculation of a spin transverse detonation wave.
Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear. .Fuels and
Reactor Construction Materials
4+. Solvent Extraction of Nuclear Fuels
"General Conference of the Department of Chemical Sciences,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Held 22-23 May 1958" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleni
Khimicheskikh Nauk, No ]1, Nov 5 , pp 1399-1401
V. M. Vdovenko, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR, gave
a report entitled "Investigation of the Distribution of the Nitrates of
Some Radioactive Elements Between Two Immiscible Solvents." He brought
out that in present-day radiochemistry extraction processes based on the
distribution of radioactive elements between two immiscible solvents are
used extensively for the separation of radioactive isotopes. Extraction
with organic solvents of uncharged inorganic complexes, often present in
the form of acido-complexes, is one of the principal methods for the
separation of radioactive isotopes. Vdovenko's report discussed results
of-systematic investigations concerning the distribution of-the nitrates
of uranyl, neptunyl, and plutonyl. Furthermore, data on the distribution
of a 'number of nitrates of other elements between aqueous solutions and.
some oxygen-containing organic solvents were presented.. The author of the
report succeeded in establishing a number of relationships which are
interesting and important from the practical standpoint. These relation-
ships correlate the efficiency of the salting-out effect of nitrates not
only with the concentration of the nitrate ion, but also with the charac-
teristics of the cation introduced into the solution (its radius and the
magnitude of its charge).
The results of the work that has been done on the subject made it
possible to apply the extraction method for the separation of uranium
and plutonium from aqueous solutions and the purification of these
elements from splinter elements. The basic principles have been investi-
gated of the extraction method for the treatment of irradiated uranium
with the'use of a solvent which is safe as far as danger of explosions
is concerned. The processes of distribution were investigated in the
presence of calcium nitrate functioning as a salting-out agent. Applica-
tion of this process makes it possible to separate from irradiated ura-
nium approxima-cely 99% of the plutonium present in it. The extraneous
radioactivity is reduced by a factor of 80,000. In this process, more
than 99% of uranium is separated and the content of splinter elements in
this uranium is reduced by a factor of one million.
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5 ? MYricitrin as a Reagent for the Dctermknatlo;o. of' Uranium
"Investiga?t'tion of Complex Compounds of Uranium With Myricitrin,"
by P. A.. Zagorets, Chair of Chemical Physics, Moscow Chemico-
Techuological, Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauch-
rA a Dok.lad V sshe Shko1 -- Khimi a i Khimicheska a Tek1b-
nologiya. No 4, Nov,58, pp 680-684
Curves of the absorption by myricitrin and complexes of uranium with
myricitrin in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum were
taken. Specrophotomletric determinations indicated that there are three
complex compounds of uranium with myricitrin with ratios of uranium to
that substance equal to 1/1, 2/1, and 3/1. Direct chemical analysis
indicated the formation of compounds with the ratios of 1/1 and 3/1.
6. Slectrophotometric Determination of Thorium
"Fluorometric Determination of Sulfate Ions and Spectrophoto-
metric Determination of Thorium With the'-Aid of Derivatives
of Trihydroxyfluorone," by V. A. Nazarenko and M. D. Shustova,
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriva Vol 24+,
No 11, Nov 58, pp 134+-13+6
Derivatives of 2,3,7- trihydroxy 6-fluorone substituted in the 9-
position were used as spectrophotometric reagents for the determination
of thorium. It was found that the 9-(o-hydroxphenyl)-trihydroxyfluorone
is best suite. for determinations of this type. This substance forms
a bright red complex compound with thorium at pH values greater than 2.
Reagents of this type can also be used for the determination of the
sulfate ion by the fluorometric method, because thorium enters into a
sulfate complex, thereby freeing a part of the fluorone derivative, which
fluoresces in ultraviolet light.
7. The System BeCl2 - BeF
"Thermal Analysis of the System BeCkv- BeF2," by 0. N.
Kuvyrk.~n, 0. N.Breusov, and A. V. oselova, Chair of Irxor-
genic Chemistry, Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov;
Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly -- Khimiya i Kta.imiehe-
skaya Tekhfologiya, No , Nov 5 8., pp 660-663
A thermal analysis of the system BeCL, - BeF2 was carried out. It
was established that this system forms a simple eutectic which contains
72.5 mol% of BeP2 and melts at 3060.
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~. The Chara^tsristics of B~:ar~oyla ~titc,y7e as an Agent for the Extraction
of Radloa,ctive Isotopes
"The Dissociation Constant of Bei zoylacel,;o,,.ke brie., the Coeffi,-
cients of the Distribution of This Compound Between Some Organic
Solvents and the Aqueous Phase., by 1. Story and N. P. Rude:nko,
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University Smeni
M. V. Lomorcosov; Moscow, Nauchxiyye Doklady Vysshe Shkoly --
Rhimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnol.og;Lya, No Nov 58, p2 -629
The results of a determination of the dissociation constant of ben-
zoylacetone and, of the coefficients of the distribution of this substance
between benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride forming the organic
phase and an acetate buffer solution forming and aqueous phase are reported.
The properties of benzoyla,setone were investigated. because this substance,
which forms inner complex salts with a great number of elements, may
serve as an effective agent for the extraction of radioactive isotopes.
The properties of benzoylacetone are compared with those of acetylacetone,
which were determined in previous work done by the authors.
9. Elimination of Strontium Ions From Solutions With the Aid of Half -
C ~.icined Dolomite
"Interaction of Half-Calcined Dolomite With Strontium Ions in
Aqueous Solutions," by S. A. Voznesenaskiy (deceased), V. F.
Bagretsov, and. V. V. Pushkarev, Ural Polyp chni.c Institute
imeni S. N. Kirov; Moscow, Zhur al Neorgax i.cheskoy_ Khimii,
Vol 3, No 12, Dec 58,'pp.2801 280k
An investigation of the interaction betwr-.en half-calcined dolomite
as :d strontium ions contained in aqueous solutions, which has been carried
out under static conditions, showed that strontium present in microcon,-
centrations can under definite conditions be eliminated from these solu-
tions rather efficiently by means of half-calcined dolomite,, :L. e. ,
"magacmass." On the basis of data obtained irnder static conditions, two
mechazci.sms for the interac=tion of strontium with the magnomass were pro-
posed, namely, (1) chemosorption on the surface of grains and coprecipi-
tation on re crystallization of the magi+.arass and (2) coprecipitation
accompaying new precipitation of difficultly soluble calcium and mag-
nesium slats (cf. V. F. Bagretsov, Zhux .cal Neorganicheskoy i i, Vol 1,
No 1, January 1956, p 179).
The purpose of the present -work was an experimental investigation
of the interaction between half-calcined. dolomite and strontium ions
in aqueous solutions under dynamic conditions, i.e., daring the filtration
of the solution through a coltmun filled with dolomite.
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Solutions containing Sr89 were used in, the work described.
It was found im, experiments carried. out at room temperature that at
pH..1 5.0 of the iz itial solution a constant value of adsorption of
vitro ium is established rather .rapidly under the experimental condition.
This value depends on the time of contact of the solution with the dolq,-
mite. When solutions of strontium in 1 N NEI , OH are used, a constant
value of adsorption is established after filtration has been carried out
for, a considerably longer time. When the strontium is contained in I
N NeOH solutions, the adsorption gredually tops to zero. It was further-
more found that the presence in the solution of anions that form diffi-
cultly soluble salts with strontium considerably increases the amount of
adsorption of this element.
Industrial Chemistry
10. The Use of Polystyrene Vessels as Containers for Liquid Air
"The Application of Polystyrene in Low-Temperature Technology,"
by Ruzicka; Prague, Stro irenstvi, No 4, 1958, pp 298-301
(reported by E,ogr A. A. Trokhin in Kis , Moscow, Vol 11,
No 5, Sep-Oct 58, pp 62-64)
In experiments carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Physics,
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, applications of polystyrene as a
heat-insulating material and material for vessels to be used as con-
tainers for liquid air have been investigated. Glass Dewar flasks are
dangerous because of the possibility that they may crack. . Metal Dewar
flasks are safer, but are not a satisfactory substitute for glass flasks
Unbreakable vessels made of foam polystyrene were found to tae satisfactory
for the storage and handling of. liquid air. The results obtained in the
work described make it possible to assume that foam polystyrene will find
extensive application not only as a material for laboratory equipment but'
also as an insulating material at low-temperature industrial installations.
1.10 Ftoropl.ast-4
"The Rolling of Ftoroplast-4 Film.," by I. M. Meyerovich, Moscow,
B uUeten' Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, Vol 11, No 11,
Nov 5 8., pp 20-22
The properties of ftoroplast-4 (polyfluoroethylene) are described,
It is stated that this polymer can-be used at temperatures frctm,minus
2690 to plus 2500 CO The rolling of ftoroplast-4 films on.pgvipnent
designed by the Central Design Bureau of Metallurgical Machine Building
(TsKM), Central Scientific Research Institute of Technology and
Machine Building (TsNIITMASh),-is discussed.
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12. Developnert of Carboxyl Rubber to, the USSR
"Carboxyl Rubber," by V. N. Re3rkh; Moscow, By le-,en' Tekhniko-
Rkonomicheskoy Infoxrnatsii, Vol 11, No 1.1, Nov 5$, pp 1-15
The Institute of High-Molecular Compounds, Academy of Sciences USSR,
and the A.11-Union Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber
imeni Academician S. V. Lebedev have developed a method for the produc-
tionn, of carboxyl-containing ela.stomers by the copolymerization of butadiene
or other monomers with a small quantity of methacrylic acid (0.5-2%).
The process of polymerization can be carried out in emulsion, in an acidic
medium, and in the presence of redox systems.
The presence of carboxyl groups in the polymer chain makes it pos-
sible to vulcanize the rubber by reacting the carboxyl groups with oxides
of divalent metals (e.g., magnesium oxide or zinc oxide) or metal hydrox-
ides (e.g., magnesium hydroxide of calcium hydroxide).
At high temperatures the capacity of vulcanized carboxyl rubber for
elastic recovery drops (i.e., its yield point is lowered). This is due
to melting of the crystalline phase., The yield point can be raised by
forming strong intermolecular C-C bonds. This can be achieved, for
i.:stance, by using a smal] quantity of thiuram.
The tensile strength of carboxyl rubber is no lower than that of
natural rubber and is much higher than that of analogous synthetic
elastomers which do not contain carboxyl groups. Because sulfur bonds
are absent, vulcanized carboxyl rubber is much more resistant to heat-
aging than, natural or synthetic rubber vulcanized. with sulfur.
Themost'.iportant characteristic of carboxyl rubber is its high notch
resistance: notches on rubber of this type do not increase in size even
after 360,000 deformation cycles, while analogous rubber from butadiene-
styrene rubber is severed after 130,000-140,000 cycles and natural vulcan-
ized rubber after 300,000 cycles.
One of the drawbacks of mixtures based on ? carboxyl rubber is a
tendency toward premature structure formation ("scorching"), which results
in, a considerable lowering of the plasticity of the mixtures during proc-
essing. This is due to reactions between the carboxyl groups of the
polymer 'chains and metal oxides. The reactions in question can be
inhibited to a certain extent by they introduction of some acids or anhy-
drides, the addition of softeners, lowering of the temperature of proc-
ess:Lng, and the application of apecial procedures; among which one may
mention screening of the surface of the metal oxide with a protective
high-melting film.
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The most effective procedure is the application of hydrates of
salts in combination with metal oxides. For instance, calcium oxide does
not exert a vulcanizing effect at the temperature used for vulcanization,
whereas calcium hydroxide is a good vulcanizing agent. When hydrates
of salts are used which split off water at temperatures close to that of
the temperature of vulcanization, the calcium oxide introduced into the
mixture is transformed into calcium hydroxide under the conditions in
question.
Tests conducted at the Institute of the Tire Industry, the Institute
of Synthetic Rubber, and the Yaroslavl' Tire Plan'. have shown that the,
butadiene-styrene rubber SKS-30-i, which contains carboxyl groups, can
be used to advantage in the production of tires and is superior to
analogous rubber not containing carboxyl groups. It was found that an
addition of 20-30% of SKS-30.l rubber to SKI-30 AM rubber increases the
notch resistance of tire casings by a factor of 1.5-2.
Radiation Chemistry
13. Current Trends in Radiation Chemist
"Radiation Chemistry -- Its Principal Trends and Problems,"
by N. A. BAkh, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, and P. I. Dolin,
Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk
SSR, Vol 28, No 10, Oct 58, pp 20-33
A distinguishing characteristic of chemical reactions which take
place under the effect of radiation is the participation in them of highly
excited particles (ions, atcnns, free radicals, and molecules) the energy
of which greatly exceeds that of the chemical bond. Ixs ordinary thermo-
chemical and photochemical reactions, only a few particles of this type
are present. As a result of the development of nuclear technology, radia-
tion chemistry originated and the scope of research in this field increased
greatly. In the initial phase of the development. of research on radiation
chemistry, problems pertaining to the protection of various substances
and. materials from the harmful effects of radiation predominated. At
present stress is placed on applications of radiation for the purpose of
conducting chemical reactions that will result in the formation of valuable
chemical products. Under conditions which form the subject of study in
radiation chemistry, charged particles usually transmit their energy com-
pletely. Slow particles transmit a considerable portion of this energy.
A knowledge of the relationships pertaining to the transmission of energy
by slow electrons is necessary not only for the calculation of local
doses (and consequently for the determination of the density of ionization
along the track of particles) but also for a clarification of the type
of excitation which is produced under the action of ionizing particles.
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ioudzatiarc potentials can. be calculated theoretically only for a
simple gas For other substances, values of the ionization potential
used. which are derived from experiments in which the free path of
c:borc;ed particles was determined for the subst,y:rnce of question. The
theory of the tra mTmi.ssion of radiation energy by molecules of a medium
has been developed only for gases. The problem of applying this theory
to condi :r sed systems remains open; one should do further work on this
sub jer..t, particularly as far as effects produced by slow electrons are
^oa.cP,rziedn
Radiation-chemical transformations also dapand on pr. oc,:.,3ses of
trantanission of energy from particles which have acquired energy (atoms,
mr)ie:cu-7 es, ions, and radicals) to molecules of the surrouxiding medium.
