[RESUME TAKEN FROM ARTICLES BY WHITTAKER CHAMBERS AND DEAN ACHESON, APRIL, 1956]

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80B01676R003600040069-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 13, 2002
• Sequence Number: 69
• Content Type: SUMMARY

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Resume taken from articles by Whittaker Chambers and Dean Acheson, April, 1956.
The key, as Chambers and Acheson see it, is the "New Look" in Soviet policy, based
upon an equally new theory "he that is not against us is for us"; which explains
why the Soviet offers loans and aid to carefully chosen target areas "with no
strings attached" and challenges us to do the same; because whatever we do brings
us no advantage, or even appreciation on the part of the recipient; obligates us
to make up deficiencies where such exist in our own or Soviet aid; and to give to
other territories with equal liberality in order to avoid playing favourites. We
thus find ourselves playing Uncle to the whole world, and obtaining no commitments
for what we do, but rather abuse and hatred for what, in their opinion, we have
failed to do. It is the old truism that to lend money you make an enemy, whereas
to refuse at the outset you can keep a friend - but on an International scale.
In conjunction with this memorandum you should not fail to read also an article
by Dean Acheson, U. S. News & World Report, June 13th issue, page 116.
Whittaker Chambers: "The liquidation of Stalinism opens an unparalleled struggle
for men's minds - Communists are realists - they will count on the long pull -
which will presently be intense in the minds of millions. The West will not hear,
let alone understand, this great drama of history that bears directly on its fate.
The West will have to match, from some depths within itself - the threat to it of
the great turn, the drama now playing out among its inveterate enemies.
"Communism has concluded that the power pattern has changed - that a definite
stage of history is ending and a new one is beginning: this calls for new tactics
in order for Communism to work successfully in it. New tactics whose end result,
if successful, would foreclose that stage of history in a world wholly Communist.
The new balance of forces was revealed in last year's (1955) Geneva Conferences.
"Geneva disclosed how little, vis-a-vis the Communist empire, the West had left
to bargain with. The West had nothing that the Communists wanted enough (short
of total or piecemeal submission), nothing they feared enough (short of total
atomic war). And total atomic war they knew they need not fear. (Because the
West has foolishly and repeatedly assured Russia - and the world - that we will
never resort to war unless first attacked.*)
"Western diplomacy found itself obliged to treat with Communism at a level no
higher that that of a family dealing with kidnappers for its stolen children. Yet
the meaning of this shift in power balance, which in history is of something the
same order as the sinking of land masses into the sea would be in nature, seemed
scarcely to dent the West's awareness. The Geneva Conferences dramatized that
the atom bomb is no longer the shield of the Free World. (The advantages at the
time of the Korean war had already been thrown away. *) Both sides possessed
retaliatory power deadly enough to make resort to atomic war mutually suicidal.
But behind the deadlocked weapons situation lay a political situation ultimately
much graver for the West. The key to this situation had been China. Wrote
Henry Adams in 1903 'My statesmanship is still all in China, where the last
struggle fcr power is to come. If Russia organizes China as an economical power,
the little drama of history will end in the overthrow of our clumsy Western
civilization - in that event, I allow until 1950 to run our race out'. (The
"Tanaka Memorial" of 1927, by Baron Tanaka to the Japanese Emperor, sought to
forestall such a development, by interposing a Japanese version of the same theory.
(
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(EXECLThR E FIEF
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To conquer Asia we must first conquer China; to conquer China we must first conquer
Manchuria; and if we can conquer Asia, we can conquer the world. The bone of con-
tention between Russia and Japan in the Russo-Japanese war of 1905 was Korea -
Port Arthur and part of Manchuria - the stepping stones to the attainment of
domination in Asia. Baron Tanaka looked further - to the world-dominating
potential of an organized and industrialized Asia, with its hordes of humanity
and wealth of raw materials. Henry Adams, and Homer Lea, saw the same vision -
"THE YELLOW PERIL". *)
"It was the fall of China that finally shifted the basic power balance in the
world - so gravely complicated the problems of the West. It is scarcely 35 years
since Russia convened the great 'Congress of Peoples of the East' - called on the
Far Eastern, Indian and Moslem masses to war against Imperialism. The incredible
shape of things to come was shadowed forth by a proclamation calling for a 'Holy
War under the banner of the Comintern'. They laboured to give force to Lenin's
strategy on the 'Colonial Question': its end purpose to strike at the West from
the rear, and by rousing Asia, Africa and Latin America, to add their force to
Communism, while depriving the West of overseas markets and sources of raw ma-
terials which are a foreign base of its economic life. The rise of the Soviet
Union as an industrial power, re-inforced by the production and scientific and
technological brains of half of Germany and all of Czechoslovakia, would enable
(them) to take the road into the Colonial markets, and initiate a trade competi-
tion which must necessarily have a political face. It could all be done, too,
wider the shield of the atomic bomb. . . .
