THE ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01093A001200030007-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 94
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 6, 1999
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: February 28, 1957
• Content Type: IR

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SECRET N? 76
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE INDUSTRY
OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR PR-154
28 February 1957
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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WARNING
This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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CONFIDENTIAL
Supplementary Source References for
CIA /RR PR - 154
28 Feb 57
:f copier,
1 AD/RR
2, 3 St/C file copies
17, 25-27 Extras. filed in St/C_
22. Mar 57 ,,.
21 Mar 57
19 Mar 57
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CONFIDENTIAL
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S-E-C-R-E-T
PROVISIONAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT
THE ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC
CIA/RR PR-154
(ORR Project 36.903)
The data and conclusions contained in this report
do not necessarily represent the final position of
ORR and should be regarded as provisional only and
subject to revision. Comments and data which may
be available to the user are solicited.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
S-E-C-R-E-T
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FOREWORD
This report summarizes and brings up to date the available intel-
ligence on the electric wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc. The major products of this industry are power cable and com-
munications cable.
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S-E-C-R-E-T
CONTENTS
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
A. Definition of the Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
B. Importance of the Industry . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Scope of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D. Nature and Uses of the Product . . . . . . . . . . 5
E. Historical Development of the Industry . . . . . . 5
1.
2.
3.
1..
5.
6.
7.
8.
USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rumania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. Administrative'0rganization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
III. Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A A. USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
B. Communist China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. Equipment . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
C. Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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D. East Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
E. Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Materials and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
IV. Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A. Sino-Soviet Bloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
B. Individual Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. USSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. European Satellites and Communist China . . . . 20
V V. Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
A. East-West Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Imports from Non-Bloc Countries . . . . . . . . 21
a. Bare Copper Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
b. Covered Wire and Cable . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Exports to Non-Bloc Countries . . . . . . . . . 22
a. Wire and Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
b. Cable Manufacturing Equipment and Technical
Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B B. Intra -Bloc Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
VI. Use Pattern and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A. Use Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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VII. Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .
A. Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions .
A. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendixes
Appendix A. Manufacturing and Research Facilities . . .
Appendix B. Statistical Data on Production . . . . . . . .
Appendix C. Product Classification . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix D. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E. Gaps in Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix F. Source References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables
1. Administrative Organizations Responsible for Electric
Wire and Cable in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1955 . . . .
2. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1938 and 1946-61
3. Indexes of the Estimated Value of Production
of Electric Wire and Cable in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, 1938 and 1946-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
25
28
28
30
31
83
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Page
4. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . 19
5. Estimated Pattern of Intra-Bloc Trade in Electric
Wire and Cable, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. Estimated Allocation of Electric Wire and Cable
Products in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, by Principal
Uses, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7. Estimated Use Pattern of Electric Wire and Cable
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8. Estimated Labor Force of the Electric Wire
and Cable Industry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1955 . . . 27
9. Estimated Inputs of Selected Materials for the Electric
Wire and Cable Industry in the Sino-Soviet Bloc,
1955 ......................... 29
10. Electric Wire and Cable Plants in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in the USSR, 1938 and 1946-55 ? . . . . . . 47
12. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in the USSR, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
13. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in Bulgaria, 1948-55 . . . . . . . . . . . 49
14. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Bulgaria, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
15. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in China, 1938 and 1945-61 . . . . . . . . . 51
16. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Communist China, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . 52
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17. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in Czechoslovakia, 1951-55 . . . . . . . . . 53
18. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Czechoslovakia, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . 54
19. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in East Germany, 1938 and 19+6-55
20. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in East Germany, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . 56
21. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in Hungary, 1938 and 1911-6-55 . . . . . . . . 57
22. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Hungary, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
23. Estimated Value of production of Electric Wire
and Cable in Poland, 1946-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
24. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Poland, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
25. Estimated Value of Production of Electric Wire
and Cable in Rumania, 1938 and 1951-55 . . . . . . . . 61
26. Estimated Production of Electric Wire and Cable
in Rumania, by Type, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
27. Inputs of Materials for Representative Products
of Electric Wire and Cable with Prices of Final
Products in the US, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
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CIA/RR PR-154 S-E-C-R-E-T
(ORR Project 36.903)
THE ELECTRIC WIRE AND CABLE INDUSTRY OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC*
Summary
The annual value of production of electric wire and cable** in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc*** regained the prewar level by 191-8, tripled
between 1946 and 1951, and doubled between 1951 and 1956. The esti-
mated value of production in 1955 was US $1.2 billion.XXXX Of this
total, power cable accounted for 62 percent and communications cable,
for 38 percent. In 1955, wire and cable represented about 20 percent
of the total value of production of all electrotechnical products by
the Bloc. The annual value of production of wire and cable by the
Bloc is expected to increase to more than US $1.3 billion in 1956 and
to almost US $2.2 billion in 1961, an increase of more than 83 percent
above the value of production in 1955?
From 1946 through 1955 the USSR has consistently provided about
two-thirds of the total value of production of wire and cable by the
Sino-Soviet Bloc. In 1955, East Germany and Czechoslovakia were the
second and third most important producers, accounting for 9 and 7
percent, respectively.
Although the members of the Sino-Soviet Bloc generally are able
to meet their requirements for wire and cable, specific temporary
limitations on production do result from faulty planning or from
shortages of raw materials, particularly copper. Because of con-
tinuing expansion of the wire and cable industry of the Bloc, neither
the substitution of aluminum for copper nor the expansion of produc-
tion of copper by the Bloc is likely to offset the increasing demand
for copper by the wire and cable industry. In 1955 the consumption
* The estimates and conclusions contained in this report represent
the best judgment of ORR as of 15 December 1956.
** In this report the term wire and cable refers to electric wire
and cable unless otherwise specified.
As used in this report, the term Sino-Soviet Bloc includes the
USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Communist China, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Rumania. Albania is not included, because electric wire
and cable are not produced there.
XXXX Values are given in 1955 US dollars throughout this report.
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of copper by this industry amounted to an estimated 325,000 metric
tons.* Of this total, domestic production is estimated to have con-
tributed 251,000 tons, 43 percent of the total production of copper
by the Bloc; and imports, 74,000 tons. About 40 percent of these
imports were supplied by the UK, and West Germany and Japan each
supplied about 19 percent.
Although inferior to that of the US, the technology of much of
the wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc is nearly on a
par with that of the countries of Western Europe, and the capability
for research and development is equal to that of these countries. In
some areas of development, such as the substitution of plentiful for
scarce materials, the Bloc has worked more intensively than the Free
World and may have made greater progress. Although the average manu-
facturing facility of the Bloc is inferior to that of the US, some
individual plants in the Bloc are probably as modern as any in the
world. As a result, the industry in the Bloc has the equipment,
personnel, and technology to produce any type of wire and cable re?-
quired in the foreseeable future.
A. Definition of the Industry.
The electric wire and cable industry is defined as comprising
those manufacturing facilities which draw, fabricate, and insulate
metal into wire and cable end products designed to conduct electric!
current. Electric wire and cable may be either bare or insulated,
differentiated from other cable products solely by its use as an
electrical conductor and not necessarily by the type of metal used.
