CA PROPAGANDA PERSPECTIVES MARCH 1971

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 76
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 5, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1971
• Content Type: REPORT

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SOVIET RELATIONS WITH THE ARAB SOCIALIST UNION
The Arab Socialist Union (ASU) -- sponsored and organized by
the government -- is the only political party allowed to operate in
the UAR. It was founded in late 1962 as the successor to a number
of earlier similar attempts designed to develop an all-inclusive
one-party system controlled and directed by the government.
As long as Nasser lived, the ASU had little chance of developing
into a powerful organization, but remained a constitutional rubber
stamp and a creature of Nasser's will. However, Nasser's sudden
death deprived the UAR of a towering personality and left only a
lackluster and uninspiring "collective leadership." This void
caused the ASU to emerge from impotence to become, at least po-
tentially, the most important power center in the political struc-
ture of the United Arab Republic.
Since Nasser's death the Soviet interest in the ASU, has vastly
intensified, and the relations between the ASU, the CPSU and other
European Communist parties have increased to the point where they
could bedescribed as having entered an entirely new phase.
The ASU as an Alternative to an Egyptian Communist Party
In 1964 there were indications that the Soviets had recognized
the wealth of possibilities that could result from cooperation
with the Arab Socialist Union. In May 1964 Premier Nikita Khrushchev
traveled to Egypt to inspect construction of the Aswan dam. Nasser
had long.hoped to have the Soviet leader present for the ceremonies
marking the diversion of the Nile waters. But Khrushchev had at
first demurred saying he could not visit a country which held so
many Communist party members in its jails and Nasser agreed to
release the Communists. During the visit Nasser and Khrushchev
agreed that the Egyptian Communists would dissolve their organiza-
tion and stop their underground activity. In exchange Nasser
would lift the restrictions on them, allow them to join the ASU,
and assume important posts in the Union. At the same time Pravda
published a strong article urging Arab Communists to cooperate with
Nasser and his socialist system.
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By April 1965, the two principal factions of the Egyptian
Communist Party had officially dissolved themselves and instructed
their members to join the ASU. The dissolution of the Egyptian
Communist Party, engineered by Khrushchev in Soviet interests, was
a masterstroke. The party as such was weak and ineffectual and
its "official" dissolution was no loss to the Soviets. On the
contrary, the Khrushchev-Nasser agreement resulted in the release
from jail. of all leading Communists and they, as well as other
pro-Soviet leftists, became free to infiltrate the ASU and assume
important positions in it.
Under the new favorable climate Communists (now called Marxists
or leftists since the party was dissolved) and other leftists
proceeded to infiltrate the ASU. Within a short period, they had
managed to occupy many. sensitive positions, not only in various
levels of the ASU, but also in the universities and the youth
organizations. The press, which is technically owned by the ASU,
came almost completely under their control with the exception of
al-Ahram which remained outside their influence. Popularizers of
Communist thought, such as Khalid Muhyi al-Din and Ahmad Lutfi al-
Khuli, became regular contributors to the World Marxist Review --
the Soviet-controlled monthly organ of the internationaT Communist
movement.
By late 1965 Nasser apparently became seriously concerned about
leftist domination of the press. He removed Khalid Muhyi al-Din
from his strategic position as chairman of Akhbar al-Yawm House
and removed several other leftists from key positions in other
publications.
After this initial setback, leftist influence was strengthened
by the appointment in October 1965 of Ali Sabri as Secretary-general
of the ASU. Sabri, who is known for his extreme leftist views and
for his strong pro-Soviet sympathies, is usually described as "Moscow's
man in Cairo." In the middle of 1966 Sabri launched a purge of
"rightist" elements in the ASU, apparently in an attempt to establish
for himself and his leftist colleagues a politcal power base in that
organization. At the same time, the Communists concentrated on the
development of an elite "vanguard organization" within the ASU which
was to lead the five to six million ASU membership. Cadres of this
elite would be trained in "socialist" countries and at the Cairo
Institute of Advanced Socialist Studies which was established in
May 1965 for this purpose. By September. 1967 Sabri had also managed
to establish Communist theory courses in the UAR lycees.
Then in October 1966 Nasser launched a campaign to stem the rising
tide of Communist influence in the ASU. During that month some 20 to
50 Marxist intellectuals were arrested and it was rumored that All
Sabri himself was arrested for a short while, and that several
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implicated members of the Soviet embassy in Cairo departed quietly
for Moscow.
Ali Sabri remained ASU secretary-general until the government-
ASU shuffle which followed the June 1967 war. In January 1968
Nasser appointed Sabri again as ASU secretary-general in addition
to his post as vice-president.
Under the 30 March 1968 program initiated by Nasser, the ASU
was reorganized, its structure liberalized and all important offices
made elective. This was a "reform" which leftists as well as the
Soviets had been advocating for years. and Soviet media hailed the
step as a major progressive achievement.
Inline with the new reforms, Sabri as well as all top ASU
officials resigned their posts to stand for re-election. Pro-
Soviet leftist influence and Sabri's strength in the ASU soon be-
came apparent when in October 1,968 Sabri was re-elected by the
Central Committee as a member of the Higher Executive Committee,
the highest organ of the ASU.
In July 1969 Sabri again went to Moscow on what was described
as a private visit, the purpose of which has never been explained.
Shortly after his return, apparently due to differences on policy,
he fell out of Nasser's favor. And in September 1969, Nasser
removed:Sabri from the chairmanship of the Organizational Sub-
Committee. Nasser also cracked down on many of Sabri's leftist
supporters: Mustafa Naji, director of Sabri's private office was
removed. Abd al-Majid Farid, a Sabri man, was replaced by Hassan
al-Tihami (a Nasser man) as director of the ASU office. Mahmud
al-'Alim, a Sabri supporter and a strong Soviet sympathizer was
removed: from his important post as board chairman of Akhbar
al-Yawm Publishing House which issues a daily newspaper, al-Akhbar.
Sabri thereafter remained more or less in political limbo. But
in July1970 Nasser again brought him back into the government and
named him advisor for Air Force and Defense matters, a position
requiring close liaison between the Egyptians and Soviets which gave
Sabri the opportunity to travel to the USSR about every two months.
After Nasser's death, Sabri emerged as an important member of the
inner 'collective leadership' which rules Egypt today. He is a
member of the ASU Higher Executive Committee and is now one of the
two vice presidents of the UAR.
Beyond the obvious conclusion that All Sabri has been a key
factor in the Soviet plan to control the ASU, there is some
suspicion that during a trip to the Soviet Union in 1961, Sabri
was recruited as political agent by Aleksandr N. Shelepin, then
the chief of the Soviet Intelligence Service. Sabri had been
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involved with the Egyptian Communist movement since the mid-1940s.
His first extensive contact with the Soviets occurred during the
Egyptian-Soviet arms negotiations in 1955. By 1957, the Soviet
Ambassador was calling on Sabri almost daily. Certainly by 1961
it would have been an easy matter for Shelepin to gain Sabri's full
cooperation.
international Conferences and Seminars
The ASU has now reached the point in its development where it
is regarded as one of the "fraternal parties" and ASU representatives
now attend virtually every international Communist conference and
seminar. One type of conference which they now regularly attend
is the ideological seminar usually held in one of the Soviet Union's
Asian Republics. Typical of these is the international seminar on
the Relations of the October Revolution with Revolutions of National.
Liberation which was held in Baku between 19-22 September 1967.
Khalid Muhyi al-Din, Yusuf al-Sibai and Lutfi al-Khuli were the UAR
representatives.
A similar symposium, which was sponsored by the Soviet Committee
for Afro-Asian Solidarity, was held in Alma Ata in October 1969 on
"Lenin's Theory on National Liberation Movements and the Contemporary
Stage of Social Progress of Developing Countries." Representatives
from 50 African, Asian and Latin American countries participated.
The Egyptian delegation was headed by Diya al-Din Daud.
ASU attendance at international conferences sponsored by pro-
Soviet front groups has now become a must. Of special importance
in regard to such conferences are Yusuf Sibai, the Secretary-General
of AAPSO (Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization), and Khalid
Muhyi al-Din, the Secretary-General of the Egyptian National Peace
Council which is affiliated with the pro-Soviet front, the World
Peace Council (WPC). Muhyi al-Din is also a member of the WPC
presidential committee. In April 1970 both were awarded Lenin
Peace Prizes.
Another level of ASU contacts has been with pro-Soviet East and
West European Communist parties, many of which now provide training
for ASU cadres. The ASU has exchanged delegations with the Italian
and French Communist parties for some years. In April 1968 these
parties and the Spanish and Yugoslav Communist parties all met with
the ASU in the first conference of Mediterranean "progressive"
parties.
In recent months the tempo of these contacts has accelerated
greatly. For instance in December 1970 alone some eight delegations
of various Communist parties visited the ASU and held official talks
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with it in Cairo. These included a French CP delegation, a GDR
Parliamentary delegation, a Bulgarian CP delegation, and a WPC
delegation. During the same month a number of ASU delegations
paid official visits to many Communist parties in Eastern Europe,
including those of Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and
East Germany. Needless to say, the ASU will send a delegation
(non-voting) to the 24th CPSU Congress in Moscow.
The Sovietization of the ASU
Egypt has now become the cornerstone of Soviet policy and
strength in the Middle East and Egypt has become extremely dependent
on Soviet aid,. The unexpected death of Nasser demonstrated to the
Soviets the vulnerability of their position in Egypt and with this
in mind,, they hope to persuade Egypt to become (a) irrevocably
committed to a socialist course, and (b) to develop a strong political
organization (such as the ASU) not dependent on the rule of a single
man who might die, who might change his mind, or who might be over-
thrown by a palace coup or a military junta.
Even before Nasser's death, the Soviets began to emphasize the
ASU as never before and coverage of the ASU by Soviet mass media
increased almost a hundred--fold. During the past year relations
between:the ASU and the CPSU have become extremely close and
interaction between the two parties now reaches into the lower
levels as well with the CPSU acting as the older "brother"
helping and guiding the inexperienced ASU. ASU-CPSU delegations
of various types and on various levels criss-crossing between
Cairo and Moscow in 1970 alone numbered close to 50.
Another shift of emphasis has recently taken place. Soviet
media and Soviet official statements now regularly emphasize the
need togo beyond state-to-state relations into the development
of close ties and cooperation between the ASU and the CPSU.
Joint communiques issued at the end of visits exchanged
between CPSU and ASU dignitaries are beginning to affirm
CPSU and the ASU determination to "continue their course to
develop cooperation and friendship between the Soviet people and
the UAR poeple in all fields."
State occasions also provide opportunities for the exchange of
visitsM Immediately following Nasser's death a whole stream of
high powered Soviet personalities and delegations visited the UAR,
partly to bolster the morale of the Cairo regime, and partly to in-
sure that the Soviet investment would be safe. Premier Kosygin was
one of the dignitaries attending Nasser's funeral. Between
September 29 and October 5, he had numerous discussions with virtually
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every important leader in Egypt. Western sources agreed at-the
time that Kosygin probably refrained from making any suggestion
as to who should succeed Nasser. However, he stressed the view
that stability in Egypt was the primary concern of Moscow. He
also cautioned against allowing the army to gain a controlling
influence and urged strongly that immediate steps be taken to
strengthen the ASU and its political activities.
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TO
COMRADE ALEXEI N. KOSYGIN
CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
OF THE SOVIET UNION
AND
COMRADE LEONID I. BREZHNEV
GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
OF THE SOVIET UNION
FROM A COMMANDER OF THE ANYA NYA
YOUR EXCELLENCIES,
Many Black Africans have returned from the Soviet Union with
vivid descriptions of the persecution of Black Africans by the Soviet people.
They have described numerous brutal beatings of Africans at the hands
of Soviet mobs while the police stood idly by and watched. They have
given detailed accounts of the murders of Africans. We know of the
Ghanians - Ogyana Koranteng from Woraware, who was stabbed to
death while traveling from Sochi, and Edmund Asarc-Addo, beaten to
death near the Khovrino Railroad Station just outside Moscow; of the
Nigerian - Sigismund Abiodun Sanni, found dead in 1969 in the river
near Kiev University; and of the Kenyan - James Gakio of Fort Hall, who
was slain in Kiev on November 6, 1969.
The generally hostile attitude of the Soviet people toward Black
Africans may be summed up in the phrase that the Soviet people use
most frequently in describing the Africans - "chorni obezyani" which
means "black monkeys."
It is not difficult to understand the attitude of crude and boorish
Soviet mobs toward someone they do not understand. There arc few Blacks
in the Soviet Union and contact with those that are there must be it new
and strange experience for the average uncultured Soviet citizen, and it
may be presumed that the actions of the mob were not officially endorsed
by the Soviet government.
During the period 1962-1967 the Egyptians were engaged in a
campaign' to subdue the people of Yemen and to annex that nation to the
UAR. Unable to defeat the courageous Yemeni by their own efforts, the
Egyptians called in the Soviet Union to support the war. The Soviet govern-
ment responded with alacrity, first supplying armaments and then the skilled
technicians who were required to replace the inept Egyptians in order to
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Soviet technicians performed their jobs proficiently, bombing, strafing and
napalming the defenceless Yemeni peasants and nomads, and according
to the International Red Cross, even resorting to the dispersion of poison
gas by aerial bombing when the Yemeni refused to surrender to more
conventional bombing attacks.
Even though these Soviet activities against Yemen were under-
taken with the (till approval and commitment of the Soviet government,
they too can be understood within the context of the traditional desire of the
Russian Tsarists and subsequently the Soviet Union to acquire naval bases
in warm water seas such as the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf. And certainly gaining the Yemen port of Hudaydah as a
Soviet warm water naval base was worth the risk of being censured by
world opinion for engaging in genocide against the Yemeni. Moreover,
the unyielding hatred of the godless Soviet Union for Islam provided addi-
tional incentive for Soviet slaughter of Yemeni.
During 1970 the Soviet government undertook a new and ap-
parently quite callous initiative: it raised the unofficial persecution of Black
Africans in the Soviet Union to the level of an official campaign in sup-
port of the genocide against the Black population of the Southern Sudan
currently being practised by the Sudan Government. Thus the Soviet gov-
ernment undertook an effort along lines paralleling the earlier Soviet sup-
port of Egyptian genocide in Yemen.
Why was the Soviet government willing to risk whatever good
will it had been able to achieve in Black Africa in a racist war 'designed to
destroy the Blacks in the Southern Sudan? What were the Soviet political
and strategic objectives in taking a course of action which ultimately could
only frighten and provoke the independent nations of Black Africa?
As in the parallel example of Soviet support of Egyptian genocide
in Yemen, the Soviet government came to the rescue of a client state, the
Sudan, which was unable to fight its own war of suppression against its
own nationals in its southern reaches. The old iron chain of requirements
is in evidence here: first, the supply of armaments in exchange for political
and strategic advantages; then the provision of military technicians as ad-
visors to forestall inept and recalcitrant troops from displaying the weapons
that they received in a bad light through mishandling; finally, all-in Soviet
, shoring,up of the military arm of the client state through the use of Soviet
troops in. direct combat with the adversary of the client state. In return for
this direct support, the Soviet government extracts compensation from the
client state in the form of political support but, more tangibly, warm water
naval bases - in this instance, Port Sudan and Suakin on the Red Sea -
and air bases at Wadi Saidna and Juba. The latter base thrusts deep into
East Africa, outflanking Ethiopia and Kenya and within easy bombing
range of Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and much of Congo Kinshasa, the
site of an earlier Soviet-sponsored revolt against the Congolese government
of General 'Mobutu.
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illusion that you could quietly and secretly engage in the total annihilation
of five million Blacks in the Southern Sudan without this genocide coming
before world public opinion. After all, half a million of these unfortunate
Black Southern Sudanese have already been slaughtered with not a word
of protest by the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity and
other world bodies. Or perhaps you, Comrades Kosygin and Brezhnev, were
so eager to achieve your political and strategic objectives that you did not
really give a damn about what world opinion would think or do in response
to your foul support, of genocide in the Southern Sudan.
Well, Comrades Kosygin and Brezhnev, we Black Southern Su-
danese, who are earmarked for extinction by the Soviet army and air force
in fulfillment of some Soviet vested interest, do care about what you are
doing to us. We do care about our people being slaughtered; our. homes,
schools, churches and mosques being destroyed; and our women and daught-
ers being raped by your Sudanese allies. We care because, contrary to your
views of us, we are not "chorni obezyani" - "black monkeys" but MEN.
Men' of flesh and blood and feelings such as courage and a will to live. And
we tell you here and now that whatever world opinion does or does not
do, we shall die taking your men and planes and helicopters and tanks
with us (as we have already done many times) rather than waiting about
for you to conclude your genocide against us on your terms.