"There must have come a moment when the keen eyes of Communism, ranging over the
West and non-Communist Asia, were caught by a stunning insight which may be sum-
med up in the phrase THOSE WHO ARE NOT AGAINST US, ARE FOR US - for Communism
the problem was how to convert the amorphous sentiments called 'Internationalism'
or 'Neutralism' (sic) from negative to positive forces; from forces merely divid-
ing the West's will to resist Communism into its marching allies. The answer was
to refine the cruder forms of Communist aggression - into subtler forms.
"Nikita S. Khrushchev keynoted this tactical shift - spelled out the steps of
the new tactic: 1. Peaceful coexistence; 2. Peaceful trade competition; etc. -
their core meaning - four words 'NO THIRD WORLD WAR.'
Khrushchev claimed that Communism now spoke for a majority of mankind, counting
on the Communist side, the friendly masses of India - Indonesia. Khrushchev
called for an active struggle against the war danger and militarism, for closer
relations with socialist countries, etc.
"President Harry Truman took the Communists over the brink. That spoiled the
game. The United States lost the Korean War because it was afraid of the threat
of a bigger war. The West was afraid. But the Communists must have been terri-
fied, and with much better reasons. The last thing in the world Communism could
want was world war. The West made a fool of itself in Korea, throwing away almost
at once, out of its fear of general war, what General MacArthur's strategy and the
courage of American men had won.
"The current Communist peace strategy is buying time for mainland China to emerge
as a new Communist industrial massif.
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"The whole world craves peace. Men and women simply look at their children and
grandchildren and think: It Must Not Be.
"Communism has not changed. Communist aggression against the West will not end.
New, subtler, massive forms whose disintegrating energies are beamed first at
specific soft spots around Communism's continental frontiers and far across them."
Dean Acheson: "The primary duty of any society is to survive. We still believe
in the orderly spread of democracy. We still believe in economic progress through
individual thrift. We believe that peace and disarmament will come through world
organization. Our lawyers talk about world peace through world law. The Russians
expect that by 1965 they will achieve military superiority over the United States.
That in 10 or 15 years they will equal the industrial production of the United
States. I believe that there is very little doubt that this will be the case -
if plans and actions are projected on their present design. Finally, they expect
at the end of this decade - unquestioned Russian hegemony in Asia and Africa -
they expect this change will produce such a loss of raw materials for the West,
and such a loss of markets that the whole balance of power will be completely
shifted in favour of the Soviet Union. They believe - that they are better
equipped than anybody in the West to deal with these peoples newly come to freedom-
that their authoritarian system is better adapted to guide them than ours. These
are not foolish expectations - if present courses are continued; they are most
reasonable.
"We have an idea that there will be friction between Russia and China - and out
of this friction we are going to be relieved. I see no basis at all - in fact I
see less possibility of friction between Russia and China than at this moment I
see between United States and its Allies. We have a belief that the Soviet
Administrative system will break down. This is pure folklore.
"What do the Communists mean by the words 'Peaceful Coexistence' and 'Status Quo' -
Peaceful Coexistence: protracted conflict. Status Quo: everything the Russians
have is theirs, and everything that you have is open to them to get. Status quo
means that the West cannot use force - the Communist Powers can use force - it is
an 'internal matter' whether it is Korea or Hungary or Indo-China. Every time we
use force it is an international matter, and this is wrong.
"The Russians are never going to rely upon foreign trade - they're not spread all
around the world - they're not trying to do good - no quart of milk for every
Hottentot.