Metals of high conductivity, such as copper and aluminum, are essen-
tial to the production of most wire and cable. Steel and combinations
of steel and copper or aluminum also are used, however, to carry
electric current when strength or economy are important considerations.
* Tonnages throughout this report are given in metric tons.
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production of wire and cable ranges from the processing of
wire bars, ingots, and pigs* of metal of electrical quality to the
final bare or insulated wire and cable end product. In this report,
only facilities producing wire and cable end products are included
in the industry. Thus, if a wire and cable plant receives copper
rods** from a separate rolling mill, the facilities of the rolling
mill are not included in the wire and cable industry. If the rods
are produced at the plant producing the end product,** however,
the rod-making facilities are included.
The bare steel wire which is produced by ferrous metal roll-
ing and drawing facilities and which is used as a conductor is not
included in the estimates of production of wire and cable, but the
bare steel wire which is produced or processed in electric cable
plants is included.
The wire and cable industry in most countries consists of
a few large plants which produce most of the products. Combined
with these large plants are a few small facilities, which may be
(1) part of a larger facility producing related items of which
wire and cable are components; (2) part of a larger facility which
produces an input to wire and cable, such as a ferrous or nonferrous
rolling mill; or (3) an independent facility which specializes in
production of only a few products, usually bare wire and magnet wire.
The tendency in the Sino-Soviet Bloc is to concentrate production in
fewer and larger plants than does the Free World. There is also a
tendency, particularly in the European Satellites, to combine pro-
duction of wire and cable with production of such unrelated items as
refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and other consumer goods.
B. Importance of the Industry.
The importance of the wire and cable industry to the Sino-
Soviet Bloc was emphasized by Malenkov in his speech of 19 February
1956 to the delegates of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union (CPSU). /)( The solution of the main economic
task of increasing industrial production, he. said, depends primarily
* In bulk form,
lead in pigs.
copper is in wire bars, aluminum in ingots, and
** Wire bars rolled into thick wire,
diameter.
from 1/4 inch to 7/8 inch in
*** Such a plant would be the integrated type of
most
XXXX
of the wire and cable in most countries.
For serially numbered source references,
plant which produces
see Appendix F.
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upon sharply raising the productivity of labor by increasing the power
of the machinery available to each worker. To increase the power of
machinery, he added, electric power, generating facilities, and means
of utilizing electric power must be increased. Such expansion is
dependent upon an adequate supply of electrical conductors -- that
is, wire and cable.
Wire and cable are equally valuable for other purposes.
Military electronic equipment for early warning systems, communica-
tions nets, and all varieties of modern weapons, including guided
missiles, depend on the reliability of the wire and cable used in
their construction. Motor vehicles and aircraft require complicated
electrical systems. In particular, the growing economies of the
Sino-Soviet Bloc require a major expansion of telecommunications,
which are primarily dependent upon wire and cable products.
In 1955, wire and cable represented an estimated 20 percent
by value of the total production (in 1955 US prices) of electro-
technical products in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.* Because wire and cable
represent large investments of money and of strategic materials in
power and communications systems, the location of power plants, the
choice between hydrogenerating and steam generating systems, and
the choice between microwave or coaxial-trunk-lines communications
systems may be determined largely on the basis of the relative eco-
nomic cost of wire and cable.
C. Scope of This Report.
The emphasis of this report is focused on estimates of the
total value and the composition of production of wire and cable in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc and on estimates of trade, use patterns, and
inputs. Production of each country was estimated independently,
the sum of these estimates equaling the total for the Bloc.
Estimates of the value of production are given for 1938 and.
for the years 191+6-55. Administrative organization, trade, use
patterns, and inputs are given for 1955 only. Data on technology
are intended primarily to indicate the state of technology as of 1955.
* The current estimate for output of electrotechnical products in
the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955 is US $5.6 billion. 2 (See Table 2,
p. 17, below, for estimates of production of wire and cable in the
Sino-Soviet Bloc.)
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No attempt is made to treat exhaustively the patterns of input
and consumption in specific detail. The inputs given are estimated
physical quantities of the most essential materials and labor, and
the use pattern is determined for broad consuming sectors.
D. Nature and Uses of the Product.
The metal used to carry the current in wire and cable is called
the conductor. This conductor may be bare metal, insulated only by
air, or it may be covered with special insulating material. Conductors
are typically in the form of one strand or a few strands combined in
a small diameter called a wire or of many strands twisted together in
a large diameter called a cable. The term cable usually refers to
large conductors or combinations of conductors inside a common cover.
The effectiveness of the cable depends directly upon both the
electrical and mechanical characteristics of the materials used in
construction. The design of the cable and the quality of manufacture
are equally important. In general the cable must be made of pure con-
ductor metal, usually copper or aluminum, and of materials with good
insulating qualities. The cable must be designed and manufactured
for the electrical load and for the mechanical stress required of it.
Poor workmanship can nullify the asset of good materials and vice versa.
Electric current is carried in a cable either to deliver power
or to carry signals of some type. Power cable can be divided roughly
into three general categories: (1) cable to transmit power from the
generating facility to the substation, (2) cable to transmit power
from the substation to the individual consumer, and (3) cable to trans-
mit power from the power net to consumption applications. Communica-
tions cable is roughly divided into cable which carries voice signals and
cable which carries other signals, such as television or control signals.
E. Historical Development of the Industry.
Production of wire and cable was begun in 1878 with the
establishment of the Northern Cable Plant (Sevkabel') in Leningrad.
The industry remained largely dependent upon Germany for machinery
and technology until after World War II. Since the war the USSR has
rapidly trained its own specialists and has become at least equal to
East Germany in technological progress. Although some cable-making
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equipment was lost in the war, much was evacuated to the east. After
the war, with the help of machinery taken from the European Satellites,
particularly East Germany, the industry in the USSR was able to pro-
duce more in 1946 than it did before the war. The industry has ex-
panded rapidly since the war to become pre-eminent among the countries
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
2. Bulgaria.
Production of wire and cable in Bulgaria was negligible
until 1948. Since then the increase in production has been very rapid,
although in 1955 Bulgaria provided only 0.5 percent of the total pro-
duction of wire and cable in the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
3. China.
The 'wire and cable industry of China was established in
the 1930's by the Japanese in Manchuria and by the Europeans in
Shanghai. Before World War II the industry was fairly large, being
comparable to that of prewar Hungary in the value of total production,
although inferior technologically. Although most of the largest
Chinese plant was removed to the USSR in 1945, production revived
rapidly, even during the civil war. Since the assumption of control
by the Communists, large increases have been planned for the industry,
starting in 1953. It is estimated that by 1955 the wire and cable
industry of Communist China produced more than that of Poland and
ranked after that of Czechoslovakia in the value of production within
the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
4. Czechoslovakia.
The wire and cable industry of Czechoslovakia dates from
about 1894. Its technology has been essentially German, although
some equipment is produced domestically. The prewar level of pro-
duction was regained soon after World War II, and the industry now
ranks next to that of East Germany within the Sino-Soviet Bloc. Much
of the product is exported to the USSR.