We are well aware of your successful genocide against various
Moslem peoples in the Soviet Union including the 500,000 Chechen-Ingush
whom you have uprooted from their ancestral home in the Caucasus and
destroyed as a people. We know you also wiped out the entire ethnic
groups of 200,000 Crimean Tartars and 150,000 Kalmucks. We tell you
we Black Southern Sudanese are not Chechen-Ingush, Crimean Tartars or
even Kalmucks; we are MEN. And, if you wish to destroy us, you must
first defeat us as men. We know of your genocide in Yemen and we say
tp you, Comrades Kosygin and Brezhnev, we are not Yemen, we are MEN.
Respectfully,
GENOCIbE
IN:
SUDAN
Cnel. Joseph Lagu
on behalf of the Anya Nya
AEGIS Committee
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Comrade Leonid I Brezhnev
AFRICANS FOR
ENDING
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TO HIS EXCELLENCY KENNETH KAUNDA
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA
CHAIRMAN OF THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY
FROM A COMMANDER OF THE ANYA, NYA
YOUR EXCELLENCY,
We Southern Sudanese, living under extreme repression in our
homeland or as refugees in friendly African countries appeal to Your Ex-
cellency to become aware of our plight and raise your benevolent voice in
our behalf.
We turn to Your Excellency as a true friend of the oppressed to
speak out for us in international councils. Will not Your Excellency, who.
has spoken for peoples under the colonial yoke throughout Africa, place
before the world our story - a story of shame and misery, a .story of a
people who have suffered half a million deaths because their skin and
their culture is different from their northern compatriots. The comparison
though vile must be made: we have endured many times more deaths
through murder, repression and disease than all the African freedom move-
ments combined. And yet the Organisation of African Unity will not even
allow our story to be heard in its councils.
Our Gethsemane, cruel though it has been, was made infinitely
more painful by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which have under-
taken to assist and direct our Sudanese and Egyptian tormentors in the
genocide being conducted at our expense. Even as we write to you, Soviet
tanks with Russian drivers are rumbling through our villages, killing and
maiming our defenceless people and our livestock with their cannon and
machineguns, burning our homes, churches, mosques, and schools with their
flamethrowers and crushing our garden plots under their bogies. MIG-21
jets with Soviet pilots overhead smash our bodies and our buildings with
their bombs, searing our flesh and our souls with their napalm. MI-8
helicopters with Soviet pilots, navigators and gunners strafe and rocket
our men ands boys and, when they are dead, leave our women and girls
to be raped and mutilated by the Sudanese soldiers.
cBesides being killed by Soviet arms daily, -thousands die from
disease and famine. Nearly six newly born babies out of ten die from
malaria and a host each year from malnutrition as a result of shortages in
vitamin giving foods. Thousands perish from exposure to bad weather.
Hospitals and schools have been either destroyed, closed or turned into
military barracks. The entire population is a dying one, their conditions
are pathetic. They have no permanent shelter, but hide under mosquito-
infested trees and in caves.
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as refugees in neighbouring countries, the Sudanese troops under the tute-
lage of their Soviet masters, well-experienced in suppression of peoples'
uprisings, cross the international borders and massacre our people on
non-Sudanese soil. Aside from the bestial inhumanity these acts reveal, they
are affronts to international law and morality. And the world does not
seem to know or care that these criminal acts have been going on for 15
years and are still continuing. The only difference now is that the Russians
are aiding and abetting this Sudanese genocide.
Your Excellency may well ask how we know the, Russians are
in the Southern Sudan helping the government and their Egyptian allies.
We have seen them moving about in the streets of Juba where they are
based, flying the MI-8 helicopters and firing at us the rockets and guns
of these helicopters. We have heard them communicating with each other
in their tanks and in their planes. We have heard the screams of wounded
Russian pilots. We have buried the bodies of Russian airmen who perished
with their helicopters.
Our poor land does not have the oil of Angola, the chrome of
Zimbawe or the diamonds of Namibia. No imperialists, covet our meagre'
resources. All we ask of life is to be allowed to live it. We do not seek
foreign arms, money or men. All we beg from the rest of Africa and the
world is the recognition that we are human beings, not animals, and the
right to live as human beings. Is this an unjust demand?
Your Excellency, who is a peaceful man, may question why
we do not surrender our arms and cooperate with the Sudanese govern-
ment. We have attempted to do so many times. William Deng, an illustrious
scholar and statesman, chose the path of cooperation. He was shot dead
by the Sudanese army shortly after his election in Tonj Central Con-
stituency. His name is but one of scores of the most talented southerners
whose choice of cooperation resulted in their murder, or incarceration.
Among the ordinary people, many have tried to cooperate. They
have been repaid by being slaughtered in their homes and in their churches
and mosques. One example among thousands may be cited from a recent
book, Sudan? An African Tragedy, by a Norwegian journalist. Discussing
a massacre of a group of communicants in a church, the author described
what he saw as "the burned chapel, the wounded, the burned bones and
skulls of ithe 50 innocent civilians, including children, murdered in cold
blood:" This incident took place within the last six months.
The Sudanese government and its army frequently announce
so-called "amnesties" under which the 500,000 Southern Sudanese refugees
in neighbouring states are invited to return to the Sudan. Those who have
responded to these amnesties have been massacred.
The Sudanese government and its Egyptian and Soviet masters
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 Sudan by saying that the Southern problem is one of religion. This is
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together against a single problem: the genocide of the Africans in the Sudan.
Among the foremost guerilla generals in the Southern Sudan are the Mos-
lems, Abdel Rahman Suli and Paul All Gbatala.
For what crime then are we condemned to annihilation? What-
ever the crime it must be heinous, -because we have paid the full measure
of five hundred thousand lives for this crime. Is it because we were born
black? Because we do not wish to be slaves? Because we dare to assert
we are men?
Will Africa and the world forever look away in the hope that
we will all quietly die out and relieve the conscience of those who pretend
we do not exist? Or, even worse, those who recognise our existence, but
pretend we do not suffer and die? Will no one speak out in our behalf?
If but one African leader or statesman raised his voice for us,
surely others would follow. But no one will be first. Therefore we must
suffer in a backwash of human misery, relegated to limbo of despair, until
every African man, woman and child in the.Southern Sudan, no matter
what his tribe or religion, is dead. Dead from the machines of war or the
concomitant horrors of, starvation and disease. Is there no ? statesman to
tell our story to the world? Not one just man?
Do not forsake us, Excellency. Bring our case before the OAU
and the world. LET US BUT LIVE. In the name of God and humanism,
treat us like men. FOR WE ARE MEN.
Respectfully,
AFRICANS FOR
ENDING
GENOCIDE
IN
SUDAN
Cnel. Joseph Lagu
on behalf of the Anya Nya
AEGIS Committee
His Excellency
President, Kenneth Kaunda
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TO HIS EXCELLENCY U THANT
SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FROM A COMMANDER OF THE ANYA NYA
YOUR EXCELLENCY,
In 1956 the Southern Sudan problem was an embarrassment to
the United Nations. Now 15 years and one million deaths later the
Southern Sudan is still an embarrassment to the United Nations. It is
also an embarrassment to the Organisation of African Unity; to the Govern-
ment of the Democratic Republic of Sudan; to Sudan's senior partner, Egypt;
and ' to Egypt's puppeteer, the Soviet Union. Of course, the Southern Sudan
problem is also embarrassing to us Southern Sudanese; for genocide gen-
erally is most embarrassing to its victims.
We realise the reluctance of the United Nations to take sides
in an internal dispute, in this instance between the Government of the
Democratic Republic of Sudan and the Black Africans who live in the
three southernmost provinces of Sudan. We are not asking Your Excellency
or the United Nations to take sides, we are merely asking you to recognise
the existence of the awful fact of the genocide of Black Southern Sudanese
and to bring this fact before world public opinion. Perhaps then an in-
formed opinion will exert sufficient moral pressure on the Sudanese Govern-
ment and its Egyptian and Soviet masters to end the awesome genocide.
The Sudanese Government do not- acknowledge the existence
of genocide against the Black Southern Sudanese. The Sudan Government,
as the oppressor, have the prerogative of refusing such acknowledgement.
As the victims of genocide, we have no such prerogative. We must speak
out in the hope that Your Excellency, the United Nations and the World
will. listen, or we must suffer our extermination.
United Nations statistics estimate one million dead Black South-
ern Sudanese and 500,000 exiles in the neighbouring states of Ethiopia,
Uganda, Kenya, Congo and Central African Republic. Perhaps one million
deaths and 500,000 exiles out of four million Southern Sudanese do not
tconstitute< genocide., Would a total of three million dead and one million
exiles be, considered genocide? At the present accelerated rate of slaughter
by the Sudanese troops with their new Soviet tanks, aircraft and helicopters;
their Egyptian pilots who drop bombs and napalm on the Southern villages;
and their Soviet tactical support advisors who fly the helicopters and man
the guns directed at the Black Southern Sudanese people, we should achieve
three million dead and one million exiles within the next several years. Or
perhaps six million is the total dead that must be achieved before a proper
definition of genocide can be made. When all the Black Southern Sudanese
have been 'liquidated, to achieve the total of six million, it will then only
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 pp iQbe necessary for e Sudanese Government and its E measFQr & t1 et4.9UlQ,Wlac X-RP - Jjt~ anQ ;('` AJ
A r ~ I 30001-9
other West African Moslem pilgrims who settled in the Sudan. Will six
million dead and exiled Black Sudanese constitute genocide? If six million
is the total to gain the acceptance of world public opinion that the Sudanese
Government is practising genocide, such acceptance will have to come too
late to be meaningful to our people; our bombed out schools, churches, and
mosques; our sequestered livestock; our burned down grain fields; our way
of life.
The Sudanese Government troops have not been content to de-
stroy all our villages and kill all our people in the Sudan, they have
crossed international boundaries to continue the slaughter in the Republic
of the Congo and in Uganda. In the most recent of such incidents during
December 23 and 24, 1970, Sudanese Government troops engaged in several
firefights with Ugandan army and police, killing and wounding Ugandan
soldiers and suffering casualties themselves. Sudanese troops are currently
poised to cross Ethiopian boundaries to slay our people in their Ethiopian
camps.
Several journalists from both West and East who have been
escorted to Juba by the Sudanese Government have reported that there
are no traces of genocide in the Southern Sudan and that Southern Sudanese
refugees are returning to the Sudan in large numbers from neighbouring
states. This news would be most welcome to us if it were true. To prove the
veracity of such claims, we implore Your Excellency and the United Nations
to negotiate with the Sudanese Government to have them authorise a
United Nations Commission to tour the three Southern Sudanese provinces
which have been and are the sites of depredation, pillage and slaughter
by Sudanese Government troops. For our part., we promise safe conduct to
such a United Nations observation group. If the Sudanese Government
will not permit a trip into Southern Sudan, the United Nations Commission
could visit the Southern Sudanese refugee camps in the neighbouring coun-
tries and ascertain for themselves whether refugees are leaving the Sudan
to enter the camps or returning to the Sudan from the camps. The huge
number of additions to the rolls of those who must accept aid from the
few international organisations feeding the Sudanese refugees speaks for
itself.
'Finally the Government of , the Democratic Republic of Sudan
charge that we Black Southern Sudanese are imperialist stooges and colonial
tools for, not allowing ourselves to be exterminated in silence and for fight-
ing back We shall agree that we are imperialist stooges when we are
supported by several hundred Russian advisors, driving Soviet tanks for
us and flying late model MIG-21 fighter planes and TU-16 medium
bombers' in support of our infantry divisions. We shall admit to being
colonial tools when the Soviet artillery fires against Sudanese troops on
our behalf and when Soviet helicopter gunships with Russian pilots and
gunners strafe and napalm Sudanese villages, schools, churches and mosques.
The Sudanese Government can more easily prove their charges of Black
Southern Sudanese imperialism when they shoot down ten of our Soviet
helicopter Or elease 1t9ya9b6782of t81X- ~i~t el0ip1 gr4.A000300130001-9
ApproN
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
In short, we are our own men, fighting not for the supremacy of
Communism or Pan-Arabism or Arab Socialism but for our own SURVIVAL.
WE WANT TO LIVE AS HUMAN BEINGS. WON'T YOUR EX-
CELLENCY AND THE UNITED NATIONS HELP US TO SURVIVE?
Respectfully,
CPYRGHT
AFRICANS FOR
ENDING
GENOCIDE
IN
SUDAN
His Excellency U Thant
TI-ffs. GUAI;JIAN OF LIBERTY, London
.:.t-Sept. - Oct. 1970
bombs.
)10117 J,_ __~eCL P t
Col. Joseph Lagu
on behalf of the Anya Nya
CPYRGHT
ignore the civil war, in. the southern Sudan
- the bitter racial conflict between Arabs
and Africans which has been raging in remote
bush-country for the past 15 years.
It was therefore timely that DIE PRESSE,
neutral Austria's foremost independent news-
paper, recently examined the background
to the war in a long article based partly on
interviews with leading `Sudanese refugees
living in East Africa.
The world's press continues
e u an
African National Union (SANU) was established
abroad and has since fought its cause through
many appeals and petitions to international
organisations.
The activity abroad of the southern Sudanese
politicians, the Presse article says, led to in-
creased repression at home. Villages were
burned down and plundered, and their in-
habitants - men, women and children -
were murdered.
These horrors led to the founding of a
m vement called Anya'nya in 1963. This is
th name of a deadly venom obtained by
gr riding the dried head of a cobra to a fine
p der.
he guerrillas who had been in existence
si 1955 were reorganised by Anya'nya -into
a ore efficient fighting fores.
1964, General Abboud's 'military regime
fel , and the general secretary of SANU,
W Iliam Deng, who was murdered last year
in Khartoum, returned to the central govern-
m it along with other exiled politicians.
is marked the beginning of deep splits
wi in the ranks of the African opposition.
I 1965, Joseph Oduha unified various rival
gr ups of southern Sudanese politicians in the
An a'nya Liberation Front (ALF). But in 1967
0 o-called "provisional government" was
fo nded :in the southern Sudan without the
co peration of the ALF, and in 1968 it began
col in itself the "N.ite Provisional Govern-
met".
A proW66 IFfsR*ieals*h&S9Q1M02oiviClA- DP '1j9*A,0OO O4 3A-Q?'b 9Dduha.
.1 ~ --- IWA1.11311 agu, rigs rigs leader in
in the South, it was immediately opposed by
atonal Province, soon assembled a d:is-
The war began yin 1955 with a local uprising
r by African southerners against their Arab
rulers. The southerners, says the article, have
nothir?g to -losebut their Fives, for the South
has always,beerA neglected by successive pre-
dominantly Arab' governments in Khartoum.
The Africans' plight became even worse in
1958 when General Abboud seized power as'
President of the Sudan in a bloodless coup
d'etat. His military r6gime pursued a strict
policy of Arabisation,.and Islamisation. Christian
missionaries were expelled, Arabic was,made
the sole national language, and 1,500,000 Arabs
are settled in the predominantly African
South.
newspaper, almost
a million people have been killed in the war.
It is David and Goliath who are fighting
here", the article sycis. The Africans of the
South, dressed in rags and sacking and armed
with pangas, spears, bows and arrows - few
have firearms -fight against jet aircraft and
 CPYRGHT find traces of African settlements, they burn
evnrv fnn o Tme around ,
Since the'h'the movement to set up an This is why so many southern Sudanese have
At. ,can State in the southern Sudan has been fled their homeland. Many more have died of
di
id
d i
t
t
i
h
N
P
v
e
n
wo ma
o
n groups: t
ro
e
e
il- hunger.
visional Government and the ANO. A third L
ll., there. is racial discrimination in
ega
group, the United Sudanese African Liberation the Sudan. However, according to the Austrian
Front, was formed in Congo-Kinshasa in March, newspaper article, the Arabs, who have been
1970. It aims at achieving an African-ruled the ruling class for generations and in the
provinces of the southern Sudan independent rnn4P-t nut'.
of Khartoum and called them the 'Nile Re- ? Military aid, says the newspaper article,
public". Its ,,parliament" meets in a mud but flows in freely from Moscow to the Arab
deep in forest country. So for it has not been authorities in Khartoum. Russian MiG aircraft
discovered by the Arabs. The most secret bombard southern Sudanese villages, and the
parliament in the world sounds like a tragi- Sudanese army gets special 'training from
comedy, but the actors are in deadly earnest, Soviet military advisers.
says the Presse article. Spokesmen for the Nile Government and
the Anya'nya National Armed Forces (ANAF). Presse article in East Africa recently.