The primary chemical reactions which follow ionization and excita-
tiorn are of importance. Mass-spectrometric investigation of products
formed. as a result of the impact of electrons on molecules of vax?ious
compounds in. being conducted in the USSR (V. L. Ta1'roze) N. I. Tuaait-
skly). Investigation of radicals which form in the radiolysis of organic
.rrmpounds has been started. The study of these radicals is conducted
by the method of paramagnetic resonance (V. V. Voyevodskiy). It is
desirable to expand research in this field by applying different methods,
for instance, pulse irradiation, for the determination of the half-life
of short-lived intermediate products.
Research on reactions taking place with the participation of hot
atom,' atd radicals (that are formed in nuclear reactions) is related to
the field of investigation mentioned above. A characteristic trait of
particles of this type is that they may enter into reactions which are
thermod3mamically impossible for ordinary cold particles. The investiga-
tion, of hot particles will make it possible to clarify the role played
by t:.hem in radiation chemistry and nuclear chemistry. Work on this sub-
ject is being conducted on an extensive scale outside the USSR, while
insufficient attention is being paid to this subject in the USSR.
As far as radiation-chemical reactions of simple inorganic substances
are concerned, the underlying relationships can be best 1avestigated on
the simplest reactions such as the formation of ozone, the oxidation of
nitrogen, and the formation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. In,
work done by S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy on the formation of ozone and of nitrogen
oxides as a result of electron impacts, it was established that the prin-
cipal role in the first transformation is played by excited molecules of
oxygen and in the second by ionized molecules of nitrogen. To establish
the gew.ral .relationships that are valid in this f'i.eld, one must investi-
gate a large number of simple substances in different states after these
substances have been subjected to the action of different kinds of radia-
tion. Some reactions of this type may be of interest from the standpoint
of the application of nuclear radiation as a means of acecmiplish.i.xig chemi-
cal reactions which require a large amount of enter. gy (for. in-stance., the
oxidation of nitrogen).
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A consider, able amount of work has bec n done on radi.ra.tio;a-chemical
rea^:tions t4ki7:x; place in water and in aqueous solutions, because water.
is used. in nuclear reactors as a moderator and heat-transfer agent and
because products of nuclear fission are isolated from aqueous solutions.
1% al.1 the cases mentioned, nuclear radiation exerts a strong effect on
water and aqueous solutions, so that radiation-chemical reactions play
an important role. These reactions must be investigated, in order to
solve general problems pertaining to the chemical effects of radiation.
At present, using principally data obtained in research on processes
taic?og place in aqueous media, attempts are being made to determine the
role of ionization and excitation, to clarify the nature of tracks over
which ionizing particles of different types pass, and to investigate proc-
esses which take place in the vicinity of these tracks in the surrounding
medium. Active intermediate products that are formed under the action
of radiation on matter are also being investigated..
The very extensive experimental data that have been obtained on the
radiolysis of aqueous solutions are adequately explained by the assump-
tion that not only the radicals.OH and H but also the molecules H202 and
H2 represent primary products of radiolysis.
Radiation-chemical reactions may proceed in different directions.
The radicals OH and H react with the substances dissolved in the water
and also recombine with each other, yielding %02,, HQ, and'H2O. '.merecom -
tion. is most probable along the' tracks of ionizing particles, where the
concentration of radicals at the first moments after the passage of
particles is many times greater than in the surrounding medium. Light
r-,diatiou (gamma and beta) and heavy-particle radiation (alpha, d, p, and
r.) induce the formation of radical and molecular products with different
yields depending on the type of radiation. As a result of the action of
light radiation on water, about 80% of the water molecules are involved
in .h-mical reactions in the form of radicals and only about 20% can be
detected in the form of H2O and H2 a The correspo',ding yields in the
case of heavy particle7 radiation comprise 10-15% of radicals and. 85-90%
of molecular products. The problem as to whether the molecular products
are formed only by the recombination of radicals or may also form by
some other mechanism has not been solved yet.
By introducing into the solution substances which interact energet-
ically with one of the radical prodaets' of the radiolysis of water, one
can utilize more extensively the other radical for some suitable reaction.
Organic molecules containing mobile groups usually function as acceptor
radicals of this type. Some substances, under the conditions brought
about by irradiation, serve as carriers or transmitters of oxygen in the
oxydation of some other substance, thus considerably increasing the reac-
tion yield. This phenomenon is-denoted as radiation sensitization. The
idea in regard to the possibility of this pheacmienon was advanced by
M. A. Proskurni.n, who together with his collaborators continues the inves-
tigation of the phenomena involved.
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As far as radiation electrochemistry is concerned, it has been estab-
lished by V. I. Veselovskiy that irradiation of an electrochemical system
consisting of the solution of an electrolyte and a metal electrode leads
to a disturbance of the thermodynamic equilibrium in this system both
because electrochemically active substances are formed. in the solution
Ennrl because the electrons in the oxide layer of the electrode are excited.
Electrochemically active products arise as a result of the transformations
of the dissolved substance brought about by direct and indirect action
of radiation and because of the radioalysis of water. Visible proof of a
shift in the equilibrium of the system being irradiated is the generation
of a stationary difference of potential between two electrodes which
exhibit selectivity with regard to oxidizing and reducing products of
radiolysis. Thus, the possibility of transforming radiation energy into
electric energy in a galvanic system has been demonstrated. However, a
practical application of this principle is connected with difficulties
from both the technical and the scientific standpoints.
Under the action of radiation either activation or passivation of
processes occurring at the electrode may take :place. Intermediate prod-
ucts of radiolysis which are formed in the solution (radicals and inter-
mediate electrochemically active products) participate in the processes
involved. Furthermore, the properties of the electrode itself change as
a result of the direct action of radiation on it. This refers particu:-
l.arly to semiconductor electrodes or electrodes the surface layer of
which possesses semiconductor properties.
It has been established in a number of investigations by N. A. Bakh
and V. I. Medvedovskiy that electrochemical methods (potentiometry,
polarography, etc.) are suitable for the investigation of products of
radiolysis formed in aqueous solutions. In some cases, these methods
proved very effective. The investigation of radiation-galvanic processes
must be developed intensively in many directions. It is necessary to
investigate the behavior under the effect of radiation of a great number
of different redox systems, the products of radiolysis formed by which
may be electrochemically active. An important problem is that pertaining
to the mechanism of the selective action of products of radiolysis on
electrodes. The investigation of the processes taking place on metal
and semiconductor electrodes will contribute to the more effective appli-
cation of radiation in electrochemical processes and to an understanding
of corrosion processes taking place in radiation fields. Methods for
suppressing corrosion under these conditions will be found as a result of
this work. One must use more extensively electrochemical, methods in the
investigation of products of radiation-chemical reactions and in work
aimed at the clarification of the mechanism of these reactions.
Investigations in the field of the radiation chemistry of organic
substances have not yet led to generally recognized concepts, as distin,:
guished from the radiation chemistry of inorganic compounds in aqueous
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!'olutioais. However,, research in this :Cir-.ld progrees s rapidly and, is
begiun1ng to cover an ever-increasing diveraity of reactions ar.,d. types
of compounds. Modern and very effective methods are being applied in
the investigation of the reaction products. Under the circumstances
one may expect that new and valuable experimental data will be obtained
soon and that general concepts pertaining to this field will be formu,-
lated.
Work on the radialysis of hydrocarbons in the liquid and gas phases
has been initiated in the USSR. Processes of the radiation-chemical
.Dx:f,rlatiou of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds in the presence or
absence of oxygen (in the latter case, by-products of the radiolysis of
the solvent bring about oxidation) are being investigated systematically.
A small number of investigations is being conducted on halogenation,
amination, and other processes taking place wader the action of radiation.
Although these investigations are of a predominantly qualitative
nature and are concerned mainly with individual reactions, attempts are
also being made at present to establish some general relationships per-
taini:cg to radiation-chemical reactions in which organic substances par-
ticipate. Very valuable data from this standpoint have been obtained by
V. L. Tal'roze and Ye. P. Frankevich in the mass-spectrometric investiga-
tion, of products formed by the be nbardment of molecules with electrons.
It has been found that the principal reactions following the primary forma-
tion of ions consist of ion-molecule interactions in which transfer of
hydrogen atoms or protons takes place with the result that new ions or
radicals are formed. The energy balance of these interactions is positive
and the reaction energy is retained in the radicals or ions as excitation
energy.
The participation of radicals in radiation-chemical reactions of
organic compounds can be established by the method of paramagnetic
resonance. The presence of radicals in irradiated hydrocarbons has
been detected by this method. Such radicals can be preserved for long
periods of time in a frozen state at low temperatures (A. V. Topchiyev,
L. S. Polyak).
Radiation-chemical oxidation, as distinguished from photochemical
and thermochemical oxidation, takes place at room temperature. This is
possible only because the primary radicals which form as a result of the
action of ionizing radiation have at the time of their formation a
considerable excess of energy, which is preserved in the R02 radicals.
This makes it possible to carry out reactions which require a sizable
energy of activation, but does not bring about the development of chains,
because the radicals R* which are produced in reactions of the type
R*02+RH ROOH+R*
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do ~,).ot form peroxide radicals having a sufficient excess of energy. Per-
oxide radicals which are not capable of bringing about reactions that
require an energy of activation may add radicals and form dialkyl peroxides.
This process is typical for processes of radiation-chemical oxidation and
is not observed in photochemical oxidations. Investigations in the field
of the radiation chemistry of organic substances done with the purpose of
developing methods for the production of valuable substances must be'con-
ducted on an extensive scale.
The distinguishing characteristic of radiation-chemical processes,
which consists in the participation in them of excited radicals, ions,
atoms, and molecules, can be utilized most effectively in chain reactions.
In view of the fact that polymerization proceeds.by a chain mechanism,
there is a natural tendency to utilize radiation for the initiation of
this process. ystemat:Lc research on the mechanism of radiation-polymeriza-
tion is being conducted in the USSR under S. S. Medvedev's direction.
Both structure formation in polymers and deterioration of polymers under
the action of radiation are being studied. The first systematic investi-
gations of the effect of radiation on polymers were carried out in the
USSR by V. A. Kargin, P. A. Rebinder, and their collaborators. These
investigations were concerned mainly with changes in the 'thermomechanical
properties polymers under the action of radiation.
At present a number of USSR scientists (V. L. Karpov, V. L. Tsetlin,
Yu. S. Lazurkin, and others) are conducting different investigations in
regard to the action of radiation on polymers.
It is known that aromatic groups stabilized organic compounds to a
considerable extent with respect to the action of radiation. This is due
to the fact that the energy which accumulates in aromatic groups is not
transmitted further along the chain, but is dissipated. Aromatic groups
exert this effect in polymers as well as in other compounds. Thus, poly-
mers which contain aromatic rings in the chain are not subjected to radia-
tion vulcanization. Their deterioration under the effect of radiation is
very slow.
The practical application of radiation to induce chemical transforma-
tions in polymers with the purpose of developing desirable properties in
these polymers is in its very beginning. However, one can. already mention
a number of applications which are very promising, for instance, radiation
vulcanization, the development of polymers which are stable to the effects
of radiation, the synthesis of graft polymers, and improvement of the heat
resistance of polymers. Introduction into polymers of protective substances
makes it possible to increase the radiation stability of the polymer. How-
ever, in the majority of cases, one cannot yet control the effect of radia-
tion on substanced of this' glass. '
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Irradiation of solid substances brings about processes resulting in
modifications of the chemical composition cq of the structure. In cry-
stalline substances, changes in, the lattice constants are produced and
also displacement of charges, displacement of structural elements from
their normal position, and other cha.nges. These processes can be observed
because of changes in X-ray diffraction diagrams and alterations in the
density and in the mechanical, optical, electrical, and other character-
istics of crystals. Heavy particles exert the strongest effect on the
characteristics mentioned. Modifications brought about in the character-
istics of solids under the effect of radiation must be taken into con-
sideration in connection with the use of structural materials in nuclear
to cbnology.
Research on structural changes in solids under the effect of radia-
tion. is carried out on a rather extensive scale. The results obtained
in work of this type are usually published in physical journals. Very
little work on chemical changes in solids subjected to the effect of
radiatio};, has been done either in the USSR or outside the USSR.
The chemical changes which develop in solids subjected to the action
of radiation frequently remain in a latent state and become evident only
when other factors act on the substance. The chemical changes in question
may bring about very radical and thoroughgoing modifications in the prop-
erties of the solids in question and may even result in the complete
destruction of the solid. Such phenomena take place, for instance, as a
result of the initiation of chain reactions or processes brought about by
scission or the formation of a new bond in very large molecules. But even
pronesses which take place with ordinary yields may have a sharp effect
on the specific characteristics of the substances, particularly as far as
catalytic and semiconducter properties are concerned, because these prop-
erties depend to a very great extent on structural and chemical changes.
Solid. substances have the capacity of preserving for a long time thermo-
dynamically unstable disturbances of the chemical composition and struc-
ture. By letting accumulate such disturbances or defects produced as a
result of the action of radiation, one may control some properties of
solids. By subjecting the solids to radiation that brings about nuclear
reactions, one may introduce into the solid substance microimpurities
consisting of neighboring elements. This method of precise dosage of
microimpurities may prove effective as a method of modifying in a desired
sense the characteristics of catalysts and semiconductors. The changes
in properties of solids taking place under the effect of radiation have
not yet been studied to a great extent; one may expect that systematic
investigation of the phenomena in question will yield valuable results
from the scientific and technological standpoint.
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Radiochemistry
For information on radiochemistry, see Items No 8 and. 16.7
Organic Chemistry
11i. Synthesis and Transformations of Chlorides of Organoboron Compounds
"General Conference of the Department of Chemical Sciences,
Academy of Sciences USSR, held. 22-23 May 1958" (unsigned arti-
cle), Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimi.-
cheskikh Nauk, No ll, Nov 58; pp 1399-14,01
"A report entitled 'Synthesis and Transformations of the Chlorides
of Organoboron Compounds' was presented by V. M. Mikhaylov, Doctor of
Chemical Sciences. It was brought out in this report that, the esters of
organoboron acids react with phosphorus pentachloride, exchanging alkoxyl
groups for chlorine atoms. This reaction is a general and simple method
for the preparation of chlorides of organoboron compounds. When applied
to esters of disubstituted boric acids, this method yields both symmetric
and unsymmetric dialkyl and diaryl borochlorides as well as ;alkylar,~rl
borochlorides. Esters of monosubstituted boric acids form, depending on
the proportion of reagents, either esters of alkyl-(aryl) chioroboric
aicds or alkyl-(aryl) borodichlorides. The report discussed results of
the investigation of chemical properties of different classes of organo-
boron chlorides, which have beeome accessible because of the discovery of
a simple method for their preparation. The reactions of compounds of
this type with water, alcohols, organic acids, organic acid anhydrides,
ammonia, and amines were investigated. It was established that the trans-
formations of organoboron chlorides proceed over the stage of the forma-
tion of intermediate complex compounds. These transformations are often
accompanied by symmetrization. The reactivity of the chlorides depends
to a considerable extent on the nature of the organic radicals which
enter into their composition and on the composition of the substances
with which the chlorides react. The investigation of the reactivity of
the chlorides led to the synthesis of different new types of organoboron
compounds.