5. East Germany.
The wire and cable industry of East Germany was established
in the last quarter of the 19th century. Before World War II, German
firms dominated the European industry, establishing plants in almost.
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every country in Eastern Europe. As a consequence of World War II
the industry in East Germany was destroyed, both by war damage and
by Soviet expropriation of equipment. Nevertheless, East Germany
is the second largest producer of wire and cable in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc. Although deprived of many scientists and technicians by the
USSR, East Germany continues to lead all other countries of the
Bloc except the USSR in technology. The industry has not been used
to full capacity since about 1953, because of a lack of orders and
shortages of raw materials. Since World War II, most of the pro-
duction has gone to the USSR.
6. Hungary.
The wire and cable industry of Hungary was established
between 1900 and 1920, largely by German firms, and was concentrated
in Budapest. The industry was small but'well developed technologi-
cally before World War II. The war resulted in extensive damage to
one large plant, and the USSR removed some equipment, but the indus-
try has expanded very rapidly since the war. Hungary is noted for
its production and exports of cable-making machinery.
7. Poland.
Most of the wire and cable industry of Poland was estab-
lished between 1920 and 1935, much of it by German firms. Poland
was hard hit by World War II and by the removal of equipment to the
USSR. Since the war the industry has suffered severe shortages of
materials and equipment. The USSR has supplied raw material in ex-
change for finished products.
8. Rumania.
Before World War II the wire and cable industry of Rumania
was very small, but since the war the many small plants of the indus-
try have been amalgamated into larger, modern units of production,
and the industry has expanded rapidly. Except for its largest facility,
the industry is distributed among plants producing ferrous metal prod-
ucts and other electrotechnical products.
II. Administrative Organization.
In those countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc which have large elec-
trotechnical industries, cable plants are subordinated to an adminis-
trative agency concerned exclusively with wire and cable. Those
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countries with smaller electrotechnical industries subordinate their
cable plants directly to the ministerial administrative apparatus,
sometimes including in a single ministry all electrotechnical ac-
tivity and the administration of facilities for generating electric
power.
In general, the administrative organs are responsible for the
supply of inputs, for production, and for distribution of all wire
and cable products. In some countries, distribution is handled
by a separate organization. Some facilities for producing wire and
cable are formally subordinated to ministries other than the elec-
trotechnical because the main production of the plant in which these
facilities are located is not devoted to wire and cable.* At the
same time, however, these facilities may be subordinated to the
organization handling wire and cable for the coordination of pro-
duction and for technical support.
The administrative organizations responsible for wire and cable
in the individual countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc are shown in
Table 1.**
III. Technology.mmm
A. USSR. J
1. Equipment.
The USSR has large quantities of wire and cable machinery
which was manufactured in Germany before World War II. This machinery
is slow compared with modern US designs. Many new machines of domes-
tic manufacture have been installed since 1950, however, and the in-
dustry is continuing to replace old machinery with new. Continuous
vulcanizing equipment has been installed at several plants, and there
are plans for installing additional units. Old braiding machines and
enameling machines have been reconditioned in several plants, resul.t-
ing in claimed increases in production up to 40 percent. The USSR is
producing new rewinding machines for light hookup wire. It is claimed
that these machines will increase production an additional 30 percent.
Thus the USSR is rapidly modernizing its wire and cable plants, al-
though most of its equipment probably was obtained before World War II.
See Appendix A.
Table 1 follows on p. 9.
For research facilities, see Appendix A.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
The wire and cable industry of the USSR produced 19 gauges
of wire in 1951. At that time the director of one leading plant urged
that the industry increase the number of standard gauges to between 33
and 35** because much wire was being wasted. When a consumer required
a size between .two of the manufactured sizes, he had to use the larger
size. Probably considerable wire still is wasted in this manner, be-
cause there is no indication that the number of gauge sizes has been
increased.
The main effort of the Soviet industry is directed toward
substituting plentiful for scarce materials. The press constantly
gives detailed accounts of material savings through substitution.
The following substitutions have been noted:
(a) To some extent, aluminum for copper as a
conductor in practically all types of power cable,
but especially in overhead transmission cable, bus
bars, and magnet wire;
(b) Aluminum for lead as cable sheathing;
(c) Polyvinyl chloride for lead as cable sheathing;
particularly for telephone cables;
(d) Glass and plastics for cotton;
(e) Plastics for rubber.
Aluminum has long been used in the USSR to replace copper;
as long ago as 1930, bare overhead conductors were made of aluminum
in Moscow. Although considerably cheaper per pound than copper, alumi-
num has many drawbacks. Because aluminum cables must be much larger
than copper cables of equivalent capacity, aluminum cables tend to be
more cumbersome, and their use raises the cost of insulation and
sheathing. The excessive volume of aluminum wire also makes it difficult
* Communist China, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
and probably Bulgaria and Rumania have adopted Soviet industrial
standards (strengths, sizes, test methods, lengths, and the like)
in their wire and cable industries.
** US industry produces about 44 standard gauges of bare copper wire.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
to use in rotor and stator windings (magnet wire) where space must be
held to a minimum. In this field, new designs and new thinner insu-
lating compounds are being developed to increase the practicability
of using aluminum. In bare overhead lines where the insulation prob-
lem does not exist, aluminum is very effective, especially because
an aluminum conductor weighs half as much as an equivalent copper
conductor.
Other drawbacks of aluminum as a conductor include the
difficulty of welding aluminum and of connecting aluminum to termi-
nals of machines, instruments, and fixtures. These problems are
being solved gradually, and it seems certain that aluminum will be
used. increasingly as an electrical conductor.
Among the new insulation materials being developed and
soon to be put into mass production are epoxy-resins, organo-silicone
rubbers and varnish resins, synthetic resins, and aluminum oxide.
It has been found that the organo-silicone varnish, combined with
fiberglass in insulating motor windings, results in fewer breakdowns
of motors caused by overheating. The Soviet goal is to develop a
synthetic insulation which will withstand temperatures up to 180
to 200 degrees centigrade, or even higher.
One outstanding development appears to be oil-filled cable
which can withstand 220,000 volts in continued operation. This type
of cable is probably in only limited or experimental production.
Soviet technicians also plan to develop a 1+20,000-volt, oil-insulated
cable by the end of 1957. All the oil-filled cables rely for insula-
tion on oil forced into the cable casing under pressure up to 10
atmospheres. The design and production of these cables would show
a high degree of technical competence in the Soviet wire and cable
industry.
Another cable of recent development in the USSR is the
1+00,000-volt, aluminum-conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR) cable to
be used in the Kuybyshev-Moscow transmission line. Nine lines of
900 kilometers each must be manufactured for the project. Each line
is 30.2 millimeters (mm) in diameter and weighs 1.8 tons per kilo-
meter. This huge cable is difficult to manufacture. That the USSR
could set up manufacturing facilities at several plants to make this
cable demonstrates considerable technical competence in the design of
machinery and of products as well as in production.
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The testing of a sample of Soviet coaxial cable, however
indicated that the polyethylene dielectric (a nonconducting material.]
was of poor quality (perhaps reworked, that is, used a second time) and
that the Soviet extrusion technique used to apply the dielectric was
poor. The center conductor had dielectric voids (bare spots), and the
dielectric itself showed excessive shrihhkage during aging. The cable
was operative, however, although less efficient than its US counterpart.