The other main group, the ANO, has no Stephen Lamm, of the Nile Government,
civilian organisation. It is purely military and said. "Does not God say that all men are
is critical of members of the Nile Government. born free and equal? But the Arabs will never
The territory of the southern Sudan is recognise us as equal beings. They will never
twice the size of the German. Federal Republic. give the South a chance to develop economi-
It is mostly a malaria-infested, humid country cally; socially and educationally. For our part,
For us there is nothing less than full in-
The small towns in the South, which are dependence'.
strongly fortified against Anya'nya attack, are Joseph Oduha spoke for ANO: "We shall
now inhabited only by Arabs, the Africans . carry on fighting a guerrilla war until some-
having fled for fear of further persecution. thing decisive happens in the political arenas
area is too big and too unwieldy for the Arab Lasse Jensen, Africa correspondent of Den-
government troops to be able to control it mark's national radio station, recently visited
entirely. For their part, the Africans are too the Sudan and wrote about that country in an
weak, too under-nourished and too ill-equipped article published by the Stockholm Dagens
in arms to be able to fight Khartoum on their Nyheter. This Liberal daily newspaper, founded
own for independence. Their efforts have had over a hundred years ago, is one of neutral
But they do keep a professional army of year (the one which brought Major-General
more than 10,000 men 'pinned down by Nimeiri to power at the head of a left-wing
guerrilla harrassment. This includes blowing regime) the number of Egyptian advisers, ex-
up bridges and roads, attacking road convoys perts, diplomats and soldiers has increased
of advisers in Sudan's finance Ministry were
k
tok
b
o
ac
e
rities inhartovm s
The auth
, course. "They (the Arabs) usually come in the thought to have planned the -recent nationalisa-
arians had helped train
d Bul
ti
g
on measure, an
grey dawn, surround a village, and throw
Sudanese ~mv
th
e
Oduha. "The inhabitants flee in panic from Kecent Soviet. old to the Sudanese forces
ft
i
rcra
this burning hell straight into the hands of included the supply of MiG-21 fighter a
the Arabs, who torture, rape and murder this suitable for anti-iguerrilla operations in the
The men usually live in the bush, fighting torn by racial conflicts involving Arabs. The
or trainina to fiaht, and they leave farming Libyan Government is assisting a small group
which Appmoeidift w eaee 4,999/09/02: CIA- 7d9d0a49!4A0MM9-3 Ota -Je
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
Your Excellency,
In-1956 the Southern Sudan problem was an embarrassment to the United
Nations. Now 15 years and one million deaths later the Southern Sudan is
still an embarrassment to the United Nations. It is also an embarrassment
to the Organisation of African Unity; to the Government of the Democratic
Republic of Sudan; to Sudan's senior partner, Egypt; and to Egypt's puppeteer,
the Soviet Union. Of course, the Southern Sudan problem is also embarrassing
to us Southern Sudanese; for genocide generally is host embarrassing to
its victims.
We realise the reluctance of the Organisation of African Unity to take
sides in an internal dispute, in this instance between the Government of
the Democratic Pupublic of Sudan and the Black Africans who.live in the three
southernmost provinces of Sudan. We are not asking Your Excellency or the
OAU to take sides, we are merely asking you to recognise the existence of
the awful fact of the genocide of Black Southern Sudanese and to bring this
fact before world public opinion. Perhaps then an informed opinion will
exert sufficient moral pressure on the Sudanese Government and its Egyptian
and Soviet masters to end the awesome genocide.
United Nations statistics estimate one million dead Black Southern
Sudanese and 500,000 exiles in the neighbouring states of Ethiopa, Uganda,
Kenya, Congo and Central African Republic. Perhaps one million deaths and
500,000 exiles out of four million Southern Sudanese do not constitute
genocide. Would a total of three million dead and one million exiles be
considered genocide? At the present accelerated rate of slaughter by
the Sudanese troops with their new Soviet tanks, aircraft and helicopters;
their Egyptian pilots who drop bombs and napalm on the. Southern villages; and
their Soviet tactical support advisors who fly the helicopters and-man the
guns directed at the Black Southern Sudanese people, we should achieve
three million dead and one million exiles within the next several years.
or perhaps six million is the total dead that must be achieved before a
proper definition of genocide can be made. When all the Black Southern
Sudanese have been liquidated, to achieve the total of six million, it will
then only be necessary for the Sudanese Government and its Egyptian and
Soviet mentors to slaughter two million Black Nubas, Fur and Nigerians
and other West African Moslem pilgrims who settled in the Sudan. Will
six million dead and exiled Black Sudanese constitute genocide? If six
million is the total to gain the acceptance of world public opinion that the
Sudanese Government is practising genocide, such acceptance will have to
come too late to be meaningful to our people; our bombed out schools,
churches,rand mosques; our sequestered livestock; our burned down grain
fields; our way of life."
The Sudanese Government have reported that there are no traces of-genocide in
the southern Sudan and that Southern Sudanese refugees are returning to the Sudan
to dothet OAUthrnegoti-
in large numbers from neighbouring states. Will You Excellen and
ate with the Sudanesp Government to authorise an
southern Sudanese provinces which have been and are the sitesof depredation, pillage
and slaughter by Sudanese Government troops. For our part, we-can arrange safe con-
duct to such an OAU observation group. If the Sudanese Government will not permit
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
the trip, the OAU Ccmmi.ssion could visit the Southern Sudanese refugee camps
in the neighbouring countries and ascertain for themselves whether refugees
are leaving the Sudan to enter the camps or returning to the Sudan from the
camps. The huge number of additions to the rolls of those who must accept
aid from the few international organisations feeding the Sudanese refugees
speaks for itself.
Finally the Government of the Democratic Republic of Sudan charges that
we Black Southern Sudanese are imperialist stooges and colonial tools for not
allowing ourselves to be exterminated in silence and for fighting back. We
shall agree that we are imperialist stooges when we are supported by several
hundred Russian advisors, driving Soviet tanks for us and flying late model
MIG-21 fighter planes and TU-16 medium bombers in support of our infantry
divisions. We shall admit to being colonial tools when the Soviet artillery
fires against Sudanese troops on our behalf and when Soviet helicopter gun-
ships with Russian pilots and gunners strafe and napalm Sudanese villages,
schools, churches and mosques. The Sudanese Government can more easily
prove their charges of Black Southern Sudanese imperialism when they shoot
down ten of our Soviet helicopters as we have shot down ten of their Soviet
helicopters.
In short, we are our own men, fighting not for the supremacy of Commu-
nism or Pan-Arabism or Arab Socialism but for. our own SURVIVAL. WE WANT TO
LIVE AS HUMAN BEINGS. WON'T YOUR EXCELLENCY AND THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN
UNITY HELP US TO SURVIVE.
Respectfully,
1
President, Union of Southern Sudanese Students
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12
 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A00035wT1T9
LE COURRIER DE LA LI 3Ea`i b
?
Tananarive, Oct-Nov 1970 of
d9~..ti ea~i'e"~ nubh ee a M1r'gUw
err ^ .
W11110111 5C.-W, NO ---
La presse continue d'oublier la guerre b Khartoum, retaurno dons Is gouvernement
civile qui se poursuit dons to Soudan du duet d'autres politiciens exiles.
Sud -- un conflit racial entre Afrieains Ceci marqua de debut de profondes diver-
ot Arabes qui ;fall rage depuis 15 ans. gences dons los tangs do roppos{tioet ofricalne.
Cost done a propos quo Is principal En 1965, Joseph Odvha rfirunit les Proupo$
journal independant de la neutre Aut- rivoux des politicians cW Soudon du Sud sous
riche, DIE PRESSE, a examin6 r6cem- .i Efgide du Front de Lib6raiion de I'Anya'nya.
mart los conditions do cello guerre daps (FLA). Mais, on 1967, un soi-aisant Rgouverno?
un long article fond6 ep's pantie sun des mart provisoire' fut fond6 dons le Soudan du
interviews accordes parade; didgeants Sud sons d'oide du VIA, et, an 1968, it corn-
soudanais r6fugi6s on AfFique orientalo. menco b s'oppeler le ?Gouverrrement Provisoire
du Nil*. Oduha s oppasa violemment 6. ce
elon to journal viennois, pr6s d'un mil mouvement. Avec d'aide de Joseph Lagu, chef
Scion de personnes ont d6jb 6t6 Was du FLA dons da province 6quatoriale, ils rau-
lans cells guerre. eC'est Is combat de David ninent une force disciplin6e qu'.ids appel6rent
et de Gotiath?, dit to journal. 'ales Africains i'Organisation Nationale do d'Anya'nya (ONA).
du Sud, v@tvs do guerrillas et anm6s de lances, Depuis Bars, les mouvements voulont cr6er.
d'aras at do 11166es - peu dentre eux ont un Etat ofricain dons de Sud du Soudan se
des ormes 6 feu - duifent contre des chasseur sont. divis6s an deux groupes principaux: Is
b r6action at des bombes. Gouvernement Provisoire du Nil at i'ONA.
La guerre a commenc6 en 1955 par un Un irotsi6me groupe, Is Front Uni do Libdra-
soulbvement dotal, organis6 par des Africains lion du Soudan Afriaain fut cr66 an mars 1970
centre leurs dirigeants arabes. Cos Africains, ou Congo-Kinshasa. Son but est de r6a4iser
vivant dons de sud, Wont Tien b perdre, hors un Soudan gouvern6 par les Africains at no'
leur vie, car de Surd a toujours 06 n6glig6 par subissant plus d'influence arabe.
les differents gouvernements de Khartoum, b Le president du Gouvernement Provisoire
predominance arabe. du Nil est Gordon Mayen, ancien ministre do
Le sort des Africains empira encore an 1958 Travail b Khartoum. Ce gouvernement a d6alar6
quand le general Abboud s'empara du pouvoir I'ind6pendance des trois provinces du Sud du
par un coup d'Etat sans effusion do sang at Soudan of tes a appel6es to xRdpublique du
devint President du Soudan. Son ?rdgime mili- Nile. Son aparlementy siege dons une butte
ire ", poursuivit une stride politiquo d'arobi- de terre, an plein'e foret. Jusqu'ici, it n'a pa
strtiorh et d'islamisation. Les rnissionaires chr4- 6t6 d6couvert par des Arabes: Le pureement Is
ti . s furertib expulsbs, I'arabe devint to seule plus secret Cu monde, celb a fair dune tragi
ldngup nationals at 1.500.000 Arabes s'6tabli- com6d'ie, mais des acteurs sont terriblemen
rent' daps le Sud b predominance africaine. sdrieux, dit l'art.iole de Presse. Les Force
.Q4ond ce plan de colonisation fut connue' Arm6es Nationades de d'Anya-nya ?repr6senten
don's to Sud, des Africains s'y oppose rent. En ('organisation militaire du Gouvernement d
1962, I'Union Nationale du Soudan Afrioain Nil.
(u1' .) s'6tablit b d'btranger at depuis, else L'auhre groupe principal, d'ONA, n'a ?pa
a 1 t)e pour so cause or des appels at des d'organisation civile. II est purement militair
pe)j x.'2ns aux organisations, i?ntemationales. at se Tmontre tre s critique envers tes membre
~ du Gouvernement du Nil.
6t4 rvi#6 des j josses sdanais b P Le territoire du Soudan du Sud 6quivaut
#. ' er, o+joute Die e j'ressy o ca tausd une r6- deux fais celui de to Republique Federal
Pea ion accrue din Is pays. Des villages Allemande. Cest un pays de for6ts humides
ilurent br016s et -pines, at deurs habitants infest6 par la malaria, et dons sequel le
hommes, femmes at enfants - assassin6s. serpents at des animaux souvages abondent.
Ces horreurs eurent pour consequence la Its patsies villas du Svd, fortifi6es contr
fondation d'un mouvement appel6 Anya'nya, 1es affaques do d'Anyo'nya ne sort ha~bitee
an 1963. Ce nom est talus d'un poison mortal maintenont 'qua par des Arabes, tes Africain
lqu'on obtient an bra. vnt an ,poussie're to cyant fui par crainte des ~pers6cutions. Dan
16te s6ch6o d'un cobra. to brousse, to dos de i'Anya'nyo pr6vout. Celt
Anya'nyo tronsforma la guerilla, qui existait region est trop peu maniable at trop grand
depuis 1955, on une force de combat plus ~pgour~ que -les troupes arabes puissant I
ppvt, Fofr63sleasegl8/f~Q/A,a : C
lA-R b-
efficace. +`fEBirfs sa`fit' fFifp`"4a161E3;`4 rrdi e
lomba, at Is secrgtaire ? g6n6rol de 1'UNSA,
 CPYRGHT
1-p I W1
s 0 WVLf~rPdi+cReae4ses 999/09/0
ovec
s
'
t
peu d
effets sur
ot
des forces gouvernementales en nombre
supcrieure..
Mais, par jeur tactique do guerilla, Is
reussissent 6 harasser one armee profession-
neile de plus de 10.000 hommes. Celo com-
prend ;la destruction de ponts at de routes, I'
attaque de convois routiers at de bateaux sur
in Nil, lo coupure des voies do cheffirin do for.
reliant Khartoum 6 d'outres contras.
Dien sOr, des ovtorit6s da Khartoum ripostent.
ills (les Arobes) orrivent gdneralement b la
tombde de to nuit, entourent un village at
jettent des tisons sur les tots de chaumes, dit
Joseph Oduha. iAffotds, Jas habitants i en-
fuient de cat enfer brOlant at tombent entre
ik-s mains aces Arobes ?qui ;as torturent, les
violent at les ossassincnt - la plupart do
temps, co sent des femmes, des enfants, et
des rnc~cdcs..
Les hommes ?vivent habitueaernent dons la`
brousse, combattant oil s'entrcinant cu combo".'
..!is kisser 6-leers famrnes st c ?leurs enfants
'le soin do. cultiver le pau rl.a se::res ciui pout
encore 1'6tre. Chaque fois que tes Arobes
:trouvent des traces de ccmpement africain, its
reduisent tout 6 nouveau en cendres, dit I'
article do Dio Presse. C'est pourquoi on grand
ncmbro de Soudanais do Sud ont fui leur?
pays. Plus encore sont morts do faim.
II n'y a Ibgalement spas de discrimination
rcciole au Soudan. Cependant, ~selon le jcumal
outrichien, .!as Arabes ' qui ant dte to classe
dominants pendant dos g6nerations at qui ant,
duns; le-.passe, considers des Africains comma
des 'esolaves, jugent encore da -population afri
caine do Sud comma one race de seconde
dc?sse, ails ont transformd ? de Soudan ' en on
Etai; erabw>, dit avec omertume Joseph
Oduha. aLes Africains. doivent s'humilier ou `.
etrq`. ddracinds.>
Ure aide m?ilitair?e, 'continue to journal, est'
gpportdo par de Kremlin aux outorites arabes
do Khartoum. Des Migs rosses 6ambardent .les
~ ~lages du Soudan du Sud, at ?1'armee souda
noise recoil on entraine?ment 'special des con
settlers militates sovigtiques. _ i
Des IportoLparoles do gouvernement du,.
.'4j1 at do a'ONA ont ? pane ?recemment, en
friquo orientate, b I'auteur ye rarticlo,, do..
Die Prosse.,
:$t phen Lamm, du gouvcrnement du Nil, a?`
Dieu no d?it-il pas que tou'~ ids hommea
taisscnt dgaux at fibres? Mais.les Arcbes no
,noes -reconnaitront jemais com'me de sires
dgaux. Its ne 'donneront ja.mais. cu Sud one
chance do se developper sur le plan econo-'
mique, social at dducatif. De notre cote, sous
n'admettrons pas de compromis. Nous no
voulons non do mo'ins qu'une -ind.d:pendance'
aorta liltea.. Joseph Oduha ?parla . av nom de
l`OFA: v.Novs continuerons !la gu6nilla )usqu'6;
nibrement lo Soudan et on a ropporte ses
to radio nationalo du Danemork, a visits der-.
Lasso Jensen, correspondant on Afrique do
(r C 7`~J'~'- 4 c3UO1 OOfiT1
journal de Stockholm, Dagens Nyhcter. Co-
impressions dons on article ptlblie par to
quotidian liberal, fonds it y a environ cent
an darntar (celul qul amens no pouvolr to
L'article !disait: aDepuis to coup d'Etat do I'
do gaucho), le nombro dos eonseillera dgyptions,
quelques centainos 6 pros da 10.000.b L'article
a.joutait quo i'on pensait que des conseillers'
conies mesures do nationalisation of quo les
dconomiques russes avoient. prepare. les rd-
chaff ears Min-21, pouvant servir 6 des ope-
rations centre la gudrillo do Sod, ont die inclus.
sovidtigve aux forces armdes soudonaises..
La Soudan nest pas to soul pays africain
an puissance av Tchad, at les gouvernements;
Iybien aide on. petit groups de secessionistes-
sont impliques des Arobes. Le gouvernement
ddchird par des conflits racioux et dons lequei
dons. Jet province diythrdenne do j'Ethiopie.
tentative d d 'secession, sanglanfe *et similaire,
do Syria et u Yemen do Sod favorisent one.
THE CPTHOLIC VIRGINIAN CPYR.GHT
25 December 1970
South Sudanese P11 V; along UIN
Hearing on Ferseeution Charge
By Kathleen McLaughlin
UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. NC
wo emissaries from the South
Sudan Liberation Front have been
trying for the past several weeks to
offer testimony before some com-
mittee of the United Nations on
the alleged persecution of South
Sudanese.
