CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR 1953-57

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79S01046A000600120008-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 118
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: March 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

ApPro chfgrsl l WIWO8 4 M Q4 6"A' 3O T I;-5
C COQ 3. ROLEUM PRODUCTS
- - - ------ ----
T JSSR
L
March 1960
TKI$ O o SHOULD NOT eU REPRODUCED IN
WHOLE OR IN PART V.`TT} ODUT THE PERNUSSION
-2-& -- C.ENTRAAi INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
CENT-RACNTEfLLIGENCE AGENCY
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lung n 2f~ I)- C.
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CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
IN THE USSR
1953-57
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CONTENTS
Page
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
B. Statement of Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
II. Consumption by Consuming Sector and by Type of
Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Inland Waterway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3- Oceangoing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Civil Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B . Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
D. Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
E. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1. Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4. Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5. Electric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6. Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing . . . . . . 31
III. Regional Distribution of Consumption . . . . . . . . . 39
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
B. By Consuming Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
a. Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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Page
b. Inland Waterway . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
42
c. Oceangoing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .
42
d. Motor . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
. .
42
e. Civil Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
43 t
2. Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
43
3. Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
44
4. Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
5. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
45
C. By Major Type of Product . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
54
1. Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
54
2. Kerosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .
55
3. Diesel Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
56
4. Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
57
5. Residual Fuel Oil . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. .
57
6. Road Oils and Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
58
D. Increased:Role of Eastern Regions . . . . . . . .
. .
76
IV. Prospects for Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
79
Appendixes
Appendix A. Supplementary Statistical Data . . . . . . .
. .
83
Appendix B. Methodology . . . . .
87
Appendix C. Selected Bibliography .. . . . . . . . . . .
.. .
105
Tables
1. Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Consuming Sector, 1953-57 ?
. ?
2
2. Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Type of Product, 1953-57
? ?
6
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region, 1953-57 . . . 8
4. Estimated Total Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Major Type of Product, 1965 . . . . . . 10
5. Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the
USSR, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in
the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1953 .......................... 33
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in
the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1954 .......................... 34
8. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in
the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1955 .......................... 35
9. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in
the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1956 .......................... 36
10. Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the
USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1957 .......................... 37
11. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by
Consuming Sector, 1953 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of
Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Economic Region
and by Consuming Sector, 195+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
13. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of
Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Economic Region
and by Consuming Sector, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . 51
14. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by
Consuming Sector, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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15. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by
Consuming Sector, 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
16. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline
in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
17. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Kerosine
in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
18. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel
Fuel in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
19. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants
in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
20. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual
Fuel Oil in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Con-
suming Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
21. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Road Oils
and Asphalts in the USSR, by Economic Region, 1953-57 . 75
22. Estimated Total Consumption of Petroleum Products in
the USSR, by Type of Product, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 81
23. Position of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Production of
Petroleum and Mineral Fuel in the USSR, 1957 and 1965 82
24. Estimated Quantities of Petroleum Products Available
for Consumption in the USSR, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . 84
25. Estimated Yield of Petroleum Products from the Refining
of Crude Oil in the USSR, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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Following Page
Figure 1. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 (Chart) . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Major Type of
Product, 1953-57 (Chart) . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 3. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consump-
tion of Petroleum Products in the USSR,
by Major Geographic Area, 1953 and 1957
(Chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 4. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consump-
tion of Petroleum Products in the USSR,
by Major Geographic Area and by Consuming
Sector, 1953 and 1957 (Chart) . . . . . . 8
Figure 5. USSR: Administrative Divisions and Eco- Inside
nomic Regions, January 1955 (Map) . . . . Back Cover
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CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
1953-57
Summary
The civil consumption of petroleum products* in the USSR in-
creased steadily from 40.1 million metric tons** in 1953 to 63.8
million tons in 1957. Annual increases during this period are
estimated to have averaged 12.3 percent compared with an average
annual increase in the US estimated at 3.7 percent. Because the
consumption of petroleum products by the military sector of the
Soviet economy apparently has increased still more rapidly, the
proportion of petroleum products accounted for by civil consump-
tion in the USSR has shown a marked decline, from 86.1 percent of
the total in 1953 to 81.8 percent in 1957.
Estimated civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR,
by consuming sector, during 1953-57, is summarized in Table 1***
and shown graphically in the chart, Figure 1.**** Consumption in
every sector increased in each of these years. Although consumption
by the chemical and coal industries remained constant, consumption
by the entire industrial sector of the Soviet economy registered a
substantial increase.
Consumption of petroleum products by rail transport in the USSR
reached 5 million tons in 1957, or twice the level of 1953. Con-
sumption by households also doubled during this period, sharing with
rail transport the highest rate of increase in consumption by the
civil economy. The consumption of diesel fuel by rail transport has
been increasing steadily and is estimated at more than 6 million tons
in 1965, or about one-half of such consumption by US railroads in
1956. Nevertheless, the increase in the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts by rail transport may not keep pace with the planned increases in
the total consumption of such products. Inland waterway, oceangoing,
* As used in this report, the term petroleum product refers to
a petroleum material which serves an end use without further refin-
ing.
** Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this report.
*** Table 1 follows on p. 2.
**** Following p. 2.
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
Consuming Sector
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Rail
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.8
5.0
Inland waterway
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
Oceangoing
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
Motor
6.8
8.2
9.5
10.9
12.6
Civil air
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
Total b
11.7
13.5
15.4
17.9
21.4
Agriculture
9.8
10.9
11.9
12.4
12.8
Household
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.4
Construction
Industry
5.6
6.5
7.3
8.3
9.3
Petroleum
2.7
3.0
3.6
4.3
5.0
Chemical
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Coal
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Steel
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.0
Electric power
5.6
6.4
6.9
7.6
8.2
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
Total
11.8
1
16.4
17.9
Grand total
40.1
45.8
51.3
57.0
63.8
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 6-through 10,
PP. 33 through 37, below. Estimates have been rounded to the
nearest hundred thousand. For a graphic representation of these
data, see Figure 1, following p. 2.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal
the sums of the rounded components.
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ESTIMATED CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY CONSUMING SECTOR, 1953-57
40
V
Q)
ZE
G
0
30
1954 1955 1956 1957
Figure 1
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and civil air transport do not consume significant quantities of
petroleum products, and no important change in this respect is antici-
pated.
Consumption of petroleum products by motor transport increased
at an average annual rate of 17 percent to reach a total of 12.6 mil-
lion tons in 1957. The gain above the level of 1953, 5.8 million
tons, represented the largest absolute increase registered in any sec-
tor of the civil economy. As a result of this sharp increase, motor
transport not only accounted for 20 percent of total civil consump-
tion of petroleum products but challenged the position of agriculture
as the leading civil consumer. Final figures for 1958 may show that
motor transport already has replaced agriculture as the leading con-
sumer in the civil economy. Long-range plans call for a rapid in-
crease in the volume of freight transported by diesel trucks during
the next 10 to 15 years. Nevertheless, certain limitations implicit
in these plans indicate that motor gasoline will remain the primary
source of power for Soviet motor transport.
Agriculture continued to be the leading civil consumer of petro-
leum products in the USSR, accounting for about 12.8 million tons in
1957. The relatively small increase of 3 million tons since 1953
resulted primarily from the wide-scale program of dieselization of
the tractor park and the inherently lower rates of consumption of
primary fuel per unit of output by diesel tractors compared with
other types. At the same time, there has been a reduction in the
consumption of kerosine by Soviet tractors. Available information
indicates a continuation of these trends. The consumption of kero-
sine by tractors in 1965 is expected to be reduced to about 1.4 mil-
lion tons, a decline of 64 percent from the level of 1955. Conversely,
the consumption of diesel fuel by agriculture is expected to increase
steadily and may reach about 23 million tons in 1965. The demand for
diesel fuel will increase still more rapidly, however, in other sec-
tors of the economy, particularly in motor transport.
The consumption of lamp and stove kerosine by the households of
the USSR in 1957 is estimated to have reached 2.4 million tons, or
twice the level of 1953. Inasmuch as production of kerosine is ex-
pected to increase and the demand for tractor kerosine to decline
sharply, the consumption of kerosine by households may reach about 4
million tons in 1960 and about 10 million tons in 1965. Plans to in-
crease deliveries of gas* to households, especially in urban areas,
* The term gas includes both natural gas and the gas produced from
shale and the underground gasification of coal.
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are not expected to have an appreciable effect on the domestic con-
sumption of kerosine by 1965.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction in the
USSR amounted to 9.3 million tons in 1957, an increase of about
66 percent since 1953. The principal products used in construction
are road oils and asphalts, and continued increases in the consump-
tion of these items are expected. In addition, construction accounted
for almost 21 percent of the civil consumption of diesel fuel in
1957. The demand for other types of fuel in construction is de-
clining, and requirements for tractor kerosine and ligroine have vir-
tually ceased.
The consumption of petroleum products in the USSR in the genera-
tion of electric power makes the electric power industry the leading
consumer of petroleum products in the entire industrial sector of
the Soviet economy. In 1957 the electric power industry accounted
for 16 percent of all the petroleum products consumed by the indus-
trial. sector. Although significant advances in the generation of
electric power are planned, there is to be no substantial change in
the generation of electric power by stations utilizing petroleum
fuels. It is possible, therefore, that there will be no correspond-
ing increase in the consumption of petroleum products by the electric
power industry. In a speech at the dedication of the hydroelectric
power station at Kuybyshev, Khrushchev called for an increase in
the rate of construction of thermal electric power stations, but de-
tails of the program have not been announced. Implementation of such
a program is certain to result in an increase in the consumption of
fuel by the electric power industry, principally in the consumption
of natural gas.
Throughout 1953-57 the petroleum industry ranked second only to
the electric power industry as an industrial consumer of petroleum
products in the USSR. Of the 5 million tons estimated to have been
consumed by this industry in 1957, about 56 percent of the total
represented residual :fuel oil consumed in refining crude oil. About
42 percent was consumed in drilling operations and producing crude
oil, which accounted for all of the gasol.ine, diesel fuel, lubricants,
and crude oil consumed by the industry. Consumption of petroleum
products in construction and repair of trunk oil and gas pipelines is
insignificant. A program for the conversion of refineries and field
equipment to gas has yet to be adopted nationally. The consumption
of petroleum products by the petroleum industry may reach 9 million
to 10 million tons in 1965?
Significant quantities of residual fuel oil are consumed by the
steel industry of the USSR in firing open-hearth furnaces, soaking
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pits, and reheating furnaces. The consumption of residual fuel oil
for these purposes is estimated to have reached 3 million tons in
1957 compared with 2.3 million tons in 1953. The use of residual
fael oil to fire steelmaking units, however, is less frequent than
the use of blast furnace and coke oven gas. A decision to increase
the consumption of residual fuel oil or to convert to the use of
natural gas probably will be made locally on the basis of available
supplies.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by the non-
ferrous metals and manufacturing industries of the USSR indicate a
steady increase during 1953-55, followed by a decline in 1956. The
apparent decline reflects the replacement of residual fuel oil as
an industrial fuel by gas. The trend is toward the increased use of
gas, in particular by machine-construction plants, although residual
fuel oil probably will retain its present relative importance.
Estimated civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR,
by type of product, during 1953-57 is summarized in Table 2* and
shown graphically in the chart, Figure 2.** Increases in the con-
sumption of all the products except tractor kerosine occurred in
each of these years. Available information indicates a continued
decline in the consumption of tractor kerosine at least through 1965.
Although the consumption of lamp and stove kerosine doubled between
1953 and 1957, the total consumption of kerosine declined from 5.8
million tons in 1953 to 5.4 million tons in 1957. The consumption
of ligroine remained negligible.
Particularly outstanding has been the very sharp increase in the
consumption of diesel fuel, which in 1957 amounted to about 16.3
million tons, or more than twice the level of 1953. During this
period, diesel fuel supplanted gasoline as the major distillate.*
In the US, on the other hand, gasoline always has been the principal
petroleum product. The USSR has declared its intention of introduc-
ing diesel equipment and engines into practically every phase of the
civil economy, especially in transportation and in agriculture, and
it is probable that diesel fuel will become increasingly more impor-
tant than gasoline.
The category of residuals and other petroleum products**** con-
tinued to rank first among the petroleum products consumed by the
Table 2 follows on p. 6.
Following p. 6.
The principal distillates are gasoline, ligroine, kerosine,
and diesel fuel.
**** Including residual fuel oil, road oils, asphalts, bitumen, and
bituminous tar.
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Type of Product
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
Type of Product 125_-;
1954
1-x.55
1956
1957
Aviation 0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
Motor 7.8
9.1
10.4
11.8
13.4
Total
.9
11.3
12.7
14 3
Lamp and stove 1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.4
Tractor 4.6
4.5
3.9
3.4
2.9
Total 8
5;4
5.4 J
Diesel fuel 7.9
9.8
12.2
14.2
16.3
Lubricants 2.0
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.0
Residuals and others 15.4
17.4
19.2
21.2
23.8
Crude oil consumed as a product 0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
Grand total 40.1
45.8
5
5 .0
6 8
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 6 through
10, pp. 33 through 37, below. Estimates have been rounded to
the nearest hundred thousand. The consumption of ligroine in
each of the years was negligible. For a graphic representation
of these data, see Figure 2, following p. 6.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always
equal. the sums of the rounded components.
c. 1.ncluding jet fuel consumed by civil air transport.
d. Including residual fuel oil, road oils, asphalts, bitumen,
and bituminous tar.
civil economy of the USSR. Consumption of such products in 1957 is
estimated at 23.8 million tons, or more than 37 percent of the total
civil consumption.