"Tile report was followed by a lively discussion, in which A. D. Petrov,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Academician M. M.
Shemyakin; K. M. Gorbunova, Doctor of Chemical Sciences; and others partici-
pated. It was noted that organoboron compounds have already found impor'--
t
?ant practical applications, so that work in this field is not only of
theoretical but also of practical importaWnce."
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Analytical Chemistry
15. A Seminar at Sverdlovsk on the Analytical Chemistry of Dispersed
Elements
"A Seminar on the Analytical Chemistry of Dispersed Elements,"
by V. A. Oshman, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, and K. V.
Ogorodnikov; Moscow, 7~avodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 24, No 11,
CPYRGHT Nov 58, p 1423
"An interoblast seminar on methods for the determination of rare
elements was held on 23-28 June 1958 by the Sverdlovsk Division (Otdeleniye
of the All-Union Chemical Society imeni V. T. Mendeleyev, the Ural House
of Technology, and other organizations in the City of Sverdlovsk.
"Fifty persons from 27 plants, mines, and research institutes of the
oblast participated in the seminar.
"At plenary sessions that were conducted reports were heard on the
application of dispersed elements in the national economy and the principal
directions in the development of the analytical chemistry of rare and dis-
persed elements. Reports were also given on present-day methods for the
determination of indium., gallium, germanium, selenium., tellurium, and thal-
lium in fuels used for the generation of power, metallurgical and chemical
raw materials, and products of the treatment of such materials.
"Furthermore, the participants in the seminar did practical work on
the development of new analytical methods at laboratories of scientific
research institutes and higher educational institutions.
"The participants in the seminar familiarized themselves with rapid
methods for the separation of indium from complex mixtures with the aid
of phytic acid combined with a polarographic determination at the end of
the procedure, the colorimetric determination of indium with the aid of
rhodamine 3 B, the amperometric determination of germanium, the polaro-
graphic determination of selenium and tellurium without preliminary separa-
tion, iodometrie determination selenium and tellurium after their separa-
tion with potassium iodide, photocolorimetric determination of selenium
and tellurium involving successive precipitation from a nitric acid solu-
tion with the application of a copper catalyst, etc."
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16. Analysis by the Method of Reflected Beta Radiation
"Analysis of Complex Systems by the Method. of Reflection of
Beta Radiation," by S. N. Kryukov, B. S. Bokshteyn, T. I.
Degal'tseva, and A. A. Zhukhovitskiy, Moscow Steel institute
imeni I. V. Stalin; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 24,
No 11, Nov 58, pp 1305-1308
A method is described for the determination of the heavy component
in systems also containing light elements. This method is based on meas-
ur ment of the reflection of beta radiation. It has been proposed by
N. A. Bogdanov and V. F. Funke (cf. Zavod.skaya Laboratory n., Vol 21,
No. 2, 1955). The basic principle of the method and the technique of
applying it are illustrated on the analysis of the system Fe-Mo-W and the
determination of the content of iron in iron ores. An equilibrium mix-
ture of Sr90 and Y90 was used as the source of beta radiation.
Inorganic Chemistry
or information on inorganic chemistry, see Item No 227
Miscellaneous
17, New Chemicotechnological Institute Opened. in Karaganda, Kazakh SSR
"New Institute in Karaganda" (unsigned. article); Moscow,
Promyshlenno.-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 17 Oct 58
A new Chemicotechnological Institute (Khimiko-Tekhnologicheskiy
Institut,), Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR, has been opened in Karaganda.
The main aim of the institute is to develop the problem of the complex
utilization of natural resources of Central Kazakhstan. The institute
has 26 laboratories with which to conduct this research.
18. Czechoslovak Scientist Visits Hungary --.Gas Analysis Methods C ed
"Czechoslovak Experts Help Hungarian. Researchers" (unsigned
article); Budapest, Nepszabadsag, 12 Dec 58
Je,roslav Janek, chief of the Gas Chromatography Laboratory of the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, was recently the guest of the Hungarian
Petroleum and Natural Gas Experimental Institute (Magyar Asvanyolaj es
Fold-gazkiserleti Intezet), spending several days in Veszprem after his
American and Chinese tours.
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On the basis of his suggestions, the institute has changed its work
methods. It is replacing its old. gas analysis instruments with domes-
tically produced, relatively cheap equipment, Scientific work will be
simpler with the new equipment because it will be suitable for the exam-
ination of both natural gases and petroleum products.
19. Dissertations of Candidates of Chemical Sciences in Hungary
"Reports of the Scientific Qualifications Committee -- New
Candidates, .Tune 1958" (unsigned article); Budapest, Magyar
Tudomany, Vol III, No 8-9, Aug-Sep 58
The Scientific Qualifications Committee has qualified the following
as noted:
Geza Bodor, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, on the basis of his dis-
sertation titled "The Connection Between the Internal Structure and the
Properties of Several Fiber-Forming Polymers"; his opponents were Acade-
mician Zoltan Csuros and Peter Szor, Doctor of Chemical Sciences.
Kalman Burger, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, on the basis of his
dissertation titled "Toward an Analytic Application of Delta-Positive
Halogens" Csic7; his opponents were Zoltan azabo, Corresponding Member
[pf the Hungarian Academy of Science s7 and Arital Vegh, Candidate of Chemi-
cal Sciences.
Gabor Foldiak, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, on the basis of his
dissertation titled "Radiation-Chemical Changes Exerted in the Electric
Industry on Hydrocarbons and Insulating Oils as a Result of the Action
of Electric Fields"; his opponents were Gyorgy Varsanyi, Candidate of
Chemical Sciences, and Laszlo Vajta, Candidate of Chemical Sciences.
Bela Lakatos, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, on the basis of his
dissertation titled "A new Method for Calculating the Degree of Polarity
of Chemical Bonds"; his opponents were Rezso Gaspar, Doctor of Physical
Sciences, and Brno Pungor, Doctor of Chemical Sciences.
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III. EARTH SCI, LACES
20? Information Theory Used in the Interpretation of Geophysical Investi-
atio:ns
"The Information Theory of the Interpretation of Geophysical
Data," by L. A. Khal,fin, All-Union Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Prospecting Geophysics; Moscow, Dokiady Akad mii Nauk
SSS.R, Vol 122, No 6, oct 58, pp 1007-1010
The information theory of the interpretation of geophysical data is
considered. It differs ; frc?n the general theory of information in that
the idea of describing geophysical methods of research as systems of an
information observation is the basis of the method. Former works of the
author are referred to, namely, a course of lectures given at the Lenin-
grad. State University, 1956-1957 (in printing), and Dokl. Ina sektsii
teor'. i3. infoxmatsii, works presented at the information theory section
at the all-union scientific session ded:Lcated to the Radio Day, Moscow, 1957.
Besides the theoretical' information approach, the problems considered
may be investigated on the basis of the classical theory of statistical
estimates. The problem concerning the relation between the theoretical
information theory and the theory of statistical estimates is at present,
however, not completely solved.
As is known, the, problem of interpretation of data of a geophysical
method consists of, determining according to the geophysical field 7P ()
(signal) the corresponding distribution of sources of that field P of com-
murilca.tion (in the notation !P (r) we designate the variable coordinates
of the geophysical field by r). In doing this an inherent difficulty
consists in the fact that for the given geophysical field 1p Cr) reported.,
by ( it is possible to name only such a characteristic of the sources of-
-that field., which is in one-to-one correspondence (theorem of uniqueness)
with the given geophysical field, (signal) (r):
a such a presentation the direct and inverse problems are natually sub-
divide-d.
It is evident that the interpretation may be either in squares or
analytical. Under the square interpretation the following is understood:
the given different l j, are found by solution of the direct problems
corresponding to Tp i r), such that tables of sheets divided into squares
are obtained in the result:
(2)
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Interpretation then consists in that ens;:or~~:i ~g to the measuring fieid 1 (r)
the corresponding 7 Pj(r) ar'c fouad. in tab1r:s (?) (it is assumed. that this
is always passible to cu i. the rz:cl~ r ?t ets eae t~uff.._c
ie,,,tly cetailc 2n8osequently the caught-fo el); , c:L?-
r4. In recent timer. the so-1
'EZ x
2
(l e'`'_ I W = 0.
It is noted that the Hermite and Langer polynomials and Bessel functions
are particular cases of this function.
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VII. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
32. Culturing Cholera Vibrio in Guinea Pig Intestines
Culturing of Cholera Vibrio in the Small' Intestines of Guinea
Pigs," by A. G. Nikonov, V. I. Yevseyeva, P. D. Bibikova, and
K. G. Bichul', Rostov-na-Donu Scientific Research Antiplague
Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i
Innnunobiologii, Vol 29, No 12, Dec 5 8., pp 51-53
On the basis of observ tions that the increase in the virulence of
cholera vibrio cultured by to usual methods is unstable and inadequate
for vaccine preparation, the authors attempted to pass this pathogen
through the small intestines of guinea pigs and to dry it subsequently
in the intestinal contents. Results of testing virulence of vaccine
strains 11 and 16, prepared by the usual method (culturing in the peri-
toneal cavity of guinea pigs), are compared in tabular form. Results of
the authors' experiments are given in detail in the text and presented
in a table. Coasclusions based on these results are as follows:
"l. Culturing cholera vibrio in isolated loops of small intestines
of guinea pigs increased virulence to a great extent in comparison with
passage in the peritoneal cavity. The virulence reached a Del of one
billion in half the strains passed.
"2. Drying the strains in the contents of isolated sections of small
intestine stabilized the virulence at1 .ned by passage for a long time."
It is stated that strains 11, 16, and 143 as ntained virulence after
5-7 months of preservation in a dried form (Del equal to one. billion),
and that after one year and 5 months virulence was maintained at the same
level in strain 16 and was decreased in the other two strains. The same
increase in virulence was not observed in all strains -- in' strain 1110,
.325-1-B, the Del was never lower than 4 billion.
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Epidemiology
33. Brucellosis in the Altay Mountains
"Certain Peculiarities of Brucellosis in the Altay Mountains,"
by V. M. Lyubushkina, Gornoaltayskaya Oblast Sanitary-
Epidemiological Station; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiollo iii. Epi-
demiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 2, No 11, Nov 58, p 116
"Wjiile selecting groups for inoculation against brucellosis in
1956 and the beginning of 1957, we were confronted with an interesting
fact in Gornoaltayskaya Oblast which obliged us to occupy ourselves
more intensdvely with the problem of the characteristic course of
brucellosis under local conditions.
"Our observations encompassed 8 villages (4+5 animal husbandry farms)
threatened with brucellosis abortus, including 8 kplkhozes of Kosh-
Agachskiy village, which was also threatened with brucellosis melitensis.
A total of 5,059 persons in all were examined, of whom 1,037, or 20.5%,
reacted positively to laboratory diagnostic tests. At the same time,
84 persons, or 1.6% were discovered to be clinically ill with brucellosis.
"So:,?. for example, 33.6% of persons examined in Ulaganskiy village
reacted positively, whereas clinical manifestations were present in
only 1.1%. Results were as follows on individual farmu in the afore-
mentioned village: 38.3% of the population reacted positively in the
Kirov kolkhoz; 25.7% in 'Pogranichnik' kolkhoz, and 25% in 'Pobeda'
kolkhoz in the absence of clinically evident brucellosis. In Mayminskiy
village, 30,-9% .reacted positively in the presence of clinical manifesta-
tions in 0.6% of the persons examined. The greatest number of persons
who reacted positively to brucellin were in Kosh-Agachskiy village --
54.4+% in the presence of only 1.8% patients.
"In the presence of considerable variation in the percent of posi-
tively reacting persons and the percent of persons with clinical manifes-
tations of-brucellosis both in individual villages and on separate farms
of the same village, the relationship of indexes maintained its charac-
teristics so that the percentage of positively reacting persons consider-
ably exceeded the percentage of persons with clinical manifestations of
brucellosis.
"Tkere has been no epidemic outbreak of brucellosis in the oblast
for a number of years. In the oblast as a 'whole (8 villages), the per-
cent of positively reacting persons was 20.5 with clinical man'!festa-
tions in 1.6% of the persons examined.
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"Thus, the results of the investigation indicate a wide distribution
of brucellosis in the Altay Mountains and a predominance of brucellosis
abortus foci."
34. Complement Fixation Test for Survey of Ina
China
"Use of Complement Fixation Test in Surveys of Inapparent Japa-
nese Encephalitis in H s and, Animals," by Wang Tae (yam
and Chang Sung-shah ( 7~_'~ ), Virus Laboratory, Ronan
Health and Antiepidemic Statioh; Peiping, Wei-she -wu Hsueh- ao
(Acts Microbiologica Sinica), Vol 6, No 4, -195b., pp 442-446-
This item presents experiments undertaken in 1957 to re-examine the
practicability of the complement fixation testiin epidemiologic surveys
of inapparent Japanese B encephalitis.
The authors state that Chinese epidemiologists in Shanghai had pre-
viously concluded that inapparent infection of B-type encephalitis was
difficult to detect by the complement fixation test. However, Ramon
and others (148--and 1947) hold that any fixation of the complement
would indicate infection occurring within the past year since B encepha-
litis antibodies do not remain in the serum longer than a year. From
the results of their experiments, summarized below, the authors conclude
that the complement fixation test could be used to detect recent inap-
parent B-encephalitis infection.
Seventy-four healthy patients who had contact with patients suffer-
ing with B encephalitic during the 1957 epidemic in Cheng-chou were
given the complement fixation test. Thirty-nine were positive in titers
of 1''.2-1:64, while 3 demonstrated the presence of anticomplement.
Twenty-four other healthy persons residi g in the same area but with no
contact with the patients were likewise tested. Only four were positive.
Healthy domestic animals chosen at random from the epidemic area demon-
strated by the complement fixation test that they had had recent latent
infection in rates as follow: 1011 cattle, 11/26 hogs, 17/25 sheep,
and 5/26 goats.