The two claim that religious ra-
dial and political persecution ' has
been imposed on their people by
the predominantly Arab and Mos-
lem government at Khartoum, the
Sudan's capital, for more than
eight years. The South Sudanese
are black Africans, and a great
many of them are Christians.
Since the Sudan gained inde-
pendence in 1956, the government
- dominated by Arab northerners -
has been trying to unify the coon-
try by imposing the Moslem' re-'
ligion and the Arab language on!
the southerners. Guerrilla warfare
-9
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
rerners were
killed while thousands more
sou t refuge in neighboring
cou Ties. Christian schools were
elos and most missionaries ex-
pelle
two black spokesmen, Fred-
eric B. Maggott and Lawrence
Wol Wol, are intense and articu-
late bout the factors responsible
for t e ordeal they and their com-
patri is have endured for so long.
Th Arabs in the north, they as-
serte , are committed to the crea-
tion f an Islamic republic of the
Suds , in a socialist or Communist
-guise and to eliminating the Chris-
tian leadership among the
south in population.
In he south, they added, the
black citizens want greater
autos my, with adequate repre-
sentat on in the national parlia-
ment. They have not sought to be-
come independent because they
 stronger a onomically and social-
ly as a sing -ppri dsRor Rel
i Both men are aware of the pro-
scription in the United Nations
charter against interference in the
internal affairs of any member
state. They said they understand
that to present their case against
their own government, they must
enlist the good offices of some
neighboring nation. To date, no
African delegation has been will-
ing to assume the hypersensitive
role of accuser.
Nevertheless, they maintained,
genocidal operations being con-
ducted against the blacks in the
.south have reached the stage at
which human lives and rights are'
being destroyed on such a: scale
that, if left unchecked, they may
decimate the population there'
Since 1962, they said, nearly
one million southern Sudanese
men, women and children have
perished either through famine1
and disease, or have been killed
by bombs or gunfire. Another
300,000 - including many of the
intelligentsia - are living as refu-
gees in Uganda, Kenya, the Congo,
Ethiopia and the Central African
Republic, they said.
Those remaining exist in an at-y
mosphere of terror, hiding in. tropi-I
cal forests and the mountains, or
under threat of sudden military at-
tacks by the army, they added.
"Soviet-supplied MIG's and
helicopters are using fire bombs
and rockets to strafe villages
there," the two said.
"In the last six months villages
in the Upper Nile and Equatoria
province have been badly bombed,
killing people and livestock; and
in the past eight weeks the towns
,in
Morta and- Ido were destroyed
through bombings and attacks by
armored cars"
Maggott and Wol Wol described
their area as one in which social
services have ceased to exist. The
economy has been shattered, they
asserted; hospials and schools
have either been razed, or turned
into miliitary installatior}s, and not.
,a single development program hasp
ever been launched there, with,
either national or external back-
ing.
Maggott and Wol Wol said that,
the rigors to which southern Su-
danese have been subjected by.
their northern Arab rulers have cc-
mented resistance among the great
majority of the 4 million Africans
.of the south, despite the. 'di-
vergences that exist.
hSftiA /09AW : Gc+Id RDP79-01i1l94AOOO3 Q48fl010$'&im-
Anya-Anya, said that a few years government, he said. Both Chris-
ago only guerilla tactics could be
used and active fighters had to find
refuge outside the towns, but that
today sympathy for them has
grown along with their numbers.
They are now able to find shelter
in various communities and to
fight back as attacks are made, he
said. Additional weapons have
been acquired from successful sor-
ties against Arab outposts, and
some 400 Arab troops have been
killed in the past few months.
Maggott, who is a Catholic, re-
called that all foreign clergymen
had been expelled from the Sudan
'in 1964. Native clergy serving the
750.000 Christians in the south
tians and non-Christians have dc-
veloped a greater 'unity in their
will to resist the northerners, Mag-
gott said.
Outside the United Nations en-
clave, the visitors have been given
opportunities they have so far been
denied inside.
They have told their story on
television and radio programs;
have spoken to a number or organi-
zations in'the New York area, and,
before leaving in fate December,.
will have addressed audiences in
Minnesota, Ohio, New Hamp-
shire and other parts of the coun-
try. .
CPYRGHT
CHICAGO SUN TIMES CPYRGHT
30 Decmeber 1970
ii ful L ":~
r 11G. .7
WASHINGTON - The war which the world
I g n o r e s - the Arab-black, north-sou
struggle in the Su-
dan - Is growing
nastier and bloodier
without any prospect
that civilized men
will intercede.
This is the sad
finding by two black
Sudanese emissar-
ies, Lawrence Vol
Wol and F. B. Mag-
gott, who have be-
seeched 'Americans
and United Nations
officials during two.
months of travel to
show concern for the
fate of 4 million Sudanese southerners wh
are being exterminated by their Arab cou
tryinen.
This is a civil war in which America
blacks might be expected to rise to the sup
port of a persecuted, Negro minority. "But I
is'hard," Viol Wol says, "for black American
to take up our cause because most of then
on't know what is going on. Also most o
hem are so pro-Arab regarding the Middl
ast,that they are unaware that a persecute
eoplp like the Arabs can also" be per
ecutors."
The two men have elicited some sympathy
nd help from major church groups, but the
ave l not so far managed-to dent,the UN's
eluctance to get involved Id another African
lull war. \' r '!
CPYRGHT
lE STATE DEPARTMENT It cautiously
in erested because the Sudan 14 plainly a key
to the Russian hopes of penetrating Africa.
The Kremlin's backing for the new Socialist
g vernment in Khartoum is wholehearted. So-
V It advisers in mufti are spotted through the
s thern provinces to direct the use of Soviet
w apons against the black guerrillas.
he struggle Is so one-sided that it is kept
al ve only by the biblical bitterness which the
S danese blacks feel towards the Arabs. The
N ite Nile is a weak bond between these
p pie and the Egyptianized Moslems in the
n th. They fear the covetous instincts of the
E yptians and they well recall that the slave
r ders in the last century were from Khar-
to m.
hey have been repeatedly betrayed in the
itical dealings of the past 25 years. The
B tish ruled the Sudan by encouraging black
se aratism until 1946, when they suddenly
an cynically decided to appease the Egypt-
Jai s who wanted a unified Sudan so that even-
tu fly they might control the whole package.
HE BLACKS' GRIEF has deepened since
th Sudan won independence in, 1956. A suc-
ce sion of military governments has tried to
qu sit their. rebellious spirit and the claim,
pe haps exaggerated, is that one million of
tit m have been killed. The new officials in
Kh rtoum, who first talked of autonomy for
the three southern provinces, have settled on
a s rategy of extermination with the help of
Sov et helicopters. '
I circumstances In which the UN feels im-
Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79- 11 404IM30Od13801a1ge&re the conflict,
there may be no alternative to a prolonged
1s WWI to'g-019-
 hew XORK TIMES CPYRGHT
5 January 1971
2 Sudan ~`sffl g For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01 194AOOO3OO13OOO1-9
Charging Genocide,,
Seek Help at'U.N.
By MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN
TWO
black Sudanese liberation move-
ment charged here yesterday
that the Arab-led Government
of Sudan was using Egyptian
and Libyan troops as well as
Soviet planes in the 16-year
conflict that has pitted Chris-
tian and pagan blacks of the
South against Moslems of the
north. .
In what they described as an
overt appeal to world public
opinion, the two men described
the policies carried out by the
national Government in Khar
toum "as genocide against the
four million blacks of the South-
ern Sudan."
"We call upon the nations of
the free world to express their
indignation at what is happen-
ing and to bring pressure to
hear on the nations that supply
armaments to Khartoum," said
Laurence Wol Wol, a Sorbonne.
graduate who, as a member of
the Southern Sudan Liberation
Front, has presented a petition
to the United Nations calling
for observer teams to investi-
gate his charges of genocide.
The other spokesman Fred-
erick B. Maggott who identified
himself as a colonel of An-
ya'nya, the guerrilla army of
the south, said that 25 Soviet-
built aircraft were being Used
In bombardments of the south-
ern provinces and that Libyans
and Egyptians were among the
25,000 troops fighting the
rebels in the south.
Many Killings Charged
He said that in the last eight
years some 250,000 black Su-
danese had been shot to death
and 250,000 had died of hunger.
The petition presented to the
United Nations by the two men
details allegations of atrocities.{
Edward Lawson, who is in
charge of doling with such
communications at the United
Nations, explained that normal
procedure calls for 4he state-
mint to be summarized and
circulated confidentially at, the
next meeting of the Human
Rights Commission in Geneva.
But under resolutions of the
Economic and Social Council,
he said, the Commission "has
no power-to take any action.
For its part, the Khartoum
Government has accused out-
side forces of stirring rebellion
and secession. "They stirred up
civil wars in the Congo and
Nigeria and they are trying to
play the same evil game in the
Sudan," said Pr~rpiq{~s,q For
al-Nimeiry in
terviev, in Khartoum.
ETHIOPIAN HERALD, Addis Ababa
5 January 1971
Leaders Tell Press
mb Sudanese
Guerrilla Forees
TI,L AVIV, Monday, (Reuter). - E=tian and Libyan air for-
ce p ivies are bombing guorria forces in Southern Sudan, accord-
ing to `wo guerrillas in an interview with Israel army radio.
The interview, recorded in London, three provinces in Southern Sudan, they
was broadcast here last night. added,
The two spoke of increased Egyptian
involvement in areas *ere local black
tribesmen are opposed to the Moslem
authorities in Kihartoum.
The two ,guemi'lla leaders -- Median
Digran and Adam Noual - charged
Egypt with a great part in war.
They said Egyptian and some Lib.
yan planes based near the Sudanese ca-
pital were raiding guerrilla camps. Egy-
ptian officers controlled the Sudanese
military camps. Egyptian officers cont-
rolled thin Sudanese miliitary academy,
they added.
The two ? leaders said the war in Su-
dan entered a new phase in July last
year when main guerrilla groups joined
forgoes. These . forces now controlled
The men charged t(hb Central Govern.
ment winlh, atrocities against the black
population of the south.
Reports by western magazines that
Israeli officers are training and advising
the Sudanese'guemillas have been given
"a complete and flat denial" by* foreign
minbti officials here,
elease 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01 194AOOO3OO13OOO1-9
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CPYRGHT
ibya,EARP1aiaes
 Approv sF6FM 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A0003001 ~Y R~HT
1 January IT 1
Rowland 'Evans ' and Robert Novak
Sudan:
DEEP IN HILLY,-
'high-grass country of south-
''ern Sudan, Soviet military
technicians, pilots, and a
:'growing arsenal of weapons
are fighting a bloody coun-
iterinsurgencY war against
1African tribes which has
moved imperial Russian
power halfway down the Af-
rican continent.
This hidden war, virtually
unnoticed in the West, is the
latest sign of deepening So-
viet penetration into the
Arab states of North Africa.
The Sudanese government
of Gaafar at-Nimeiry, an.
Arab milital officer before
he became Prime Minister,
is making increasing use of
Soviet anti-insurgency
tac- tics, weapons, and man-
power in its civil war
against Arab-hating Negro
nationalists in the three
southern provinces of the
Sudan.
? The Soviet Union, accord-
ing to well-informed African
sources,.. also has started
building a new SAM-2 anti-
aircraft missile net-this
one not along the Suez
Canal but near Port Sudan
on the Red Sea, several
hundred miles south of the
main Arab-Israeli conflict,
ussi s.
THE LOW-CALIBER war-
fare in southern Sudan is a
microcosm of the main Mid-
dle East tttettter of opera-
tions #ar to the north, Titus,
while Soviet technicians and
weapons assist the Nimeiry
government, the black tribes
rebelling ? against Arab rule
are getting, similar though
skimpier assistance from Is=
raeli technicians and equip-
ment. An average. of one
plane load of Israeli sup-
plies arrives from the north
each week.
The Israeli game is ob-
vious: To encourage the
black revolution against the
Sudanese government and
thus drain off both Soviet
and Sudanese military
strength from the center of
the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Military experts here have
been watching the increas-
ing Soviet involvement in
the Sudan with intense in-
terest and anxiety. With cas-
ualties in the thousands (in-
nocent civilians as well as
Indigenous black tribesmen
fighting the Soviet-backed
forces of the central govern-
ment), Moscow has now sup-
plied two squadrons of TU-
16 medium bombers, half a
dozen AN-24s equipped with
DASH I NGTON :POST
12 .1., J76
"T
Eizxow's
`-Sudan: :EEUsSI:I's tlinocn 1t a1-', -(Jan. 1) "11C writers' irnat'inatious, it is a pact of lies. c - -- enlightened Af1',cn sources" should have
b, columnists Rowland Evans and itobert The corfiict was European instigated, and
us, tnrough`aur'cblumnists, about the exact
Novak, provokes a response because of two the - now ex: loit it. for evil purposes. Not all
- extent of Israeli and Euro-American involve-
reasons: its style and su.bstaa:.ce. The article con~iicts aris,~ from hatred, and the Sn
~_: s pep,,crccl with phases like "African dsrtese is such one.
tribes," "Negro 'tripes," "olaek tribes," There are several large holes in the gen-alizinl,l an average of one plane lond of
trab-i1 tin Ne~'.ro nalic nddlis`Si" C le. This tic tens article, First, it is incorrect for
d u bcrata. en1pio lnent of esc tcriins :s ,a them to state that the Sudanese civil war is
Evane and lov.,k either are ig:wi-ant of it,
elude manifestation, dclcsi ble nstitution- a hidden war, virtually unknown in the
aled, European anti?:1fricaflisrlt. ~)~ golden ~cc.,:." Euro-American elite knew the British
a for laissez- aI e oilcan utlllzalion of poi cy in the area until 1956, when the Provi-
t, :se dero,ail es at the expense of Africans s,o,al A:ic iii Administrative State of Armed Forces havo killed i--i encounters
with tile Suclancso forces. -i~loney and mili-
13 no there Evans and Novak skotlld start Sudan was e~cated, and the armed revolt "
tar-hardwares have beer reaching the
us n;; the correct terms: "African peoples," `.i zer But the Burn American masses were
Southern Provinces Torn the "cry areas
"~lf:ican nationalists," "African ethnic or either totally kept inorunt of it. or mis-
where this "hidden war" is supposedly "vir-
lil:.guistic group :"--tcrins that are academi- cut:cr,ted aiOout it. Whatever information
C0111%, valid, and politically acceptable to,'f
t~ Janua (uc 1 l itle 1a;1(l of Israeli supplies a week. 't'ile sources
r Y 1911 ew '1','i .1viv f~r~nc fh,' c rfnnlinc It cirr.n,rl ltn,l 1h'
I svuw, okuuIunnr~' it, kit 111 .4n1ty ywa"I .,uI,.iit 'III uuuo
rte.
"IN 7
and ":u[v.sc: s lt?c'ii;) 1 }?lit to prop my a1 uneiry.
R.: '1" V/O
~.? ?~r.,"~a14a4arc,i ~'~ilL~iM
NLVi YOI -- A virtually unheard-of 15-year-old
"~ ol:diiio?s aze getting worse all tih: time," Wol
Viol e::plaincd. "A lot of bombing has been carried
Out by ELyptiah pilots flying Russian Mies. They
have 'bombed civilians in every village. They don't
oven-look for military centres-they simply bomb any
plc~it;e, yihere there are Southern Sudanese.
in' addition to tho bloodshed, the Southern Su-
danet;a havo been vletinhifod by rt ttt at'chnd?ocu t,h
policy carved out by the Arabs, according to Mag;gott.
"Crops are being,, destroyed," lie declared, "and
iviiolo areas are being made desolate, causing tlhou-
;ai]d~ of people to ftce'the Country. Juba, our large:it
city, has gone from 200
000 people to 50
000 in the past
,
,
cit7d war ,iictv:een oui.h it one a c1.., n ` T~ few years." IS
u ;: ne:e ..;:a.'as has it more than 500,000 dead, The South Sudan delegates yesterday presented P.
..cording, to representatives of the Southern, Sudan orialal. petition-letter to Dr. Edvard Hambro, presi-
fiberatian Front. dent of the United Nations General Assembly, in
a members of the Brant, who will visit Toronto which they detailed' atrocities. allegedly committed
Lm. charged in an exclusive interview with The a ;airist the Africans of South Sudan. % S` Soviet-supported Ar- Ma ott charged the Nimeir
abs -d b; ,tile S,ova:nmmt gg g y government with
n? .afar AI-i\Tigve were ; engaging in a genocidal campaign resulting in the
:mat^aliy e:.ferminating: " WaJ death of more than. 55G0,000 South Sudanese killed and
urc- isca is Sa rminn Su-' _,,~ an estimated 500,000 dying from starvation or disease
&n,. I f, resulting from the fighting.