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Figure 2
ESTIMATED CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR TYPE OF PRODUCT, 1953-57
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
of hers
J~a~s
Res
40010
000
~Goso\`re
000
..~.-
Kerosine
5
Lubriccant5
? -- -- ?
Crude
oil consumed
as a product
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5
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The civil consumption of petroleum products within the 12 economic
regions* of the USSR during 1953-57 is summarized in Table 3** and
shown graphically in the charts, Figures 3 and 4.*** Consumption has
increased most rapidly in the eastern regions**** of the USSR, pri-
marily because of the new lands program and related activities. Con-
sumption in these regions is estimated to have increased at an average
annual rate of 16 percent, amounting in 1957 to 29 million tons, or
46 percent of total civil consumption.
Of the eastern regions of the USSR, those making the most impres-
sive gains have been Economic Regions IX (West Siberia), X (Kazakhstan
and Central Asia), XI (East Siberia), and XII (the Far East). The
consumption of petroleum products in these regions almost doubled in
4 years, amounting to about 15.6 million tons and representing more
than one-half of the total civil consumption in the eastern regions
in 1957. Meanwhile, the consumption of petroleum products in the
European USSR has increased 9.6 percent annually, reaching 34.6 mil-
lion tons in 1957.
Even greater than the increase in the consumption of-petroleum
products in the eastern regions has been the increase in production
of crude oil, primarily from the highly productive oilfields in Eco-
nomic Regions VI (Volga) and VIII (Urals), which was accompanied by
a shift in the center of refining from Regions IV (Southeast) and V
(Transcaucasus) to the eastern regions.
The shift in the centers of production and refining of crude oil
may help to solve several critical problems regarding the adequate
and timely supply of petroleum products to consumers. First, the
centers of production have been brought closer to the centers of
consumption, thus reducing significantly the distances over which
petroleum products must be hauled. Second, the petroleum industry
is in a better position to supply the rapidly increasing needs for
petroleum products in Economic Regions IX, X, XI, and XII, where
local production of crude oil is less than one-half of estimated re-
quirements. The solution to the resulting problem of supply is the
* The term economic region (or region) in this report refers to
the economic regions defined and numbered on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR:
Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955 (see
Figure 5, inside back cover).
Table 3 follows on p. 8.
Following p. 8.
As used in this report, the term eastern regions of the USSR
refers to the geographical area formed by Economic Regions VI VIII,
IX, X, XI, and XII. The remaining area is referred to as the western
regions.
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Economic Region
1953-57
Region
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
I
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.1
II
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
III
6.6
7.4
8.1
8.6
9.2
IV
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.6
V
3..8
4.3
4.6
5.1
5.5
vi
4.o
4.6
5.5
5.8
6.5
VII
7.0
7.9
8.4
8.8
10.0
viii
4.1
4.7
5.3
5.9
6.9
IX
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.6
X
3.7
4.5
5.7
7.1
8.1
XI
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
2.2
XII
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
Total c/ 40,1 45.8 51.3 57.0 63.8
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 11
through 15, pp. 49 through 53, below. For a graphic repre-
sentation of these data, see Figures 3 and 4, following p. 8.
1). Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55),
USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, Janu-
ary 1955,
c. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always
equal the sums of the rounded components.
construction of an oil pipeline network which will extend ultimately
to the Pacific Ocean. From the oilfields of Economic Regions VI and
VIII, this network will supply the eastern regions with both crude
oil and petroleum products. In connection with this project, a
large-scale program for constructing and expanding refineries in the
eastern regions is underway.
It is believed that the continued development of the new lands,
accompanied by the expansion of industrial and transport facilities
in the eastern regions of the USSR, may lead to a more equitable
distribution of petroleum products for civil consumption between the
eastern regions and the western regions by 1965 or possibly earlier.
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Million Metric Tons
27506 2-59
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ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AREA, 1953 and 1957
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Figure 4
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AREA AND BY CONSUMING SECTOR
1953 and 1957
m
30
Industry
20
1953 1957
1953 1957
1953 1957
1953 1957
EUROPEAN
USSR
CENTRAL ASIA
and
KAZAKHSTAN
SIBERIA
FAR EAST
Agriculture
Transport
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The development of the eastern regions is reflected again in the
distribution of petroleum products by consuming sector.* In 1957,
civil consumption of such products by agriculture in Region X, the
center of the new lands program, amounted to 2 million tons, an in-
crease of 135 percent compared with 1953. In the field of construc-
tion, consumption in Regions VIII, IX, and X amounted to about 3.5
million tons in 1957, an increase of 166 percent compared with 1953.
Industrial consumption of petroleum products is concentrated in the
relatively highly developed areas of Regions III (the Ukraine), V,
and VIII. These regions accounted for more than one-half of the
total consumption of petroleum products by industry in 1957. Under
the Seven Year Plan (1959-65), however, increased deliveries of gas
to the industrial centers of the USSR, particularly in Regions III
and V, may cause changes in this pattern by promoting conversion
from petroleum to gas. The primary industrial consumers of gas ap-
pear to be the electric power stations, heavy metallurgical enter-
prises, and, to a lesser extent, plants constructing machinery. The
substitution of gas in an industrial fuel for residual fuel oil at
these points may serve to reduce the share of petroleum products
consumed by industry in Regions III and V. Plans to supply gas to
Region VIII are in a state of flux. An unusually large deposit of
natural gas discovered late in 1957 near Bukhara, Uzbek SSR, in
Region X may become a principal source of gas for Region VIII, but
actual deliveries are unlikely before 1965.
Preliminary estimates of consumption, both civil and military,
of the principal types of petroleum products in the USSR in 1965 are
summarized in Table )+.** On the basis of these estimates and of the
probable impact of the rapidly expanding natural gas industry on the
consumption of petroleum products, increasing quantities of crude oil
and petroleum products will be available for export from the USSR
during the Seven Year Plan (1959-65).
Particularly significant will be the tremendous expansion of the
Soviet gas industry. In terms of standard fuel units (7)000 kilo-
calories per kilogram -- Kcal/kg), crude oil accounted for nearly
86 percent of Soviet production of petroleum*** in 1957 but is ex-
pected to supply only 64+ percent in 1965. Natural gas, however, which
accounted for only about 14 percent of Soviet production of petroleum
in 1957, is expected to provide nearly 36 percent of such production
in 1965.
See Tables 11 through 15, pp. 4+9 through 53, below.
Table 4+ follows on p. 10.
As used in this report, the term petroleum includes both crude
oil and natural gas.
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Table 4
Estimated Total Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Major Type of Product a/
1965
Type of Product
Gasoline
Kerosine
.Diesel fuel
Lubricants
Residuals and others
39.0
23.0
43.0
7.1
75.4
187.5
a. Including consumption by both the civil and military sec-
tors of the economy.
It is estimated that in 1965 the USSR will have available for ex-
port 45 million tons of crude oil equivalent compared with a total
supply estimated to be 246.5 million tons. Published trade agreements
for 1965 between the USSR and other countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
indicate a present intention to export about 20 million tons of
crude oil equivalent from the USSR to the Bloc, an amount which ap-
pears to be too small to meet requirements in the other Bloc countries
if their on industrial production plans are to be met. The residual,
25 million tons, will be available for export to the Free World,
principally to Western Europe, unless it is diverted to meet increased
intra-Bloc needs.
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A. General.
This report has three objectives: (1) to estimate the total
civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR and the distri-
bution of this consumption by economic sector and by economic region
during the years 1953-57; (2) to estimate the level of consumption of
selected major petroleum products in the USSR in 1965; and (3) to de-
scribe and analyze the more important trends in the consumption of
petroleum products.
The major sectors of civil consumption of petroleum products
discussed in this report are transport, agriculture, households, con-
struction, and industry. The major types of petroleum products dis-
cussed are gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuel, lubricants, residual
fuel oil, and road oils and asphalts. It has been possible to derive
estimates of consumption only for those petroleum products considered
to be of prime importance to each sector. Thus for many of the sec-
tors, such as the chemical industry, the annual totals given must be
considered minimal.
Because the primary purpose of this report has been to develop
estimates of civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR, only
passing attention has been given to the military sector of the economy.
Deducting estimated civil consumption, refinery losses, and stock
changes from the total supply of petroleum products in the USSR, how-
ever, yields a residual that may be regarded as an estimate of mili-
tary consumption of petroleum products. Such an estimate of military
consumption will necessarily differ significantly from more precise
estimates based on operational requirements of military equipment,
largely because the errors in derivation of estimates of civil con-
sumption are concentrated in the residual available for the military
sector.
Nevertheless, to complete the probable disposition of the total
supply of petroleum products in the USSR, these imprecise estimates of
military consumption of petroleum in the USSR during 1953 are pre-
sented in Table 5.* Also presented in Table 5 are estimates of the
total supply of petroleum products during these years as well as esti-
mates of the quantities of petroleum products lost in handling and in
transportation and of allocations to storage and state reserves.
During 1953-57, although consumption of petroleum products
by the civil sector of the economy increased at the average annual
* Table 5 follows on p. 12.
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Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Total net supply of petroleum
products J
51.2
54.6
63.9
74.3
84.8
Losses, storage increments,
and. freshening of state
reserves c/
4.6
4.9
5.8
5.9
6.8
Civil consumption
40.1
45.8
51.3
57.0
63.8
military consumption
6.5
6.6
6.8
11.4
14.2
a. Estimates have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand.
b. Data were compiled from Table 24, Appendix A, p. 84, below.
c. Calculated to be 9 percent of net supply during 1953-55 and
8 percent during 1956-57.
d. Residual, except 1954. The following qualifications to these
estimates must be made. First, for all years except 1954, as
noted below, estimates of military consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts were calculated simply as a residual and only to complete the
picture of the total disposition of petroleum products in the USSR.
Second, any errors present in the derivation of estimates for the
other categories present in this table reside in the military
estimate. For example, the estimates of civil consumption of
petroleum products are believed to be accurate within plus or
minus 10 percent, which for 1957 would yield a range of 57.4 mil-
lion tons to 70.2 million tons. Thus the military estimate for
this year would have a range of 7.8 million tons to 20.6 million
tons. The fallacy of acceptance of these residuals as correct
interpretations of the military consumption of petroleum products
in the USSR is further demonstrated by the residual derived for
1954. Calculated as a residual, the military consumption of
petroleum products in 1954 appears to have been 3.9 million tons.
When compared with the residual estimates of 6.5 million tons in
1953 and 6.8 million tons in 1955, however, a rationale cannot be
found to justify such an apparently abrupt decline in military
requirements. In order that the trend for this category for
1953-57 be smoothed out, a figure of 6.6 million tons has been
inserted for 1954, which represents an interpolation between the
preceding and succeeding years.
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rate of 12.3 percent, the proportion of the total supply of petroleum
products accounted for by civil consumption in the USSR showed a
marked decline, from 78 percent in 1953 to 75 percent in 1957. Thus
it is apparent that military consumption of petroleum products has in-
creased at a much faster rate during the same period of time. These
apparently higher rates of growth in consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts by the military sector of the Soviet economy are unlikely to be
maintained over a lengthy period of time. The gradual integration of
missiles and atomic-powered submarines and warships into the Soviet
military forces should be reflected in reduced requirements for petro-
leum products.
The estimates of civil consumption developed in this report
are substantiated in most cases by those available in Soviet open
sources: the range of error in individual years is believed to be
not more than plus or minus 10 percent. Because of the complex
methodology and the number of assumptions involved, derivation of
ranges of error for the remaining estimates was not considered feas-
ible.
B. Statement of Methodology.*
Most of the estimates are based on Soviet sources. In certain
instances, however, the lack of information necessitated the develop-
ment of data by means of subjective analysis.
With only two exceptions, estimates are given in terms of the
quantities of petroleum products consumed per unit of work or per unit
of output. Estimates of consumption of kerosine by households are
based on state and cooperative retail sales. Estimates of the con-
sumption of petroleum products** by the nonferrous metals and manu-
facturing industries in the years 1953 and 1955 represent the differ-
ence between total consumption and consumption by other consumers.
Estimates of consumption in the remaining years were calculated on the
basis of (1) the proportions obtaining in 1953 and 1954, (2) an index
of the demand for lubricants by the manufacturing industries, and
(3) information implying a decrease in consumption of residual fuel
oil in 1956 and 1957.
For further details, see the Methodology, Appendix B.
It is believed that the only petroleum products consumed in sig-
nificant quantities by the nonferrous metals and manufacturing indus-
tries of the USSR are residual fuel oil and lubricants.
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II. Consumption by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product.
Estimates of civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR,
by consuming sector and by type of product, are shown for each of
the years 1953-57 in Tables 6 through 10.* A description of the
methodology used to derive these estimates is given in Appendix B.
A. Transport.
The consumption of petroleum fuels by rail transport in
the USSR is limited primarily to residual fuel oil and diesel fuel,
although small amounts of oil shale mixed with coal are consumed in
the Estonian SSR in Region II (West). Lubricants consumed include
car axle oil, diesel lubricating oil, steam locomotive cylinder oil,
and steam locomotive grease.
The consumption of petroleum products by rail transport
increased to 5 million tons in 1957, or about twice the level achieved
in 1953, to share with households the highest rate of increase in
the consumption of petroleum products recorded by any of the consum-
ing sectors of the civil economy. Of the individual products, diesel
fuel has shown the sharpest gain since 1953, increasing by more than
270 percent to reach 0.8 million tons in 1957. The consumption of
residual fuel oil, which amounted to 3.9 million tons in 1957, has
shown the largest absolute increase, 1.8 million tons, since 1953.