Since 1952, 32 municipalities in Cana have conducted, surveys of
latent B-encephalitis: infection in humans by using the neutralization
test which calls for the use of large numbers of experimental animals
and relatively precise laboratory equipment, according to the authors.
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35. Tularemia From Handling Game in East German
"Tularemia Infection Originating at a Game Dealer's," by
H. Mochmann, Institute of Hygiene, University of Rostock; Ber-
lin, Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen No 47, 20 Nov 58, pp 1532-.?
1533
Since 1952 a total of 98 cases of tularemia have been diagnosed
serologically in humans in Mecklenburg. Most of the cases -ere among
rural people who had come in contact with diseased wild hares. Since
1945 tularemia has been endemic in Mecklenburg.
In January 1958 two new cases of tularemia were diagnosed. The two
patients were an elderly married couple who live in Berlin, and who had
skinned, cleaned, 1eaten tanundressed hare purchased at a game dealer's.
The area where the hare had originally been taken could not be ascertained.
The case of the elderly Berlin couple is pointed out as an example
of the fact that tularemia should not be considered a disease confined to
rural areas, but one which could become epidemic among an urban pupulatddon.
Immunology and Therapy
36. Allergic Reactions Following Tick Bites After Inoculation Against
Tularemia
"Two Cases of Allergic Reaction in Persons Inoculated Against
Tularemia Caused by the Bites 'of Infected Rhipicephalus ros-
sicus Ticks," by V. P. Borodin, A. P. Samsonova, and A. P.
Koroleva, Stalingradskaya Oblast Sanitary-4idem3,ological
'Station; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii idemiolo i i
Immundpiologii, Vol 2 0., No 11, Nov 5 6., pp 117-11
This article reports two unusual -instances of allergic reaction
after persons with inoculation immunity to tularemia were bitten by
infected ticks. Both individuals *woi'kedi.jn a tularemia focus of the
marsh-steppe type, collecting ticks. The reactions in both persons,
who had been inoculated 4 and 6 years previously with live tularemia
vaccine, are described in detail. Conclusions based on the results of
observations and tests are as follows:
"1. Local allergic reactions were observed in two persons inoculated
with tularemia vaccine and bitten by Rh. rossicus ticks infected with the
tularemia pathogen; the reactions were of the positive intensive tularin
test type (observed in tularemia patients and persons who have recovered
from tularemia) accompanied by a slightly increased teierature.
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"2. The isolation of a highly virulent culture of the tularemia
pathogen in a marsh-steppe type focus from Rh. rossicus ticks removed
from the inoculated persons substantiated their active carrying of the
tularemia pathogen and VIP, possibility of infecting noniimnunized persons
with the afore mention i disease.
"3. The presence of an allergic reaction in persons inoculated
with live tularemia vaccine at the site of a bite by infected Rh. ros-
sicus ticks substantiates their high resistance to tularemia."
Pharmacology and Toxicology
37. Acetylcholine-Cholinesterase Changes in Blood and Plasma Studied
"Mediator System of Acetylcholine-Cholinesterase in Acute Poi-
soning by Dichloro Ethane," by M. P. Slyusar', Vopr. Gigieny
Truda i Profzabolevaniy v Gornorudn. Khim. i Mashinostroit.
Prom-sti. (Problems of or Hygiene and Occupational Dis-
eases in Mining, Chemistry, and Machine Construction Industry),
Kiev, Gosmedizdat, Ukrainian SSR, 1958, 92-100 (fro&Befera-
tivn Zhurnal -- Khimi Biologicheskaya, Khimi , No 22,
CPYRGHT 25 Nov 5 , Abstract No 2 700
"Acute poisoning was produced within 4 hours in white rats by the
administration of dichloro ethaa at 10 mg/liter concentration. The
animals were sacrificed after a 16- to 18-hour period, and determim.tions
were made of the blood and tissue activity of cholinesterase and of
acetylcholine content. It was shown than. acute poisoning brought about
decreased cholinesterase activity in the'blood serum and plasma by 4+3
and 23~, respectively, during the light narcosis stage and by 37 and
23% during the 'aftereffect' phase. Acetylcholine appeared in the
blood. Decreased cholinesterase activity was also evident in the tis-
sues of the brain and spinal cord (16.4 and 16.7%), liver (27.8%),
pancreas (20.30), heart (29%), and pyloric part of the stomach (31.2%).
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33. The Effect of Echinopsine on the Permeability of Blood and Lymph
Capillaries
"The Effect of Echinopsine on the Permeability of Blood.and
Lymph CapiLlaxies," by Chzhu Shoypen, Uch. Zap. 2-y Mosk. Med.
in-t (Scientific Reports of the Second Moscow Medical Insti-
in-t), 1957, 6, 99-103 (from Referati Zhurnal. -- Khimi
Biologicheakaya Kh miya, No 22, 25 Nov 5d., Abstract No 2998,
"Echinopsine decreased the rate of absp'rption of Nat Cl from sub-
cutaneous cellular tissue into the blood, and its transfer from the
blood stream into tissues. The phenomenon may be connected with decreased
membrane permeability or with retardation of blood flow due to the hypo-
tensive effect of echinopsine. Echinopsine did not_ change the permea-
bility of lymph car13la~ies with rospect'io-cP dt4 fi1;31."
39. "Nanofin" Effect on S35 Methionine Inclusion into Proteins
"The Effect of Nanofin on the inclusion of S35-Methionine Into
the Proteins of the Brain and Heart of Albino Rats," by I. G.
Zhakov, Uch. Zap. 2-i Mosk. Med. in-t, (Scientific Reports of
the Second Moscow Medio&l Institute)., 1957, 6, 4+9-52 (from
Referati Zhurnal -- Khimiya Biolo cheeks Khlmiya,
CPYRGHT No 22, 25 Nov 5d., Abstract No 29b72)
"After the intrasmuscu].ar introduction into white rats of 5 mg/kg
of the ganglion blocking substance 'nanofin,' the rate of inclusion of
S35-methionine in the proteins of the brain and of the heart was increased.
This was effected chiefly by the rise in the concentration of s35 in the
tissues of these organs. After the intragscular administration of
10 mg/kg of 'nanofin,' the inclusion of S methionine in the proteins
of the brain and heart lagged behind the concentration of s35 .W the
tissue. This Is probably connected with acreased protein metabolism in
the brain and heart after a large dose of 'nanofin.'"
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40. Changes in Iodine-Reducing Compounds During Drug-Induced Sleep
"Concerning the Dynamics of Iodine-Reducing (Sulfhydryl) Com-
pounds in the Blood Under Conditions of Drug-Induced Sleep
(Materials Contributing to the Biochemistry of Blood During
Sleep Inhibition," by I. S. Roizman, Nauchn. Tr. Vinnitsk.
Gos Med. in-ta, (Scientific Works of the Vinnitsa State
Medical Institute), 1957, 8, 64+-77 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
I Uni Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 22, 25 Nov 58,9 Abstract
CPYRGHT No 297 9)
"After various types of drug-induced sleep (ether, chloral hydrate,
urethane, amytal, and pentothal) it was observed that the concentration
of iodine-reducing compounds was increased in the blood during the
period of sleep and was decreased after the.pekiod of sleep. Sleep
induced by chloroform produced an insignificant decrease in the content
of iodine-reducing compounds during sleep and a slight increase after
sleep. Data are presented concerning changes in oxidized and reduced
forms of iodine-reducing compounds."
l+i. Morphine-Induced Shock
'Cljnicophysiological and Hematological Characteristics of Mor-
phine Shock," by V. K. Ionova; Alma-Ata., Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk Kazakhskom SSR (Seriya Meditsiny i Fiziologii Vol 1 (9).
1958, pp 55-5
The aim of this research was to study a new form of toxic shock --
morphine-induced -- to establish the peculiarities of this pathological
process arising after the intravenous administration of morphine to dogs
and to study the clinical symptoms and hematological changes ensuing.
Tests were conducted on 50 dogs which received a 1% solution of
morphine at the rate of 0.1-1.0 ml per kg of body weight.
Immediately after the administration of a dose of 0.5-1.0 ml per kg,
there was, in most cases, an mediate state of excessive stimuJ,ption
of the vegetative system, increased blood pressure, and accelerated pulse
rate. This state appeared 15 seconds after morphine administration and
lasted for 60 seconds. This condition was followed by general inhibition,
?comp]. to loss of sensitivity to pain, and acute or complete loss of
reaction to reflex stimulation. In 40-60 minutes the animals began to
react to strong sound stimulation, and in 1-3 hours they were able to
move.
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Blood pressure in all instances was lowered (down, to 15-30 mm Hg)
starting 1-3 minutes after morphine administration. Body temperature
decreased within 10 minutes and remained low during the second day.
The process of blood coagulation was delayed, within a few minutes
and this lasted for an hour, but in some instances the blood lost its
coagulation capacity. Blood serum complement activity was diminished
in all cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was protracted, the
erythrocyte count rose by 0.5-2.0 million per mm3, and. hemoglobin rose
by 5-10%. The two latter changes became evident within a few minutes
and were most pronounced 30 minutes ter morphine administration.
During this Same period the leukocyte count dropped temporarily to
1,000 per-nm , giving rise to leukopenia of the neutropenic type.
Morphine used in smaller doses (0.1-0.5) did not exert very dis-
tinct effects.
The author concludes that the intravenous administration of a 1%
solution of morphine at the rate of 0.5-1.0 ml per kg of body weight
which causes decreased blood pressure, weakened respiration, accelerated
pulse, decreased reflex stimulation, lowered body temperature, delayed
blood coagulation, decreased leukocyte count,, decreased serum complement
titer, delayed rate of erythrocyte sedimentation, increased hemoglobin
percent, and increased number of erythrocytes produces a symptom complex
similar to the symptom complex of shock.
Physiology
42, Effects of Ultrasound on Gastric Functions
"Effect of Ultrasound on the Secretory and Motor Function of
the Stomach (Experimental Investigation)," by M. K. Smnov
(Minsk), Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, i Lechebnoy
Fizicheskoy Kul?tury, No 6, Nov-Dec 5b., PP 512-519
The effect of ultrasound on the function of the stomach is dependent
primarily on the intensity of the ultrasound, the functional condition
of the gastric glands and muscles, and whether exposure is before, during,
or after a meal. Ultrasound even of low intensity (0.6 W/cm2) stimulates
gastric secretion if no food has been introduced into the stomach. Ultra-
sound of any intensity causes an increase in the amount of gastric juice
in the stomach and in the acidity of this gastric juice. This lasts
for a period of 3 days irrespective of whether food is eaten or not.
Ultrasound shortens the intervals between contractions of the stomach
and increases its tonus. A total of 94 experiments were conducted on
three dogs.
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Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
43. More Sanitary Physicians To Be Trained
"The Status and Outlook for Training and Advanced Training
of Sanitary Physicians," by Docent V. V. Yermakov and
M. G. Savchenko, Sovetskoye Zdravookhraneniye, No 10,
Oct 58, pp 7-10
"The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
clearly defined the aims of public health protection in the USSR. Con-
tinued expansion of health service and further improvement in the level
of preventLve medical work and general medical service was declared
to be necessary."
It is expected that training sufficient numbers of qualified sani-
taty-physicians wJ-1 solve the problems with which health officials are
confronted. The medical universities of the country graduated.'8,900
sanitarj physicians during the Fifth Five-Year Plat' (1951-1955).
It is expected that 13,700 more sanitary physicians will be graduated
by the end of the Sixth Five-Year Plan. More than 10,000 sanitary
physicians will be graduated during the period between 1961 and 1965.
"This will satisfy the needs of the Soviet population as far as sanitary-
epidemic control is concerned."
"At present the sanitary-epidemic control establishments still need
medical personnel specializing in hygiene.and sanitation. A great short-
age of specialists in epidemiology and com minal and industrial hygiene
exists. This shortage is particularly great in the Kazakh, Turkmen,
Kirghiz, and Tadzhik SSRS. For this reason it is necessary that those
in charge of public health in those republics give their utmost attention
to training qualified personnel specialized in epidemic control."
"Sanitary physicians are being trained at present in 19 sanitary-
hygiene fa'--lties of medical universities of-the USSR. This training
is conduci L in accordance with the plan formulated and approved, by the
administration of -personnel. and educational institutions of the Ministry
of Health USSR."
"There is a shortage of people with the degree of Doctor of Sciences.
People with Doctor of Sciences degrees are needed to occupy the chairs
of hygiene in medical universities and institutes for advanced training
of physicians. Of 175 heads of chairs of hygiene and sanitation in the
medical universities and institutes for advanced study of physicians of
the Ministry of Health RSFSR, 89 have a degree of Doctor of Medical
Sciences and 78 have a degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences. Of the
89 with DoctQr of Medical Sciences degrees 4+7 are over 60 ars of age
and of the 7d with Candidate of Medical Sciences degrees 4b are over
50 years of age."
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Radiology
44. Tissue Therapy Alleviates Injurious Effects of Radiation Sickness
"The Effect of Tissue Therapy on the Morphological Compo-
sition of the Blood of Rabbits Subjected to Total X-ray
Irradiation," by D. Baldandorzh, Chair of Pharmacology (head,
Prof S. V. Tsyganov) and Chair of Roentgenology and Radiology
(head, Prof Ye. D. Dybovyy), Odessa Medical Institute; Kiev,
Vrachebnoye Delo, No 10, Oct 58, pp 1073-1076
Since one of the most apparent injuries in radiation sickness is
injury to the hemopoietic organs, the present research attempted to
verify whether or not tissue therapy would have any favorable effect on
the morphological composition of the blood.
Tests were conducted on 75 rabbits divided into three groups:
those subjected to single total X-ray irradiation by 620 r followed by
daily subcutaneous treatment with an aloe extract (0.5-0.8 ml of aloe
extract) for 17-20 days; those irradiated and. treated by a single treat-
ment utilizing preserved tissue therapy; and control animals irradiated
but not treated.
Results indicate that the viability was greater in the two experi-
mental groups (16 and 17 animals, compared with 10 controls), loss of
weight was less and its return to normal was speedier (weight of experi-
mental animals returned to normal by the 45th day,, at which time that
of the controls was 86% of the original), and maxi= fall in the number
of leukocytes occurred on the 4th day in the experimental animals after
which it began to rise, while in the controls it continued to drop until
the 6th day. Although the number of thrcmbocytes decreased in both
experimental and control anima-?s, the maximum drop in thrcmbocyte number
in rabbits treated with aloe extract and tissue therapy during the 4th-
6th day period was only 51-55% of that in control animals. Use of tis-
sue therapy in irradiated animals aided in the normalization of the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The return to normal of the number of
lymphocytes was accelerated in experimental animals as compared with
controls.