` The Arabs, 1;?h have the, Few * 1-ople aware of it
.alitical and economic powor, c-~zs~z~z.: z c
are being, supported with arms from Russia," said "We feel'this terrible war has gone unnoticed ".
Sur enese Col. Frederick B. illaggott at his Executive said Wol Wol, "and that few people outside the Sudan
l atei suite here. "They also are betting aid from the are aware of the problem.".
1,t ypti:-. Libyans and a nuirber of East European` i3:: cited censorship on the part of the ruling Arab
ci,lurt ies, 1)articuiarly c ast Germany." government as the reason for_ the absence of world
3G, and his ca,lc1
policy seen
both in directing political activities and in
actual guerrilla fighting. Northern t oops slaughter or remove c the {en
The government of Maj. Gen..laafar al to the port in order to Impoverish the ,roo
Ni t eri, which seized power in May. 1969 has southerners, declares Mr. Pajokdit. ey ;;elv
ungertaken "a war of extermination" hope to stare out guerrilla forces and t
he ,
thr,oughout the three provinces of the south, general pop latlon which supports th ', and
m
de lares Mr. Pajokdit. Northern military This strategy may also intend to demos ize alai
for es implement the policy in two ways: the Southerners. The way of life--even he to S
through Indiscriminate bombing and through world view AA many of the region's tri es rs
the liquidation of entire village communi- a closely bo d up in their cattle.
tie . In spite of this determined pressure, r. rav
Why the Nimeri government would em? ajokdit stat s that southern Sudanese g er- : tric
ba I k on an as extermination" policy-if in. illa forces, known as the Anyanya, re Mor
de.d it has-is not clear. The ruling Revo? aking stea progress against their A ab of th
lutlonary Command Council prides itself on pponents. ey have shot down 14 pla es, 'he
its) forthright analysis of and approtaeh to uring low-flying bombing. raids over n- and
the southern problem; it has made impor- anya camps he claims.
taut conciliatory y gestures toward southern ' He also sta s that Anyanya recently o r- in t
interests. g
an and for f ur days held the military g r- it
From the outhern viewpoint these acts isori at Bu ath. There they seized 45 claim
leave much to' be desired, however, and the ritish, Chin se, and Russian automa is and
no thern rulers do not yet accept the need eapons..In addition, they made atta s some
for a negotiated settlement of grievances. gainst posts at Akobo, Nasir, and Ufa g- broug
In reased government, military action may rid wiped out two Arab platoons at Kier. seem
signal the failure of the Nimeri southern These atta s a ~:~ent
policy to make significant strides in the 19 ear to illustrate t e.
mgnths since the coup. ectiveness changes brought about by a pore
of the trnr, FinOncial support is said
omu from Lit, 'a, Sfludi Ar,'blia, l)Cuwalt,
operating patrols. Mr. Pajokdit de
es that throe are presently 25,000 Eryp
nya in the south. In addition, he says,
are piloting bombing raids against the
erners.
ptian aid denied
Mirghani, Sudan's Ambassador to
m, denies the presence of Egyptian
>s in the South. "The Sudanese them
!s would not accept this," he states. Mr. ;
hani also denies accounts of massacres
maimings by northern soldiers and +
is that southern refugees are returninga
1dan in increasing numbers.
s not easy to check the claims of either
in this conflict. Officially sanctioned 1
I in the region is restricted; unre-
ed, , unofficial travel is dangerous.
ver, both sides are aware of the role;
press in shaping world opinion about
ghting. This results in exaggerations
alf truths. So far, the Khartoum gov-
snt has been largely successful in keep.
e southern conflict from press notice.
i)so is difficult to assess the rival
s. Reports of bombings, massacres,
aimings have come from the south for
months, however; some of them are
it out by independent observers, it
likely that these reports contain ele-
of truth as well as exaggerations.
ver, journalists who have toured the
with
ov
g
ernment troopst tht
repora Massacres described l at eight m iths. These forces are n 4nya a control many roads and have these
der the leadership of Emidid Tafeng, a troops -'isolated or pinned down in many
Mr. Pajokdit claims that Arab soldiers f rmer soldier in the northern army. areas.
ha'e massacred entire villages or segments Un estionabl the fighting has cost heav.
of their populations in at least 212 cases. aids pressed honie y~
Het cites three phciftc examples. ily in terms of human lives. The United
The raids against northern garrisons a e Natio s estimates the toll at over 500,000.
1!` In Bahr-el-Ghazal province Arab troops important not only as demonstrations f ' South rn Sudanese claim that another. mil'
in chine-gunned all inhabitants of ,a Dinka yanya sire gth and as morale booste lion hve died in massacres or from indirect,
village called Marial Aguog, he claims. The thin Anyan) it ' forces. They, also "provi e war-r afed causes such as starvation and
vil~age, which had an estimated 'population apons, cloth ng, food, and other supp)ie ., untreated wounds. A 1.5 million death to])
of j700, lay close to Gogrial,.where Mr. Pa- dependent servers who have visit would mean that I Sudanese in 10 had lost
joidit attended primary school. yanya cam s report that the guerrilla his lif in the conflict, one southerner in
A similar massacre-of an estimated much of he southern countryside about hree.
2,000 people--reportedly took place in vil. fm m lack of ood, clothing, and medic I It se ms clear that an end to the fighting
la es surrounding the police post of Ulang, applies, as well as from government h can c me about only through a
nit miles south of Nasir, in Upper r ssment, political
,.Nile settle ent. That will not be easy to achieve,
Province. After liquidating villagers, gov- Anyanya have real . problems armin given ast failures and the deep-seated ani.
er~ment forces had their cattle driven over- t emselves. I J ring the Congo's 1964 Simb moslti which a cist on both sides. But the
la d to the provincial capital Malakal; from r beilion they frequently captured ar alterna lye to this appears to be the war of
there they were shipped upriver to north- s pplies being ent to the 'rebels from Jub , attritio or "extermination" which Mr. Pa?
ern Sudan. says Mr. Paiokdit A
4
a e sap- r Kajo'Kaji in Equatorla rov-
nltlcant gains in southarn udan, claims lntra, north n soldiers killed ttbeut art ..~.
vet r,,., political activist there. Moreover of the villa e, and maimed young wo en,
have Ilegull --J.rV Is rep his source, the gains have come )n according t this source. 'MO
they face of the most determined military
pressure yet mounted -by the Khartoum
government during the little-known 15-year
wa i.
These claims are made by Ateny Mudra-
Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Nairobi, Kenya ? Al ihr hra nn no of nvom rr at rta
CPYRGHT
sources have long since dried up, however.
The Khartoum government has accused
Israel of providing arms to Anyanya. But
an independent observer, recently returned
from a visit inside southern Sudan, reported
no evidence of Israeli aid.
This source and other Anyanya spokeq-
claim that other Arab countries art!
g the Khartoum government in its pur?
In additio to massacres of villagers, Mr. n j
Pajokdit s ter, indiscriminate born ing
i
ra
ds have ccurred throughout the $ uth ;j,-
since Sept. 5. The raids seek especial to
organization of Anyanya forces within the': South
-n LLnV ,w
latm.'
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 r2A4. a 4S8~91n09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
A?
Zan. 1971
SOUTH SUDANESE REBEL MOVE 2TT DAMAGING TO REGIME
The helicopter rotor drives reddish clouds of dust into the hazy
African awmner s1qr. Noisily, the Soviet Ni 8, weighing tons, rises from
the landing field at Juba, capital of the Sudanese province of Equatoria.
Our destination is the district city of Meridi, 240 kilometers toward
the west, now reachable by land only twice a month by armed convoy.
The passengers are a small group of information officials and journalists
and a couple of government functionaries. An iron chest containing
cash from the National Bank'to the value of 150,000 pounds is carried
as freight. The crew consists of a Sudanese air force officer as captain,
a'Soviet copilot in blue overalls who in fact directs the flight, a
Soviet navigator, an Egyptian navigator who, except during take take-
off and landing, occupies the third seat in the cockpit, and two soldiers,
armed with heavy automatic rifles, relics of former German military aid
to the Sudan. The soldiers watch for rebels through open portholes.
The rolling country, traversed from north to south by a few rough
mountain ranges, seems from the ;altitude of 2500 meters almost empty of
human beings. For an hour and ten minutes nothing is to be seen except
yard..bigh.steppe grass, scattered trees, sometimes condensing into bush,
the windings of a river overgrown with algae, three or four villages of
round grass huts. The whole of South Sudan, consisting of the provinces
of Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr-el-Ghazal (Gazelle River), with an
area of 650,000 square kilometers, as large as the Federal Republic,
Austria, Switzerland, and Italy put together, has a population of at
most four million. The distance from Khartoum to Juba is as great as
from Munich to Tanis, and from the eastern corner of the southern
provinces on Lake Rudolph to the border with the Central African Republic
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
is is as far as from Paris to Sofia. In the entire South there is no
asphalted road, only dirt roads, most of which are not passable during
the six-month long rainy season. The only railroad runs from Khartoum
+o Wau, capital of Bahr-el-Ghazal, and the only reliable, but slow,
traffic route is the White Nile, which waters a 400 kilometer long
swamp region between Juba and Malakal.
Cut Off for Decades
That this huge country today belongs to Sudan is a result of
British colonial policy during the 19th century, as is the fact that
for two generations it has not been assimilated by the Arab North.
Rigorously, the British cut off the South from settlers and Islamic
missionaries from the northern sections of the country, as well as
against cultural and economic penetration from the more highly developed
Arabic Sudan. The South remained Black Africa, the South remained backward.
When the Sudan gained its independence in January, 1956, there were in
the southern provinces only six persons with university education,
only one middle school, hardly the beginnings of commercial agriculture,
practically no native handicrafts,, and practically no industry. Perhaps
20,000 to 25,000 of the black tribesmen were converts to Islam, about
200,000 had been won over to Catholicism by white missionaries, 25,000
to 30,000 were protestants. The rest, over 90 percent, have up to the
present time hung on to their native religions, grow millet for their
on consumption, and live as hunters and food gatherers or as nomads
with their herds of cattle.
Although the South was hardly conceivable as an independent
commonwealth. .'the small African elite,, which in this had the support
of the people, from the beginning of independence resisted the turning
over of British power to the Arabs. As early as in 1955, the last year
Ap4#~i~14rd~.?n1,9a~dQ~heII~~OIt~O~OQIII Guth' s
 d v. ERMIRe ams 8# ON-2 wQlAA 78rx0a @.Q43QM 30M -9
that time., with interruptions, been, in a state of rebellion against
Khartoum.
In Meridi, which the governor of Equatoria had the day before
described as "the quietest and safest place in the province," the
traces of the rebel.lton are seem +alnoet ever; era. At the eouthorn
edge of the city, only 25 kilometers from the blue hills. of the Congo,
new plantings of millet and coffee can be inspected only when in
advance a Landrover has been positioned at the edge of the field with
its machine gun. pointing toward the bush. Heavily armed soldiers
surround every step taken by the journalists. On a dam, protected by
armor plate and machine gun pits above the small reservoir formed by the
Meridi River, the escorting officer asks with friendly solicitude: "You
will not wish to go to the other side?"
As around all of the cities of the South, a ring of grass hut
villages has grown up around Meridi, among the people of which there .
are too few men. The deputy commanding officer of the Southern Army
Region, Colonel Omar el Tayeb, fr,nkly admits that forced deportation
is one of the cornerstones of the pacification policy. "We shall resettle
the people. We collect them in the forests and in the open country and
resettle them near the cities." The purpose is to deprive the rebels
of the opportunity to disappear among the people and to support them-
belves. "And when the people refuse to come with the soldiers to build
a 'peace villager?"
With the self-satisfied smile of a man who has done a good job,
the Colonel estimates that over one half of the inhabitants of Equatoria
who formerly lived in the bush and those who lived in the most endangered
areas of the other two southern provinces have been collected. "We must
simply do something for the people. It is the course of history. They
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 App a nqtF2 ppyl e it now09tYU ~.a er~i y7 n.111un s 0a gQus .QO01-9
It does not please them, as a matter of fact. In the course of
the resettlement, the men often disappear into the bush, to join the
rebels or to go over the border, mostly to Ethiopia, Uganda, and the
Congo. In the grass hut slums around the cities poverty predominates.
From 1963 to 1970, the population of Juba tncreesed from 18.,000 to
65,000, and that of Meridi from 4,000 to 15,000. For that many people
there is shortage of work, sanitary facilities, everything. Demoralization,
idleness, crime, and prostitution prevail among most of those resettled.
To the extent the people of the South have stayed on the land, the
government during the civil war restrains tribal feuds less than before.
Nevertheless, the villagers are between two fires: If they cooperate
with the rebels, they meet with an army punitive expedition, if they
remain loyal, which also happens, the rebels ruthlessly take revenge
on them. There are tribes that have literally been crushed between
these two millstones. Of the Lapit people, who once numbered 30,000,
only a few hundreds now vegetate at the edge of Juba.
On a hill above Meridi's better secured north side, between
palms, mango trees, and luxuriantly blooming shrubbery, stands the
protestant church, a thatch-roofed English brick Tudor structure. A
female choir sings a hymn in melancholy rhythm to the accompaniment
of rattles and hand drums. Nericli's churches have not been disrupted.
In MalIkal, capital of Upper Nile Province, Monsignor Yhkwan is even
building a church with the financial aid of Rome. He declares that there
has been no interference with his work and that his parish experiences
no persecution.
.in the night, other voices meet the strangers from the grass
huts that are devoid of electric light. They speak with the firm faith
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
and simple vocabulary of tho rLi.ssion school. "We must still have
confidence. God has given us this trial so that we may bear witness,
and you, our brothers,-must also do so," says a black Anglican minister,
who no longer has a congregation. In the chaos of the years 1965-66
his church lost a total of 38 ahurchos +tutd meeting hftaaa in the South.
They were destroyed by government troops not because they were Christian,
but because they were centers for the literate, organized minority
which led the resistance to assimilation by the North. Since during
the British time there were only mission schools in the South, the
leaders of the autonomy movement can only be Christians. However, the
majority that has remained heathen experiencs nothing that is different.
"We no longer make progess, we fall behind," complains a Catholic
priest. His church has lost fewer buildings,. and has remained more intact
organizationally, but since the expulsion of the 33 white missionairies
at the disposal of the Sudanese government in 1962 the load on the
shoulders of the few native clergymen is too heavy. Khartoum only seldom
grants visas to priests from African and Arab countries who could help
out in South Sudan. A Presbyterian church man expresses his opinion
in the sharpest terms: "If what is being done to us by Khartoum were
done by a white regime, the whole world would be ;stirred up. What is
happening in South Sudan is ten times as bad as what our brothers in
South Africa and Rhodesia have to bear." Like practically all the
young,people with whom we talked when unobserved by government eyes,
c
he admits'to'belonging to the Anya Nya, the rebel movement, and to
approve of its goal, secession.
In June of last year the Anya-Nya (Poison Grass) took the four
other separatist organizations (Anzania Liberation League, Suer Republic,
Anidi Govermmert, and Nile Republic) under its wing, checkmated
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 d stablished a unified
Applb*6 eF' Y62p. UTA-K '~94A000300130001-9
military, command. Its leader is former Lieutenant Joseph Lago, a
Catholic. Second in command is Samuel Abu John, ex-captain and Protestant$
and third in command Frederick Brian William Maggot,: former major and
also a Protestant. Joseph Lago is said by the Sudanese secret service
to have alone contacts with Israel. HO :Le said to have been there himself
and to have sent other Anya-Nya fighters there for training.,
Victory by Means of Soviet Helicopters
Although the fighting strength of the black rebels is estimated
as slight by independent observers on the other side,tha Anya-Nya has
very largely attained one of its goals: A considerable part of the
Sudanese army is today in the South. A large proportion of the roads is
impassable because of mines and the danger of attacks from ambush. In
December., an Anya-Nya group led by four white mercenaries attacked the
police station at Bor on the Nile, 300 kilometers from the borders of
Ethiopia and Uganda., killed a Shilluk chief who was collaborating with
the authorities and four policemen and disappeared. The six rebels
killed, left behind by the Anya-Nya, were well equipped and clothed.
"When a year ago we caught a rebel, he had only one or two cartridges.
Today they have bazookas and fivec.centimeter mortars," complained an
officer.
From time to time, the rebels succeed in bringing smaller ares
under their control. The most important of these, the Moroto (The Great
Gathering Place), located in an inaccessible mountainous area on the
border with Uganda south of Yei, was in the fall stormed by a Sudanese
brigade after a battle lasting for 25 days. Helicopters., flown by Russians,
played a decisive role. The commanding officer describes helicopters as
"the only means the army has of carrying out such an operation. Without
helicopters the'soldiers would never have been able to reach this inaccess-
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ble place." Prisoners were rarely taken. os o e pfd.,
 as did the man who serves the Anya-Nya as chief trainer and Khartoum as
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proof of imperialist instigation of the rebellion, the German ex-Foreign
Legionnaire Rol4 Steiner. Steiner was subsequently apprehended in Uganda
and handed over to the Sudan. The contention that American and West
Germans are pulling the strings behind the increased Anya-Nya activity
has beoome small change in national Arab propaganda from Khartoum to
Beirut, from Cairo to Baghdad. In the meantime, nobody can furnish
details on the supposed materialization of the federated republic, not
the administration in the South, not the army, not the police, not the
information ministry in Khartoum, and the President's office. The
Ministry for Southern Affairs serves up a list, in which are lumped
together persons and organizations (Caritas of the Friends of Africa)
who are active as propagandists or collectors of funds for the South
Sudanese. A broadcasting station in Cologne is said to be stiffening the
backs of the rebels.