The increment in the consumption of residual fuel oil, in turn, ac-
counted for about 75 percent of the increase in total consumption
of petroleum products by rail transport during the period under
study.
Most of the increase in consumption of petroleum products
by rail transport was experienced in 1956 and 1957. In these years,
consumption increased by 0.8 million tons and 1.2 million tons re-
spectively compared with a total increase of only 0.5 million tons
from 1953 to 1955. These increases in consumption reflect signifi-
cant advances in the volume of rail transport performed by loco-
motives consuming petroleum fuel, particularly in Economic Regions I
(the Northwest), VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia).
The increases in the consumption of diesel fuel result
from the general scheme of dieselization of the railroad system. As
yet, however, the consumption of diesel fuel by rail transport is
Tables 6 through 10 follow on pp. 33 through 37.
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relatively insignificant in the total civil consumption of diesel
fuel, accounting for about 5 percent in 1957. Compared with the
consumption of diesel fuel by US railroads, which reached more than
11.4 million tons in 1956, the consumption of diesel fuel by rail-
roads in the USSR in 1.960 has been forecast at 2.4 million tons.
The demand for diesel fuel in the USSR by rail transport may reach a
level of about 6 million tons by 1965, or about one-half of US con-
sumption in 1956.
The increased consumption of residual fuel oil probably
can be attributed to the apparent conversion of large numbers of
steam locomotives from coal to oil in the latter half of 1955 and
in 1956-57. Instead of reflecting current or anticipated shortages
of coal, these conversions probably indicate a greater supply of
residual fuel oil. The growing importance of rail transport as a
consumer of residual fuel oil is evident in its advance to the posi-
tion as the second leading civil consumer in 1956, replacing the
steel industry. Rail transport accounted for about 19 percent of the
civil consumption of residual fuel oil in 1956 and probably about
22 percent in. 1957.
The share of rail transport in the civil consumption of
petroleum products has shown only a minor advance, from slightly
more than 6 percent in 1953 to about 8 percent in 1957. In spite
of evidence of a continued gradual shift from solid fuels to liquid
fuels, it is probable that the increase in the consumption of petro-
leum products by rail transport will not keep pace with the planned
increases in the total consumption of such products.
2. Inland Waterway.
For the purposes of this report the consumption of petro-
leum products by inland waterway transport includes consumption by
all of those river steamship companies formerly subordinate to the
All Union Ministry of the River Fleet and now subordinate to the
Republic ministries of the river fleet; the Central Asiatic Steamship
Company, recently transferred to the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet;
and the Republic small river administrations. The noncommon carrier
river fleets of certain mining, timber, and other industrial enter-
prises are not included.
Estimates have been made for residual fuel oil, diesel
fuel, and lubricants. The consumption of gasoline by inland water-
way transport is insignificant and has been omitted. The estimates
represent the amounts of fuel and lubricants consumed in carrying
freight and passengers and in performing all other functions neces-
sary to maintain service afloat and ashore.
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During 1953-56 the consumption by inland waterway trans-
port showed a steady increase, with an average increment of 0.1 mil-
lion tons in each year. In 1957, consumption increased by about
0.3 million tons, or by 25 percent, to reach 1.5 million tons. Re-
sidual fuel oil, probably reflecting an increased supply of this fuel
locally, accounted for two-thirds of the increment.
At the end of World War II, inland waterway transport in
the USSR consisted largely of steam vessels burning residual fuel
oil, coal, or wood. Since that time an increasing emphasis has been
placed on dieselization. In 1950, 19 percent of inland waterway
transport was diesel-propelled; by 1960, 67-percent dieselization is
planned. The effects of the planned dieselization of inland waterway
transport are apparent in the period under study. Diesel fuel as a
share of the total consumption of petroleum products by the fleet in-
creased from about 19 percent in 1953 to more than 33 percent in 1957.
During this period the consumption of diesel fuel increased by 170 per-
cent, to about 0.5 million tons in 1957. Furthermore, diesel fuel
accounted for about 55 percent of the increase in consumption of petro-
leum products by inland waterway transport during 1953-57 compared with
about 1i5 percent attributable to residual fuel oil. Comparative gains
probably will continue to be recorded, possibly through 1965.
Residual fuel oil, which accounted for about 75 percent
of the total consumption of petroleum products by inland waterway
transport in 1953, accounted for less than 65 percent in 1957, in
spite of a concurrent estimated increase in the consumption of re-
sidual fuel oil of 36 percent, to about 1 million tons. Further de-
clines may be expected as the result of dieselization.
Under the Sixth Five Year Plan'(1956-60) the consumption
of diesel fuel by the river fleet was scheduled to increase about 2.3
times and the consumption of residual fuel oil, 0.7 times. Thus by
1960, inland waterway transport may consume about 1 million tons of
diesel fuel and about 1.3 million tons of residual fuel oil. Con-
versely, for the other types of fuel consumed by inland waterway
transport, coal is to maintain approximately the level of 1955, but
a significant decrease in consumption of wood is planned, to about
35 percent of the level of 1955.
The share of inland waterway transport in total civil
consumption of petroleum products showed only a very slight increase,
from 2.3 percent in 1953 to 2.4 percent in 1957. The significance of
inland waterway transport as a consumer of petroleum products is not
expected to be greatly altered in the long run.
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3. 0ceangoin .
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products in
the USSR by oceangoing transport include those estimates of consump-
tion by the organizations subordinate to the Ministry of the Maritime
Fleet, including all of the maritime steamship companies, and the
three companies operating on the Caspian Sea. Estimates have been
derived for those fuels and lubricants expended by oceangoing trans-
port in carrying cargo and passengers and by the service fleet and
shore installations in performing maintenance functions.
The consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport of the USSR increased to 1.2 million tons in 1957, an in-
crease of about 60 percent over the level that was recorded in 1953.
Yet as a share of the total civil consumption of petroleum products,
oceangoing transport remained at a constant level of about 2 percent
during 1953-57. Of the absolute increment of 450,000 tons during
this period, diesel fuel accounted for about 49 percent, and residual
fuel oil for about 40 percent. The consumption of diesel fuel in-
creased. at an average annual rate estimated at about 27 percent com-
pared with approximately 8 percent for residual fuel oil.
Evidence of the apparent shift to diesel fuel is the in-
creasing role attributed to diesel fuel in the total consumption of
petroleum products by oceangoing transport. In 1953, diesel fuel
accounted for slightly less than 19 percent of the petroleum fuels
and lubricants consumed. By 1957 the share had grown to about 30
percent. Thus, although the trend is more pronounced in the case
of inland waterway transport, there is also a definite trend toward
the dieselization of the maritime fleet. Although future increases
in the consumption of both diesel fuel and. residual fuel oil are
anticipated, it is probable that increases in the consumption of
residual fuel oil will be of lesser proportions.
The estimated consumption of petroleum products in the
USSR by motor transport represents the consumption of petroleum
products by vehicles subordinate to the Republic ministries of motor
transport, as well as by those motor vehicles in agriculture and in
industry. In addition, estimates of the consumption of petroleum
products by privately owned automobiles and motorcycles have been
included.
Of the individual sectors in the civil economy of the
USSR, motor transport has shown the largest absolute increase in
consumption of petroleum products since 1953 -- 5.8 million tons,
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achieved at an average annual rate of 17 percent -- to reach a total
of 12.6 million tons in 1957. This sharp increase served not only
to raise the share of motor transport in the total civil consumption
of petroleum products to 20 percent but also enabled motor transport
to challenge agriculture as the leading consumer. Final figures for
1957 may show that motor transport already has replaced agriculture
as the leading consumer.
Gasoline is the principal primary fuel used by motor
transport. The increase in consumption of gasoline by motor trans-
port to 11.6 million tons in 1957 represented more than 91 percent
of the total increase in consumption of petroleum products by motor
transport since 1953. In addition, motor transport accounted for
more than 86 percent of the total civil consumption of motor gaso-
line in 1957. The consumption of gasoline has kept pace with the
growth in the total consumption of petroleum products by motor trans-
port. Consequently, throughout the period 1953-57 the share of gaso-
line in total consumption has held constant at about 92 percent.
Of the several types of gasoline-consuming vehicles within
the motor vehicle park of the USSR, freight trucks account for the
preponderant share of the estimated consumption of gasoline. This
share ranged from more than 85 percent in 1953 to 81 percent in 1957.
The slight decline resulted from slight increases in the proportions
of privately owned vehicles (automobiles and motorcycles) and of
motor buses, which reached 10.3 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively,
in 1957. The remainder of consumption of gasoline in. each year has
been attributed to passenger and truck taxi.
The consumption of diesel fuel by motor transport in the
USSR increased to about 170,000 tons in 1957, a gain of about 120 per-
cent since 1953. Nevertheless, diesel fuel accounts for only about
1 percent of consumption of petroleum products by motor transport.
Plans covering the next 10 to 15 years call for a rapid advance in the
transport of freight by diesel-powered trucks. This rate of increase
will exceed by three times that of gasoline-powered trucks. It is
expected that increases in the consumption of diesel fuel will result
from the implementation of this plan, although dieselization of the
truck fleet will be limited primarily to those trucks with a carry-
ing capacity of more than 4 tons. Trucks with a capacity of 4 tons
will be equipped to operate on either motor gasoline or diesel fuel,
depending on supplies. Trucks below 4 tons and all passenger cars
will operate on motor gasoline. These plans indicate a continuation
of the predominant role of motor gasoline in powering'the motor
vehicles.
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Presently in use in the USSR are two types of motor
vehicles powered by diesel fuel, freight trucks and buses. In 1953,
freight trucks accounted for less than 79 percent of the diesel fuel
consumed by motor transport. By 1957 this share had increased to
about 88 percent.
Motor transport accounts for a considerable share of the
total civil consumption of lubricants in the USSR. In 1953, motor
transport accounted for about 450,000 tons of lubricants, or 22 per-
cent of the total consumed. In 1957, consumption of lubricants in-
creased to about 830,000 tons, or 28 percent of the total. As motor
transport assumes the position of leading consumer of petroleum
products, a comparable increase in the share of lubricants consumed
by motor transport may be anticipated.
5. Civil Air.
These estimates include the consumption of (a) aviation
gasoline by reciprocating engine aircraft of the DC-3 type (I1-h4,
Crate; I1-12, Coach; Li-2, Cab), (b) lubricating oil by such aircraft,
and (c) jet fuel (kerosine) by the Tu-104 (Camel) and Tu-101-A aircraft.
The consumption of lubricating oil by jet aircraft is considered to
be negligible and has not been included. Also considered negligible
and not included is the consumption of petroleum products by Special
Services and Polar Aviation Operations.
Civil air transport accounts for all of the civil consump-
tion of aviation gasoline, which increased, at an average annual rate
of about 7 percent since 1953 to reach about 0.9 million tons in 1957.
The civil consumption of jet fuel in the USSR first be-
came apparent in 1957, when civil air transport had in operation
about 30 jet aircraft. These aircraft consumed about 150,000 tons
of jet fuel, thus accounting for 15 percent of the consumption of
all petroleum products by civil air transport in 1957.
The development of jet propulsion portends a significant
change in the structure of consumption of aviation fuels. Soviet
planners have indicated, that this change will be evident particularly
in the pattern of the consumption of aviation fuels by civil air
transport. Although demand for aviation gasoline will increase some-
what, such gasoline will account for a smaller share of the fuels con-
sumed by civil aviation because of a considerably higher demand for
jet fuel.
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The increasingly important role to be played by jet air-
craft is not expected to alter significantly the minor role of civil
air transport in the consumption of petroleum products in the USSR.
In spite of the introduction of jet aircraft in 1957, the share of
civil air transport in the consumption of petroleum products de-
clined slightly compared with 1953. Although the increased use of
aircraft will serve to reverse this trend, the share of civil air
transport probably will remain at about 2 percent of the total civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR.
B. Agriculture.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by Soviet
agriculture represent consumption by agricultural tractors, by com-
bines, and by other types of agricultural machinery which use petro-
leum products. Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products
by trucks and automobiles of the agricultural sector are included in
the estimates derived for motor transport.
All tractor field work in the USSR is measured by a standard
accounting unit, the soft-plowing unit, into which all work is trans-
lated. Similarly, tractor utilization is measured by the average
number of soft-plowing units performed per 15-horsepower tractor unit,
and fuel consumption is given in terms of the average consumption (in
kilograms) per unit of tractor work for each type of work. A lack of
information precluded the derivation of precise estimates of consump-
tion according to type of tractor. Instead, an estimate was made of
the proportion of the Soviet tractor park consuming diesel fuel.
Evidence suggests that, for the purposes of this report, tractor
kerosine may be considered the primary fuel of tractors not consum-
ing diesel fuel. The quantities of gasoline and ligroine consumed
by the agricultural tractor park are believed to be negligible, par-
ticularly in the later years under study, and have been omitted.
All of the combines in use in the USSR consume gasoline as
a primary fuel. Productivity and consumption of fuel per hectare
varies according to the model of the combine. In recognition of
these fluctuations, use has been made of an average fuel consumption
factor in terms of kilograms per hectare of area harvested, which
was computed on the basis of the annual composition of the combine
park, the daily productivity of each combine model, and the consump-
tion of fuel per hectare by each model.
The consumption of petroleum products by other agricultural
machinery reflects the relationship between the total amount of
energy developed by tractors and combines and that developed by the
other agricultural machinery.