"The first duty of society is to survive; it isn't to make the world safe for
democracy - to bring about the Kingdom of Heaven on earth - it's to survive -
that is the No. 1 necessity. In 15 years this world is going to be too dangerous
to live in. The great task is to convince the Russians - by brutal means, if
necessary - that their interest, and our interest are identical in the limitation
and control of armaments; (Why did we not do this once and for all during the
Korean War - we had the bomb, and they did not; God sent us an opportunity, which
will never again return, and the justification for its use, when the Chinese
entered Korea with Russian arms and backing. We had the opportunity, and the
weapon, and failed to strike the blow. *)
Remarks by author.
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"---if we go along exactly as we are doing now, they would reach their objective.
If we make a great effort of our own, then the whole thing may change. BUT WHERE
THIS EFFORT IS COMING FROM, I HESITATE TO SAY AT THE PRESENT TIME." (Then where
is the REMEDY. *)
Remarks by the author --
The conclusions drawn in the foregoing summary are substantially accurate, and the
men who drew them knowledgeable in their respective fields; the fatal deficiency,
however, is the failure to prescribe any positive policy whereby the Communist
tide may be rolled back within its own borders, and contained. They reject as
inadequate the policies now in force, and state quite plainly that Communism will
sweep over the entire world unless decisive measures are taken. SOMETHING must be
done. That SOMETHING is not defined; and in the meantime they have stated that
within its own borders Communism is not assailable, will not collapse as a result
of internal failure, and is not subject to erosion.
It should, by this time, be evident that we have not found the key to the problem,
and that time is running out for the West. "The American way of life" is not the
cure. Our conception of economic progress through individual thrift is not con-
vincing as compared with the Communist dish - the far more rapid process of
"Nationalization" and "Expropriation" of other peoplest property, as that which
is taking place in Cuba today, and which is proving to be a "best-seller" in the
backward countries. Expensive as it may have been, the aid of backward countries
does not, and will not meet the situation. Cream puffs, pop-guns, Cadillacs and
bubble-gum will not provide more than a temporary diversion, distributed among
the "upper crust" without providing any basis for the over-all improvement of
living standards amongst the lower classes. In due course the mass is stirred
by Communist propaganda, or by the will to a better existence, into an eruption
which will blow the top off the rickety farce democracies upon which we build our
defences. (Formosa, Indonesia, Korea - and even Japan), with the recurrent risk
of having these territories fall an immediate prey to Communist infiltration and
domination, and the Communists play for keeps.
Promises of aid calculated to improve and to raise the standards, and dangled at
the end of a 50-year rainbow are worse than useless; they want your wealth - they
want it immediately - and they want it for free; failing which they will play you
off against the Communists, leaving themselves entirely free, as they believe,
to play both sides against the middle (Neutralism) and pick the eventual winner
before the chips come down in the fina1 shake.
Anything approaching the fabulous wealth and prosperity of the West, and particu-
larly the United States, is for the backward peoples of Asia and Africa as remote,
impracticable and unattainable as would be the mass colonization of the Moon,
Venus and Mars.. If the birth-rate were retarded, or even stopped dead, it would
require from 25 to 50 years of concentrated effort to bring about such a trans-
formation - given all available aid from the West, under conditions of world
peace, and the indispensable requisite of self-help and "individual thrift";
and no one is prepared to wait for 25 years.
Assuming, then, that the fields are white already to the Communist harvest, and that
by half-measures in aid to backward peoples - with no strings attached - we are
carrying the burden of world welfare together with the sole liability for failure
anywhere, it should be manifest that we are simply feeding and nurturing from our
blood stream the cancer which, when it has grown, will eventually strangle us.
* Remarks byA 9 d For Release 2002/08/21 : CIA-RDP80B01676R003600040069-6
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WHAT THEN IS THE REMEDY - THE SOMETHING THAT MUST BE DONE?
To recapitulate:
1. Communism is not likely to fail within itself.
2. The West is not gaining, but losing - as matters now stand - and it would
appear that less than two decades will suffice to seal its fate.
3. China and Russia will not develop frictions which will relieve the West.
4. The Communist objectives have not changed, nor will they change. Their
objective is the destruction of the United States and all that it stands
for. "We will bury you".
5. Our present policies are not adequate, and no means, under the present rules,
are in sight to meet the threat and turn back the Communist attack.
6. We have lost the initiative to the Communists in the minds of the backward
peoples, and the nations who are finding their freedom from Colonial domina-
tion. They are slipping toward the Communist orbit.