Minister Joseph Garang, himself a Southlander and Communist, is
more positive: ,It cannot be a coincidence that these organizations
become more active when a Left regime appears in the Sudan." The creation
of Garang's ministry and his appointment to the administration for the
South was one of the few actions that followed upon Numeiri's proclamation
of the principles of regional autonomy of 9 June, "1969. When the
revolutionary, government at that time annotnced that it "recognized
tlb historical and cultural differences between the North and the South
and fixtnly believed that the unity of our country must be founded upon
these obejective facts," it was at first believed in the South. The
rebellion died away. Complete calm prevailed for almost six months.
Nothing happened, however, except that projects for economic
development of the three provinces were proposed. Arabic remained the only
language in the. administration and in the schools; the government, the
ar~rAWSot ~dc~i l .fie M@~ re~ 'b~4Q@fl9N(i*30001-9
 ApprrooUgt~grrrle elfma%%e Rpvolu~3ona y.,ORunDPJ9-O 19f 02Ri3t~01 obgin et9
CPYRGHT
Sudsudan: Aufstand als Uberbleibsel des Kolonialismus
only one of nine provincial govenors is from the South, and only three
officers of ranks as high as colonel; at Khartoum University there are
only 220 students from the southern provinces; there is no joint regional
administration for the provinces of Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr-el-
Ghazal, staffed and directed by southerners. The chance of meeting the
desires of the South in peace, so that the fires of rebellion could be
permanently extinguished, has been passed up. The vicious circle has
once more been closed: As long as the rebellion lasts, no real autonomy
can be assured, and as long as autonomy is not assured, the rebellion
.will last.
Bes G L~I1~~Q ~G Lj FQ666 1/7 ~J'~L./lCAB
l
le Reglerung macht die Gewfihrung der Autonornie von der Autlosung der Rebellenbewegung abhfingl.
Von unserem Korrespondenten:Rudolph Chimelli
Der Rotor des Hubschraubers trelbt rdtliche
Staubwolken in den dunstigen afrikanischen
Sommerhimmel. Gerauschvoll hebt sich die ton-
nenschwere sowjetische Mi 8 vom Flugplatz von
Juba, der Hauptstadt der siidsudanesischen Pro-
vinz Aquatoria. Das Ziel: 240 Kilometer weiter
westlich die Distriktstadt Merida, die auf
dem Landweg nur ,Hoch zweimal monatlich
itn bewaffneten Konvoi erreichbar 1st. Die
Pracht: eine kleine Gruppe Informationsbeamte
and Journalis6n, ein paar Regierungsfunktio-
nare, eiA Eisenkoffer mit 150000 Pfund in bar
von der Nationalbafnk. Die Besatzung: ein suda-
nesischer Fliegeroffizier als Kommandant, im
blauen Overall ein sowjetischer Kopilot, der je-
doch tatsachlich den Flug dirigiert, ein sowjeti-
scher Navigator, ein agyptischer Navigator, der
aulier beim Start and bei der Landung den Brit-
ten Sitz in der Kanzel ubernimmt, and zwei Sol-
daten, die rechts and links mit schweren Ma-
schinengewehren, Relikten einstiger deutscher
Militarhilfe ar den Sudan, aus gedffneten Bull-
augen nach Rebellen spahen.
Das wellige Land, das einige schroffe Felsbar-
rierren von Nord nach Sid durchziehen, eraccheint
ue271Vnr s atop e- r i e5506V, 'fef s c
manch . al
- FnI((r04'N;g!M. (a
wahrend einer Stunde and zchn Minuten nichts.
Der ganze Siidsudari, bestehend aus den Provin-
zen Aquatoria, Ober-Nil and Bahr-el-Ghasal
(Gazellenflull), mit seinen 650 000 Quadratkllo-
metern so grol3 wie die Bundesrepublik, Oster-
reich, die Schweiz and Italien zusammen, hat
hochstens vier Millionen Einwohner. Von Khar-
tum nach Juba 1st es so weit wie von Munchen
nach Tunis, von der ostlichen Ecke der Siidpro-
vinzen am Rudolfsee bis an die Grenze der Zen-
tralafrikanischen Republik so weit wie von Paris
nach Sofia. Im ganzen Siiden gibt es keine
Asphaltstral3e, sondern nur Erdwege, von denen
die meisten wahrend der sechs Monate wahren-
den Regenzeit nicht benutzbar sind, eine Eisen-
bahn von Khartum nach Wau, der Hauptstadt
von Bahr-el-Ghasal, and als einzigen zuverlassi-
gen, aber langsamen Verkehrsweg den Weii3en
Nil, der zwischen Juba and Malakal ein 400 Kilo-
meter langes and 300 Kilometer breites Sumpf-
goblet bewassert.
Seit Jahrzehnten abgeriegelt
Dal3 dieses riesige Land heute zum Sudan ge-,
CIA-F OI'-rtbchea i ~tMtn'n-
schenalter nicht an den arabischen Norde:,assi-
 Britep den Suden a en Siedler und islamische,
A4issi!rdrprt~d?ir1Rthel4 9/02
gen kulturelle und' wirtschaftlichc Durc r n,
gung aus dem ?h6her entwickelten arabischen
Sudan ab. Der Suden blieb Schwarzes Afrika,
der Suden blieb zuruck. Als der Sudan am 1. Ja- i
nuar 1956 in die Unabhangigkeit entlassen wur-
de, gab es in den drei SOdprovinzen nur sechs'
Personen mit Universitatsbildung, nur eine ein-
zige Mittclschule, kaum Ansatze zu einer kom-
merziell betricbenen Landwirtschaft, so gut wie
kein einheimisches Handwerk, praktiscl) keine
Industrie. Vielleicht 20 000 his 25 000 der schwar-
zen Stammesleute waren zum Islam bekehrt, et-
wa 200 000 waren von. watOen Missionsran ft r
den Katholizismus gewonnen, 25 000 bin 30 000
waren Protestanten. Die ubrigen, mehr als 90
Prozent, hangen bis heute Naturreligionen an,
bauen wie eh und je Negerhirse zum eigenen
Verbrauch, leben als Jager und Sammler oder
nomadisieren mit ihren Rinderherden.
. Obgleich der Suden als selbstandiges Gemein-
wesen kaum vorsteilbar war, wehrte' sick die'
kleine afrikanische Elite, die hierin ihren ROck-
halt beim Volk hatte, von Anfang an dagegen,
daB mit der Unabhangigkeit des Sudan die
Macht von britischen in arabische Hande Ober-
gehen sollte. Schon 1955, im letzten Jahr der
Herrschaft Londons, meuterten die sfdlichen
Garnisonen. Da der Suden mit semen Forderun- r
gen auf Autonomie und Federation niemals
durchdrang, befindet er sich seither mit Unter-
brechungen im Aufstand gegen Khartum.
In Meridi, das der Gouverneur von Aquatoria
am Tag zuvor ? als ,ruhigsten und sichersten
Platz in der Provinz" geschildert hat, sind die
Spuren der Rebellion fast uberali zu sehen. Am
siidlichen Stadtrand, von wo as zu aen Drauen
Hugeln des Kongo nur 25 Kilometer sind, kon-
nen neue Anpflanzungen von Hirse und Kaffee
nur besichtigt werden, wenn vorher ein Land-
Rover mit aufmontiertem Maschinengewehr am
Rand der Felder in Richtung auf den Busch In
Stellung gegangen ist. Schwerbewaffnete Solda-
ten umringen jeden Schritt der Journalisten.
Auf dem von einem Schittzenpanzer und Ma
schinengewehrlochern gesicherten Damm, der
den Meridi-FluB zu cinem kleinen See staut,
fragt der Begleitoffizier freundlich besorgt: ?Sie
wolien dock nicht auf die andere Seite gehen?"
Wie um alle Stadte des Sudens hat sich um
Meridi ein Ring von Grashiittendorfern gebildet,
unter deren Bewohnern zu wenig Manner sind.
Der stellvertretende Kommandeur des siidlichen
Armeebereichs, Oberst Omar el Tayeb, gibt of-
fen zu, daB die Zwangsdeportation einer der
Eckpfeiler der Be friedungspolitik ist. ,Mir wol
l.en die Leute umsiedeln. Wir sammeln sie in den
Waldern und im offenen Land ein und siedeln
?ie .in. der.Nahe.der-Stadte neu an." Der Zweck
.set, den Rebellen,die, Moglichkeitzu nchmen, in
der Bevolkerung unterzutauchen. und sich zu
versorgen. ?Und wenn die Leute nicht mit Ihren
Soldaten kommen;und ein.,F.iledensdorl' bauen
wollen?" f
Mit dem selbstzufriedenen Lacheln eines Man-
nes, der ein gutes Werk geleistet hat, schatzt der
Oberst, daB Ober die Halite der frilher im Busch
lebenden Einwohner ltquatorias und der am
moisten gefahrdeten Gebiete der beiden anderen
SOdprovinzen eingesammelt warden 1st. ?Wir
musses einfach etwas; fur die Leute tun. Es ist
der Gang der Geschichte. Jetzt gefallt as ihnen
nicht, aber spater werden sie uns verstehen."
. Es get alit ihnen tatsachlich nicht. Bel der Um=
siedlung verschwlnden haufig die Manner irn
o eg Bch Atthhiopie gganda u n~2
2A
Kongo zu gehen. In den Grasnut
v 3ihis zum
~ ae WnrMir AUM 3 Afl -9 CPYRGHT
ner gewachsen, Meridi von 4000 auf 15 000. Fur
so viele Menschen fehlt es an Arbeit, an sanith-
ren Einrichtungen, an allem. Demoralislerung,
MuBiggang, Kriminalitat, Prostitution sind die
Dominanten im Leben der meisten Umsiedler.
Soweit die Bevolkerung des Sudens auf dem
Land geblicben ist, gebictet die Regierung im
Burgerkrieg den Stammesfehden weniger als
fruher Einhalt. Ohnehin stehen die Dorfer zwi-
schen zwciFeuern: Arbeiten sie mit den Rebel-
len zusammen, trifft ale eine Strafexpedition der
Ammon; bleibdn tie loyal, was such vorkommt,
rachen sich an Ihnen rtleksichtslos die Aufstiin-
dischen. Es gibt Stmmme, die von diesen MOhl-
steinen buchstablich zerrieben worden rind.
Vom Volk der Lapit, das einst 30 000 zahlte, ve-
getieren heute nur nosh wenige Hundert am
Rand von Juba.
Auf einem Hugel Ober Meridis besser gesi-
cherter Nordseite steht zwischen Palmen, Man-
gobaumen und uppig wuehernden Blutenstrau-.
chern die protestantische Kirche: strohgedecktes
englisches Backstein-Tudor. Ein Frauenchor
singt zur Begleitung von Rasseln und Hand-
trommeln eine melancholisch-rhthmische
Hymne. Meridis Kirchen waren nie zerstort. In
Malakal, der Hauptstadt von Obernil, ist Monsi-
gtrore Yukwan sogar dabei, m It der Finanzhilfe
Roms eine neue Kirche zu baa~ren. Er bezeugt,
dal er keine Behinderung seiner Arbeit und daB
seine Gemeinde keine Verfolgung kennt.
Aus der elektrizitatslosen Nacht der Grashilt-
ten dringen dent Fremden andere Stimmen ent-
l gegen. Sie sprechen mit dem festen Glauben und
dem einfachen Vokabular der Missionsschule.
?Wir haben noch immer Vertrauen zu Weiflen.
Gott hat uns these Prufung aufgegeben, damit
wir Zeugnis ablegen, und ihr, unsere Bruder,
mulct es auch tun", sagt ein schwarzer anglikani-
scher Pfarrer, der keine Gemeinde mehr hat.
Seine Kirche hat in den Wirren der Jahre 1965/66
-im gesamten SUden 38 Gotteshauser und Ver-
sammlungsgebaude verloren. Sie wurden von
den Regierungstruppen zerstort, nicht well sie
christlich, sondern well sie die Zentren der le-
senders, schreibenden, organisiert handelnden
Minderheit waren, die den Widerstand gegen die
EingIiederung in den Norden leitete. Da es zur
britischen Zeit im Suden nur Missionsschulen
gab, konnten die FOhrer der Autonomiebewe-
gung nur Christen sein. Die heidnisch gebliebe-
ne Manderheit, die ihre politischen WOnsche
nicht verstandlich machen kann, empfindet je-
doch rilcht anders als sie.
?Wir machen keine Fortschritte mehr, wir fal-
len zuruck" klagt ein katholischer Priester. Sei-
ne.Kirche hat weniger Gebaude eingebtiBt und
ist organisatorisch besser intakt geblieben, snc~.'
seit der Ausweisung s:imtlichrr 33 weif'c:n :.iit-
sionare, welche die sudancsische Regicrurr; i:;.
verfugte, 1st die Last auf den Schultern der w ;-
nigen einheimisches Pfarrer zu schwer. `?- ',Priestern aus afrikanischen und arahiscl,'~n T,;.n,-
dern, die im Sudsudan aushelten konnten, gibt
Khartum nur selten ein Visum. Am scharfsten
urteilt ein presbyterianischer Kirchenmann:
?Wens ein weilles Regime mit uns t Diu: t in foreign countries, Sirntzl-
t; aeo':caly 1:11 missionaries were
expelled. Large-scale civilian
violence grew.
It is mw clear that without tliL I
co-operation of the "Anyaa Nya",
there r:a1). he no effective ac,Rtr)!11-
L tr ation In the rural areats of'ttte
south. Generai T11feng, a 1336-vea1r-
oid nrnrcr ottirer .1 1 &40,1-
Iona Corps who led the 3vS i
mutiny- is is the rebel Lender.. The
L;ucrilla force was o^;aniscd n
191,3. Today, it equipped with
nrockrn automatic weapons, -1nd
receives foreign , military aid.
legit, Juba and Nirnule are places
is he: e heavy fighting has been
report=sd.
Significantly, It 4s the. Na~sc*r).te
danesc~ Leaders wife. setik a fe
deral-type set up under, which the
three southern provinces would
get an autonomous statue.
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 A roved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000300130001-9
THE ECONOMIST
13 February 1971
Sudan
South comes first
CPYRGHT
The Sudanese army has recently
scored some successes in its apparently
endless war against the southern
separatist rebels, the Anyanya. These
successes were due partly to a new
supply of Russian weapons, in par-
ticular troop-carrying helicopters, and
partly to the changed attitude of the
former Ugandan government. One of
the more publicised incidents was the
handing over by the Ugandan authori-
ties of Rolf Steiner, a German
mercenary who had fought in the
Congo and Biafra before he came to
Sudan. He escaped into Uganda after
his camp near the frontier was over-
j un two months ago ; the Ugandans
landed him back to the Sudanese.
i hese military operations are one
art of a two-pronged attempt by the
adical army officers and left-wing
nteilectuals who now run Sudan to
nd a solution to the southern prob-
ed. The other part is represented by
he declaration of regional autonomy
announced by President Numeiry after
e seized power in May, 1969. This
as not just a fine-sounding phrase ;
the government, particularly its
arxist members, are looking for ways
of implementing the liberal measures
nvisaged in the declaration.
The regime's concern with internal
affairs far- outstrips its interest in the
till shadowy plans for inter-Arab unity.
resident Numeiry went to Cairo last
month for the meeting of heads of
tate of the proposed Egyptian-
ibyan-Sudanese-Syrian federation in
rder to show willing and to avoid
ivink the Libyans an excuse for saving
the Sudanese were dragging their feet.
But the Sudanese have made it per-
fectly plain that they, like the
Egyptians, will not be party to any
hasty, ill-prepared union which' would
only humiliate the Arabs by its
inevitable failure.
The Libyans recently published in
their army newspaper details of the
discussions which led to the declaration
of tripartite federation (Syria was a
late, and not.. altogether welcome,
fourth) ; this provoked the Sudanese
into publishing their version of the
talks. The Sudanese report claims that
the Libyans were proposing the imme-
diate unification of the three countries'
foreign ministries and political organi-
sations (though Egypt, at present, is
the only one of the three to have a
political organisation) and the estab-
lishment of a fixed timetable for full
constitutional unity. All this, the
Sudanese argue, is impossible because
of the wholly different circumstances
of the three countries.