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Agriculture, the leading individual consumer during 1953-57,
showed. a total increase in consumption of only 3 million tons to
reach 12.8 million tons in 1957. The average annual rate of increase,
about 7 percent, is considerably below the estimated rate of increase
of 12.3 percent in the total civil consumption of petroleum products
in the USSR. Consequently, the share of agriculture in such consump-
tion declined from more than 24 percent; in 1953 to about 20 percent
in 1957 and may have dropped below that of motor transport in 1958.
The relatively slower rates of increase in the consumption
by agriculture result in general from the program of dieselization
of the agricultural tractor park. Of the several distinct advantages
that diesel tractors hold over others, probably the most important
is the lower rate of consumption of primary fuel per unit of output.
For the period 1953-57, it is estimated. that diesel tractors consumed
10 kilograms (kg) of fuel per soft-plowing unit, as compared with an
estimated consumption of more than 15 kg by nondiesel tractors. Thus,
in the performance of a comparable unit of output, the use of diesel
tractors would represent a saving in fuel of more than one-third.
The importance of this saving is readily apparent. In 1953,
diesel tractors accounted for 53.5 percent of all soft-plowing units
in the USSR. By 1957, this share had increased to 79.9 percent. If,
however, the share performed by diesel tractors had remained constant
throughout the period at 53.5 percent, the total primary fuel consump-
tion by tractors in 1957 would have exceeded the amount estimated for
that year by about 1 million tons, or by nearly 10 percent.
The dieselization of the agricultural tractor park has re-
sulted in significant changes in the types of petroleum products
consumed by Soviet agriculture. In 1953, consumption of tractor
kerosine amounted to 4.6 million tons, or about 47 percent of all
such products, and diesel fuel to 3.7 million tons, or only 38 per-
cent of the total. By 1957, however, consumption of diesel fuel by
agriculture had increased to 8.1 million tons, or more than 63 per-
cent of all the petroleum products consumed by agriculture. At the
same time, consumption of tractor kerosine declined to 2.9 million
tons, accounting for less than 23 percent of the total. Available
information indicates that the decline in the demand for tractor
kerosine by agriculture will continue at least through 1965. By
then, it has been reported that the demand. will have been reduced
to 37 percent of the 1955 level, thus suggesting a quantity of about
1.4 million tons.
Conversely, a continued rapid r:Lse in the consumption of
diesel fuel by Soviet agriculture is foreseen. On the basis of
available evidence, the consumption of diesel fuel by agriculture
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in 1965 may be estimated at about 23 million tons, or almost 3.7
times that in 1955. The fulfillment of plans for the introduction
of diesel equipment into other sectors of the economy, particularly
in transport, will serve to reduce the share of Soviet agriculture
in the total consumption of diesel fuel in the USSR. Of the total
military and civil demand for diesel fuel, the agricultural share
is expected to decline from about 47.0 percent in 1955 to 38.9 per-
cent in 1965. Meanwhile the share of transport is expected to in-
crease from about 8.3 percent in 1955 to 24.3 percent in 1965.
In addition to diesel fuel, the agricultural sector consumes
considerable quantities of gasoline and lubricants. Most of the
gasoline is used by combines, the remainder being consumed by other
types of agricultural machinery or as a starter fuel for diesel en-
gines. Although the consumption of gasoline in 1957 increased to
840,000 tons, a gain of about 15 percent since 1953, there has been
a decline since 1955.' The consumption of gasoline by agriculture in
1957 has been estimated at 93.3 percent of the 1955 level, although
the estimated number of hectares harvested by combines in 1957 rep-
resented an increase, if only minor, compared with 1955. The decrease
resulted from a reduction of about 10 percent in the quantity of pri-
mary fuel consumed per hectare of area harvested in 1956 and 1957.
In each of the years 1953-57, agriculture was the leading
individual consumer of lubricants. In 1953, agriculture accounted
for 730,000 tons of lubricants, or 36.5 percent of civil consumption.
In spite of an increase to 920,000 tons in 1957 the share of agri-
culture declined to 30.7 percent of civil consumption of lubricants.
This decline is attributable to the dieselization of the agricultural
tractor park, because diesel tractors consume a smaller proportion
of lubricants than do other tractors. Further declines may be ex-
pected, possibly through 1965, but these declines should not effect
the position of agriculture as the leading consumer of lubricants.
C. Households.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by Soviet
households have been limited to the consumption of lamp and stove
kerosine. The-consumption of other petroleum products, if any, is
believed to be negligible and has been omitted.
Household consumption of kerosine doubled during 1953-57 to
reach about 2.4 million tons. This rate of increase in consumption
is equaled by only one other consuming sector, motor transport.
During 1953-57 the consumption of kerosine increased at an average
annual rate of 18.9 percent, or close to the rate of increase of
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18.7 percent in consumption of illuminating* kerosine which was reported
under the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55). By years, a slightly higher
rate of increase in consumption. was achieved in 1956 and 1957. In
these years, consumption rose by an estimated 25 percent and 20 per--
cent, respectively.
The share of households in civil consumption of kerosine in-
creased steadily to about 44.4 percent of the total in 1957, reflect-
ing the increased supply of kerosine for households because of the
decline in the use of tractor kerosine.
There is little evidence with which to speculate on future
trends in consumption.of kerosine by Soviet households. These trends
will be influenced to a large extent by the degree of implementation
of plans to increases the delivery of electric power and gas to house-
holds. Electric power will play an important role in the more
remote areas. Conversely, the delivery of gas will be increased in
urban areas, particularly in the European USSR. In 1956, gas was
available for domestic use to 12 million people, or 13.8 percent of the
urban population of the USSR, and the number of apartments equipped to
use natural gas reached 1.3 million. Delivery to rural areas was in-
significant. At the end of 1958 the number of apartments using gas
exceeded 1.7 million, equivalent to a population of 15.5 million. By
1965, gas is to be supplied to 42 million people, and the total number
of apartments furnished with gas-burning stoves and hot water heaters
is to rise to 6.7 million. In addition, it has been reported that in
1965 about 13 million people in rural areas will be using gas, chiefly
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Thus, according to preliminary calcu-
lations as reported in Soviet source materials, in 1965 a total of
55 million people will be using gas in some form.
It is probable that kerosine will be replaced in certain areas
as a household fuel by gas. It is also probable that gas will re-
place other household fuels such as coal and fuelwood. The consump-
tion of lamp and stove kerosine per capita, in the USSR in 1956
averaged 10 kg, representing an increase of 35 percent above the
pre-World War II high of 7.4 kg per capita in 1940,** which in it-
self represented only a very small increase over the consumption of
6.5 kg of kerosine per capita in 1913. In, consideration of the
* In Soviet sources, mention is made of only two types of kerosine
These types are tractor kerosine and illuminating kerosine. It is
probable that illuminating kerosine, in addition to its primary pur-
pose, is used as a fuel for stoves.
** The slow rate of increase in consumption of kerosine for domestic
purposes before World War II can be attributed to (1) the extremely
high rates of increase in the demand for kerosine by the tractor park.
and (2) a reduction in production of crude oil at the Groznyy fields.
Both factors have led to a reduction in the quantities of kerosine
available to households.
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estimated increase in production of kerosine,* however, accompanied by
a sharp decline in the demand for tractor kerosine, it is believed that
the consumption of kerosine by households will continue to increase at
the rate exhibited during 1950-57. This rate of increase -- about 19
percent annually -- probably will be continued through 1960 and possi-
bly through 1965. The consumption of kerosine by households then would
reach about 4 million tons in 1960 and about 10 million tons in 1965.
D. Construction.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by con-
struction in the USSR include consumption by the construction equip-
ment park and by the construction materials industry. Also included
are estimates of consumption of road oils and asphalts, because all
of the production of these items in the USSR is believed to be used
in construction.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction in-
creased to 9.3 million tons in 1957, a gain of about 66 percent above
the level of 1953. The increase in consumption has been comparable
to that in the total civil consumption of petroleum products, and as
a consequence the share of construction in such consumption has re-
mained constant at about 1L percent. Construction was the third
leading civil consumer of petroleum products during 1954-57 and prob-
ably will retain this position.
Road oils and asphalts have accounted for most of the petro-
leum products used in Soviet construction, averaging about 60 percent
during 1953-57. In addition, these products accounted for more than
half the total increase in consumption of petroleum products in con-
struction during those years. The consumption of road oils and as-
phalts increased from about 3.5 million tons in 1953 to about 5.5 mil-
lion tons in 1957? On the basis of available information the consump-
tion of road oils and asphalts may reach 10 million tons in 1965.
Together with diesel fuel, road oils and asphalts accounted
for about 95 percent of the total consumption of petroleum products
in Soviet construction during each of the years 1953-57. The quan-
tity of diesel fuel so consumed in 1957 reached about 3.4 million
tons, an increase of about 90 percent compared with 1953 and more
than five times the quantity so consumed in 1950. In 1957, construc-
tion accounted for 20.9 percent of the total civil consumption of
diesel fuel, declining slightly from the level of 22.8 percent reg-
istered in 1953. The consumption of diesel fuel probably will con-
tinue to grow at the average annual rate of increase of 17.2 percent
which was exhibited during 1953-57. Continuation of this rate of in-
crease would indicate the consumption of approximately 5.5 million
tons of diesel fuel in construction in 1960.
* It has been estimated that production of kerosine in 1965 will be
2.4 times that in 1955.
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During 1953-57 the consumption of tractor kerosine and ligroine,
in construction virtually ceased. The consumption of kerosine reached
negligible proportions in 1956. The consumption of ligroine reached
negligible proportions in 1954, and the need for this type of tractor
fuel apparently was obviated in 1955.
The apparent need for gasoline in Soviet construction also
is declining. It is estimated that since World War II such consump-
tion reached a peak of 270,000 tons in 1.95+. The consumption of gaso-
line in 1957 is estimated at about 81 percent of the 195+ level. Fur-
ther declines probably will be recorded as gasoline is supplanted by
diesel fuel and electric power.
E. Industry.
1. Petroleum.
The petroleum industry in the USSR consumes a variety of
petroleum products in its crude oil drilling and producing operations
in the refining of crude oil, and in the construction and repair of
trunk* oil and gas pipelines.** Among these products are gasoline,
diesel fuel, lubricants, residual fuel oil, bitumen, bituminous tar,
and ligroine. The petroleum industry also consumes as a petroleum
product about 1 percent of the indigenous production of crude oil.
Of the individual branches of Soviet industry, the petro-
leum industry held second place behind the electric power industry
as an industrial consumer of petroleum products during 1953-57. The
share of the petroleum industry in total civil consumption of petro-
leum products advanced from about 7 percent in 1953 to about 8 per-
cent in 1957.
The rate of increase in consumption of petroleum products
by the Soviet petroleum industry has approximated the increase in
production of crude oil. It has been estimated that, during 1953-57,
about 5 kg of petroleum products were needed to drill for, to produce,
and to refine 1 ton of crude oil.
* That pipeline in a system of pipelines which performs the central
delivery.
** Although responsibility for the construction of crude oil, petro-
leum product, and gas pipelines was transferred from the Ministry of
the Petroleum Industry, USSR, to the Main Administration for the Gas
Industry, attached to the Council of Ministers, USSR (Glavnoye
Upravleniye Gazovoy Promyshlennosti pr:i Sovete Ministrov SSSR --
Glavgaz, USSR) in July 1957, for the purposes of this study, the con-
sumption of petroleum products in the construction and repair of trunk
pipelines during the whole of 1957 is attributed to the petroleum in-
dustry.
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Inasmuch as production of crude oil increased by more
than 85 percent over that in 1953, the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts by the petroleum industry in 1957 is estimated at 5 million tons.
The principal item consumed was residual fuel oil, which accounted for
more than 60 percent of the total in each year. Crude oil accounted
for nearly 20 percent annually and diesel fuel for about 12 percent.
The remainder is attributed to gasoline, lubricants, bitumen, bitu-
minous tar, and ligroine.
The consumption of the individual petroleum products by
the petroleum industry is peculiar to the type of operation per-
formed. Crude oil drilling and producing operations account for all
of the consumption of gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants, crude oil,
and about 9 percent of the annual consumption of residual fuel oil.
All of the remaining residual fuel oil is consumed by the crude oil
refineries. In 1957 the crude oil drilling and producing operations
accounted for about 42 percent of total consumption by the petroleum
industry, and the consumption of residual fuel oil in the process of
refining of the crude oil reached about 56 percent of the total for
all petroleum products, with the remainder directed to the pipeline
construction program. The pipeline construction program in 1957
consumed only 66,000 tons of bitumen and bituminous tar and negli-
gible amounts of ligroine, accounting. for about 1 percent of all
petroleum products consumed by the petroleum industry.
An analysis of available information indicates that a re-
duction in the consumption of petroleum products in terms of produc-
tion of 1 ton of crude oil is to be expected. Probably most of this
reduction will occur during the process of refining, inasmuch as a
number of crude oil refineries are scheduled to convert from the
burning of residual fuel oil to the burning of natural gas. For
example, it has been reported that most of the Baku refineries have
already converted to gas. Wider use of available resources of gas
in the field by the petroleum industry is also contemplated.* It
is also probable, however, that the effect of the planned converpions
will not be readily apparent for several years. As late as 1956,
none of the field equipment of the industry had been converted to
gas as yet. Therefore, with production planned at about 140 million
tons of crude oil in 1960, the consumption of petroleum products by
the petroleum industry in that year may be estimated at 7 million
tons. Production of crude oil in 1965 is scheduled to reach 24-0 mil-
lion tons. The consumption of petroleum products by the industry in
1965 may range between 9 million and 10 million tons.