The author makes the following conclusions:
1. Tissue therapy contributes to increased animals survival after
X-ray irradiation.
2. Tissue therapy prevents leukopenia, which is one of the severe
symptoms of radiation sickness.
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3. Tissue therapy contributes to the improvement of the morpho-
logical composition of the blood and the normalization of erythrocyte
sedimentation rate.
4. Tissue therapy wards off thrcmbocytopenia.
45. Karlsbad Hot Springs Cure Radiation Damage
"Regarding the Favorable Effect of the Karlsbad Hot Springs on
Radiation Damage," ,by A. Kukowka, director, Institute for
Health Resorts and Balneology and for Physical Therapy, Bad
Elster; Berlin, Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen, No 49, 4 Dec 58,
pp 1606-1608
After years of active work as a roentgenologist and radiologist and
in spite of careful attention to what were considered satisfactory pro-
tective measures, the author acquired extensive X-ray and radium damage
on the fingers of both hands. All attempts to heal, or at least to
arrest, the radiation damage failed. Many of the outstanding dermatolo-
gists of the world were consulted, and all suggested measures were tried
without success. Finally, amputation was suggested, but refused by the
patient.
Treatment, both externally and internally, with the waters of the
Karlsbad spring, together with special diet, caused the almost complete
disappearance of the radiation damage. The improved condition lasted
about 8-10 months after the cure; then the treatment was repeated, in
order to consolidate the cure.
The therapy was suggested to 12 physicians who suffered varying
degrees of extensive radiation damage. Here, too, the Karlsbad water
cure was successful. The results varied in accordance with the intensity
of the damages and the number of treatments, but in each case there was
distinct improvement.
A completely satisfactory explanation of the effect of the Karlsbad
hot springs has not yet been given. The author believes it to be based
on complex effects on the entire organism.
or additional information on radiology, see Item No 9.7
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Veterinary Medicine
46. Anthrax in Lions at Zoos
"Anthrax Prophylaxis in the Case of the Feeding of Raw Meat
in Zoological Gardens," by J. Wilisch and L. Schienbein,
Institute for State Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Hygiene,
Karl Marx University, Leipzig; Leipzig, Monatshefte fuer
Veterinaermedizin, Vol 13, No 22, 15 Nov 58, pp 676-679
The repeated occurrence of anthrax in lions of a zoo in Central
Germany justified an investigation of the possible sources of the infec-
tion. In each case, connections could be established between the supply
of raw meat and the infection in the lions. Investigations in the sup-
ply areas of certain animal carcass disposal plants produced interesting
evidence of repeated cases of anthrax in the supply area: of the Mulde
and Weisse Elster rivers. Since many tanning factories are also located
in these areas, there is support for the opinion that outbreaks of
anthrax in the area are not bf enzootic origin, but based in most cases
on imports (hides, etc). In one case, however, an outbreak of anthrax
could be connected directly with an outbreak in the same farm 22 years
before.
Eleven regulations are suggested for preventing anthrax in raw meat
supplied to zoos for feeding the big cats.
47. Adaptation Mechanism of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Mouse Brain
"Comparative Histological, Virological, and Hematological
Investigations on the Mechanism of Adaptation of Foot-and-
Mouth Disease Virus to the Brain of the Mouse," by W. Koetsche,
Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Riems; Leipzig, Archiv fuer
Experimentelle Veterinaermediziny Vol 12, No 4, Jul Aug 58,
pp 524-603
Comparative studies of the central nervous system of mice infected
with different strains of foot -?and-mouth-disease virus during various
degrees of passage produced the following results:
Between the original cattle strains and the standard strains adapted
to the guinea pig there are, from a histological point of view, no quali-
tative differences, but only -- in keeping with their stage of adaptation
to the mouse brain -- slight quantitative differences which disappear
entirely with` continued passage. The histological changes are character-
ized by degenerative damage and inflammatory reactions. Degenerative
lesions of the ganglion cells, especially early damage, are considered to
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be caused directly by the virus. They can be detected histologically
very early, long before the appearance of clinical symptoms. In the
course of higher passage, their frequency of occurrence increases
steadily. The same applies for an individual infection. During the
course of the virus infection, the ganglion cells undergo a number of
stages of degeneration, involving both the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
The early specific lesions are those which are characterized by activa-
tion and swelling processes of the cell nucleus and of the whole cell,
wherein the chromatin is effected by congregation processes and the cyto-
plasm by vacuolar processes. The intermediate and late phases observed
during the further course of the virus infection are characterized by
a shrinking of the cells, karyopyknosis, and processes which lead to a
lysis of the entire cell.
The predilection sites for the degenerative lesions are the cornu
Ammonis, Nucleus caudatus, the cortical areas of the Lobus piriformis,
Lobus parietalis and Lobus occipitalis, and Nucleus medialis ddencephali.
In the high passages, degenerative lesions also occur in the remaining
sections of the central nervous system, with the exception of the cerebellum.
Ganglio;a, cell degenerations occur especially early and. espec;' %lly
pronounced in the areas near the ventricles of the cerebrum, primarily
the paraventricular sections of the Nucleus caudatus and tho external
ridge of ganglion cells of the cornu Ammonis. The vulnerability of the
cornu Ammonis is demonstrated in particular also by the preferred occur-
rence of degenerative ganglion cell lesions after extraneural infection.
The inflammatory changes are expressed as reactive processes in the
form of diffuse leukocyte proliferation within the nerval parenchyma,
through vessel wall reactions and pial infiltrates.
In the early passages and early stages of infection, the multiplica-
tion of leukocytes can be observed in the central nervous system only
within the ventrical and vascular system. During a series of passages,
their number increases at first only very slowly, and they are confined
initially almost exclusively to the ventrical and vascular system. In
certain stages of infection, especially with the onset of regular clini-
cal symptoms within 24+ hours, they increase significantly. With continued
passages, they reveal more and more the tendency to emigrate into the
neural parenchyma. T1eir presence can be verified as cellular infiltra-
tion in the neural parenchyma at the predilection sites of the degenera-
tive changes, and in the periventricular tissue, in the corpus callosum
and corpus striatum, and in lesser numoers at many points in the'rest of
the central nervous system. Toward the end of the infection they show a
tendency toward regressive symptoms, especially karyolysis. Near the end
of the irfection of a high passage, no leukocytes, or only their remnants,
can be found in the predilection sites, in spite of widespread degenera-
tive lesions. This speaks against the assumption that the leukocytes
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serve. only to remove the detritus. In their case, a virotropism is assumed.
The number and the localization of the leukocytes found in the central
nervous system may be co . si.dered an indication of the distribution and
the infectious capacity of the foot -aid-mouth-di.sease virus which has come
to rest in the central nervous system. In the lower passages, the reten-
tion and multiplication of the virus are lirn ted, according to histologi-
cal examination., primarily to the blood vessels and ventricles and the
skeleton musculature. The changes in the latter are expressed. as inflam-
matory reactions and degenerative lesions (Zenker degeneration) and repre-
sent the cause of the myositic syndrome. The absolute leukopenia in the
case of hematological examination and. its a-Zmost complete absence within
the vascular system (with the exception of the early passages and phases)
in the histological findings are co +ideered proof of the origination of
the tissue leukocytes in the blood. Tapir emigration into the nerval
parenchyma may be looked on as a tissue wall lesion caused by the virus
of foot-and-mouth disease and is supported by the lesions of the neural
parenchyma which are caused by the virus and which result frown the dis-
turbance to circulation in the ;terminal area, of the blood stream.
Inflammatory changes in the inside walls of the blood vessels, par-
ticularly in the small veins of the cerebrum., axe in the form of vascular
and perivascular iiiltrates. In al.1 early passages, the vascular forms
appear almost exclusively and are increasingly replaced by the perivascu-
lar infiltrates as the passages became correspondingly higher. UThe ras-
eular infiltrates of the low passages reveal lymphocytes as the primary
inflammation ce3Js. L;ter, the leukocytes which had been located at the
walls move away and form mixed lympholeukocytic infiltrates., whereby the
leukocytes show, from the very beginning, a tendency to emigrate into
the perivascular and perineural tissue. Leukocytic perivascullr infil-
trates are formed for the most part in the higher passages. Around some
of the vessels lying within the teleacephalon and in the vicinity of the
ventricle there are edematized tissue zones. They are considered a
morphological expression of increased tissue permteability in the region
of the terminal vessels. The pla mater, especially the cerebral dien-
cephalic pia mater, exhibits, in several sections, an inflammatory reac-
tion of varying degree. The basal sections of ti3e cerebrum and the
diencephalon are especially affected, but reactions, although slight,
are also found in the rema portions of the.central nervous system.
The cells are predominantly lymphocytes. The endothelial cell nuclei of
the capillaries of the cerebrum and diencephalon, and, to a lesser
degree, the capillaries of the otter parts of the central nervous sys-
tem, regularly show a slight to moderate activation in the form of an
edema which, in the case of increasingly higher passages, is still pres-
ent only in the early stages of Imfection.
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Through histological and hematological examinations of the changes
occurring in the individual phases, it was established that the course
of an individual infection corresponds to that of a total series of
passages.
The injection, as such, does not lead to specific lesions and reac-
tions, but it is surmised that the injection trauma creates predisposing
conditions for the primary retention and multiplication of the virus.
The investigations were carried out on mice about 4-5 weeks old,
and on animals about 3-4 weeks old, in the case of the "speccial" standard-A
series. A series of passages was begun with material of the "special"
standard-A series with 5- to 7-week-old mice. On the basis of ?'histologic'al
examinations, it could be shown that a series of passages longer than
that used for the mice 3-4 weeks old has to be conducted before the lesions
and changes have reached the threshold value characterized by clinical
manifestation. The transition from slight changes, comparable in quality
to the other series, to pronounced changes is visible within the span of
a few passages (between the 68th and 80th mouse passage). From this it
can be concluded that the age of the mice is of considerable importance
for the rapidity of the retention process. It is assumed, however, that
the age factor is not decisive for the ultimate fixation, since the maxi-
mum histological changes occur at practically the same time for both the
3- to 4-week-old mice and the 5- to 7-week-old mice. There is no doubt,
however, that, in the low passages, the active metabolism of a younger
mouse could offer especially favorable possib:Llities for the synthesis
of the virus.
There are parallel connections between the intensity of the histo-
logical changes and the virus -content. The earliest proof of virus, as
shown by experimental investigations of all phases of the infection, can
be produced after a latent stage between the first and third hour post
infectionem, 3 hours post infectionem fromi the blood of the infected
animals, 8 hours post infectionem from the bled brain. The cerebrum,
diencephalon, and the blood have the highest virus content. In the
other sections of the central nervous system, the virus content diminishes
in a cranial -- caudal direction. In the low passages the virus undergoes
an auto ste rilization in the brain 48 hours post infectionem. The early
detection of the virus in the blood indicates the existence of vircia,
through which, in the primary infection, a spread of the virus at its
main multiplication sites takes place.
After a determination of the blood status of healthy mice from the
first day of life to an age of 10 weeks, extensive hematological investi-
gations showed, for the course of the foot-and-mouth dibeases infection
of all mouse-brain-adapted strains of the foot-and-mouth disease virus,
significant and readily characterized chang.s in the blood picture. In
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the case of clinically infected animals there is an absolute -- confirmed
histologically also -- leukopenia with leukocyte counts at times under
3,000 mm3. The leukopenia, according to histological examinations, is
caused by the emigration of the leukocytes into the neural parenchyma.
In the differential blood picture a considerable increase of the
neutrophilic granulocytes over the lymphocytes takes place, which, cor-
responding to the stage of adaptation, can lead to an almost complete
inversion of these two values. This is the case with the standard-A
strains in very high passages, but all other investigated strains show,
in the course of their passages, a tendency toward the formation of
such a blood status.
Before, or together with, the onset of clinical symptoms, there is
an overlapping of the neutrophil and lymphocyte curves. The blood pic-
ture, and especially the dynamic differential blood picture, may be con-
sidered a sensitive indicator of the existing degree of adaptation of
the virus of foot-and-mouth disease to the central nervous system of
the mouse. Comprehensive interpretation of the histological, virological,
and hematological data is considered one possibility of providing informa-
tion on the adaptation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease to the
mouse brain. Above and beyond that, the view is expressed that it is
possible, with the aid of the dynamics of the blood picture, to investi-
gate the course of adaptation even in the case of other types of virus.
The work was suggested and guided by Professor Roehrer, president
of the institute; others who took part in the research were Miss I. Jacob,
Miss A. Ruehtz, and Mrs E. 0ltmanns, all technical assistants, and Mr. W.
Lange and Mr. E. Buechner, a.sociates.
l8. Immunizing Properties of Type 0 Foot and Mouth Virus
"On the Immunizing Properties of Type 0 Foot and Mouth Virus
Adapted to the Chicken Egg," by Ursula Schmidt, Friedrich
Loeffler Institute, Riems; Leipzig, Archiv fuer Expeerimen-
telle Veterinaermedizin, Vol 12, No , Jul Aug 5, pd p 643-656
Strain U1308 of type 02 foot and mouth virus, after 19 reciprocal
passages between unweaned mouse and incubated chicken egg, was adapted
to the egg and carried through 69 additional passages up to the time of
the report. Before being used for inoculation, the ..virus was first
purified with an ultracentrifuge and later by chemical means. From the
56th egg passage on, the transfer was successful without this previous
treatment.
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A detailed description is given of the varying behavior of the
infection titer, during the course of passages, toward cattle, pigs,
guinea pigs, and unweaned mice. During the passages, virus suspensions
from parts of infected incubated eggs were used to produce vaccines
which produced, complete immunity in the case of pigs, but which protect
cattle only very rarely against test infections. There appears to be
some connection between the infectiousness of the egg-adapted virus and
its ability to produce immunity for the animal8 in question.
49. Era of Medical Physics Opens New Fields and Requirements
"Physics and Medicine," by G. Frank, Corresponding Member
of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Meditsin-
skiy Rabotnik, No 95, 28 Nov 58, p 2
Reference is made to an article by N. S. Khrushchev appearing on
the same date and in the same paner emphasizing the importance of
natural sciences, especially physics. The author makes the following
statements.