The ardent, puritanical Islamic
Arab nationalists in Libya are
ihnpatient with Sudan's concern with
its southern conflict and censorious of
the continuing presence of marxists in
the Sudanese government. But Sudan's
leaders need the support of both right
and left. Although the revolution of
May 25, 1969, was carried out on a
wave of popular enthusiasm for the
idea that Sudan should shed its old
ways and decisively join the ",progres-
sive" Arab camp, much of this
enthusiasm has waned and the regime
lacks a solid popular base.
So it is trying to win allies where it
can. The recent release of 125 of the
16o men accused of being involved in
the fighting at Aba Island last March
(when the Imam Hadi al-Mahdi was
killed) was aimed at disarming right-
wing opposition. The Sudanese com-
munist party is split but the weightier
half, led by the attractive, if irrepres-
sibly bourgeois, Abdul Khahk Mahjoub,
is now opposed to the regime. Mr
Mahjoub himself is in detention and
two of his supporters were eased out of
the government in November (the third
minister dismissed at this time, Major
Farouk Hamdallah, is not a com-
munist). Marxists who retrain in the
government include the minister of
labour, Muawiya Ibrahim, and the
minister of industry and mining,
Ahmed Sulaiman. Their presence does
not satisfy Sudanese communists but
they help to protect the regime from
an all-out onslaught from the left.
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HELSINGIN SANOMAT Oslo
17 February 1971
DISAGREEMENT EXPRESSED WITH GUERRILLA CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS
The South Sudanese freedom front representative visiting in Finland is indignant
that he has not been allowed to participate in the students' and African Freedom
Movement Conference. The Conference's second organizer, the Union of Finnish
Students (SYL), answers that the representative's organization is not an African
organization recognized as fighting against colonialism or racism.
The South Sudanese freedom front representative Dominic A. Mohamed said Tuesday,
16 February, in a press conference held in Helsinki, "the conference's participating
Arabs fear that the Sudan army's cruelty directed against the Southern negro
population will be revealed if I am allowed to speak.
"South Sudan's 4-million-negro population has continually been subject to
the political rule of the Northern Mohammedan Arabs' social, racial and religious
persecution and even economic exploitation. Lately this has moved into systematic
genocide. Since 1962 the army has killed nearly one million South Sudanese.
The army receives military aid from other Arab countries, especially Egypt, and
Libya, and uses Soviet MIGs, napalm, military experts and pilots."
Mohamed said that he had protested to the SYL that he had not been permitted
to participate in the conference.
"Separatism"
SYL chairman Seppo Harkonen said, "our conference is a closed work conference.
Six freedom movements are participating in it, and they are recognized by the OAU,
and are fighting against colonialism and racism. Several of the movements also have
special consultant status with the U.N.
"On the other hand the South Sudan freedom movement is a typical separatist
movement, which acts in an already independent country. Its representative's
participation would not be in keeping with the general nature of the conference,
nor are similar movements represented in this conference.
Toe list of. conference participants was drawn up beforehand. The South Sudan
freedom front-representative has studied in the U.S. and has just arrived from there.
He could not be accorded observer status either because the conference is intended
only for student u' ions and certain international organizations.','...
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 HELSINGIN SANOM/1T, Oslo
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CPYRGHT
sissik o fere ssi .
osan tta j ista
Etell-Sudanin vapautus-
ri?ntatuan parhaillaan Suo-
nlcssa vicrailcva edustaja
on ni rkastynyt siita, ctta
ha.nen ci ole sa1Ii-ttu osallis.
tua Otaniemen Dipolissa
kaynnissa olevaan "Opi's-
kciijat ja Afrikan vapau.
tusliike" konferenssi.in.
Konferenssi,n toinen jar.
jestaja Suomen ylioppilas-
kuntien liitto vastaa taha.n,
etta kyseisen 11enkil6n jar-
jesto ci ole Afrikan yhte.
naisyysjarjeston tunnusta-
nma kolonialismia tai ras?is-
mia vastaan taisteleva jar.
jesto, joiI:le konferenssi on
tarkoitettu.
vat arabit pelk:iavat, etta Sudanin
armeijar, maan etelaosan neekerL-
v5esti on kohdistamat julmuudet
paljastuvat, jos mina paasen sinne
puhumaan", sanoi Etela-Sudandn
vapautusrintaman edustaja Domi-
nic A. Mohamed tiistaina Hel-
singissa pi'tamallaan lehddsl.dvas-
taanotoila.
"Eteli-Sudanln nelimiljoona.Lnen
I nea;cer ivaestb on jatkuvasti maan
pohjoisoa;an muhamettilaisten era-
en poliittisea ylivallan alaisena,
telskunnallisen, rodullisen ja us-
o1Lsen vainoh seka taloudelli-
n rii > Sudan's own civil war .appears to be warming up again.
The Khartoum Government.. dominated by the Moslem majority in Northern
Sudan, has,never?been able to pacify the Southern area of the country. That
part of Sudan is inhabitod by some 4 million blacks, most of them Christians.
The Anya NNya, a military force of black guerrillas who want independence
for the Southern Sudan, has kept war gong for night years. In this war to date
at least 50,000, probably many more, have died. Most of those killed were
blacks with ties to the peoples of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Congo.
> > Israel, says the Sudanese Government, is getting into Sudan's war. Through
Israeli m41iary missions in Ethiopia, Uganda and the Congo, say officials in
Khartoum, Israel Is supplying arms to Southern rebels.
Soviet-made antiaircraft guns lost by Egypt to Israel in the June War of
1967 now are-used by rebels against Sudan's Soviet-supplied helicopters.
Ask Israelis, and you get official denials that..their arms go to Sudan's
rebels. You also gets an unofficial reminder: "Sudan is at Israel's back moor."
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CbYRGHTTI? , -1
/\i i i Ca: xumv197 1gs on a F_ aul d- Lin, e " .
Across the midsection of Africa, at roughly the point where the savanna
-treets the tropical forest, a kind of hturran fault line separates the Arab
world, front Black Africa. This zone of instability, from Chad to the Horn,
is a battleground where Arab gtiarriilus are Pitted again,t'I black gov-
c~>nntvitt,r, ttrttl.~l frirtttt rt1Gt.'ls nt ,inst Arab regimes. In a sense, two of the s:nb.
barmiest rebellions-the civil war In the southern Sudan and the Eritrean
uprising in northern Ethiopia-are extensions of the Arab-Israeli conflict to
the north. The situation in the Sudan has been further complicated by the So-
viet Union's powerful thrust toward the Indian Ocean.
SUDAN
The Soviet Viet Nam
Like their neighbors in gyp, the-
men who run the Sudan have found for-
c^gn Communists a good deal easier to
,pt along with than the domestic va
riety. Two weeks ago, Major General
Jaafar Numeiry, 41, the Sudan's leftist
loader, vowed that he would I "crush
aind destroy" the country's 6,000-mem-
be'r Communist Party. The local Com-
nunists, he said, were guilty of ev-
eggvthing from sabotage to poking fun
at the Sudanese armed forces.
Nonetheless, Numeiry's revolutionary
rti+gime is becominf; more and more de-
pwndent on the military support of the
Soviet Union, which has some 500 ad-
visers in the Sudan. Farther down the
Horn of Africa in Somalia (see map),
there are an estimated 325 Russian ad-
vi~ers. Last year the Russians began to
construct a naval base at Port Sudan
o the Red Sea, an, installation that
wall he useful, once the Suez Canal is re-
o1 ened. in the further expansion of So-
vi~t naval activity in the Indian Ocean.
~w the Russians are installing SA-2 an-
tiaarcraft missiles to defend the base.
!Even more startling is the fact that
about 100 of the Sudan's Soviet ad-
visiers are directly helping the Khartoum
goternment t prosecute its civil war
agtinst 6,000,000 black southerners.
(The north containsi 6,000,000 Arabs
anti 3,000,000 blacks.) The southerners
der!'iand autonomy within a federation,
ar uing that under the existing system
.they will never be given any real au-
thority by the Arabs of the north; at in-
de endcnce in 1956, for example, the
nonitherners grabbed off 796 of the 800
available government posts. There is,
tween the two regions: in the 19th cen-
t, Arab slave traders from Khartoum
a . d Cairo carried off 2,000,000 blacks
it chains from southern Sudan.
Drums Sounding. Since last Sep.,
teltibcr the Russians have engaged in
p vinces. Last month they accompanied
S danese army units in a raid on the
drltims sounding"), attacking the south-
erllcrs by surprise while many were bath-
scit of a cobra or scorpion) lost a
Al bombing raid against a rebel base.
c used nearly 1,Q00 civilian casualties.
Russians have almost certainly flown
h licopters into combat against southern
ay also have conducted bombing mis-
si sins with AN-12 transports and two
s uadrons of TU-16 medium bombers.
T le Russians, in addition, ;are known
h e flown MiGs into combat in the
so th is uncertain.
n any case, the Soviets have al-
re dy set two unwelcome precedents
p ticipated so actively in a Third World
c interinsurgency efTort, and never have
.hgped bomb their villages, The situ-
bit hyperbolically: THE SOVIETS HAVE
CPYRGHT
Soldier of Fortune, The southerners
have received sonic modest foreign sup-
port of their own. In September 1969
.--about three months after Numeiry
seized power in Khartoum and aligned
the Sudan more closely with Egypt
-the Israelis began parachuting arms
and supplies from an unmarked DC-3
to Owing-ki-bul. The ADC-3 apparently
flies in from either southwestern Ethi-
opia or northern Uganda; Israel pro-
vides extensive aid to both countries.
Because the Khartoum government has
allowed Ethiopia's Eritrean rebels to
cross the Sudan while returning to their
own country from overseas, Emperor
Haile Selassie has permitted the south-
ern Sudanese to take refuge in Ethi-
opia from time to time.
Until recently, the southerners were
also aided by one of Africa's more no-
torious soldiers of fortune, German-born
Mercenary Rolf Steiner. A veteran of
losing battles in Indochina, Algeria and
Biafra, Steiner spent sonic 13 months
.trying to train the rebels to fight the rul-
ing Arabs. "They fight very well against
each other," he once said. "But against
the Arabs they feel inferior,"
Late list year Steiner was captured
by Uganda police while spending a few
days of unofficial rest and recuperation
outside the war zone. After three months,
in .1 Uganda jail, Steiner was secretly
turned over to Sudanese authorities.
He is now in prison in Khartoum, where
his fate will be settled by still another
group of foreign Communists. The case
against him is being prepared by some
of the 50 East Germans who advise
the Stidaricse Interior Ministry on se-
curity techniques.
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 CPYR (roved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01 I94A000300130001-9PYRGHT
BALTIMORE SUN,
19 February 1971
'U.S., Expected To Get Down
. To 3 Viet Divisions By July
By GIIAnLES W. CORDDny
Washington aureau Of The Su,
Washington, Feb. 17-mere-II In the process, the equivalent
can ground forces in South Viet-, of at least 1' of the 4i1
es or official communiques. Itdivisons now in Vietnam are ex-
combat divisions at peak I':pected to be withdrawn by about
strength, are confidently expect-
ed to be down to the equivalent
of 3 divisions by the end of June,
.with the largest concentrations'
in the still difficult northern sec-
tor of the country.
Continuing bullish appraisals
of the Laotian operation, notably
I President Nixon's today, would
seem to underscore civilian
leaders' confidence that they
will not only meet but exceed
their unannounced long-range
withdrawal goals.
Goal of 284,000
The presently announced goal
is to.be down to 284,000 men to
all services by May 1, which
means that 49,000 must be
These withdrawals, it is said,
currently are expected to in-
clude two of the 1st Air Cavalry
Division's three brigades, and
the remaining two regiments of
marines.
Two-Thirds Will Leave
It has already been announced
that two-thirds of the 11th Ar-
mored Cavalry Regiment-in
the Saigon area-will be pulled
out by May 1.
After this, the American con-
1 tribution to the defense of Sai-
gon and, the provinces around it,
called Military Region 3, will be
the remaining third of the ar-
pulled out by then. mored regiment and a brigade
A question now is the size of a 'of infantry from the 25th Divi-
further cut Mr. Nixon will order sion. This brigade will probably
in April and how long it will be withdrawn by June 30.
cover. But regardless of the an- American ground combat res-
swer, informed quarters now ex- ponsibilities in Military Region
pect that the troop level will be, 4, the Mekong Delta, below Sal-
down to about 250,000 at the end gon, have long since ended.
of June-a cut of about $3,000
from the present level.
And when. that time is
reached, the American ground
forces remaining will be de-
scribed officially as having tak-
en up a "security mission" and
having turned over their combat
responsibility to the South Viet-
namese.
"Fire Brigade" Role
The mission of the remaining
three divisions will be defense
of air bases, supply complexes
and, apparently, some coastal
cities. They also will have a
"fire brigade" role for a time.
Little has been said about this,
but. it calls for them aiding
I South Vietnamese units in dire
distress, if it comes to that.
Gen. Creighton W. Abrams,
American commander in Viet-
nam, is increasingly turning
over "tactical areas of respons-
ibility's , IVIA
'~'n' '
force
U.S. "security" mission.
In the provinces or Military
Region 2, north of Saigon, the
American ground force now con-
sists of one airborne brigade,
the 173d, which may take over
the "security mission" of guard-
ing the supply complex on the
coast at Qui Nhon.
The pesky area is Military Re-
gion 1, the five northern prov-
inces, and there the American
forces will consist of the 101st
Airborne Division, the 23d
(Americ4l) Division and a
mechanized brigade. The out-
come in Laos may have much to
do with when this force is cut
back.
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NEW YORK TIMES,
29 January 1971
SAIGON, South Vietnam,
Jan. -- r)e ntte ates
command today
reported that all United States
Air Force combat units are to
(be withdrawn from South Viet-
nam by the end of 1972, leav-
itig only Advisors and tech-
niclans, if the South Vietnamese
'Air Force is sufficiently strong
by then.
Meanwhile, the sources said,
the United States is conduct-
ing the heaviest bombing cam-
paign of the war in Laos and
Cambodia in an effort to force
North Vietnam "to make ac-
1commodations" and to pave the
;way for the withdraal.
The sources saidwup to 500
United States warplanes from
the Air Force, Navy and Marine
Corps were making daily raids.
on North Vietnamese troops
and supply routes in Laos and
Cambodia. -
Some attacks Are in direct
support of, South Vietnamese,
Cambodian and Laotian troops
fighting the North Vietnamese
.and Vietcong, the sources said,
but about 75 per cent of the
raids are against enemy supply
routes, depots and troops along
the Ho Chi Minh trail through
southern Laos.
.The United States Air Force
now has 30 squadrons in South
Vietnam, with a total of more
than 700 aircraft and 42,200.
men. No squadrons are being
withdrawn during.the current-
sixth-phase cutback of Ameri-
can troops that will reduce au
thorized United States strength
to 284,000 men by May 1. .
The South Vietnamese airl
,force has 32 squadrons, 7001
planes and helicopters andl
about 40,000 men. The present
goal is 50 squadrons and 1,200
planes and helicopters.
In the... war, little ground'
action was reported in South
Vietnam, but three grenades
ripped through a theater in
Binhdinh Province, killing 10
Vietnamese and wounding 19.
The South Vietnamese com-
mand said the grenades were`
I thrown by "Communist terror-
ists."
About 80 miles farther north,
a bomb exploded in a market
place, and 9 Vietnamese civil-'
ians were reported killed and
22 wounded.
The incidents occurred dur-
ing the four-day cease-fire de-
clared by the Viet Cong for
the Lunar New Year. It runs
". 4AOOO OO f 30 'f "-
 A d r"PYRGHT
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17 February 1971
pop a
Wa W%,
The new ARVN
o
HE 1.1 million-man South
Vietnamese army (called
ARVN) is a far better trained
and equipped force than even
its friendliest appraisers
might have gucsecd a year
aga. Yet it could be rather se-
verely hurt in the current
Laotian invasion.
What seems most impres-
sive is the evidence, pointed
to by senior U.S. defense offi-
cials, that the ARVN now has a considerable
superiority in firepower over the North Viet-
namese-Viet Cong adversary.
Confronted by this potent weaponry, the
Reds in recent months have either avoided
engaging South Vietnamese forces altogether,
or have fought brief, sharp, losing encounters
and then broken off the battle.
This was the case at a key mountain pass on,
Cambodia's Route 4, and in several engage
ments. northeast of Phnom Penh on the Chup
plantation. All these cost Hanoi heavily in
lives.
? ? ?
IN their own populous and vital delta region,
the ARVN have. conducted three successful
sweeps, including one in a mountainous border
area and another in the U Minh forest. South
Vietnamese Rangers protect the Cambodian
border sectors west and north of Saigon.
It was a sign of South Vietnam's present
relative stability militarily that its crack air-
borne division could be lifted away from the
Saigon perimeter and thrust into the Laotian
adventure aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh
trail.