* According to the plan for 1957 the consumption of gas by the oil
and gas industries of the USSR was to reach 22.1 percent of the total
civil consumption of gas.
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2. Chemical.
The chemical industry of the USSR uses petroleum, products
in process heating in the manufacture of soda ash and caustic soda
and as a raw material in production of synthetic rubber, tires, and
carbon black.
Residual fuel oil is used in certain chemical plants in
the calcination of sodium bicarbonate to produce soda ash and to
raise the steam required in production of caustic soda. Rubrax, a
petroleum alkaline bitumen, is used as a softening agent in produc-
tion of tires and rubber technical articles. Green oil, a heavy
distillate oil, finds application in production of certain types
of carbon blacks produced by burning liquid hydrocarbons in the
presence of an insufficient amount of air.
The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the
chemical industry are negligible. By :L9557 there had been an in-
crease of 20 percent compared with 1953, but the total amount
so consumed was only 2+0,000 tons.
In each of the years 1953-57, residual fuel oil accounted
for approximately 50 to 55 percent of the petroleum products consumed
by the chemical industry, followed by green oil, which accounted for
about 35 to 40 percent. Rubrax accounted for the remainder.
Next to the coal industry the chemical industry is the
smallest civil consumer of petroleum products in the USSR. The
share of the chemical industry in the total civil consumption of
petroleum products declined from about 0.5 percent in 1953 to less
than 0.4 percent in 1957. With the anticipated development of a
large petrochemical industry, the chemical industry is expected to
consume much larger quantities of petroleum products. It is unlikely,
however, that these quantities will be sufficient to make the indus-
try a significant consumer of petroleum products.
The coal industry is the smallest civil consumer of petro-
leum products in the USSR. The consumption of such products by the
industry increased from 170,000 tons in 1953 to 230,000 tons in 1957.
The consumption of petroleum products by the coal indus-
try is limited to those amounts of diesel fuel consumed in the flota-
tion process, to lubricants consumed by surface and underground
mining equipment, and to fuel and lubricants expended by the motor
vehicle park of the industry. The estimates involving motor vehicles
are included in the estimates derived for motor transport.*
II, A, V,-p. 18, above.
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The quantities of diesel fuel consumed in the flotation
process are insignificant, ranging from 25,000 tons in 1953 to -7,000
tons in 1957. Lubricants consumed by the wide variety of mining equip-
ment -- among which are included tunneling combines, drills, excavators,
and conveyors -- accounted for about 80 percent of the petroleum
products consumed in each year. Lubricants also accounted for two-
thirds of the increment in the consumption of such products by the
coal industry during 1953-57. The consumption of lubricants by the
industry in 1957 is estimated at 180,000 tons.
Like the chemical industry, the coal industry has ac-
counted for a decreasing share of the civil consumption of petroleum
products since 1953. Although it is doubtful that these declines
will continue indefinitely, there is little evidence to indicate the
likelihood of any substantial relative increase in the consumption of
petroleum products by the coal industry.
It is believed that the steel industry of the USSR con-
sumes substantial quantities of residual fuel oil, lubricants, motor
gasoline, and diesel fuel. Except for residual fuel oil, these prod-
ucts are used in the performance of transport services and therefore
are included in those estimates derived for motor transport.*
The major use of residual fuel oil in the steel industry
is for firing open-hearth furnaces, soaking pits, and reheating fur-
naces. The consumption of residual fuel oil for these purposes has
risen from about 2.3 million tons in 1953 to about 3 million tons
in 1957. During these years, however, the share of the steel indus-
try in the total consumption of residual fuel oil declined from
19.5 percent of the total in 1953 to about 16.6 percent in 1957.
Similarly, the share of the industry in the total civil consumption
of petroleum products declined from about 6 percent in 1953 to
slightly less than 5 percent in 1957.
The use of residual fuel oil to fire steelmaking units
in the USSR is decidedly secondary to the use of blast furnace and
coke oven gas, and this situation is not likely to change greatly
within the next few years. The planned conversion of a number of
open-hearth furnaces to natural gas will serve to offset, at least
in part, any increased use of residual fuel oil. It is probable
that the conversion to natural gas or the increased use of residual
fuel oil will occur only on a regional basis and will be dictated
by considerations of supply.
* II, A, , p. 18, above.
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5. Electric Power.
Significant quantities of gasoline, diesel fuel, and
residual fuel oil are consumed in the USSR in the generation of
electric power. Residual fuel oil probably constitutes virtually
the entire supply of petroleum fuels consumed by the thermal elec-
tric power stations under the authority of the Ministry of Electric
Power Stations, USSR. These plants usually have a capacity of 6
megawatts or more. Diesel fuel and other internal combustion engine
fuels are used only in installations with a relatively small capac-
ity which are not under the Ministry of Electric Power Stations.
Soviet consumption of petroleum products in the genera-
tion of electric power increased from about 5.6 million tons in
1953 to about 8.2 million tons in 1957, an average annual gain of
10 percent. These totals place the electric power industry as the
leading consumer of petroleum products in the industrial sector.
In each of the years 1953-57, the electric power industry accounted
for about 46 percent of the total consumption of petroleum products
by the industrial sector.
Consumption of petroleum products by the electric power
industry represented about 13 ;percent of total civil consumption in
1957.
In relation to other consumers of petroleum products in
the civil economy, the electric power industry holds fourth place
and is expected to remain in this position.
The electric power industry is a major consumer of residual
fuel oil in the USSR. In each of the years 1953-57, approximately
30 percent of the civil consumption of residual fuel oil has been in
the generation of electric power. At the same time the consumption
of this product by the electric power industry increased from about
3.7 million tons in 1953 to about 5.4 million tons in 1957, account-
ing for about two-thirds of all the petroleum products consumed by
the industry.
Considerable quantities of diesel fuel are also consumed
by the electric power industry in the USSR. These quantities ranged
from about 1.5 million tons in 1953 to about 2.3 million tons in
1957, representing about 19 percent and l4- percent, respectively, of
the civil consumption of diesel fuel. This rather sharp decline may
be attributed to the more rapid increases in the consumption of diesel
fuel by other sectors of the economy.
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Gasoline is of relatively minor importance of the electric
power industry of the USSR. In 1957, consumption amounted to about
490,000 tons, a gain of 32 percent compared with 1953. Nevertheless,
gasoline represented less than 6 percent of the petroleum products
consumed in 1957 by the industry.
The consumption of lubricants by the electric power indus-
try of the USSR is negligible. The estimates, which have been based
on analogy with US practice, amount to only 1,000 tons in each of the
years 1953-57.
Significant increases in Soviet production of electric
power are expected. At present, goals are. believed to be as follows:
1960, 300 billion kilowatt-hours (kwh); 1965, 500 billion kwh; and
1972, 900 billion kwh, Relative increases in the consumption of petro-
leum products by the electric power industry are unlikely, because the
amount of electric power to be generated by stations using petroleum
products is not to change substantially. Production of electric power
by stations using residual fuel oil in 1972 probably will amount to
about 9 billion kwh compared with 8.8 billion kwh generated by such
stations in 1955. The generation of electric power by stations using
other petroleum products is scheduled to increase from 6.5 billion kwh
in 1955 to about 9 billion kwh in 1972, but because of probable reduc-
tions in the consumption of fuel per unit of output, significant in-
creases in the consumption of these fuels by the industry are not
anticipated. Details for implementing Khrushchev's speech at the
dedication of the Kuybyshev hydroelectric power station, in which he
called for a speed-up in the construction of thermal electric power
stations, have not been announced. The implementation of this pro-
gram will require an increase in the consumption of fuel by the
electric power industry. Much of this increase probably will be pro-
vided by natural gas and residual fuel oil.
It is believed that the consumption of petroleum products
by the electric power industry in the USSR in 1965 may be double the
levels that have been estimated for 1957.
6. Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
There is little information to indicate the volume of
petroleum products consumed by either the nonferrous metals or manu-
facturing industries in the USSR. For certain phases of the Soviet
economy in which practices are comparable to those in the USSR, fairly
reliable estimates of the consumption of petroleum products can be
derived by analogy. With regard to the nonferrous metals industry,
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however, the absence of estimates of Soviet production of the indi-
vidual metals precludes such a comparison. Conversely, for the manu-
facturing industries, usable data on the consumption of petroleum
products by comparable US industries are not available.
It is believed that the only petroleum products consumed
in any significant quantity by the manufacturing industries of the
USSR are lubricants and residual fuel oil. Although the nonferrous
metals industry of the USSR probably consumes quantities of several
petroleum products in the performance of various operations, such
as the exploitation of mining equipment, the principal share would be
consumed in transportation. Estimates of consumption in transporta-
tion are included bydefinition in those estimates for motor trans-
port.* Therefore, the only estimates of consumption that have been
derived for the manufacturing and nonferrous metals industries are
those involving lubricants and. residual fuel.
These estimates for lubricants and residual fuel, indicate
that consumption of petroleum products by the nonferrous metals and
manufacturing industries in the USSR increased from 900,000 tons in
1953 to a maximum of 1.4 million tons in 1955 but declined to 1.2 mil-
lion tons in 1956. In the absence of data to the contrary, it is as-
sumed that consumptiDn in 1957.remained at the level of 1956. Such
levels of consumption represented insignificant portions of the total
civil consumption of petroleum products, averaging about 2 percent in
each year.
The apparent decline in the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts in the USSR reflects the replacement of residual fuel oil as an
industrial fuel by gas. Estimated consumption of residual fuel oil
had increased from 7)0,000 tons in 1953 to 1.2 million tons in 1955
but declined sharply to 900,000 tons in 1956. Although further de-
clines of 25 percent are unlikely, the use of gas is increasing, es-
pecially in the manufacturing industries. In information supplied to
the.Economic Commiss:Lon for Europe, the USSR indicated plans for a
sharp increase in this allocation of gas to machine-construction plants.
In 1960 the consumption of gas in machine construction is scheduled to
reach 6.1 billion cubic meters, or nearly 12 times the level of 1956,
and to account for about 10 percent of total consumption of gas.
The consumption of lubricants by the nonferrous metals and
manufacturing industries of the USSR has increased from 200,000 tons in
1953 to 300,000 tons in 1957, accounting for an average of 10 percent
of annual civil consumption. It has been reported that by 1965 the
consumption of lubricants by the entire industrial sector will account
for 53.3 percent of the total consumption. of lubricants in the USSR.
Perhaps as much as one-half of this quantity may be directed to the
nonferrous metals anc. manufacturing industries.**
See II, A, 4, p. 1.8, above.
Text continued on p. 39.
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Table 6
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product 2j'
1953
Inland
Ocean-
Civil
Agri-
House-
Construe-
Petro-
C
l
St
el
Electric
Power
Nonferrous
Metals and
Manufacturing
Total
wa
W
t
in
Motor
Air
culture
hold
tion
lens
Chemical
oa
e
Type of Product
Rail
er
a
Gasoline
0
0
0
680
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
680
800
Aviation
0
1 -__
oar,
?
o
05
0
0
N.A.
370
J
7,
6
o
0
N.A.
3 o
8,500
Total b/
0
0
0
6,300
680
730
0
0
2
22
Ligroine
0
0
0
0
0
c/
0
4
/
n
o
0
0
0
4
d stove
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J
1,200
4,600
Lamp an
Tractor
0
0
0
0
0
4,600
o
8
o
o
0
0
0
9.
5,800
2
2
0
2
2
L
1,200
2
220
180
140
76
0
3,700
0
1,800
310
0
25
N.A.
1,500
LI
200
7,900
000
2
Diesel fuel
Lubricants
200
60
75
450
4
730
0
96
50
N.A.
140
N.A.
1
,
Residuals and others
00
00
700
11
Boo
Residual fuel oil 2,100
700
530
0
0
0
0
0
1,700
99
0
0
0
2,3
0
3,7
0
0
,
3,500
Road oils and asphalts 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,500
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
Bitumen and bituminous tar 0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
14
~,r~ 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
85
Green oil 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
00
200
0
2
300
3,700
Z
15,E
Total 2,109
70
530
0
o
2
0
3,500
1,7
,
Crude oil consumed as a
product
Grand total / "
94?
=
l
56oo
2.700
LL
170
?a3om0
0
9 ~?
!W-00
f 10 million or
h
ose o
000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and t
those of 10
t di
it
,
g
;
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in .1 significan
more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Un~wn.
d. Negligible.
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Table 7
.Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product
1954
Type of Product
Rail
Inland
Waterway
Ocean-
going
Motor
Civil
Air
Agri-
lt
House-
h
Constroc-
Petro-
Electric
Nonferrous
Metals and
--
__
u
ur
c e
old
tlon
laud
Chemical
Coal
Steel
Power
Manuf
t
i
ac
ur
ng
Total
Aviation
Motor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,600
770
0
0
780
0
0
0
270
0
110
0
0
0
0
0
N. A.
0
402
0
770
9
Total
0
0
0
7,600
X70
0
270
110
0
0
N
4
,
.A.
00
/
91900
Liosine
Kerosine
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
/
df
0
0
0
0
0
A/
Lamp and stove
Tractor
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
4,500
0
6
0
o
0
0
0
0
1,400
4,500
0
2
2
2
2
4,500
1.400
2
2
2
2
2
cI
51900
Diesel fuel
Lubricants
280
230
0
17
96
0
4,800
0
2,100
350
0
31
N
A
1
700
Residuals and others
200
Rr
/
--
110
57
N.A.
150
.
.
N.A.