Physics now commands a revolutionary significance owing to advances
in nuclear physics and the extensive use of artificial radioactive sub.
stances in biology and medicine. Through the use of isotopes we can talk
about the molecular anatomy of living things and a new type of in vivo
biochemistry has been born. Through the use of the highly magnifying
electron microscope, and techniques of ultrafine tissue sections (down
to 0.01 micron in thickness) we can talk about molecular organization of
cell structure, and structural details previously unsuspected are dis-
closed in many extremely important parts of living ;things. The intro-
duction of roenlgenostructural analysis, modern procedures- of electronics
in research on the electrical structure of living tissue, electrical
parameters, etc., demand that new techniques, new methods, and new
terminology be introduced in, many fields of medicine and biology. With
the birth of molecular morphology of living things,,iiew fields have. been
opened in the study of pathology due to molecular changes during the
course of infectious diseases, malignancy, chemical immmunity, athero-
sclerosis, etc. The use of electron paramagnetic resonance promises to
reveal unsuspected phenomena in the mechanism of enzyme processes in
organisms, and the chemical effects of ionizing radiation, etc. which
are connected with the so-called free radicals.
The author goes on to say that it is time to reform educations'
programs and introduce the study of physics into medical vuzes (higher
educational institutions). This may be done by designing each chapter
of physics intended for use in medical vuzes around interesti,.g examples
in the field of medicine. This is a gradual way of introducing a course
of medical physics. The author concludes that it has become necessary
to unify the efforts of physicists working in medical.vuzes with those
working in scientific research institutes.
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50. New Institute of Medical Radiology To Be Opened Near Moscow
"Institute of Medical Radiology" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Izvestiya, 21 Dec 58
A new Scientific Research Institute of Medical Radiology (Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skiy Institut Meditsinskoy Radiologii), Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR, is being planned. Construction will begin in 1959; the
institute will be located on a site near Moscow.
The institute will be a scientific center where atomic energy will
be used for medical purposes. The basic aim of the institute will be
to work out new methods of recognizing and treating various diseases
with the aid of ionizing radiation. It will also study new sources of
radiation of high energy and their use in medicine. Coasiderable? atten-
tion will be given to the study of the biological action of ionizing
radiation on animal organisms and measures for protection against it.
The institute will have an Experimental Sector wh*,I.ch will consist
of 20 laboratories, among which will be the laboratory of Biophysics,
Medical Physics, Microtiology, Genetics, and Radiobiology; the sector
will be concerned with the study of the influence of cosmic radiation
on humans, as it will affect them during space flight.
The institute will also have a Clinical Department of 1100 beds,
which will have the latest equipment, especially in the surgical clinic.
The new institute will be the scientific methodological center for
all establishments utilizing radioactive substances in medicine, and it
will train all personnel who will be working in this field.
51. Prof V. A. Potemkina, Soviet Helminthologist, Celebrates 60th Birthday
"Jubilee of V. A. Potemkina" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Veterinariya, No 12, Dec 58, p 83
Prof Valentina Alekseyevna Potemkina, Doctor of Veterinary Sciences,
celebrated her 60th birthday and 33d year of scientific and pedagogical
work in December 1958.
Potemkina graduated in 1929 from the Veterinary Faculty of the Mos-
cow Zootechnical Institute, and in 1931 went to work for the All-Union
Institute of Helminthology imeni Skryabin as a laboratory assistant.
She has remained at this institute up to the present and is now a professor.
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She has published over 50 works on the diagnosis and therapy of
helminthosis of domestic animals. She is currently a member of the
Scientific Council of the above institute and a member of the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation and Ectlpparasi-
tology. She has been awarded the Order of Labor Red Banner, the medal
"Outstanding in Agriculture," and other medals.
52. Higher Veterinary Education in China
"Higher Veterinary Education, in the People's Republic 'of
China," by Prof V. S. '.Tersov'; 'Moscow, Veterinariya, N6:1 2,
Dec 58, .;pp 71-73
In 1952 a major reorgainization in the higher school system of China
gave the agricultural vuzes and faculties independent status as institu-
tions. At present there are 24 agricultural and three zooveterinary
vuzes, which are directly subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture.
There are 11 institutes that train students in the veterinary
sciences; three of these institutes offer.a 5-year course and the rest a
1-year course, but all institutes are scheduled to have a 5-year course
in the future.
The training of agricultural cadres is conducted in 15 specialities:
agronomy, mechanization of agricultural production, veterinary medicine
and zootechnology, plant protection, soil sciences, agricultural chemistry,
and others.
The number of students studying in zooveterinary and agricultural
institutes has increased considerably since 1953, when 15,419 students
were being trained. In 1956 the number rose to 34,181 students. At
present over 3,000 students are being trained in veterinary sciences
alone.
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VIII. PHYSICS
Nuclear Phy s i c s
53. Superfluid State of Matter
"The Possibility of Superfluid State of Nuclear Matter When p - p
and n.- n Interactions Are Taken Tnto Account," by V. G. Solov'yev,
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 123, No 3, 21 Nov 58, pp 437-439
An attempt is made to find conditions which would satisfy the poten-
tial of n- n interaction in order to create a state of superfluidity of
nuclear matter. The p - p interactions only are analyzed under the as-
sumption that the n - n interactions are of the same nature and equal in
magnitude. For this purpose a model hamiltonian is analyzed according
toVN. N. Bogolyubov's method (ibid., 119, 52, 1958). It was found that
the state of superfluidity of nuclear matter can be reached if the p - p
interactions are priominant and are of very weak magnitude.
54. Hungarian Nuclear Physics Commented on by Dubna Director
"Concerning Scientific Cooperation of Social Countries and Con-
cerning the Results of Hungarian Atomic Physics Research --
Statements of Prof D. I. Blokhintsev, Director of the Dubna Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research" ('unsigned article); Budapest,
Nepszabadsag, 11 Dec 58
The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna is the joint research
laboratory of the 12 socialist countries, including Hungary. They are
dealing primarily with that branch of research which promises the most:
an examination of the properties and effects of high energy, accelerated
particles. However, this purely scientific institute also serves far-:
reaching practical goals because its work is closely connected with the
realization of the peaceful use of atomic energy. The world's largest
most powerful] particle accelerator is here; there is no similarly versa-
tile piece of equipment anywhere else in the world. There are now 11
young Hungarian researchers in Dubna.
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Professor Blokhintsev said that it is necessary that there be coordi-
nation of the research being done in his institute and in the several na-
tional research institutes such as the Central Physics Research Institute
(Kozponti Fizikai Kutato Intezet) in Hungary. Professor Blokhintsev's
visit served this purpose. He visited the atomic physics research insti-
tutes in Hungary and his statements concerning Hungarian research are
summarized below.
Lenard Pal, deputy director of the Central Physics Research Institute,
has done research on neutron physics which promises to be useful in the
area of reactor construction, providing better economy of the neutrons
which liberate the energy in reactors.
The instruments of the Frvin Fenyves group of the Central Physics
Research Institute automate a very tedious job: the tracing of particle
tracks in photoemulsion plates (apparently the instrument locates trans-
formed points in single plates].
Academician Lajos Janossy, director of the Central Physics Research
Institute, has done research on the nature of light which makes use of
extraordinarily precise measurements; from a metrological viewp6int his
work means the ultimate exploitation of the technological possibilities.
Professor Janossy is working on a resolution of the apparent wave-particle
duality.
Professor Blokhintsev also visited Debrecen, where he found the most
interesting work of the Debrecen nuclear research institute, headed by
of Sandor Szalay, to be the work on migration of atoms of heavy elements
in the soil; this might be called biogeochemistry.
As an example of the benefits of international cooperation, Professor
Blokhintsev noted that Janossy had needed some information on the effect
of certain high enex' r, accelerated particles. Hungary did not have the
equipment for these tests., but they were done in Dubna and in 2 weeks
Janossy got the results
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Molecular Physics
55. Theory of the Hydride Molecule
"On the Theory of the Hydride Molecule According to the Model
of the United Atom," by R. Gaspar and I. Tamassy-Lentei, Insti-
tute for Theoretical Physics of Kossuth-Lajos University, Debre-
cen; Leipzig, Anua.len der Physik, Vol 2, No 3/4, 1958, pp 208-216
The various properties of the molecule are computed by the variation
method, with the aid of the model of the united atom used for the decriii-
tion of the term systems in molecular spectroscopy. In this model, the
atomic nuclei are kept in the geometric arrangement of the molecule and
the cigenfunction of the molecule is obtained from the single center,
single-electron eigenfunctions by the Slater process. Good results for
hydride molecules can be expected with this approximation. The calcula-
tions are carried out for the molecules HF and H2O and for the molecular
ion (HO)-. The computed values for total energy, nuclear spacing, and
dissociation energy of these molecules are in good agreement with the
experimental values. One great advantage of this method is that the-
analytical part of the calculations is no more tedious than in the case
of atomic problems.
Theoretical Physics
56. Field Equations of General Theory of Relativity
"On Time-Dependent Solutions of the Field Equations of the
General Theory of Relativity," by A. Papapetrou, Research In-
stitute for Mathematics, German Academy of Sciences in Berlin;
Leipzig, Annalen der Physik, Vol 2, No. 3/4y 1958, PP 87-96
The earlier discussed treatment of gravitational and electromagnetic
fields which are periodic with respect- to time is generalized for the
case of an arbitrary dependence on time. It is shown that the boundary
condition in the infinite can be satisfied only if both the electromagnetic
and the gravitational field are independent of time for t?--~ - 00, and
t _> +'1ao , . .
The role of the de Donder condition, used in the computation, is
discussed; and it is shown that the results obtained here are independent
of the de Donder coordinate condition.
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57. Bose Statistics
"An Approximate Solution of the Quantum Problem of Many Bodies
in the Case of Bose Statistics," by B. T. Geyliionan. Moscow
State Pedagogical Institute imeni Lenin; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 123, No 3, 21 Nov 58, pp 430-432
It was demonstrated by N. N. Bogolyubov (Izv. AN SSSR, ser. fiz 11,
77, 1947)-that the growing density and interaction energy of a Bose gas
leads to a decrease of the amount of particles in the condensate No. A
case in which No is low is analyzed, and the necessary equations are
derived, although not solved.
58. Thermodynamics of Superconductivity
"Thermodynamics of Superconductivity," by V. A. Moskalenko, Mos-
cow State University imeni Lomonosov; Moscow DookladyAAkademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 123, No 3, 21 Nov 58, pp 433-436
A demonstration is presented that the variational principle as ap-
plied to the analysis of the phase transition of superconductors con-
firms previous results obtained by N. N. Bogolyubov, D. N. Zubarenko,
and Yu. A. Tserkovnikov (DANA 117, 135, 1957) and by J. Bardeen, L. N.
Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffner (Phys. Rev. 106, 162, 1957; 108, 1175, 1957)
based on a Hamiltonian model. It is shown that the application of the
variational principle gives more general results than the above-mentioned
works, if the variational principle is based directly on H. Froelich's
(Phys, Rev. 79, 845, 1950) thermodynamics of superconductivity (D. N.
Zubarev and Yu. A. Tserkovnikov, DAN, 122, No 6, 1958).
Electronics
59. Luminous Trail of Breakdown Streamers Photographed
Two Manifestations of the Breakdown Streamer of a Positive
Point Corona in Atmospheric Air," by G. List, Institute for
Radiation Source, German Academy of Sciences in Berlin; Berlin,
Experimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 6, No 5, 1958, pp 223-228
Two characteristic manifestations of the breakdown streamer of a posi-
tive point corona are described, which we^e observed in the space (1-30
cm in length) between a pointed and a fla?, electrode. The photographs
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include what is considered to be the first description of the unstable
luminous trail in the case of large electrode spacings. It was found
that the path of the complete sparking-over does not always follow the
luminous trail of the corona discharge. Measurements were made on a
corona discharge between a positive point and a grounded plate, and the
breakdown voltage Ub is plotted against the electrode spacing d. For
small spacings, up to d w 8 cm, the curve is described by the equation
UD ? 11;.,7. - 0.7 d2, while for d > 18 cm it is a straight line correspond-
ing to the equation UD e 11.50 + 4.43 d. For average spacings (d = 8...
18 cm), the curve goes over from the quadratic form to the straight line.
60. Flamelike Plasma Discharge
"Electron Temperature and Electron-Noise in the High-Frequency
Torch Discharge,",by L. Moliwo, Heinrich Hertz Institute of the
German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Berlin-Adlershof; Leipzig,
Annalen der Physik, Vo7., 2, No 3/4, 1958, pp 96-129
The noise temperature of the electron "torch" in air and nitrogen at
atmospheric pressure is found to be about 14,000?K at a test wavelength
of 20 centimeters. Output and resistance are also measured for the
volume involved. The discussion shows that the electron temperature-is
about 13,500?K, and that of the shot noise, 3800K. The gas temperature
is about 4,000?K. The discharge column is in a state corresponding to
that of a DC glow-discharge column at atmospheric pressure. It is' shown
that the possibility of a stabilization of such a state is much more .
favorable for a high-frequency discharge than for a DC current discharge.
,16
Mechanics
61. Nonlinear Oscillations of Bounded Liquid Studied
"On the Theory of the Nonlinear Oscillations of a Bounded Volume
of Liquid," by N. N. Moyseyev, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladna Mate-
matika i Mekhanika Vol 22, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 622 21
CPYRGHT The introductory remarks of the author follow:
"The present work concerns the calculation of the nonlinear oscilla-
tions of a bounded volume of liquid. It has, however, a number of short-
comings, with the result that for a long time the author felt that its
publication would not'be expedient.
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"It should be mentioned that the results were obtained in a formal
manner, convergence of the process has not been proved, and the calcula-
tions involved in carrying out the process are very tedious.
"The possibility of extending the results to the case of a body con-
taining a liquid with a free boundary was not certain, since a theorem
concerning the amplitude of the main oscillations of such a body is lack-
ing.
"Since the amplitude in nonlinear oscillations quickly reaches its
limiting value and the waves are destroyed, it would seem that only a
linear theory would be of practical value or a theory which takes into
account the dissipation of energy on destruction of the waves.
"The process does not have any firm foundation at present. Never-
theless, the following circumstances, it seems to us, now warrant publi-
cation of the theory.
"1. The application of high-speed computers now make it possible to
carry out the required calculations without any particular difficulty,
particularly since effective methods have been developed in recent years
for calculating the solutions of the corresponding boundary-value problems.
"2. The problem of the amplitude of the main oscillations of a body
with liquid has been cleared up completely. The extension of this theory
to the case of the oscillation of a body containing a liquid with a free
boundary does not present any great difficulty.
"3. Investigation of resonance phenomena is, in principle, impossible
to carry out within the limits of linear theory, but the problem is now
beginning to interest practical persons."