B. Communist China. 12/
1. Equipment.
Until the expansion of the Mukden Electric Wire Plant
(1953-56) (see Appendix A), most equipment was of Japanese origin and
was designed to make the simpler types of wire and cable, not large,
complicated cables. The rate of production of the Japanese equipment
is slow compared with modern US or Soviet designs.
The Soviet and East German equipment going into the Mukden
plant will raise the quality of Chinese Communist wire and cable ma-
chinery at least to the level of that of East Germany. The consequence
of this modernization of the Chinese wire and cable industry is that
the Chinese Communists will be able to produce a more varied, com-
plicated product in greater quantity than before. In addition, their
mode of production will closely follow that of the USSR, facilitating
interchanges of technology and personnel.
2. Materials and Products.
The Chinese Communist industry has been handicapped con-
sistently by the poor quality of its electrolytic copper. Improper
refining produces copper with impaired conductivity and mechanical
properties. Fine wire, for instance, cannot be drawn of impure cop-
per; it will break at the points of concentration of impurities.
This problem is aggravated by the lack of good diamond dies for the
drawing of fine wire. The low conductivity (high resistance) of
Chinese copper results in the overheating of cables. Larger sizes
of cable have to be used for a given load than would normally be used.
The Chinese Communists have succeeded in manufacturing
10,000-volt, insulated power cable in the Shanghai Electric Wire Plant.-
The Mukden plant can produce ACSR cable of up to 61 wires which can
be used for 15+,000-volt lines and higher. Research on underground
cables is being carried on at the Mukden plant also.
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Because many Soviet standards for wire and cable are al-
ready being followed, it is probable that the Chinese Communists will
leave most of the work of research and development to the USSR. For
the present the Chinese are doing little original work in developing
new materials or products.
C. Czechoslovakia. 13
1. Equipment.
Czechoslovak equipment is approximately the same in age
and type as that of East Germany. Although Czechoslovakia does pro-
duce some cable-making equipment, probably most of the existing facili-
ties are of German origin, with a smaller proportion being of Hungarian
origin.
2. Materials and Products.
Czechoslovakia is following the universal trend in shifting
from copper to aluminum conductors and from lead to aluminum sheathing.
Some new insulating materials such as "silon," a synthetic fiber similar
to nylon; "noval," a plastic; another plastic insulation made from
corn-silk; and new glass fiber and varnish insulations were introduced
in 1956. Many of the new materials and products are based on Soviet
standards, although, considering the facilities available, it is prob-
able that extensive research is being carried out domestically.
D. East Germany. l4+
1. Equipment.
Historically, Germany has been the leader in designing and
producing cable-making machinery and now has excellent facilities for
such production. Paradoxically, the East German wire and cable indus-
try is poorly equipped compared with that of the USSR or the US. Most
of its equipment was manufactured before World War II, and much of it
dates back to 1910-30. In consequence, production from these machines
is much less than production in the USSR. This situation prevails be-
cause the USSR removed much of the best equipment after World War II
and took much of the new equipment produced by East Germany since
World War II as reparations.
- 13 -
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The old German equipment still turns out a product of good
quality, although not in great quantity. Even the Soviet inspectors
could find no fault with the wire and cable exported to them as repara-
tions. Moreover, despite the shortage of modern equipment in their
domestic industry, the East Germans have gone ahead in designing and
producing new aluminum-sheathing machines, continuous vulcanizing
equipment, and special machines for the manufacture of coaxial cable.
Once the East Germans direct their production of equipment
to their own industry, it is certain the industry could soon increase
in efficiency and in capacity if required. In view of the magnitude
of the Soviet plan to modernize and expand the wire and cable industry
in the USSR, however, East Germany will probably not receive the bene-
fits of its production for 2 or 3 Five Year Plans to come.
2. Materials and Products.
East Germany has been developing its technology for new
products and materials on a broad front. With excellent personnel,
adequate facilities, and much support (and prodding) from the USSR,
the East Germans have been capable of research and development in
the most varied and difficult fields. A sampling of the research
program in East Germany serves to illustrate its scope: (a) to de-
velop maximum frequency cables,- (b) to eliminate lead sheathing by
the substitution of aluminum and plastic, (c) to develop and improve
all types of insulating plastics,** (d) to adapt domestic cellulose
for production of insulating paper, (e) to improve further the con-
tinuous vulcanizing process, and (f) to develop the drawing of fine
aluminum wires for use in measuring instruments.
Because all results are undoubtedly available to the USSR
and to the Soviet Satellites as well, the research and development
* A new coaxial cable was recently designed that carries 1,920
simultaneous conversations and requires only one-tenth of the coppe:^
and lead used in manufacturing a similar cable of older design.
-' In particular, the East Germans have developed a magnet wire
enamel called "isoperlon" from the plastic "perlon," a compound of
polyamide and resins. Because "isoperlon" has exceptional insulating
qualities, it can be applied in very thin layers on aluminum magnet
wire. This characteristic reduces the aggregate volume of the wire
and allows aluminum windings to be used in motors and generators with-
out unduly enlarging the volume for a given power rating.
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program of East Germany may. be considered indicative of the future
standard of technology in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The speed with
which new technology is assimilated by the various countries of the
Bloc will depend on the investment in the industry and on the avail-
ability of raw materials.
E. Other Countries. L5/
1. Equipment.
Most of the equipment for production of wire and cable
machinery in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Rumania is 20 to 30
years old. Except in Hungary, which produces considerable cable-
making equipment, most of the equipment in the European Satellites
was supplied by Germany. Damage during World War II, age, and
obsolete designs combine to keep the average piece of equipment at
about the productive level of that in East Germany. Some individual
plants, such as the Electrocablul Electric Equipment Plant in
Rumania, however, are relatively modern, having been re-equipped
after World War II by new East German, Hungarian, and Soviet ma-
chinery.
Some progress has been made in designing machines for
aluminum sheathing, and the continuous process type of equipment
is being installed on a very limited scale. The larger producers
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc have consistently allocated the continuous
process type of equipment to themselves, leaving little modern equip-
ment for the smaller producers.
A major concern of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania
is to develop substitute materials for scarce imported materials.
These countries are particularly anxious to substitute aluminum for
copper as a conductor and aluminum for lead as sheathing. New products
have to be designed to use the new materials efficiently. Other sub-
stitutions being implemented are plastic for rubber and for weather-
proof and magnet wire insulations.
All four countries have adopted some Soviet cable standards
and will probably continue to do so. The USSR also provides most of
the new technological processes in products and materials, although the
domestic research efforts within these four countries contribute in
adapting products to local needs and in integrating new products into
the programs for production.
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A. Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The estimated value of production of wire and cable in the Sino-
Soviet Bloc is shown in Table 2.** The level of production prevailing
before World War II was regained by 1948. The annual value of produc-
tion tripled between 1946 and 1951, doubled between 1951 and 1956, and
is expected to increase approximately 65 percent between 1956 and 1961
to an annual value more than 83 percent above that of 1955. Before
World War II the USSR accounted for about one-third of the total value
of production of wire and cable in the areas now included in the Bloc.