,
1
c/
200
9,800
2,200
Residual fuel ou
Road oils and asphalts
2,200
0
,20
0
580
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,900
110
0
2,500
4,300
1
000
300
3
1
Bitumen and bituminous tar
0
0
0
0
0
4,000
0
0
0
0
0
,
0
,
4
000
Rubrax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
0
0
0
0
0
,
23
Green oil
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
15
T
0
0
0
85
0
0
0
0
85
otal J
L
720
580
2
2
0
0
41000
1,900
210
0
2,500
4,300
11000
17,400
Crude oil consumed as a
product
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
590
0
0
0
G
d t
t
l
0
0
590
ran
o
a
2,700
1,000
840
8;200
770
10
900
1
40
6
500
4
,
0
,
3,000
jL0
180
Soo
6,400
1,200
4.5,800
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million in 2 signifies
more, in 3 significant digits. , nt digits; and those of 10 million or
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
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Table 8
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product
1955
Nonferrous
Inland Ocean- Civil Agri- House- Construe- Petro- Electric Metals and ~J
Type of Product Rail Waterway going motor Air culture hold tion leum Chemical Coal Steel Power Manufacturing Total J
Gasoline
0 0 0 0 830 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 830
Aviation 0 260 130 0 0 N.A. 430 J 10,400
Motor 0 0 0 8,700 0 900
Total J o 0 0 8,700 830 900 0 260 jLO 0 o N.A. 430 J 11,300
Ligroine 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 J 0 0 0 0 0 J
Kerosine
0 0 0 1,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,600
Lamp and stove 0 0 0
Tractor 0 0 0 0 0 3,900 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 c 3,900
0 0 0 0 0 X900 1,600 4 0 0 0 0 0 J 51500
Total J "~
460 300 240 110 0 6,300 0 2,400 420 0 36 N.A. 1,900 -1/ 12,200
Diesel fuel
Lubricants 230 68 100 620 5 870 0 130 68 N.A. 160 N.A. 1 200 2,400
Residuals and others
Residual fuel oil 2,400 750 630 0 0 0 0 0 2,300 110 0 2,700 4,600 1,200 14,600
Road oils and asphalts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 500
42
Bitumen and bituminous tar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 42
Rubrax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 85
Green oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 0 0 0
Total 61 2400 750 630 0 0 0 0 4,500 2,300 220 0 2,700 4,600 1,200 19,200
Crude oil consumed as a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 710 0 0 0 0 0 710
product
Grand total J 3r000 1100 970 9 500 830 11,900 1 00 7,300 3,600 220 200 2 700 6,900 1, 3-00
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit, those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Unlmown.
d. Negligible.
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Table 9
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Prodiets It he TT
u in Uuc USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product
1956
Type of Product
Rail
Inland
Waterway
Ocean-
coins
rs,r..r
Civil
na,.
A
Agri-
..,na
House-
Construe-
..
Petro-
_
_
Electric
Nonferrous
Metals and
Aviation
Motor
0
0
0
0
840
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,100
0
890
0
250
150
0
0
N.A.
460
0
840
11,800
0
0
0
10,100
840
890
0
250
9
0
0
N.A.
460
12,700
Ligroine
Kerosine
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Lamp and and stove
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,000
3, 400
Total J
o
0
0
0
0
3,400
2,000
G
G
o
o
G
o
J
5,400
Mewl fuel
580
370
300
140
0
7.200
0
o_mn
500
0
i.,
240
72
120
720
5
900
0
- --
1
X
~
N.A.
2,1w
c
14,200
Residuals and others
50
80
N.A.
0
170
N.A.
1
300
2,800
Residual fuel oil
Road oils and asphalts
3,000
0
750
0
690
0
0
0
0
0
2,700
120
0
2,900
5,000
900
16
000
Bitumen and bitun nous tar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,000
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
,
5,000
Rubrax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
47
Green oil
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
19
T
t
0
5
0
0
0
0
85
o
al J
3,000
2
0
0
0
0
000
5,
2,700
230
2
2,900.
5,000
2
21,200
product
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
840
0
0
0
0
0
840
Grand total m_ 1,200 100 10,900 840 12,400 2,00 8.300 4,300 100 2 0 >7.? 1,200 n7Goo
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 mil-lion, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
C. llnlmrnm.
d. Negligible.
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Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product a/
1957
Nonferrous
Inland Ocean- Civil Agri- House- Construe- Petro- Electric Metals and
Type of Product Rail Waterway golng Motor Air culture hold tion leum Chemical Coal Steel Power Manufacturing Total
Aviation
Motor
Ligroine
Kerosine
o 0 0 0 890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 890
0 0 0 11,600 0 840 0 220 180 0 0 N.A. 490 cJ 13,400
2 2 2 11,600 890 80 2 220 180 2 0 N.A. 490 14,300
0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 a/ 0 0 0 0 0
Lamp and stove 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,400
Tractor 0 0 0 0 0 2,900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,900
Jet fuel 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150
Total / 0 0 0 0 150 2900 2, 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,400
Diesel fuel 820 490 360 170 0 8,100 0 3,4- 590 0 47 N.A. 2,300 16,300
Lubricants 260 79 120 830 5 920 0 170 94 N.A. 180 N.A. 1 300 3,000
Residuals and others
Residual fuel oil 3,900 950 710 0 0 0 0 0 3,100 130 0 3,0 5,400 900 18,100
Road oils and asphalts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,500
Bitumen and bituminous tar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 66
Rubrax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 21
Green oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 85
400
Total bJ 3,900 90 f10 2 2 2 2 5,500 3 240 2 3,000 5, 23
Crude _o31_coe d. as a
product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 980 0 0 0 0 0 980
Grand total gJ Wo 1,500 1. 12 1,000 12,800 2.400 91300 2 00 240 230 3,000 s ?3_8 0 _ -112-2 _ 1-200 a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 Significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
C. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
III. Regional Distribution of Consumption.
Tables 11 through 15* show the distribution of the civil con-
sumption of petroleum products in the USSR, by economic region and
by consuming sector, for the years 1953-57. Data for each year are
shown in a separate table. A description of the methodology used
to effect the distribution is given in Appendix B.
A. General.
In each of the years 1953-57, Economic Region VII (Central) --
~which embraces Moscow and the surrounding industrial complex -- has
accounted for the largest share of total civil consumption. In this
region, which has almost 22 percent of the population of the USSR but
less than 6 percent of total land area, the consumption of petroleum
products has increased from about 7 million tons in 1953 to about
10 million tons in 1957. In terms of the total civil consumption of
petroleum products, however, the share of Region VII declined
slightly during these years, from 17.5 percent to 15.7 percent. The
relative decline results from the emergence of the eastern regions
(VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII) as important consumers of petroleum
products.**
The leading consumers in Economic Region VII are agriculture,
motor transport, and construction, which have accounted for between
65 and 70 percent of the total consumption in the region in each
year. During 1953-55, agriculture was the leading consumer, followed
by motor transport. In 1956, however, a slight decline in consumption
by agriculture enabled motor transport to assume the leading position.
It appears that the consumption of petroleum products in Region VII
by agriculture has levelled off, temporarily at least, at between
2.3 million and 2.4 million tons. At the same time, continued in-
creases will establish motor transport as the leading consumer. Con-
struction has ranked third in each year and has shown a tendency to
level off at 1.4 million to 1.5 million tons.
The highest average annual increase in consumption of petro-
leum products, 22 percent, was achieved in Economic Regions X
(Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and XI (East Siberia). In addition,
Region X showed the largest absolute increase in consumption of any
economic region, from 3.7 million tons in 1953 to 8.1 million tons
in 1957. Meanwhile, the share of Region X in civil consumption in-
creased from 9.2 percent of the total in 1953 to 12.7 percent in
Tables 11 through 15 follow on pp. 49 through 53?
For further discussion of this trend, see III, D, p. 76, below.
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1957. The rapid increase in consumption of petroleum products in
Region X resulted from the implementation of the new lands program.
Consumption by agriculture in Region X reached 2 million tons in
1957, increasing about 135 percent since 1953. Transportation ser-
vices and construction in Region X also were increased to support
the new lands program, and in certain instances the increase in con-
sumption of petroleum products by these sectors has surpassed that
of agriculture. For example, consumption by motor transport reached
1.7 million tons in 1957, a gain of 139 percent since 1953, while
consumption in construction reached 1.1 million tons, a gain of
206 percent.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction in the
USSR increased even more :rapidly in Economic Region XI. Since 1953,
consumption in construction has accounted for more than one-half of
the increase in this region. As consumption in Region XI increased
from 1 million tons in 1953 to 2.2 million tons in 1957, a gain of
120 percent, consumption in construction increased from 190,000 tons
to 820,000 tons, a gain of more than 331 percent. Thus construction,
which had ranked third in 1953, became the leading civil consumer in
the region in 1957. Agriculture, which had been the leading civil
consumer through 1956, dropped to second place in 1957, with consump-
tion declining by nearly 25 percent to 550,000 tons. Consumption by
motor transport in Region XI, which ranks third in importance, has
made slight but steady advances. The 430,000 tons consumed by motor
transport in 1957 accounted for about 20 percent of the total con-
sumption of petroleum products in the region.
In 1956, Economic Region XII (the Far East) accounted for the
smallest share of total civil consumption of petroleum products in
the USSR, supplanting Region XI. Civil consumption in Region XII in
1956 represented only 2.8 percent of the total and declined to less
than 2.7 percent in 1957 in spite of a slight absolute increase.
Only minor increases by any of the consuming sectors within the region
have been evident. The most rapid gains have been made by motor
transport, followed closely by construction. Compared with an aver-
age annual increase in consumption of 9.1 percent for the region as a
whole, consumption by motor transport increased annually by about
13.9 percent to reach about 320,000 tons in 1957. Consumption in
construction increased 12.1 percent annually to 300,000 tons in 1957.
Oceangoing transport, however, has remained the leading consumer in
Region XII.
Most of the consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport has taken place in Region XII, but more rapid increases in
such consumption have occurred in Economic Region V (Transcaucasus),
indicating that by 1959 most of the consumption by oceangoing transport
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probably will occur in Region V. This apparent regional shift
lowered the share of oceangoing transport in the total consumption
in Region XII to 27.6 percent in 1957 compared with 30.8 percent in
1953, in spite of an increase in consumption from 370,000 tons in
1953 to 470,000 tons in 1957.
Throughout the period 1953-57, most of the consumption of
petroleum products by motor transport, agriculture, and construction
occurred in Economic Region VII.* In every case Economic Region III
(South) ranked second, only slightly behind Region VII. The impres-
sive increase in consumption in Region X, which resulted from the
new lands program, brought this region into third place in 1957. It
is believed that these regions are firmly established as the leading
regional consumers of petroleum products. The position of Region X,
however, will depend at least in part upon the continued success of
the new lands in producing agricultural commodities.
B. By Consuming Sector.
1. Transport.
a. Rail.
The consumption of petroleum fuels and lubricants by
rail transport is concentrated principally in four economic regions --
IV (Southeast), V (Transcaucasus), VI (Volga), and X (Kazakhstan and
Central Asia) -- which accounted for more than 72 percent of all such
consumption in 1957. Of these four, Region X has consistently con-
sumed the largest share and also shown the highest rate of increase.
In Region X, consumption of petroleum products by railroads increased
to about 1.6 million tons in 1957, a gain of almost 130 percent since
1953, and accounted for approximately one-third of the total consump-
tion by rail transport. Much of this increase may be attributed to
an increase of about 280 percent in the quantities of diesel fuel
consumed by rail transport, which in turn resulted from the scarcity
and poor quality of water for coal-burning and oil-burning locomotives
in Region X. The highest rate of increase in consumption by rail
transport, however, was a gain of 154 percent recorded by Region VII.
The overwhelming share of this increase was achieved in 1957, when
consumption increased by 350,000 tons to reach 610,000 tons. Of the
increase, residual fuel oil accounted for 270,000 tons.
* In 1957, however, consumption in construction in Region VIII
(Urals) equaled that in Region VII.
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b. Inland Waterway.
Significant consumption of petroleum products by
inland waterway transport is limited to Economic Regions VI (Volga)
and VII (Central), with a minor amount in Region I (North and North-
west). Region VI includes most of the navigable length of the Volga
River and also a portion of the Don River. Within Region VII is
found, among other major rivers, the Oka, the Dnieper, the Don, and
a portion of the Volga. Most of the freight transported on the
rivers by vessels consuming petroleum fuel is moved in Regions VI
and VII, and thus these regions account for most of the consumption
of petroleum products by inland waterway transport. The share of
these regions has been estimated at 85 percent of the total 9+0,000
tons consumed by inland waterway transport in 1953, but declined to
75 percent in the total 1.5 million tons so consumed in 1957 because
of increased consumption in Region I.
c. Oceangoing.
The consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport in the USSR is limited to Economic Region I (Northwest
and North), V (Transcaucasus), and XII. (the Far East). Arctic and
Baltic operations have been considered as being serviced from
Region I; Black Sea and Caspian Sea operations, from Region V; and
Pacific Ocean operations, from Region XII. In Region XII, which
accounted for 49.3 percent of all such. consumption in 1953 and
39.2 percent in 1957, oceangoing transport is the principal con-
sumer. The relative decline in such consumption in Region XII has
resulted from more rapid increases in the consumption of both diesel
fuel and residual fuel oil by oceangoing transport in Region V. It
is probable that by 1959 Region V will have replaced Region XII as
the principal consumer of petroleum products for oceangoing trans-
port. Nevertheless, oceangoing transport should continue for some
time to be the principal consumer in the civil economy of Region XII.