62. Equations for the Nonlinear Reflection of Shockwaves Given
"On the Nonlinear Reflection of Weak Shock Waves," by 0. S.
Ryzhov and S. A. Khristianovich, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladna
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, PP 586-599
599
Physical conditions are given which permit considerable simplifica-
tions to be made in the equations of gas dynamics describing nonstationary
flows with small but. sharp changes in the parameters of the medium. The
mathematical simplifications are based on the fact that pressure changes
in the flow occur in a small region adjacent to the shock-wave front.
Such flows, are termed "short waves." Exact particular solutions are
obtained for the nonlinear differential equations evolved. These solu-
tions are then applied to obtain an approximate solution for the problem
of the nonlinear reflection of a shock wave from an absolutely rigid wall.
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63. Applicability of Linearization Method in Theory of Shells Examined
"Certain General Problems on the Stability of Shells," by I. I.
Vorovich; Moscow, Dokia Akademii Nauk SSSR.9 Vol 122? No 1,
Sep 58, pp 37-40 The fundamental equations of the nonlinear theory of shells are an-
alyzed to determine whether the linearization method, in which the moment
of stability loss is determined by the first eigen number of some none
linear boundaxy-value problem, is applicable as a method of solution 'in
the case of shells.
64. New Formulas for Friction and. Heat TTansfer in Turbulent Motion
"Hypothesis of Localization in the Turbulent Motion of a Liquid
With Viscosity," by L. G. Ioytsyanskiy, Leningrad; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika9 Vol 22, No 5, Sep/Oct 58,
pp 600-611
The hypotheses of the localization of the mechanism of turbulent
mixing and the localization of the Reynold analogy between transfer of
motion and heat content are expanded to the entire region of turbulent
motion, where interaction of molecular and molar processes occurs. This
it is claimed, makes it possible to unite all existing semiempirical
theories of turbulent motion and heat- and mass-exchange.
New formulas for friction and heat-transfer in turbulent motion are
obtained. These formulas are used to construct analytic expressions for
the velocity and excess-temperature profiles throughout an entire cross
section of the flow, covering laminar, intermediate, and purely turbulent
regions. These expressions are continuous, with continuous first deri-
vatives.
65. Stability of Motion of Heavy Point of Variable Mass
"On t'ae Stability of Programed Motion of a Heavy Point of
Var.'.able Mass," by A. S. Galiullin, Kazan Trudy Kazan-
skogo Aviatsionnogo Instituta, No 37, 1957, pp 85-90-T?rom
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mekhan1ka No 7, Jul 58, Abstract
No 7356 by M. I. Yefimov
Several types of sufficient conditions for stability of programed
motion of a heavy point of variable mass are established under the
assumption that the reactive force of the environment on the point at
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a tangent and normal to the trajectory has the form
F,. " K, (t) 11 , Fn = IC2 (t) -1
where -J is the modulus of the velocity of the point, and Kl, K2 are the
coefficients of influence of the environment on the point.
Example of stable motions along a vertical straight line are given.
66. Synthesis of Compensating Networks in Dependent Control Systems
"Synthesis of Compensating Networks in Dependent Regulation
Systems in the Case of Slowly Changing Influences," by Ye.
I.Baranchuk, Tr. Leningr. voyen.-meishan. in-t, 1957, No 6, pp,
335-348 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -?- Mekhanika No 11, Nov 58)
Abstract No 12120 by Ye. N. Miroslavlev
A dependent regulation system whose links are linear systems, in
which case the connections between them are fixed, is examined. The
possibility of synthesis of such a system according to given qualitative
indicators with the aid of characteristics and equations based on an
analysis of forced motions of the system is proved. An example of the
synthesis in the case of slowly changing influences is presented.
67. Heating of Body Moving Through Viscous Fluid Considered
"On the Heating and Melting of a Solid Body Through Fric-
tion," by S. S. Grigoryan, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladna
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 5, Sep/Oct 5 8., PP 577-585
The heating and melting of a solid through friction are analyzed
and solved for two simple cases. First, the problem of the friction of
one solid on another is considered, and then the problem of the flow of
a viscous incompressible fluid over a solid object. Methods of dimen-
sional analysis are used in the treatment (L. I. Sedov, Metody Podobin
i Razmernosti v Mekhanike rSimilarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechan-
ics , Gostekhteoretizdat, Moscow, 1957).
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68. Parameters of High-Altitude Stage Rocket
"Selection of Parameters of a High-Altitude Stage Rocket," by
A. K. Platonov; Moscow, Tr. Mosk. aviats. 1n-t, 1956, No 64,
pp 15-40 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mekhanika, No 7, Jul 58,
Abstract No 7533 by A. S. Budnik)
This work sets forth an approximate graphopnaly-tic method for deter
mining design parameters of single and two-stage high-altitude rockets.
For the case of vertical flight without considering the atmosphere the
ballistic problem in dimensionless parameters is solved and a method of
constructing a grid of functions of dimensionless parameters of motion
from similarity criteria of rockets (relative mass and thrust-weight
ratio) is given. Using this graph the author solves the ballistic
problem (for the preliminary design stage of rockets) by determining
the required relative final mass for a known altitude of ascent, the
thrust-weight ratio and the specific thrust of the motor. For f),igbt
in the atmosphere a scheme of an analogous solution of the ballistic
problem with an approximate consideration of drag and the influence of
back pressure of the atmosphere on the performance of the motor is used.
Equation of the weight balance of the rocket is constructed with the
aid of statistical data on specific weight characteristics of the con-
struction elements excluding the motor elements for which an approximate
theoretical weight analysis is performed.
With the aid of this method for solving the ballistic problem and
the 'weight balance equation, a method for determining the basic design
parameters of the rocket is set up. In this case optimum parameters
are partially selected. The minimum total propellant consumption is
selected as the criteria of optimality. From this condition the selec-
tion of optimum pressures in the engine chamber and the nozzle are made
for single-stage rockets. The determination of the optimum coefficient
of oxidizer surplus is made only for maximum thermodynamic specific
thrust.
For two-stage rockets the question concerning the selection of optimum
staging is examined. A method of graphic searching for the optimum com-
bination of values of relative final masses of the stages under condi-
tions of minimum loss of fuel is derived. The problem is solved for the
case of specific thrust, of motors identical for both stages and different
(for each stage) weight coefficients.
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69. Equations of Motion for Gas With Shock Wave Solved
"On Exact Solutions of the Equations of One-Dimensional Gas
Dynamics With Shock and Detonation Waves," by I. S. Shikin,
Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow Dom
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 1, Sep 58, pp 33-36
A general method is given for solving exactly the equations for the
one-dimensional nonstationary motion of an ideal non-heat-conducting gas
in which the velocity at any given time is a linear function of the dis-
tance from the center, axis, or plane of symmetry and in which a shock
or detonation wave is propagated with a certain velocity with respect
to the undisturbed gas with constant pressure and a certain initial
density.
Spectroscopy and Optics
70. Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions
"Solution of a Problem on Splitting the Energy Levels of Rare
Earth Ions in the Crystal Lattice Field," by N. V. Afanas'-
yeva; Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya. Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58,
pp 629-633
The effect of crystalline fields of various symmetry on the state
of ions of rare earths is analyzed. A method is suggested for finding
operator equivalents for various potential functions. The relative
location of ion energy levels is found in the field of cubic symmetry.
The parameters of crysta1.lattices for double nitrates and ethyl sulfates
of rare earths were determined.
71. Spectra of Po yatomic Molecules
"Intensities in the Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules," by B. S.
Neporent and N. G. Bakhshiyev; Leningrad, Optika i Spektro-
sko iya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58, pp 634+-645
The effect of the solvent on the magnitude of the absorption integral,
on the duration of the excited state, and on their correlation is ans',
lyzed for polyatomic molecules. It is shown that the concepts of in-
tegral intensities of electron transitions may without doubt be referred
only to complex polyatomic molecules, while for the case of simple polya-
tomic molecules the conditions and limitations are determined under which
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these concepts retain their meaning. It is shown that for the case of
complex and for some simple polyatomic molecules the solvent may be con-
sidered as an external dielectric medium. Several models of the system
"absorbing molecule - solvent" are discussed, and the inadmissibility
of some models accepted by several writers in which the solvent is form-
ally considered an isotropic medium "penetrating the molecule" is demon-
strated. The necessity of introducing corrections considering the in-
ternal field in the solution is shown: the correction suggested by T. P.
Kravets (Izv. Imp. Mosk. Inzhenernogo Uchilishcha, Ser. II, No 6, 1912)
according to Lorentz or the correction with consideration of the reactive
field. The values of the absorption integral were studied experimentally,
as well as the duration of the excited state in vapors and in several
solutions for phthalimide and five of its derivatives. It was estab-
ljshed.lmac the agreement of the experimental data with the correlations
derived from theory is reached in taking into account the reactive
field according to H. Onsager (J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 8, 1986, 1936) or.,
with somewhat worse approximation, by means of the Lorentz correction.
72. Absorption Bands in Solutions
"Internal Field and Intensities of Absorption Bands in Solu-
tions," by N. G. Bakhshiyev; Leningrad, tike i Spektroskopiya,
Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58, pp 61+6-651.
The re:.ation of the internal field to the intensity of absorption
bands in solutions is analyzed in a general form. A simplified expres-
sion for the correction of the sllvwt:, effect was obtained according to
the theory of H. Onsager (J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,y 58, 1986, 1936) and of
C. Boettcher (Theory of Electric Polarization, Amsterdam, 1952). The
results are applied to electron absorption spectra of a number of aro-
me.tic compounds.
73. fzectra by Low-Voltage Pulse Discharge
"Excitation of Spectra in the Vacuum Region by a Low-Voltage
Pulse Discharge, ".by F. Z. Pedos and N. S. Sventitskiy, Lenin-
grdd; 'Mika i SpektroskopiYa, Vol 5, No 6,, Dec 58, pp 706-707
The possibility of obtaining a low-voltage pulse discharge in vacuum,
previously described by the authors (ibid. Vol 1+, p 1.07, 1958), is of
par6icular importance for the excitation of spectra in the far ultra-
violet. The equipment was augmented by an autocratic pulse repeater and
a voltage regulator. It was used for photographing the spectra >f Fay
(:u, C, Mg, Al, Ti, W, and other elements.
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74. Polarization of Scattered Light
"Ellipticity of Polarization of Scattered Light," by G. V.
Rotenberg and I. M. Mikhaylin; Leningrad Optika i Spektro-
skopiya, Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58,pp 671-681
A visrrc,l uevice is constructed for the measuring of all polarization
characteristics of a light beam, i.e., the polarization degree, the de-
gree of ellipticity, and the position of the plane of the predominating
polarization. The degree of ellipticity of the, polarization of light,
scattered by atmospheric air, either pure or smoky, under conditions
of irradiation by a linearly polarized beam, is measured as a function
of the scattering angle. It was established that under proper condi-
tions the degree of ellipticity of polarization of the scattered light
is considerable.
750 Interferometer
"Interferometer With a Concave Diffraction Grating," by F. M.
Gerasimov and S. S. Naumov; Leningrad Optika i Spektroskopiya,
Vol 5, No 6, Dec 58, pp 682-685
Interference of two beams diffracted from a grating is analyzed and
an interferometer with a concave grating, built on this principle, is
described. The interferometer is used for testing reflecting surfaces
and for checking the quality of plane diffraction gratings (G. W. Stroke,
J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 4+5, 30, 1955 ?
76. Optical System for Image Formation
"Image Formation by an Aberrationless Optical System of Objects
in a Field Brighter or Darker Than the Objects Themselves, by
L. P. Moroz; Leningrad, Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol 5, No 6,
Dec 58, pp 692-698
An equation is derived, connecting the width of a separate object
in the shape of a narrow band in cases when this band is situated in a
field brighter or darker than the band, the band's contrast with the
field, the contrast between a point on its axis and the surrounding
field in an image formed by an aberrationless optical system with a
round aperture, the aperture of this system, and the wavelength of radia-
tion. This equation permits the solution of the problem of finding the
necessary values, and, in particular, the threshold values of each of
the enumerated quantities, when all remaining quantities are specified
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with relation to the values of the threshold of contrast response of the
instrument's receiver. The equation is of different type depending on
whether the object is brighter or darker than the field at a specified
contrast with the field. A connection between the two cases is estab-...
11&,xO The method used for the derivation of these equations may be
applied also for objects of different shape, for optical systems having
other properties, and in the case of image receivers having scattering
properties.
Miscellaneous
77. New Isotope Laboratory in Hungary
Budapest,.Nepszabads , 14 Dec 58
A new Isotope Laboratory will begin operations soon in the Lorand
Eotvos Science University. This will be the first isotope laboratory
in which analytic experiments exclusively will be performed.
78. Soviet Physicist Comments on Hungarian Theoretical Physics
"Professor Blokhintsev visits the Theoretical Physics Institute"
(unsigned article); Budapest, Nepszabadsag, 13 Dec 58
D. I. Blokhintsev, director of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research
Dubna visited the Theoretical Physics Institute (Elmeleti Fizikai In-
tezet) of the Lorand Eotvos Science University and discussed the research
being done there. The members of the institute reported on their scienti-
fic work and plans. Blokhintsev, who has achieved outstanding results
in the area of theoretical physics, listened to the reports with interest.
Academician Karoly Novobatzky, director of the institute., reported on
his examinations connected with fundamental problems of theoretical
physics. Docent Gyorgy Marx reported on achievements in the theory of
elementary particles.
Blokhintsev stressed the importance of theoretical research, and
reported on the experiences of Soviet research institutes. He also
noted that the contacts between the joint institute of Nuclear Re-
search in Dubna and the Hungarian research institutes, which have proved
profitable in the past, must be even closer in the future.
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Scien- 1943 1947 1952 - 1957,
tific Total No of Total No of Total No of Total No of
Workers No Uzbeks No. Uzbeks No Uzbeks No Uzbeks
Doctors
of Sci-
ences 28 2 46 7 51 17
32
Candi-
dates
of Sci-
ences 57 27 145 53 256 74 403 162
Total 210 51 441 110 605 157 1,064 455
The more recent developments in Uzbekistan are: establishment of the
Institute of Nuclear Physics in 1956 and establishment of tln:. Institute of
Regional Medicine in 1957. The latter is expected to develop into a sci-
entific center for the study of problems of experimental and theoretical
medicine.