About half of the ARVN's 1.1 million men
are regular army, navy, air, marine and other
forces. The remainder are so-called regional
and popular forces (these latter are not to be
confused with the so-called home defense units
made up of men below and above draft age).
Pentagon sources say virtually all the 1.1
million today are fitted out-with M-16 rifles
and that the regulars and some regional ele-
WASHINGTON POST
12 January ,1971
' S. Koreans
Weigh: Viet
Pullout
ments
also have a, useful array of mortars,
machine guns, grenade launchers, 195 and 155
milliometer howitzers, good tanks and ar-
mored personnel carriers.
In the air, the ARVN has T-28 jet trainers
(more effective than any World War It figh-
ter), A-i fighters (propeller-driven but loaded
with firepower), converted transports called
"dragon ships," helicopters with door guns.
This force is providing most if not all of the
air cover for ARVN's present stands in Cam-
bodies at Chup and Snuol.
THE South Vietnamese do not have our'most
advanced M-60 tank, nor our more sophisticat-.
ed helicopter gunships. We are training some
ARVN men for such craft, but none are yet
deemed ready. Our more powerful and longer-'
reaching air weapons, the fighter-bombers and
the B-52, are not likely ever to be put in South
Vietnamese hands.
The gunships and the bombers, manned by
us, are of course playing a major role in the
Laotian thrust, as are South Vietnam-based
'U.S. 175-mm. guns with a range of some 20
miles.
With the ARVN plunging into unfamiliar ter-
ritory thick with hills and forest cover, and
hence ideal for hidden enemy fire points, our
strong air and artillery backing were deemed
necessary for balance or possible superiority.
As indicated, even with this aid the South'
Vietnamese are expected to encounter rough
going in their ground strike at the trail. The
North Vietnamese may or may not choose ma-
jor confrontation, but the trail as a manpower
and supply lifeline is so crucial the Reds seem
bound to try to chew up some of the invaders.:
The dangers are obvious. Our support for
the ARVN is a clear gauge of confidence in
this army's greatly enhanced capabilities.
Probably only severe reverses in Laos would
dim this judgment materially.
Overall, the judgment of senior U.S. officials
stands: "a very competent military force"
performing in a "highly professional manner.".
CPYRGHT
clay)-President Chung Hee
Park said today his govern-
ment "is studying the gradual
withdrawal" of South Korea's,
50,000 troops from South
Vietnam.
A timetable for the pullout
will be decided "through dis-
cussions with South Vietnam,
the United States and other
Vietnam war allies," Park told
a news conference.
He said he believes South
sent to Vietnam in 1965.
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ARGHT
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
13 January 1971
Withdrawal fr~in cornbat role:
continuation of Pattern'
Withdrawal of Americans from combat,
responsibility in Vietnam will hardly be a
magic moment in the war.
As steadily sinking casualty figures have
shown, Americans already have been with-
drawing from the major combat role for
.more-than a year and a half. The departure
of each United States unit has left a void
for the Vietnamese - not other Americans
- to fill.
Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird has
tied the ending of U.S. ground-combat re-
sponsibility to the President's May 1 dead-
line for American strength in Vietnam to be
at a level below 284,000. 1
. According to present Pentagon planni^
most U.S. units seem likely to be either c
of Vietnam or in process of turning over
their areas of combat operations to the
Vietnamese by that time. By the end of
the fiscal year, June 30, the process is ex-
pected to be virtually complete.
Positigns of danger
As of that moment, Americans still will'
be in positions of danger, and there will
be continued weekly casualties, although
hopefully at a still lower level. Even if di-
rect combat with the enemy is lowered,
Americans still will be lost in accidents of
one sort and other, and as a result of mines,
rocketing, and booby traps.
The steady decline in U.S. losses so far
will mean that the concrete results in terms
of losdes, will be continuation of a pattern,
not abrupt change.
According to present projections, yet to be
finally worked out in consultations between
the Pentagon hierarchy and the American:
military commands in Vietnam and the
Pacific, there will be about three U.S. com-
bat divisions remaining in Vietnam by mid-
year.
[The White House fias announced that the
next troop-withdrawal plan will be made
public in mid-April. It will cover the period
after May 1, when the current cycle ends.
The Christian Science Monitor I Vietnam following the current pullout. This
Washington White House wishes to keep its options open
be ome tied down to too many specific
pr mises about how troops will behave in
w at will undoubtedly be a touchy and diffi-
cu t transitional period.]
Ti ing viewed
'fhere will be vast remaining American
w4 at has become a huge logistical network.
pats of Vietnam between the sea and the.
K *turn. American involvement in northern-
m st areas will remain relatively heavy.
thl delta in 1969. Now, with the envisioned
exiept in the most persistently difficult
IIithin a matter of months, these depar-
In the third military region, which in-
cl es Saigon, the remaining brigade of the
A erican 25th Division. will be pulled out,
al g with the 11th Armored Cavalry Regi-
in at. In addition, it is likely that two bri-
ga es of the 1st Cavalry Division (air-
signs in Vietnam, will be going home to Ft.
th 1st Armored Division there, sources say.
le ve only a single brigade of the 1st Air
C airy remaining on the scene.
Further north, in the second region, re-
in ining elements of the 4th Infantry Divi
si will be returning to the United States.
T s will leave only the 173rd Airborne Bri-
gs e, which is operating in Binh Dinh Prov-
in a along the coast.
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CPYRGHT
? The heaviest concentration of Ameri-
can strength will be in the First Region,
which includes Danang and Hue. All of the
Marines will he leaving, but Army units are
staying around. The 101st Airborne Division
(Airmobile), which has at its disposal about
440 helicopters, will be staying to back up
the 1st Vietnamese Division, generally con-
sidered Saigon's best,
Cutbacks expected
in' addition, the heavily armed brigade
of the 5th Mechanized Division now on the
DMZ will probably remain, along with the
American Division, now being called its for-
mal name, the 23rd Division, partially be-
cause of the bad publicity it got from time
to time while known as the Americal.
As withdrawals continue past May, the
Americal and the brigade of the 5th Mechan-
iied will be taken out, leaving eventually
only the one brigade of the First Cavalry
Division in the populated central region, the
183d in the second region, and the 101st Divi-
sion in the north. Then, as time and the
situation permit, other cutbacks will occur,
probably starting with the 101st.
In practical terms, all of this means that
after May 1st, there just will not be many
American infantrymen around to get shot
at, except in the northernmost areas.
The 173d Brigade has been devoting its
time since spring of 1969 to the pacification
of Binh Dinh Province. As other American
strength in the region around diminishe3,
however, the brigade undoubtedly will as-
sume broader responsibilities. As some other
units with combat responsibilities are re-
moved, it will perform protection missions,
provide backing for the Vietnamese and he
available as a fire brigade to help with
problems.
Greatest threat seen
Farther north, in Military Region I, lies
the greatest military threat to Vietnamiza-
tion. Headway has been very modest and
erratic in many areas, particularly in the
region that includes Quang Ngai and the
village of Son My. .
It is it this northern region that pacifica-
tion remains in trouble in wide areas. There
is a constant ?roblem of infiltration, and
the allies have never been able to lji?ing it
to a halt. The possibility of some broad
combat effort springing forth in this area
remains a deep concern.
Thus, the Americans will be staying on a
while in Military Region I'with the hope that
,any new znemy offensive can be frustrated.
in Its early stages.
Dut to budgetary considerations, if noth-
ing else, the administration will keep on
bringing Americans home. By mid-1972, the
strength of American infantry forces should
be down to around a division or so, possibly
less. And there will be fewer flyers, artil-
lerymen, and supply people as the Vietnam-
ese take over more of those tasks.
Indeed, just as the ground combat role
will be turned over this spring; the combat
support and logistical roles should be nearly
completed by the same, time a year later,
in 1972.
Thus, it can be anticipated that the Amer-
ican involvement will be moving steadily
downward through 1972 to reach a level in
the tens of thousands in 1973-as compared
to hundreds of thousands now.
CPYRGHT
WASHINGTON POST
8 January 1971
Pentagon Says
100,000 to Stay
WASHINGTON, Jan. 7 (UPI)
-- U. troops wi cease to
play a major combat role In
Vietnam after May 1, but the
Pentagon said today that more
.than 100,000 combat troops
will remain there in a security
role.
A Pentagon spokesman,
Jerry W. Friedheim, men-1
tioned the figure after De-
fense Secretary Melvin R.;
Laird said in Bangkok today'
that by May 1 a major portion
of our combat forces that have!
a combat responsibility or a
combat assignment within the
country will have been with-
drawn."
Friedheim said that the
present force level of 385,000
U.S. troops in Vietnam would
be cut to about 285,000 as of,
May 1, and that more than
100,000 of these will be combat
troops,
[The latter figure is consist-
ent with the percentages men-
tioned by Laird at various
times as 45.50 per cent and 40-
60 per cent.]
CPYRGHT
NEW YORK TIMES
23 February 1971
U.S. Troops in Vietnam
Fewest Since Fail of `66
SAIGON, South Vietnam, _
m ero
United States fighting men
in South Vietnam has de-'
clined to the lowest point
since the fall of 1966, the
United States command said
today.
The command also an-
nounced the impending do
parture of Marine Fighter At-
tack Squadron 115, the last
Marine Corps Phantom jet
fighter-bomber squadron left
in South Vietnam.
American fighting strength
in the, week ended Feb. 18
totaled 330,600 men, a drop
of 2,300 from the previous
week, the command said.
The decrease included 200
sailors, 400 marines, 300 air-
men and 1,400 soldiers.
The forces remaining in
South Vietnam rare 248,800
soldiers, 16,200 sailors, 24,-
200 marines, 41,300 airmen
and 100 Coastguardsmen. In
addition, the command said,,,
,there are 18,500 sailors and
500 Coastguardsman, aboard
ships operating off the coast.
4
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March 1971
L 1_11% SOVIET MANIPULATION OF THE ANGELA DAVIS CASE
1. The trial of Angela Davis, arising out of the State
of California's accusations that the black militant and avowed
member of the CPUSA supplied the guns that were used in the
August shoot-out at the Marin County Courthouse in San Rafael
during which four people were killed, including a judge, has
achieved international significance. It appears to be developing
into a. rallying-point for a Soviet-manipulated international
anti-U.S. campaign reminiscent of the orchestrated Communist
propaganda efforts made on the behalf of the atomic spies,
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. In this context it is very important
that Angela Davis is an attractive, educated and gifted American
black girl. It takes little imagination to see her as a symbol
of racial and political suppression by the "capitalist" U.S.
Government and society.
2. The Soviet government press agency TASS issued a long
commentary on her case recently. She was described as a young
Communist and "courageous fighter for freedom." TASS said the
charges against her are groundless and that they come against
a background of hounding and intimidation of those who press
for social change. On 5 January 1971 TASS listed organs of the
Soviet press (Sovetska s Rossiya; Selskaya Zhizn; Komsomolskays
Pravda ' chorusing the hee of political and racial repression, as
opposed to legal procedings on criminal charges.
3. The Daily World, official paper of the Communist Party,
USA, proclaims that a "Free Angela Campaign sweeps Sovietland."
As illustration it reports that workers of the Moscow Tire Factory,
the Soviet Women's Coiamittee, the Soviet Teachers Union, students
of Patrice Lumumba University, the Pioneers and Komsomols are
all mounting a major campaign to free her. The paper's Moscow
correspondent, Mike Davidow, adds, "In the Tadzhik and Turkomen
republics, school children have written letters to President Nixon
and Governor Reagan demanding her freedom." Communist parties
and other organizations in Eastern Europe have also championed
her cause.
4. On 25 December 1970 a telegram was sent to President
Nixon by a group of 14 leading Soviet scientists, including Pytor
L. Kapitsa, dean of the Soviet physicists, Vladimir A. Englegardt,
a biochemist, Mikhail D. Millionshchikov, another prominent
physicist, and Igor Y. Tatum, still another physicist and winner
of a 1958 Nobel Prize, appealing to the President "to safeguard
the life of Angela Davis and give her an opportunity of continu-
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ing her scientific work." The U.S. Government responded two
days later by proposing that the group attend the forthcoming
trial as "observers." As of this writing, there is no Soviet
reply to the invitation.
5. Dr. Kapitsa and several of the others have protested
inside the Soviet Union against repression of (liberal-minded)
scientists and intellectuals. Last autumn Kapitsa joined an
unofficial committee of scientists and intellectuals devoted
to examining new scientific and political ideas, a group which
the authorities consider a forum for intellectual dissent. It
is apparent that the U.S. Government considers the appeal to
President Nixon to be an expression of genuine concern by a
group which may not have all available facts; hence the invitation
to come to the United States and observe the trial.
6. The Soviet government apparently thought so too. It
also appears that the Soviet government may have realized that
it might be losing control of its anti-U.S. campaign, and that
if any Russians were to attend the trial they should be politically
reliable. On 30 December the Novosti press agency announced
that an appeal had been sent to the White House by a 10-man
group of different composition, artists and intellectuals
headed by Dmitri Shostakovich. All members of this group
had been recipients of numerous Soviet awards and prizes.
No reference was made in the Novosti announcement to Dr.
Kapitsa's appeal. The tone of the second appeal was different:
it was far more polemical with such assertions as the one charging
that the Davis case "is only the latest link in the chain that
starts from the lynching of Molly Maguire trade union leaders,"
a secret workers' group active in the Pennsylvania anthracite
district about 1870. The announcement was reported in the U.S.
press; but the letter mentioned in the release was never sent to
the White House and therefore no response was made.
7. Worldwide orchestration of the Angela Davis case is well
under way. Members of Communist front women's groups and Communist
front trade unions have already delivered petitions on her behalf
in France, India, Ceylon and in many other countries.
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DATES WORTH NOTING
March 18 Paris 100th anniversary of Paris Commune,
18 March - 29 May 1871.
March 27 USSR Anniversary of Khrushchev's succession
to Soviet premiership in 1958,
consolidating his one-man control
of Party and State. (Removed
by coup 14 October 1964)
March 30 Moscow The 24th Congress of the Soviet
Communist Party, which was supposed
to meet in 1970.
April .3 USSR 18th anniversary of exposure of
Stalin's trumped-up "Doctor Plot,"
which had anti-Semitic overtones:
3 April 1953, one month after
Stalin's death, Pravda announced
the release of nin'ctors, six
of them Jewish, who had been
arrested for murdering Zhdanov and
Shcherbakov. Pravda admitted their
arrests were a 'miscarriage of
justice."
April 13 Japan 20th anniversary of Soviet-Japanese
non-aggression pact signed during
World War II and broken by Soviet
Union one week before the end of war,
8 August 1945, when Japan was on
the verge of surrender. It was
during the last week of war that
the Soviets captured the Kurile
Islands.
Aprill7 Yugoslavia Approximate target date for completion
and promulgation of constitutional?
amendments designed to reform federal-
local governmental structure and to
provide for an orderly (non-coup)
method of transferring executive
power. If Yugoslavia devises reason-
able formulae for dealing with these
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basic problems, it could add to
debate in the Soviet Bloc on these
issues: e.g., among the 1968 reforms
in Czechoslovakia under Dubcek was
an increase in local political
responsibility, which is now being
undone by the present regime; among
the effects of the recent Polish
workers' strikes was public acknowledge-
ment by Gierek that Poland needs
an orderly system of rotating leaders
in and out of power.
April 17-19 Cuba 10th anniversary of the Bay of Pigs.
April 19, a Cuban national holiday,
could be the occasion for anti-
American demonstrations in Cuba
and elsewhere in Latin America.
April 21-26 Salzburg Congress of European National Youth
Committees. Representatives from
Bloc youth groups and the Communist
international youth fronts are
expected to attend as observers.
The Congress may discuss, inter
alia, European Security and the
possibility of the European National
Youth Committees undertaking joint
programs with Bloc youth groups.
April 22 Sofia 10th Congress of the Bulgarian
Communist Party, billed by Party
leader Todor Zhivkov as one of the
most important events in the Party's
history. The agenda includes a
new constitution for Bulgaria and
the new Party Program. Zhivkov has
announced that the Party Program
(the first to be presented to a
BCP Congress) will provide for
"completing the construction of a
developed socialist society and for
creating the material and spiritual
prerequisites for a gradual transition
to communism." However, the BCP's
blueprint for the future of Bulgaria
may be overshadowed at the 10th
Congress by a rush to be first to
conform to the line and style of the
CPSU Congress which just precedes
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the Bulgarian Congress. The BCP Congress
was to be held last fall, but after
the CPSU Congress was postponed to
this spring the Bulgarians followed
suit. (Czechoslovakia is to hold
its Party Congress May 25, and East
Germany on June 14.)
April 30 Cambodia First anniversary of the entering of
U.S. forces into Cambodia (the
forces were withdrawn two months
later, on 30 June.) Because of the
Cambodian anniversary, plus May Day,
the first week in May could be the
occasion for anti-U.S. demonstrations.
(Some of the traditional Easter Week
marches could take place in early
May instead.)
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