Since the war the USSR has consistently contributed about two-thirds
of the total value of production by the Bloc. Indexes of the estimated
value of production by the Bloc are shown in Table 3.
Estimated production of wire and cable in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
in 1955, by type of product, is shown in Table 4.KXXX Of the value of
production of wire and cable by the Bloc, power cable accounted for
62 percent and communications cable for 38 percent. The major cate-
gories, insulated power cable and telephone and telegraph cable, ac-
counted for 50 percent of the value of production.
Wire and cable which are known to use aluminum conductors are
estimated to have accounted for 8 percent of the value of production
in 1955. Some types of cable traditionally using copper conductors,
such as insulated power cable, were treated as having copper conductors,
although it is known that some aluminum conductors are used in these
types.
1. USSR- f
The two largest wire and cable plants in the USSR, the
Moscow Cable Plant (Moskabel') and the Northern Cable Plant (Sevkabel'),
produced 38 percent of total Soviet production of wire and cable inf5
For detailed methodology, see Appendix D.
Table 2 follows
on p.
17.
XXX
Table 3 follows
on p.
18.
X
Table 4 follows
on p.
19.
f For figures on production in the USSR, see Tables 11 and 12,
Ap
pendix B, pp. 47 and 48, respectively, below.
ft
Continued on p. 20.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093A001200030007-6
1955. Other plants produced from less than 1 percent to 8 percent of
the total. Except for the concentration in the two largest plants,
production of wire and cable is widely dispersed in the USSR.
The pattern of Soviet production in 1955 was similar to
that of the entire Sino-Soviet Bloc -- 63 percent in power cable and
37 percent in communications cable. About 52 percent of total pro-
duction was represented by the two largest categories, insulated power
cable and telephone and telegraph cable. About 8 percent was repre-
sented by wire and cable utilizing aluminum conductors. Only 3 per-
cent of production was allocated to coaxial cable, more than one-half'
of which was produced at Moskabel'.
In 1955 the USSR accounted for about three-fourths of
total production by the Sino-Soviet Bloc of automobile, aircraft,
and tractor wire; field wire; insulated power cable; and control
cable. The USSR also supplied more than one-half of the coaxial
cable produced in the Bloc. Soviet production accounted for less
than one-half of Bloc production in only two categories -- bare com-
munications wire (45 percent) and aluminum field cable (17 percent).
2. European Satellites and Communist China.*
Communist China accounted for about 5 percent of the total
value of production of wire and cable by the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955.
Almost one-half of the Chinese Communist production was devoted to
bare power cable and bare communications wire, and approximately one--
fifth of total production was represented by insulated power cable and
insulated telephone and telegraph cable. China produced no coaxial
cable; hookup wire; aluminum field cable; or automobile, aircraft, and
tractor wire.
The European Satellites accounted for the following pro-
portions of the total value of production of wire afid cable by the
Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955: Bulgaria, less than 1 percent; Czecho-
slovakia, 7 percent; East Germany, 9 percent; Hungary, 3 percent;
Poland, 5 percent; and Rumania, 3 percent. No Satellite produces
every category of wire and cable,** although only Bulgaria produces
fewer than 9 of the 13 categories. All the Satellites produce the
important categories, insulated power cable and insulated telephone
* For figures on production in the European Satellites and in Communist
China, see Tables 13 through 26, Appendix B, pp. 4+9-62, below.
x Categories of wire and cable are defined in Appendix C.
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and telegraph cable. Among the Satellites, only Czechoslovakia and
East Germany produce coaxial cable, and East Germany and Hungary
produce the most complete line of wire and cable products.
The leading non-Soviet producer in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
of each category of wire and cable is as follows: bare power cable,
ACSR -- Poland; bare power cable, copper -- Communist China; bare
power cable, aluminum -- Czechoslovakia; insulated power cable -- East
Germany; weatherproof wire -- East Germany; magnet wire -- Hungary;
building and appliance wire -- East Germany; automobile, aircraft,
and tractor wire -- Poland; control cable -- East Germany; telephone
and telegraph cable -- Czechoslovakia; coaxial cable -- East Germany;
bare communications wire -- China; field wire -- Czechoslovakia; hook-
up wire -- Rumania; field cable, aluminum -- Hungary.
The category of wire and cable produced in greatest
volume by each non-Soviet member of the Sino-Soviet Bloc is as fol-
lows: Bulgaria, insulated power cable and insulated telephone and
telegraph cable (produced in equal volume); Communist China, bare
power cable; Czechoslovakia, insulated telephone and telegraph cable;
East Germany, insulated power cable; Hungary, insulated telephone and
telegraph cable; Poland, insulated telephone and telegraph cable;
Rumania, insulated telephone and telegraph cable.
V. Trade.
A. East-West Trade.
1. Imports from Non-Bloc Countries.
a. Bare Copper Wire. 16
Imports of bare copper wire by the Sino-Soviet Bloc
amounted to 7+,000 tons in 1955. This quantity is 2.7 times the
amount imported in 1953 and about 13 percent of the estimated total
supply of copper in the Bloc in 1955. Nearly 60 percent of the amount
imported in 1955 went to the USSR. Poland and Czechoslovakia each
received about 12 percent of the total, with Hungary, East Germany,
and Rumania following in that order.
About 40 percent of the bare copper wire imported by
the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955 was supplied by the UK, while West Germany
and Japan each supplied about 19 percent. Other significant exporters
were Finland, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
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The sharp increase of imports in 1955 compared with
1954 reflects the trend beginning on 16 August 1954, when COCOM
(Coordinating Committee for Export Controls) lifted its embargo on
shipments of bare copper wire 6 mm and under in diameter to the Soviet
Bloc but not on shipments to Communist China. Shipments of such wire
to the Soviet Bloc jumped from a monthly average of about 1,350 tons
before 16 August 1954 to about 5,100 tons per month in late 1954,
The monthly average in 1955 was about 6,000 tons. The sharp rise in
shipments to the Soviet Bloc in 1955 was led by the UK with a sevenfold
increase over 1954. / As long as bare copper wire remains the only
form of copper unembargoed, it is expected that the Soviet Bloc will
continue to import such wire at approximately the rate which prevailed
in 1955.
b. Covered Wire and Cable.*
The Sino-Soviet Bloc imported nearly 10,000 tons of
covered wire and cable in 1955. Of this total the USSR imported about
75 percent, the remainder going primarily to Communist China and
Rumania. Other countries of the Bloc imported very little covered
wire and cable. 19 Imports were received primarily from the UK and
France and, to a far lesser extent, from Belgium and Italy.
In 1955, imports of covered wire and cable by the S:ino-
Soviet Bloc declined about 40 percent as compared with 1954; imports
declined from most countries except the UK. 20/ The downward trend
in imports of covered wire and cable by the 'Ioc is expected to con-
tinue, but at a decreasing rate, as long as bare copper wire is not
embargoed.