Consumption of petroleum products by motor transport
is centered in Economic Regions III (South) and VII (Central) and,
increasingly, in Economic Region X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia).
Throughout the period 1953-57, these three regions accounted for more
than one-half of the annual consumption by motor transport. The
sharpest rate of increase was shown in Region X, where consumption by
motor transport in 1957 reached 1.7 million tons, a gain of 139 per-
cent compared with 1953, as a result of the new lands program.*
* See III, A, p. 39, above.
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Continued success of the new lands program may support a trend toward
the increased consumption of petroleum products by motor transport in
Region X.
In the remaining economic regions, measurable changes
in the relative importance of consumption of petroleum products by
motor transport are not expected.
e. Civil Air.
The estimates given in Tables 11 through 15* repre-
sent the regional distribution of consumption by aircraft with
reciprocating engines and by jet aircraft. The regional distribu-
tion of petroleum products consumed by aircraft using reciprocating
engines in civil air transport has been based upon a pattern derived
for 1955, and thus it was not possible to show changes in consumption
by regions from year to year. The largest share -- about one-fourth --
of annual consumption took place in Region VII (Central), reflecting
the heavy flight traffic in and out of Moscow. Other significant
consumption is in Regions III (South), VI (Volga), VIII (Urals),
IX (West Siberia), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), and the share
of each of these regions in the annual total averages about 11 percent.
The consumption of jet fuel by civil air is apparent
only for 1957. Schedules for that year showed jet aircraft operating
into Moscow, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Novosibirsk. The
regional distribution of these operations is believed to have been as
follows: Region V (Transcaucasus), 5 percent; Region VII, 42 percent;
Region IX, 17 percent; Region X, 24 percent; and Region XI (East
Siberia), 12 percent. Available information on the consumption of
petroleum products both by jet aircraft and by aircraft using recip-
rocating engines indicates an approximately equal distribution between
the eastern and western regions of the USSR.
2. Agriculture.
As previously indicated,** the principal influence upon
the regional distribution of consumption of petroleum products by
Soviet agriculture has been the new lands program. The increased
need for petroleum products resulting from this program has been
particularly evident in Economic Region X (Kazakhstan and Central
Asia), and to a lesser degree, in Economic Region IX (West Siberia).
As the result of sharp increases the share of Region X in total
consumption of petroleum products by Soviet agriculture increased
* Pp.-~+9 through 53, below.
See III, A, p. 39, above.
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from 8.7 percent in 1953 to 15.6 percent in 1957. Significant in-
creases, although not so sharp, were :recorded by agriculture in
Region IX. Consumption in this region is estimated at 1.2 million
tons in 1957, an increase of 50 percent over 1953.
In spite of these sharp increases in Economic Regions
IX and X, most of the consumption of petroleum products by agri-
culture continued to take place in Regions III (South) and VII
(Central). In 1953 the consumption in these two regions is
estimated at 4.1 million tons, or almost 42 percent of total consump-
tion by agriculture. By 1957, however, consumption in these regions
had increased only to 11.7 million tons, and the share of these
regions in the total consumption by agriculture had dropped to less
than 37 percent.
Increased consumption in Regions IX and X, coupled with
relatively stable consumption in Regions III and VII, has effected
a shift to greater emphasis upon the eastern regions (VI, VIII, IX,
X, XI, and XII) in the consumption of petroleum products by agri-
culture. Compared with less than 110 percent in 1953, the eastern
regions furnished almost 46 percent of the total for 1957. Should
this trend continue as the result of further successes with the new
lands program, the eastern regions may account for as much as one-
half of annual consumption of petroleum ;products by agriculture in
196o.
3. Households.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of
kerosine consumed by Soviet households has been estimated on. the
basis of (a) reported retail sales of kerosine in the various union
republics in 1955 and (b) the distribution of population in the
RSFSR. A close relationship was shown between the distribution of
sales of kerosine and population among the republics, suggesting
that distributing sales of kerosine on. the basis of total population
within the RSFSR provided a reasonably accurate approach. It is be-
lieved that probable changes in the percentage for any region be-
tween 1953 and 1955 or between 1955 and 1957 would be within the
margin of error of the 1955 percentage for the region.
Consumption of kerosine by Soviet households is concen-
trated in Economic Eegions III (South) and VII (Central) which ac-
count for 21 percent and 22 percent, respectively, of all such
consumption. The share of the third ranking region, Region X (Kazakh-
stan and Central Asia) is about one-half of that of Region VII.
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Much publicity has been given to plans for significant
increases in the delivery of gas to Soviet households. Most of
these deliveries will be to major cities such as Moscow, Leningrad,
Stalingrad, Kiev, and Baku. In the rural areas, where the use of
kerosine prevails, deliveries of gas are insignificant and will not
be increased substantially much before 1965. It is believed that
increased deliveries of gas to the more densely populated regions,
in particular Regions III and VII, will lead to a more equal dis-
tribution of consumption of kerosine among the 12 economic regions
of the USSR.
4. Construction.
Construction in the underdeveloped areas of Economic
Regions IX (West Siberia), X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), and
XI (East Siberia), added to a continued high rate of expansion in
Region VIII (Urals), served to alter radically the pattern of
regional distribution of petroleum products consumed for this pur-
pose during 1953-57. In 1953 the eastern regions accounted for
about 38 percent of all consumption in construction, and by 1957
their share had risen to more than 57 percent. By contrast, con-
sumption in construction in the more fully developed Regions III
(South) and VII (Central), which amounted to 2.3 million tons, or
more than 41 percent of the total so consumed in 1953, increased
only slightly to reach 2.6 million tons in 1957, representing less
than 28 percent of all such consumption.
Conversely, in Regions VIII (Urals), IX, and X, the
major centers of consumption in the eastern regions, the consump-
tion of petroleum products in construction increased from 1.3 mil-
lion tons in 1953 to 3.5 million tons in 1957, a gain of about 166
percent. In 1957, construction was the largest civil consumer in
Region XI and also in Region VIII, where it had shared this position
with the petroleum industry in 1956.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction
seems to have become relatively stable at about 1.2 million tons
in Region III and 1.3 million tons in Region VII. The continuation
of this trend as part of the shift to the eastern regions will de-
pend largely on the successful exploitation of the new lands and on
the allocation of capital investments to develop industrial enter-
prises.
. Industry.
It is not possible to ascertain any meaningful pattern
of the regional distribution by individual years of the quantities
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of petroleum products consumed by the industrial sector of the Soviet
economy. For certain industries a regional pattern has been derived
for one year and has been held constant for the other years because
of a :Lack of information. Thus, only a general analysis based on
a single year can be made. Of the period 1953-57, basic information
is most complete for 1955, and the subsequent analysis of regional
distribution is based on data for that year.
In essence the regional distribution of consumption of
petroleum products by all industries except the nonferrous metals
and manufacturing industries has been effected in accordance with
the regional distribution of production (or of the capacity to
produce) of the major commodity of that branch. In the complete
absence of information concerning the regional distribution of petro-
leum ;products consumed by the nonferrous metals and manufacturing
industries, the pattern for the regional consumption of lubricants
and residual fuel oil is analogous to that described by all other
consuming sectors of the civil economy.
The consumption of petroleum products by the chemical
and steel industries appears to be concentrated in Economic Regions
III (South), VII (Central), and VIII (Urals). In these regions is
consumed an estimated three-quarters of the annual total for the
chemical industry and two-thirds of the annual total for the steel
industry. Consumption of petroleum products by the coal industry
is centered in Regions III and IX (West Siberia) and by the electric
power industry in Regions III, V (Transcaucasus), and VIII. In each
case about one-half of the total consumption of petroleum products
by the industry takes place in these regions. The estimated regional
distribution of petroleum products consumed by the nonferrous metals
and manufacturing industries indicates some degree of concentration
in Regions V and VI (Volga) but also a nearly equal apportionment in
the heavier populated areas, with only insignificant shares in the
relatively underdeveloped regions, Ib (North), IX, XI (East Siberia),
and XII (Far East).
Information concerning the petroleum industry is sufficient
to develop an annual regional pattern of consumption. This pattern
reflects the well-publicized shift in the center of production of
crude oil from Economic Region V to the eastern regions of the USSR
(VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII), particularly to Regions VI and VIII.
Production of crude oil in the eastern. regions has increased from
about 29 million tons, or 45 percent of the total, in 1953 to about
67 million tons in 1957, or 76 percent of the total. Of the crude
oil produced in the eastern regions, Regions VI and VIII provided
about 76 percent in 1953 and about 90 percent in 1957. As a result
of this shift in production the consumption of petroleum products by
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the petroleum industry in the eastern regions has increased from
about 45 percent of the total consumed by the industry in 1953 to
more than 64 percent in 1957. In 1953, Regions VI and VIII accounted
for about 79 percent of the petroleum products consumed by the petro-
leum industry in the eastern regions. By 1957, this figure had in-
creased to about 87 percent.
In 1955, more than 41 percent of all industrial consump-
tion of petroleum products in the USSR took place in the eastern
regions, and this proportion compares quite closely with the esti-
mated 43 percent consumed in the eastern regions by the civil economy
as a whole. Yet -- except in Region III, where the comparison is
exact -- the regional distribution of industrial consumption of
petroleum products differs from the regional distribution of total
civil consumption. Region V, for example, accounted for 18.7 per-
cent of the industrial consumption of petroleum products, but less
than half that proportion of total civil consumption. Region VII,
on the other hand, accounted for only 9.3 percent of industrial con-
sumption but nearly twice that proportion of total civil consumption.
It is apparent that consumption by industry in the less
developed areas of Regions IX, X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), XI,
and XII, which embrace the entire land area east of the Urals, has
not kept pace with the consumption in these areas by the other sec-
tors of the civil economy. In 1955, Regions IX, X, XI, and XII
accounted for about 12 percent of the consumption of petroleum
products by all industries but more than 18 percent of the total con-
sumed by other sectors of the civil economy. The estimates which
are given in Tables 11 through 15* point up the concentration of
industrial consumption of petroleum products in the relatively highly
developed areas of Regions III, V, and VIII. More than one-half of
the industrial consumption of such products in 1955 took place in
Region V and, to a lesser extent, in Regions III and VIII.
During the Seven Year Plan (1959-65), measurable changes
in this pattern may take place. These changes will reflect efforts to
supply gas in increasing quantities to the industrial centers of the
USSR. The industrial enterprises of the Ukrainian USSR in Region III,
particularly those located in the Donbas, are to be supplied with gas
from the nearby deposits in Khar'kovskaya Oblast and in Krasnodarskiy
and Stavropol'skiy Krays. Production of gas in these areas in 1965
may reach to 40 percent of the planned national goal of about 150
billion cubic meters for that year. The primary consumers of gas in
these areas appear to be the electric power stations and heavy metal-
lurgical enterprises, and the substitution of gas as an industrial
* P. 49 through 53, below.
47
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fuel for residual fuel oil may serve to reduce the relative consump-
tion of petroleum products by industry in the Ukrainian SSR.
In Region V, exploitation of the vast Karadag deposits
of gas in Azerbaydzhan SSR will significantly alter the fuel balance
of the republic and also will influence the fuel balance of the
Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR through the construction of a major
transmission gas pipeline to transport Karadag gas from Azerbaydzhan
to these republics. According to preliminary calculations, the in-
creased supply of gas in Azerbaydzhan SSR will serve to reduce the
consumption of residual fuel oil from 2.34 million tons in 1956 to
about 700,000 tons in 1960. By 1960, gas will provide more than
90 percent of the supply (in units of standard fuel*) of fuel in
Azerbaydzhah SSR compared with only 40 percent in 1956. Inasmuch
as most of the gas is to be delivered to such major consumers of
petroleum products as crude oil refineries, electric power stations,
and machine-construction plants, industrial consumption of petroleum
products in Region V probably will decline.
At present, plans for supplying gas to the industrial
enterprises in Region VIII appear to be in a state of flux. Accord-
ing to the original directives of the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60)
the points of origin of gas for the Urals were to be Shkapovo in
Bashkirskaya ASSR and Berezovo on the northern reaches of the Ob'
River. Gas pipelines from these points were to terminate in Magnito-
gorsk and in Sverdlovsk. Since the publication of these plans, dis-
covery of an unusually large natural gas deposit near Bukhara in
Uzbek SSR in Region X probably has caused the re-examination of these
earlier directives. It is planned tentatively to construct a gas
pipeline from the Bukhara deposits through the Kustanayskaya and
Aktyub:inskaya Oblasts of Kazakh SSR, also in Region X, which probably
will. tie in with the gas pipeline between Shkapovo and Magnitogorsk
and may continue on to Sverdlovsk. The problems inherent in the
construction of this pipeline would be considerable. The length of
the pipeline would be about 2,000 kilometers (km) at a minimum,
exceeding by 50 percent the longest gas pipeline previously built
in the USSR. In addition, the pipeline would pass through 650 km of
desert wasteland and then 1,000 km further through sparsely settled
areas of Kazakh SSR. Neither the probability of construction of
this pipeline nor the effects of the increased supply of gas on in-
dustrial consumption of petroleum products in Region VIII can be
ascertained at this time. Because only about 25 percent of the
planned production of gas in the USSR in 1965 is to be consumed in
the eastern regions and because it is doubtful that gas from Bukhara
could be delivered to Region VIII before 1965, it is believed that
industrial consumption of petroleum products in Region VIII will re-
main relatively stable during the 1960's.**
Measured in terms of 7,000 Kcal/kg.