During the school year 1956-1957, there were in operation in Uzbeki-
stan, 32 universities, 100 technical schools and special schools of
subprofessional level. The total student population in these schools
during the 1956-1957 school year was 130,000.
The. chapter headings U the book are as followss
I. Building of Comisunism: and drowth of Science i.'i the USSR
II. Science in Uzbekistan: the Offspring of October (Revolution)
III. Scientists of Uzbekistan and Development of Theoretical Ques-
tions of Modern Science
IV. Social Sciences and Their Role in Cultural Structure of the
Republic
V. Scientific Basis: a Perspective of Comprehensive Develop-
ment of Economic Regions of the Republic
111. Scientists of Uzbekistan: (Scientists) in Cotton Growing
VII. Geological Surveys and Mineral Resources of Uzbekistan
VIII. Chemical Scientists and the Economy of the Republic
IX. Technical Sciences in the Service of Socialist Construction
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IX. MISCFLLl1NROUS
79. Scientific Progress in Uzbekistan Attributed to Soviet System
40 Let Sovetskoy Nauki V Uzbekistan (Forty Years of Soviet
Science'-in Uzbekistan), by Ku. M. Abdulayev, president of
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, Publishing House of Academy
of Sciences Uzbek SSR; Tashkent, 1958, 216 pages
"The history of Uzbekistan is one of degradation and despair, a
history of rapid subjugation by foreign armies and of catastrophic
events which reduced the country to a status of a colony and brought
feudalism and ruin to the most prosperous cities iii Central Asia.
Scholarship suffered and the record of these years is 'not easy to re-
construct. Science and technology in present-day Uzbekistan is an
offspring of the Soviet revolution of 25 October 1917. Since on the
eve of the October Revolutioi the republic was technologically and
economically one of the most retarded sections of Tsarist Russia progress
made by scientists of Uzbekistan during the past 40 years cannot be
considered less than phenomenal."
Abdulayev's book is an expanded and. supplemented edition of the
text of a report read at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek
SSR celebrating the 1+Oth anniversary of the revolution. The book pre-
sents a brief sketch of the formation and development of Soviet science
in Uzbekistan and, in a condensed form, tells of the most important
achievements of Uzbek scientists in various fields of natural history
and social sciences. The aim of this book is twofold:
1. To present concrete data, characterizing the principal landmarks
of development of Soviet science in Uzbekistan.
2. To point out the growth of science in Uzbekistan, which was
achieved unde'- the leadership of the Communist Party and the Soviet gov-
ernment, creating a cultural revolution in the country and subsequently
realizing Lenin's policy concerning nationalities.
The rapid tempo of development of science in the Uzbek SSR is clearly
expressed in the increase in native scientific personnel, primarily that
of the scientific personnel of the republic Academy of Sciences. This
can be seen from the figures given in the table below.
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CPYRGHT
X. Investigation of Soil Improvement in Uzbekistan
XI. Investigation of Flora and Fauna of Uzbekistan
XII. Science and Rise in Sericulture and Animal Husbandry
XIII. Medical Science in Uzbekistan
XIV. The Immediate Problems of the Soviet Science in U;beki.stan
80. New Scientific Organization Founded in China
"Scientific and Technical Association of the People's Republic
of China Founded" (unsigned article); Peiping, K'o-hsueh T'ung-
pao (Scientia), No 19, 1958, p 603
This item reports the establishment of a new scientific organization,
the Scientific and Techni al Ass ciation of the People's Republic of China
by the amalgama
tion of the All-China Federation of Scientific Societies and the All-
China Association for the Popularization of Science and Technology. The
motion to combine the two societies under the new name was unanimously
passed during their joint national congress which convened in Peiping
18-25 September 1958. A motion was also passed to consider the current
congress as the new organization's first. A presidium and secretariat
of the association's first national committee were elected.
According to the article, the Scientific and Technical Association
will assume the party-assigned responsibility of utilizing every level
of its organization in the promotion of a mass movement for an extensive
technological revolution in China. It will endeavor to fulfill in 1962
the Twelve-Year Plan for Scientific ane'Technical Development originally
scheduled for completion in 19617 and to bring China up to the world's
advanced level in science and technology in 3 years.
[SIR Note: Elsewhere in this journal a list of members of the associa-
tkn% 150-man First National Committee is presented, with the following
persons identified as officers:
Chairman: Li Ssu-kuang
Vice chairmen: Liang Hsi, Hou Te-pang, Chu K'o-then, Wu Yu-hsun, Ting
Hs lin ("f / #_), Mao I-sheng, Wan I ( Tj AFan Chang-chiang
3:[_)., Ting Ying ( ~ and Huang Chia-ssu ( '' )
( y A~ ,
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Members of Presidium: Wang Fa-wu Liu Ch'eng-chao,
Tu Kuo-hsiang, Su Feng ( t ), Su Pu-ch' ing, Chao Shou-i Q&
?
- ), and Mi Chia-fan ( - ) .
Members of Secretariat: Yen Chi-tz'u, Chen Chi-tsu
), Chou P'ei-yuan, T'u Ch'ang-wang, Hsia K'ang-nung ( I_ i J,
and Nieh Chun-Jung
The full text of the "Resolution to Establish the Scientific and~Tech-
nical Association of the People's Republich of China," on page 583 of this
issue, embodies the constitution and by-laws of the association. The as-
sociation's resolutions, "To Struggle for the Fullfillment of the Twelve-
Year Plan for Science and Technology Five Years Ahead of Schedule" and
"To Sponsor a Scientific and Technical Gift Presentation Movement on the
Tenth Anniversary of the People's Republic of China and Prepare for the
Calling of a National Congress of Activists of Scientific and Technical
Discoveries and Inventions," are published on pages 585.1'
81. Hungsplkw Appoint New Scientific Qualifications Committee
"motion No 1035/1958 (IX. 2) of the Hungarian Revolutionary
Worker-Peasant Government, Concerning Replacement of Chairman,
Secretary, and Members of the Scientific Qualifications Committee"
by Antal Apro, First Deputy Premier o Hungarian Revolutionary
Worker-Peasant Government; Budapest, Akademiai Kozlony, Vol III,
CPYRGHT No 15-16, 15 Sep 58
"l. The Ipretsent chairman, secretary, and members of the Scientific
Qualifications Co nittee are hereby relieved of their respective offices.
2. The following persons are appointed to these offices as noted:
"Academician Vadasz, chairman
"Corresponding Member [of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Gabor Tbinai, secretary.
"Academician Antal Babits, Corresponding Member Otto Benedikt,
Corresponding Member Agoston Budo, Doctor of Technical Sciences Gyorgy
Csanadi, Academician Tibor Erdey-Gruz, Academician Pal Kiss Gegesi [or
Kiss Pal .. Gegesil , Corresponding Member Arpad Gerecs, Candidate of Eco:-?
mmilm- Arpad Haasz, Academician Gyorgy Hajos, Candidate of Chemical Sci=
ences Gyula Hardy, Academician Lajos Jdnossy, Candidate of Biological
Sciences Gabor Kolozsvari, Corresponding Member Mate Major, Academician
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Rezso Manninger, Academician Erik Molnar, Academician Gyula Nemeth, Candi-
date of Biological Sciences Sandor Rajki, Candidate of Technical Sciences
Istvan Salyi Sr., Academician Andras Somos, Doctor of Medical Sciences
Jozsef Sos, Academician F. Bruno Straub, Academician Imre Szabo, Doctor
of Technical Sciences Lajos Szeniczei, and Academician Erno Winter, mem-
bers.
"First Deputy Minister of Health Istvan Simonovits, Representative
of the Ministry of Health
"Chief Director Istvan Tamassy, Candidate of Biological Sciences,
representative of the Ministry of Agriculture."
82. Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institutions Listed
"Directive No 14+/1958 MTA (A. K. 17-18) of the President of the 1
Hungarian Academy of Sciences," by Istvan Rusznyak, president);
Budapest, Akademiai Kozlo y, Vol VII, No 17-18, 15 Oct 58
The following list of Hungarian Academy of Sciences installations is
an attachment to a directive concerning "Organizational and Operational
Fire Regulations for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences." This directive
sets up five different types of positions: an "independent official"
(fugget-lenitett eloado), who "operates under the technical direction of
the National Fire Command of the Ministry of the Interior"; a "nonindepend
dut.c official" (nem fugg. eloado), who "is the fire official of the ins
stitution and works under the direction of the institution's director or
chief"; a "person responsible for fire regulations" (tuzrendeszeti felelos);
a "fire regulations committee" (tuzrendeszeti bizottsag) made up of 3-9
persons depending on the fire danger in the institution, its size, the
number of workers, and technological dangers (the chief of the committee
is the "official" -- see above -- and the members are engineers, techni-
cians, etc.; the function of the committee is primarily advisory); and
finally, "volunteer fire fighters." The table below gives the regulations
for setting the number of volunteer fire fighters needed. Inasmuch as
the following list includes institutions for which no such official is
proposed (:these are probably housed in areas not under academy control),
the list can be presumed tb.bd)a complete list of all institutions admin=
istratively responsible to the academy.
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 AgpFeved CPYRGHT
FeF Release
Number of Volunteer Fire Fighters Per Shift
No- of Workers-
Danger Group to Which 201- 501- Above
Institution Belongs 51r200 500 1:,000 1,000
11 15 19 21
9 13 17 19
9 13 17
In the following list, the first number is the serial number of the
institution; following the name of the institution is the number of posi-
tions (if'any) of the various types.
1. Academy Office?(Akademiai Hivatal) -- one responsible person.
2. Philology Institute (Nyelvtudomanyi Intezet) -- one responsible
person.
,.3. Literary History Institute (Irodalomtoiteneti Intezet) -- one
responsible person.
4. Folk Music Research Group (Nepzenekutato Csoport) -- one re-
sponsible person.
5. Historical Sciences Institute (Tortenettudomanyi Intezet) --
one nonindependent official.
6. Economic Sciences Institute (Kozgazdasagtudomanyi Intezet) --
7. State and Legal Sciences Institute (Allam- es Jogtudomanyi In-
tezet) -- none.
8. Geographical Sciences Research Group (FoldrajzitudomanyC Kutato
Csoport) -- none.
9. Trans-Danubian Scientific Institute (Dunantuli Tudomanyos In-
tezet) -- none.
10. Philosophic Institute (Filozofiai Intezet) -- none.
11. Central Physics Research Institute Kozponti Fizikai Kutato In-
tezet) one independent official, 8 responsible persons, a fire regula-
tions committee of 5, and 19 volunteer fire fighters [per shifjJ0
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12.. Nuclear Research Institute (Atoimnagkutato Intezet) -- one non-
independent official.
13. Mathematics Research Institute (Matematikai Kutato Intezet) --
one responsible person.
14. Astronomical Institute (Csillagvizsgalo Intezet) -- one respon-
sible -peon.
15. Theoretical Physics Research Group (Elmeleti Fizikai Kutato
Csoport) -- one responsible person.
16. Cybernetics Research Group (Kibernetikai Kutato Csoport) -- ane
responsible person.
17. Solar, Physics Research Group (Napfizikai Kutato Csoport)
18. Agricultural Research Institute (Mezogazdasagi Kutato Intezet)
-- one nonindependent official, 19 responsible persons, a fire regular
tions committee of 3, and 8 volunteer fire fighters Der shifty'.
19. Soil Study and Agricultural-Chemical Research Institute (Talaj-
j;ani~ es Agrokemiai Kutato Intezet) -- one responsible persona
20. Animal Health Research Institute (Allategeszsegugyi Kutato In-
tezet) -- one responsible person.
21. Soil Biology Research Laboratory (Talajbiologiai Kutato Labora-
torium) -- one responsible persona
22. Agricultural Operations Institute (Mezogazdasagi Uzemtani In-
tezet) -- none.
23. Child Psychology Institute (Gyermeklelektani Intezet) -- one
responsible person.
24. Technical Physics Institute (Muszaki Fizikai Intezet) -- one
responsible person.
25. Geodesics and Geophysics Research laboratory (Geodeziai es
Geofizikai Kutato Laboratorium) -- one responsible person.
26. Geochemistry Research .Laboratory (Geokemiai Kutato Laboratorium)
-- one responsible person.
27. Oil Mining Research laboratory (Olajbanyaszati Kutato Labora-
toritmi -- one responsible person.
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28. Central Chemical Research Institute (Kozponti Kemiai Kutato
Intezet) -- one nonindependent official.
29. Stereochemistry Research Group (Sztereokemiai Kutato Csoport)--
one responsible person.
30. Genetics Institute (Genetikai Intezet) -- one responsible person.
31. Bilogical Research Institute (Biologiai Kutato Intezet) -- one
responsible person.
32. Biochemistry Research Institute (Biokemiai Kutato Intezet) one responsible person.
33. Botanical Research Institute (Botanikai Kutato Intezet) -- one
responsible person.
34+. Academy Library (MTA Konyvtara) -- one responsible person.
35. Farm of the Agricultural Research Institute (Mezogazdasagi
Kutato Intezet Gazd.) -- one nonindependent pfficial, 4 responsible per-
sons, a fire regulations committee of 5, and 9 volunteer fire fighters
[per shift.
36. Academy Press (Akademia Nyomda) -- one nonindependent official,
2 responsible persons, a fire regulations committee of 7, and 13 volunteer
fire fighters.
37. Academy Publishing House (Akademia Kiado) -- one responsible
person.
38. Research Tools Making Enterprise (Kutatasi Eszkozoket Kivitelezo
Vallalat) -- one nonindependent official, 8 responsible persons, a fire
regulations committee of 3, and 13 volunteer fire fighters [per shift.
390 Matrahaza Scholars Vacation Area (Matrahazi Tudosudulo) -- one
responsible person, who will be the manager.
40. Balatonvilagos Scholars Vacation Area (Balatonvilagosi Tudosu-
dulo) -- one responsible person, who will be the manager.
4+1. Balatonszabad Officials Vacation Area (Balatonszabadi Hiv.
Udulo) -- one responsible person, who will be the manager.
42. Nagymaros Officials Vacation Area (Nagmarosi Hiv. -- one respon-
sible person, who will be the manager.
1+3. Balatonalmad Scholars Vacation Area (Balatonalmadi Tudosudulo!) --
one responsible person, who will be the manager.
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83. Com uter Presented as Gift
"Short Communications," Izvestiya Sovetov De utatov Trud sbeh-
d kYis-a~ SSSR 20 Dec 59--
p The Soviet Union gave a new complete electronic computer of the Ural
type to the Indian Statistics Institute in Calcutta.
78 m
USCO! -DC-55973
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