Multipair cable, submarine cable, and the coaxial type
of communications cable were placed under embargo by COCOM as of 22
June 1955. 21 Because no exports to the Sino-Soviet Bloc of these
types of cable have been discovered, these types are not included.
2. Exports to Non-Bloc Countries.
Exports of wire and cable from the Sino-Soviet Bloc to
non-Bloc countries have been slight. The only export of a specified
quantity noted in 1955 was a shipment of aluminum cable, probably ACSR,
* This category includes all nonbare wire and cable regardless of
the conductor metal.
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S -E-C -R-E-T
from Hungary to Argentina. The shipment amounted to about 1,880 tons
and was valued at $1,1+0,672. 22
b. Cable Manufacturing Equipment and Technical
Assistance. 23
The only known export by the Sino-Soviet Bloc of
facilities for manufacturing electric cable is from Hungary to India.
The Hungarians began construction of a plant at Patiala in northern
India in January 1955. This plant is to produce 85,000 pounds of
hard-drawn copper wire annually and an equal amount of enameled magnet
wire. The hard-drawn wire is to be used on the Bhakra-Nangal hydro-
electric project. 21+ Although extremely small, the plant is of great
value to India and probably represents a cost to Hungary of only about
$25,000. Unspecified amounts are also believed to have been exported
to Egypt, Syria, and Turkey by Bulgaria; to Turkey by East Germany; to
Brazil by Hungary; and to Afghanistan and Burma by the USSR.
Czechoslovakia may have entered the field of foreign
aid in 1956 with installations for manufacturing electric cable. The
probable targets for such aid would have been Egypt, India, Indochina,
Burma, and the Arab countries. 25
B. Intra-Bloc Trade. 26
Intra-Bloc trade in wire and cable in 1955 probably accounted
for about 5 to 10 percent of total production by the Sino-Soviet Bloc.
The estimated pattern of such trade is shown in Table 5.* Poland is
the largest exporter to other countries of the Bloc, followed by East
Germany and Hungary. The USSR exports very little wire and cable to
other countries of the Bloc; Rumania exports none.
The USSR took the largest share of intra-Bloc imports in 1955,
probably about 75 percent, despite its relatively large domestic pro-
duction. Bulgaria was the second largest importer, followed by Com-
munist China and Rumania. Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary
import no wire and cable; Albania and Poland import very little.
Practically all of the imports of wire and cable by Communist
China are bare copper wire and rods. Most of the imports by the USSR,
on the other hand, are insulated wire and cable. Bulgaria and Rumania
also import mostly insulated wire and cable.
* Table 5 follows on p. 24.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
S-E-C -R-E-T
VI. Use Pattern and Requirements.
Most of the products of the wire and cable industry are de-
signed for specific uses. Accordingly, the use pattern of the in-
dustry has been determined from the known applications of the various
categories of products and, where a category has more than one use,
from an estimated priority allocation between end uses.
The principal uses of wire and cable are in (1) industry, in-
cluding the manufacture of products and the supplying of electric
current for internal uses; (2) power networks, including the dis-
tribution of electric current to consumers; (3) communications net-
works, including both land lines and wireless transmission; and
(4) certain direct military end items.
The estimated allocation of various wire and cable products
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc for the principal purposes listed above is
shown in Table 6.*
Table 7** shows the estimated use pattern of wire and cable
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955.
B. Requirements.
The requirementsXXX of the Sino-Soviet Bloc for wire and cable
are filled in the course of any one year, although temporary shortages
of wire and cable exist from time to time. Such temporary shortages
result not from inadequate capacity but from shortages of materials
or faulty planning. No major delays in power or communications projects
have been attributed to shortages of wire and cable.
VII. Inputs.
Employment has been estimated for all wire and cable plants
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc for at least 1 year. Table 8- shows theL
Table 6 follows on p. 26.
Table 7 follows on p. 27-
XXX Requirements are defined as actual orders for wire and cable.
XXXX Table 8 follows on p. 27.
Continued on p. 28.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
a) P4
H ri
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o 0
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0000
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
S -E-C -R-E -T
Table 7
Estimated Use Pattern of Electric Wire and Cable in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1955
Power Communications Direct Military
Country Industry Networks Networks End Items Total
USSR 41 30 25 4 100
Bulgaria 68 15 17 0 100
Communist China 23 44 28 5 100
Czechoslovakia 33 24 38 5 100
East Germany 44 25 30 1 100
Hungary 49 18 28 5 100
Poland 39 27 34 0 100
Rumania 41 24 27 8 100
Sino-Soviet
Bloc 39 29 27 5 100
Estimated Labor Force of the Electric Wire and Cable Industry
in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
1955
USSR
Bulgaria
Communist China
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania
46,500
940
13,700
11,800
13,700
6,100
11,400
4,900
109,000
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
estimated labor force of the wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc in 1955.*
B. Materials.
Table 9" shows the estimated inputs of certain selected ma-
terials for the wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in
1955. These inputs were computed by applying the input coefficients
for representative products of the US wire and cable industry*** to
estimated production by the Sino-Soviet Bloc.xxxx
The most important input required by the wire and cable indus-
try in the Sino-Soviet Bloc in 1955 was copper. Estimated consumption
of more than 325,000 tons represented about 56 percent of production
of copper by the Bloc, which is estimated at 579,000 tons. 27 Because
the industry received imports of 7+,000 tons of bare copper wire, it
consumed only about 251,000 tons of domestically produced copper, or
43 percent of Bloc production, in 1955.
VIII. Capabilities, Vulnerabilities, and Intentions.
A. Capabilities.
The wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc is capable
of producing a full line of products. The USSR, for instance, pro-
duced the largest ACSR cable in the world for the Kuybyshev-Moscow
transmission line. The technology of the Bloc, however, is inferior
to that of the US, and its equipment is generally less modern and less
efficient than US equipment. Moreover, the countries of Western
Europe are probably superior technologically to all the countries of
the Bloc except the USSR.
In research and development the leading countries of the Sino-
Soviet Bloc, the USSR and East Germany, are approximately at the same
level as the countries of Western Europe. The wire and cable indus-
tries of the USSR and East Germany are working on the same problems
and apparently have been as successful in solving them as the US wire
* These estimates were extended to 1955 by the methods indicated
in Table 10, Appendix A, p. 37, below.
** Table 9 follows on p. 29.
*** See Table 27, Appendix D, p. 68, below.
**** See Tables 11 through 26, Appendix B, pp. 1+7-62, below.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/26 : CIA-RDP79-01093AO01200030007-6
rd
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and cable industry. The Bloc is probably ahead in the development and
use of substitute materials, such as aluminum for copper or lead and
plastic for rubber or lead, because of the effort devoted to reduce
imports by using domestic supplies.
There is no doubt that the Sino-Soviet Bloc has the equipment,
the personnel, and the technology to produce any type of wire and cable
it requires in the foreseeable future. In addition, the increasing
industrial integration of the Bloc will result in a significant reduc-
tion in the cost of production because of specialization, standardiza-
tion, and the increased productivity of labor.
At present the wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
has the capacity to process more materials than are available.