7. What we now do involves us in an unlimited liability for the well-being of
the entire world, without any strings or obligations on the other side, and
without benefit to us in our struggle with Communism. We are blackmailed
into giving aid and comfort to potential enemies.
8? Much of our aid is actually a subsidy to Communism which relieves the
Russians from a burden which they could scarcely, under present conditions,
afford to carry. We thus relieve them of the liability.
9? The "status quo" and "peaceful coexistence" are terms which do not mean
what we think they mean - they tie our hands and leave the Communists
entirely free. They are devices which enable the cancer of Communism to
spread, whilst time is gained for the organization of the Yellow Giant
into an industrial power. The peoples of Africa and Asia are being
trained in the schools of Pekin and Moscow to return eventually to their
native lands as organizers for'Communism.
10,. The policies of Communism are aggressive - those of the West supinely passive
and defensive.
11. The West is spending much of its strength in the arms race, the missile race,
and world-wide aid; the "New Look" in Communist strategy precludes a third
world-war, and much of this effort is therefore thrown away - though still
essential to our safety. Time is of the essence - if it were but an in-
tensive effort toward a goal such as was the invasion of Hitler's Fortress
Europe, all might be well: but it is an effort without a goal - without an
objective - without even a determination how to use it, or to use it at all -
or even the threat to use it; because the West has repeatedly stated that
they will never be the aggressors, and the Soviet Union will see to it that
there will be no cause for nuclear war.
12. "If the trumpet giveth an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself for the
battle" and the West enters the lists saddled with the Ten Commandments bridled
with the Sermon on the Mount, and wielding the futile sword of Moral Force,
scorned by the Communist side. It should be abundantly evident WE MUST SCRAP
THE PRESENT RULE BOOK OR LOSE THE BALL GAME: WE MUST MEET THREAT WITH THREAT,
BLOW WII' p ~pjedF ~s~ Z l2~ ~1 - 36 0 06 }iY oyed..,
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The Remedy --
1. Break off all relations with Russia - and all her Satellites - and expel their
diplomatic representatives and all their citizens from our territory.
2. Serve notice here and now upon the Communist Bloc that we will suffer no
interference or encroachment within our spheres of influence, and that we
will take immediate and active measures to ensure that our decision is re-
spected; and that we are prepared to act on the instant and with whatever
force and weapons may be necessary, even to the extent of all-out war.
3. Serve notice on all the nations of the world that the United States will
recognize no neutrals - but only friends or foes - and that they must choose
now and declare themselves - the Communist doctrine in reverse - "Helwho is
not for us, is against us".
L. Give aid, armaments, weapons, financial facilities, preferential trade,
educational and cultural facilities to those who side with us, and place a
complete embargo on all who side against us, or who are unwilling to de-
clare themselves.
By so doing we would throw an intolerable burden of liability upon the Communist
Bloc, relieving ourselves at the same time of the burden of feeding those countries
who have drawn aid from us whilst flirting with the Communist side.
By so doing we would deny to the Communists freedom of entry and travel which they
now enjoy throughout the Free World, (whilst we on our part are excluded from any
contact or influence within the Iron Curtain countries.)
This is WAR on a different plane - but nonetheless war, and it should be recognized
as much. The Allies of the United States (France, Britain, Canada, etc.) might
protest, but in the face of a determined United States they would be compelled to
cooperate. Those who refused to comply would soon regret their decision, and the
door could be left open. The alternative would be their collapse - and they cannot
but know it.
The countries of Africa and Asia who voted for the Communist Bloc would find them-
selves marooned and cut off from the rest of the world - through breakdown of
communications, transportation, financial facilities and channels, and even the
bare necessities of everyday life.
The remedy is drastic - but so is war; and by action now it may be possible to
avoid the ultimate certainty of war - or the alternative of the destruction of
all that we hold dear both for ourselves and for our children.
Time is against us - the tides are against us - we must act now, or lose by default
and without the privilege of employing the expensive defences to which we are de-
voting such a great proportion of our wealth - our modern "Maginot Line" - as ex-
pensive and as futile as its name implies.
NOTE:
And what of the United Nations? Let it shift for itself; and if the Communists
are denied residential rights in the United States, or access through its terri-
tory, presumably they might find some inconvenience, which should disturb no one
but themselves: and in any event, what would United Nations do in event of an
all-out war?
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