The scarcity of some vital materials such as copper and lead
is indicated by the great effort being made to create acceptable sub-
stitutes. The effort to utilize more plentiful materials has been
and will continue to be expensive in terms of skilled manpower and
intricate research equipment. Moreover, additional expense will be
incurred when new machinery, such as that for aluminum sheathing, has
to be installed on a large scale. Added to these expenses will be
the cost of learning to use the new types of wire and cable with
entirely different characteristics. In some instances the substitute
materials are inferior to the original materials, and the cost of poorer
performance may approach or overbalance the initial savings in cheaper
materials.
The wire and cable industry of the Sino-Soviet Bloc is vul-
nerable to economic warfare. Because the Bloc imports a significant
portion of its supply of copper, the cessation of such imports would
temporarily interrupt the production of wire and cable. The same
situation exists with regard to rubber.
Another important vulnerability is the necessity of having a
continuous supply of diamond and hard alloy steel dies. These dies
are usually produced centrally for a great many wire and cable plants,
although the plants usually have facilities for reboring old dies.
Because the centralized facility for making dies is vulnerable, the
wire and cable industry could be brought to a halt fairly easily and
rapidly through the destruction of this facility.
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C. Intentions.
A major aim of the Sino-Soviet Bloc in the wire and cable in-
dustry, as in most industries, is to be independent of Free World
sources of supply of end products and raw materials. In terms of the
capacity to produce end products, the Bloc has largely achieved this
aim. At present the Bloc is seeking to reduce its dependence upon
the Free World for imports of raw materials through technological
advances.
Another intention of the Sino-Soviet Bloc, which has been par-
tially accomplished, is the standardization of cable materials and
end products. Many Soviet standards have been adopted already by the
European Satellites and Communist China Further plans toward this
end are being made and carried out.
It is probable that some specialization by plants will take
place, particularly where they are concentrated, as in Hungary and
East Germany. Under the system of regional supply prevalent in the
USSR and Communist China, plants are diversified to supply a wide
variety of wire and cable products. With the dispersion of plants,
specialization will succeed only where the product is highly complex,
requiring an expensive facility for production that would be economi-
cal only when there was production in great volume.
The Sino-Soviet Bloc intends to modernize its wire and cable
industry as rapidly as possible. The new automatic and continuous
processes developed recently are being adopted rapidly. Apparently
the industry will be expanded primarily by increasing productivity
rather than by building new or larger plants. Evidently the chief
reason for this decision is that the quality of products as well as
the volume of production rises with the installation of new equip-
ment. The policy appears to be to replace old capital equipment with
new equipment instead of merely adding the new.
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S -E-C -R-E-T
APPENDIX A
MANUFACTURING AND RESEARCH FACILITIES
I. Manufacturing Facilities.
Table 10* gives basic information on each of the major wire and
cable plants in the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The basic information includes
the name of the plant, its location, the name of its director, the
date of its founding, the estimated labor force in 1955, and comments
pertaining to its history and technology. Plants are listed accord-
ing to country, in alphabetical order by city.
A. USSR. 28
The Scientific Research Institute of the Cable Industry**
directs and controls the research and development program of the
wire and cable industry in the USSR. Most of the actual work is
done in the laboratories of the leading cable plants.*** The NIIKP
oversees developmental work in the various plant laboratories, ac-
tively helps the plants to initiate production of new types of wire
and cable, and cooperates with machine-building plants, such as the
Vulkan Plant at Leningrad, in developing improved designs of cable-
making machinery and equipment.
Three other organizations which are concerned with cable re-
search and development are as follows: (1) Cable Section, Scientific
and Technical Council, Ministry of the Electrical Industry of the
USSR, which formulates policy concerning the direction which the NIIKP
will follow in cable research and development; (2) the All-Union
Bureau of Electrical Insulation of the All-Union Scientific and Tech-
nical Society of Power Engineers,**** which is an honorary group of
distinguished technical people who present technical papers and are
Table 10 follows on p. 37.
Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Kabel'noy Promyshlennosti
(NIIKP); K.Y. Sergevchuk, Director.
max See Table 10, p. 37, below.
*-x-** Vsesoyuznoye Nauchnoye Inzhenerno-Tekhnicheskoye Obshchestvo
Energetikov (VNITOE).
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usually active educationally as well as professionally; and (3) the
All-Union Electrotechnical Institute imeni V.I. Lenin, Order of
Lenin,* under the Ministry of the Electrotechnical Industry. The
VEI concentrates on basic research in the fields of insulation and
design.
The best engineering school in the USSR for wire and cable
engineering is the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
B. Bulgaria. 29
It is possible that the Vasil Kolarov Plant, which is new
and equipped by the USSR, may have some laboratory facilities.
Apparently Bulgaria depends almost entirely on the USSR and on the
other European Satellites for its technological development.
C. Communist China. 30/
Both the Shanghai Electric Wire Plant and the Mukden Electric:
Wire Plant have small laboratories. Information on the organization
for research on cable, if one exists, is not available. The First
Ministry of Machine Building probably has a section concerned with
all technological developments in the electrical industry as a whole.
Although Communist China has engineering schools which prob-
ably teach wire and cable engineering, many Chinese Communist students
go to the USSR. For example, a group of workers and engineers from
the Mukden plant are attending or have attended technical schools in
Leningrad. The Sevkabel' plant and the NIIKP have excellent facili-
ties for training the Chinese.
D. Czechoslovakia. 31
Two plants, one in Bratislava and the other in Prague, are
known to have laboratories. In addition, the Research Institute for
Cables and Insulators** was formed in 1951 to direct research and also
* Vsesoyuznyy Elektrotekhnicheskiy Ordena Lenina Institut imeni V.]:.
Lenin, abbreviated VEI. This Institute is located at Krasnokazar-
mennaya Ulitsa 12, Moscow.
-E The Institute, which is located on Tovarenska Ulice in Bratislava.,
1-1/2 blocks from the cable plant in that city, employed about 112
people in 1951. The known accomplishments of the Institute are limited
to new insulating materials. The Director of the Institute is Ferdinand
Keviczky.
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to provide additional facilities. The Institute is supported by the
cable plants, each contributing 4 percent of their gross income.
E. East Germany. 32
All research in East Germany is done in the laboratories of
four plants. The value of this work in East German marks (Deutsche
Mark East -- DME), which indicates the relative importance of each
plant in the research program in 195+ is as follows:
Kabelwerk Koepenick (KWK)
Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO)
Kabelwerk Meissen (KWM)
Zentrales Entwicklungsbuero (ZEB*)
of Kabelwerk Vacha (KWV)
200,000
500,000
100,000
x+00,000
The ZEB of KWV, which is under the direction of Diplom-Physiker
Kramer, has been concerned primarily with the development of high-fre-
quency cable and apparatus. A new system of institutes was initiated
in 1953 to do strictly basic research, whereas the plants listed above
carry on applied research. These institutes are called Zentralinstitute
(Central Institutes). One, which is located in Berlin, is known as
the Kunststoffinstitut (Plastics Institute). The basic research now
performed by the plants will be carried out by the Central Institutes
when they are in full operation.
The research staffs at the plants listed above cooperate on
specified projects with other plants, as follows: (1) KWO and KWV
with Sachsenwerk Radeberg in the 7-centimeter wavelength region and
with Funkwerk Koepenick in the 3-centimeter wavelength region on wave
guide development; (2) KWO with the Metal Works in Schoeneweide on
steel-copper wire development; (3) ZEB of KWV with the Buna Plant in
Schkopau and the Electrochemical Combine in Bitterfeld on new plastics;
(4+) KWO with the paper factory in Wolfswinkel on new insulating papers.
The Arbeitskreis Isolierwerkstoffe (Work Circle for Insulation
Materials), under the direction of Dr. Guenther Panning, was set up in
May 1955 to coordinate the program to improve the quality of insulation
materials.
* Central Development Bureau.
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Another agency, the Arbeitskreis Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik
(Work Circle for Electrotechnical Material), under Dr. Hahn, performs
a similar function for a much wider range of materials.
F. Hungary. 33/
Research is accomplished in the laboratories of the large plants
in Budapest, notably the Cable and Wire Plant. Considerable work is
being done on the development of aluminum sheathing by Professor Laszlo
Verebely at the Budapest Technical University. Apparently the results
of research up to the middle of 1954 were not satisfactory, because in-
formation indicates that a great deal of work remains to be done. Pro-
fessor Verebely also is interested in new applications of aluminum con-
ductors, although the aluminum sheathing project has priority.
G. Poland. 34/
The Krakow Electric Equipment Works has an excellently equipped
laboratory which is probably the main facility for the applied research
and developmental work in Poland. For more basic research, a group of
professors of the Warsaw Technical Academy organized the Institute of
Electrometry and High Tensions (Instytut Miernictwa Elektrycznego) in
1952. A testing section and an ultra-high-tension laboratory were or-
ganized at Warsaw Polytechnic.
Polish engineers, presumably from Polish cable plants have
visited East German cable plants on several occasions. The Poles seemed
especially interested in the machines used rather than in the develop-
ment of products or materials.
Poland, like the other European Satellites in varying degrees,
depends upon the USSR and East Germany for much of its technological
support.
H. Rumania. 35
The laboratory at the Electrocablul Electric Equipment Plant
appears to be the most prominent facility for applied research in the
cable industry of Rumania. The Rumanian agencies which plan and carry
out research on wire and cable all have the broader responsibility of
research in the whole electrotechnical field. These agencies are the
Electrotechnical Research Institute in Bucharest, the Institute of Elec-
trical Machinery and Equipment in Craiova, the Institute of Power Studies
and Plans in Bucharest, and the Institute for Research and Planning of
Electrical Equipment in Bucharest.
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 Approved For Release 1999/092?:FGE TRDP79-01093A001200030007-6
Electric Wire and Cable Plants in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
(Continued)
City
4. Czechoslovakia
ontinued
Zavadka nad Hronom
5. East Germany lt1
Berlin
25X1 B
Labor Force
in 1955
plant Date of Founding Director Number Continent
Electric Cable Plant
Address: Honetova ice
Electric Cable Plant L
Before world wax II Svihalek 1,300 a This plant was nationalized in 1949.
Before World War II N.A. 400 a Modern machinery from East Germany was in-
stalled at this plant in 1946. A shortage
of raw materials existed in 1950.
VEB Kabelverk Koepenick (KWK) l_J Before World War II Forstmeyer
Address: Friedrichshagener Strasse
VEB Kabelwerk Oberepree (KWO) p/
Address: Wilhelminenhofstrasse 76-77
Telephone: 630010 and 630646
VEB Kabelwerk Adlershof (KWA)
:(Branch of KWK)
2,500 h KWK, formerly the Vogel Wire and Cable Plant
was 80 percent dismantled by the USSR.
The plant was rebuilt and operating at 90
percent of capacity by 1953. The plant
processes and distributes industrial dia-
monds.
the AEG (A]lgemeine Eiektrizitaets Gesell-
schaft) in Berlin. Through damage in World
War II and dismantling by the USSR,
this plant lost about 60 percent of its
facilities. The plant was reconstructed
gradually but was still only one-half its
prewar size in 1953.
400 1 KWA, formerly the Adriadne Corporation, pro-
duces nonelectrical nickel wire for weaving
fine mesh.
VEB Kabelwerk Meissen (KWM) 76 Before World War II Braever, Rudolf
Address: Werk I: Niederauer
Strasse 42
Werk II: Fiachergasse 14-16
Werk I, formerly Vereinigte Zuender and Kabel-
werk Meissen A.G., was destroyed in World
War II and was rebuilt about 1949-50. Werk II,
formerly Masco Metallwaren Fabrik, Helm & Co.
was dismantled by the USSR in 1945, rebuilt
in 1951, and started production in 1952. The
USSR returned KWM to East Germany in April
1952. KWM has a large laboratory.
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Electric Wire and Cable Plants in the Sino-Soviet Bloc
(Continued)
Labor Force
in 1955
City Plant Date of Founding Director Number
8. Rumania
Continued)
Bucharest Electrocablul Electric Equipment 1948 Parcioaga, Virgil 2,500 J This plant was formed in 1948 through the
Plant 93 centralization of the facilities of the
Address: Soseaua Carei Catelu, following plants: (1) Fabrics Electrocablul,
No. 4 Bucharest; (2) Fabrics Elnor, Bucharest;
(3) Electrotuburi, Bucharest; (4) a factory
in CluS; (5) two factories in Stalin-Brasov;
and (6) a factory whose location is unknown.
The plant, which was enlarged in 1951, uses
many Soviet techniques and standards.
Probably prewar Stanatzev, I. 850 / This plant is a producer of ferrous metal
products. Production of wire and cable
is secondary.
1,200 J This plant may also produce electric meters,
batteries, and some special-purpose lamps.
Electro Banat Plant 2j
Address: 14 Boulevard of the
Republic
a. The estimate was computed by increasing the estimated labor force in a base year for the plant by one-half t e increase in value of production at the
plant from the base year through 1955; that is, the productivity of labor was estimated to have increased one-half as rapidly as production.
b. The estimate was extrapolated by assuming that the labor force increased 15 percent between 1954 39 and 1955.
c. The estimate assumes the maxima, labor force allowed by the plant area.
d. The estimate was extrapolated from 1953 on the basis of the value series for Moskabel', assuming an annual increase of 5 percent in the productivity of labor.
e? 55
f. estimate was computed by increasing the estimated labor force in a base year for the plant by three-quarters the increase in the value of production at
the plant from the base year through 1955; that is, the productivity of labor was estimated to have increased one-fourth as rapidly as production.
g. The estimate was computed by increasing the estimated labor force in a base year for the plant by four-fifths the increase in the value of production at the
plant from the base year through 1955; that is, the productivity of labor was estimated to have increased one-fifth as rapidly as production.
h. The labor force in 1955 is estimated to have equaled the estimated labor force in the base year.
i. The estimate was computed by increasing the estimated labor force in a base year for the plant by two-thirds the increase in the value of production at the
plant from the base year through 1955; that is, the productivity of labor was estimated to have increased one-third as rapidly as production.
J. This plant is subordinate to the Ministry of the Metallurgical and Chemical Industry.
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