Text continued on p. 54.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953
Economic Region J
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total
Rail
I
l
d
t
16
6
29
450
400
450
240
180
25
700
15
5
2,500
n
an
wa
erway
O
i
38
6
12
2
1
480
320
28
18
9
23
4
940
ceango
ng
Motor
170
4
0
4
0
0
210
0
0
0
0
0
0
370
750
90
00
1,200
340
290
370
1,600
600
430
710
250
190
6
800
Civil air
11
14
76
34
21
76
160
79
62
90
41
21
,
690
720
1,300
830
920
1,400
2,300
820
540
1,500
330
590
11,700
Agriculture
H
h
ld
330
390
2,000
860
160
870
2,100
800
800
850
390
200
9,800
ouse
o
61
65
240
64
100
58
250
90
68
130
37
25
1
200
Construction
360
280
1,100
310
320
450
1,200
640
300
360
190
190
,
5,600
Petroleum
18
0
46
450
810
520
100
440
0
210
0
50
2
700
Chemical
2
0
55
22
9
1
45
46
19
0
0
0
,
200
Coal
5
1
68
17
1
8/
14
16
20
12
10
7
170
Steel
14o
0
810
120
150
200
330
390
34
71
11
36
2
300
Electric power
120
200
84o
660
1,200
440
590
710
210
480
72
63
,
600
5
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
33
11
120
98
150
120
92
110
24
93
11
29
,
900
Total 1
320
210
1,900
1,400
2,300
1,300
1,200
1,700
310
870
100
180
11,900
Grand total c/
1,800
1,400
6,'000
3,400
3,800
4,000
7 000
4 100
2000
1,000
1,200
40,100
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in--2' significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
195+
Economic Region J
I
11
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X XI'
XII
Total c
Consuming Sector
Transport
Rail
17
6
31
510
400
520
140
130
18
890 18
26
6
4
2,700
1
000
Inland waterway
45
6
16
3
1
510
340
31
21
0
10
0 0
400
,
840
Oceangoing
200
0
0
0
240
0
0
0
0
2
220
8
200
Motor
580
500
1,500
390
340
430
1,800
710
510
910
9
46
23
,
770
Civil air
12
15
85
39
23
85
190
89
70
100
5o
0
600
1
44o
x
000
1
500
2,500
260
620
1,900 380
650
13,500
Total J
L
5
.
,
,
riculture
A
340
490
2,000
940
190
930
2,400
900
960
1,100 450
220
10,900
4
g
Household
74
78
290
77
120
70
300
no
83
160 45
30
00
1,
Construction
400
320
1,300
330
320
580
1,300
710
360
390 230
230
6,500
Industry
Petroleum
18
0
54
480
860
640
110
540
0
230 0
55
0
3,000
210
Chemical
2
0
60
22
9
1
46
48
19
0 0
11
180
Coal
6
J
73
18
1
J
15
17
22
13
6
7
500
2
Steel
140
0
910
130
150
210
350
410
36
12
7
81
4
39
2
,
400
6
Electric power
140
220
960
760
1,400
500
660
820
230
8
0
5
7
,
1
200
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing 42
12
160
140
220
170
120
150
2
120 12
39
,
230
200
2
1600
2
600
1500
1300
2 000
340
980 120
210
13,500
Total J
,
,
2
000
400
7
800
3
4,300
4600
y WO
4,700
2,
4,500 1,200
1,300
45,800
Grand total J
,
,
,
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Table 13
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1955
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Ix
X
XI
XII
Total J
Rail
18
7
34
570
450
580
90
87
27
1,100
21
6
3,000
Inland waterway
44
5
18
3
1
570
380
33
19
10
26
6
1
100
Oceangoing
230
0
0
0
310
0
0
0
0
0
0
430
,
970
Motor
650
600
1,700
440
380
490
2,100
800
580
1,100
330
250
9
500
Civil air
12
17
92
42
25
91
200
96
75
110
50
25
,
830
950
630
1800
1100
1,200
1,700
2,800
1,000
700
2,300
430
720
15,400
Agriculture
370
530
2,100
990
180
980
2,400
930
1,100
1,500
520
230
11,900
Household
80
89
330
87
140
97
350
120
94
180
51
35
1
600
Construction
470
360
1,300
360
320
750
1,500
780
450
550
280
240
,
7,300
Petroleum
18
0
44
440
820
1,000
94
870
0
250
0
49
3,600
Chemical
3
0
66
22
9
1
47
49
19
0
0
0
220
Coal
6
d1
79
20
1
J
16
19
24
14
12
8
200
Steel
160
0
1,000
11+0
190
220
380
440
39
80
13
43
2,700
Electric power
150
250
1,000
810
1,500
540
730
890
250
590
89
79
6,900
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
48
13
180
160
260
200
130
180
30
140
12
45
1,400
Total J
380
260
2,400
1,600
2800
2,000
1,400
2,400
360
1100
130
220
15,000
Grand total
2
200
900
8,100
4 100
4,600
5,500
8,400
5,300
2,700
5,700
1,400
1
51,300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Table 14
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector J
1956
Economic Re on J
S
t
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total 1
ec
or
Consuming
Rail
120
7
36
630
560
650
260
47
28
1,+00
25
6
3,800
Inland waterway
59
6
20
5
1
580
390
43
26
15
33
8
1,200
Oceangoing
260
0
0
0
390
0
0
0
0
0
0
460
1,100
Motor
720
700
2,000
500
410
560
2,400
920
650
1,500
370
280
10,900
Civil air
13
17
93
42
25
93
200
97
76
110
50
25
840
1,200
7M0
2,100
1,200
1,400
1,900
3,200
1,100
L
3,000
480
n
17,800
Agriculture
360
680
2,200
960
210
920
2,300
880
1,100
1,900
720
250
12,400
Household
100
110
390
110
170
96
420
150
110
220
62
42
2,000
Construction
470
270
1,300
360
330
700
1,400
1,100
730
860
580
270
8,300
Petroleum
20
0
55
500
900
1,200
110
1,100
39
280
0
57
4,300
Chemical
3
0
71
22
10
1
48
54
19
0
0
0
230
Coal
6
J
86
21
1
1 ~
17
20
26
15
13
9
210
Steel
170
0
1,100
140
220
240
390
470
42
80
14
48
2,900
Electric power
160
270
1,100
890
1,600
590
800
970
280
650
98
86
7,600
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
45
16
160
130
200
160
130
150
34
120
16
41
1,200
t
l J
400
290
2600
1
700
2,900
2,200
1.500
2,800
440
1100
140
240
16,400
a
To
,
Grand total c/
2,500
2,100
4,300
5.100
5,800
8,
5 J
3.
LIDO
210
l.
5
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Table 15
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1957
Economic Region J
Consuming Sector I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total J
Rail
I
l
t
d
420
9
39
680
600
740
610
200
29
1,600
27
6
5,000
n
an
wa
erway
O
i
100
11
38
10
1
680
450
76
44
24
59
14
1,500
ceango
ng
M
t
280
0
0
0
440
0
0
0
0
0
0
470
1
200
or
o
Ci
i
l
830
810
2,300
580
470
640
2,700
1,100
750
1,700
430
320
,
12,600
vi
a
r
13
18
98
45
34
98
280
100
110
150
71
27
1,000
Total c/
1,600
850
2,500
1,300
1,500
2,200
4,000
1,500
930
3,500
590
840
21,300
Agriculture
H
h
ld
380
700
2,300
950
200
940
2,400
910
1,200
2,000
550
240
12,800
ouse
o
C
t
ti
120
130
470
130
200
120
500
180
140
270
74
50
2,400
ons
ruc
on
490
230
1,200
360
310
76o
1,400
1,400
960
1,100
820
300
9,300
Industry
Petroleum
30
0
66
560
1
000
1
500
1
20
1
300
4
Chemical
,
,
.
,
5
310
0
65
5,000
C
3
0
J
79
22
10
1
49
57
19
0
0
0
240
oal
7
~
.l
92
23
1
J
18
22
28
16
14
9
230
Steel
El
t
i
180
0
1,100
150
260
250
400
480
43
83
15
51
3,000
ec
r
c power
f
N
180
290
1,200
960
1,800
640
870
1,000
300
700
110
93
8,200
on
errous metals
and manufacturing
45
16
160
130
200
160
130
150
34
120
16
41
1,200
Total J
440
310
2,700
1,800
3,300
2,600
1,600
3000
470
1,200
160
260
17,900
Grand total c/
3,100
2,200
9 200
4 600
5 500
6,500
10,000
6 900
3 600
8100
2,200
1,700
63,800
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through
9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
C. By Major Type of Product.
Tables 16 through 21* show the estimated distribution of civil
consumption of the major types of petroleum products in the USSR, by
economic region and by consuming sector, for the years 1953-57. These
major products are gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuel, lubricants, re-
sidual fuel oil, and road oils and asphalts. Although road oils and
asphalts were consumed only in construction, the volume of such con-
sumption is of major proportions, exceeding that of lubricants in
each year and that of kerosine in 1957.
1. Gasoline.**
Because in the USSR gasoline is consumed primarily by
motor transport, the pattern of regional distribution is in essence
an extension of the pattern of consumption of gasoline by motor trans-
port.
In 1953, civil consumption of gasoline in Economic Re-
gions III (South) and VII (Central) accounted for 3.4 million tons,
or 40 percent of the total. In 1957, civil consumption of gasoline
in these two regions accounted for about 5.4 million tons, or 37.8
percent of the total. Of the individual regions, Region VII has con-
sistently received the largest share, with consumption of gasoline
increasing from 1.9 million tons in 1953 to 3 million in 1957. The
highest rate of increase, 120 percent, took place in Region X as the
result of the development of motor transport in support of the new
lands program.
In contrast to the apparent general shift in consumption
of petroleum products to the eastern regions of the USSR, there has
been no perceptible change in the regional distribution of gasoline.
Both in 1953 and in 1957 the eastern regions accounted for about
40 percent of the total consumption of gasoline.
On the basis of a link relative obtained from a So;tiet
source, it can be'estimated that the civil consumption of motor
gasoline in the USSR may reach 30 million tons by 1965. Of this
quantity, probably 18 million to 19 million tons will be consumed
in the European USSR and the remaining 11 million to 12 million tons
in the eastern regions. Although data are not sufficient to allow
speculation concerning the amount of aviation gasoline to be consumed
in 1965, it is probable that the proportion of aviation gasoline
Tables 16 through 21 follow on pp. 60 through 75.
Data include those amounts of aviation. gasoline consumed by civil
air transport.
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consumed in the western regions will be higher than the proportion
of motor gasoline. On the basis of a given regional distribution of
all petroleum fuels in the USSR in 1965, the share of the eastern
regions in the total consumption of motor gasoline will not change
significantly from that in 1957.
2. Kerosine.
The category kerosine includes illuminating kerosine
consumed by households, tractor kerosine, and those quantities of
kerosine consumed as a jet fuel by civil air transport in 1957.
Kerosine is the only major petroleum product the con-
sumptio;i of which apparently has declined in the USSR since 1953.
This decline, which averaged about 1.8 percent annually, resulted
from the wide-scale replacement of kerosine-burning tractors by
more efficient diesel tractors in virtually all phases of the civil
economy. The resultant decline in requirements for tractor kerosine
more than offset the apparent doubling of consumption of illumi-
nating kerosine and the additional quantities of kerosine required
by the introduction of jet aircraft. The estimated consumption of
kerosine declined from a peak of 5.9 million tons in 1954 to 5.4
million tons in 1957, a reduction of about 8.5 percent.
The sharpest absolute declines took place in Economic
Regions VII (Central) and VIII (Urals), where the consumption of
kerosine declined from a peak of 2.4 million tons in 1954 to 1.8
million tons in 1957. The consumption of tractor kerosine declined
from 1.4 million to 1 million tons in Region VII and from 430,000
tons to negligible quantities in Region VIII, but a portion of these
declines were offset by increases in the consumption of illuminating
kerosine totaling 270,000 tons.
Further reductions in the consumption of tractor kero-
sine in the USSR are anticipated. It has been estimated that the
consumption of tractor kerosine in 1965 will decline to about 1.4
million tons, or only 37 percent of the level in 1955.* Of this
quantity, about 30 percent is expected to be consumed in the eastern
regions, and thus the pattern of regional consumption of tractor
kerosine in 1957 would be continued. The consumption of tractor
kerosine in the eastern regions in 1957 reached slightly more than
30.4 percent of the total, a significant decline from the 37.6 per-
cent estimated for 1953 and from the 36.8 percent estimated for 1955.
Thus it would appear that the pattern of regional distribution of
the tractor kerosine consumed in the USSR is to remain stable at
least through 1965.
4V-See II, B, p. 21, above.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Two other factors also serve to indicate that the pattern
of regional distribution of civil consumption of kerosine in the USSR
in 1965 will not differ significantly from that in 1957, when the
eastern regions accounted for 33 percent of the total. First, the
regional distribution of illuminating kerosine is expected to remain
relatively stable. Second, a Soviet source indicates that the pat-
tern prevailing in 1957 will continue in 1965 in the regional distri-
bution of "other fuels," which are believed to include aviation gaso-
line, illuminating kerosine, and jet fuel.
3. Diesel Fuel.
The rates of increase estimated for the civil consumption
of diesel fuel in the USSR during 1953-57 far exceeded those of any
other major petroleum product. Civil consumption of diesel fuel in-
creased at an average annual rate estimated at 19.8 percent, reaching
16.3 million tons in 1957. The second highest rate of increase, 12
percent, was estimated for road oils and asphalts.
Agriculture not only continued as the leading civil con-
sumer of diesel fuel in the USSR but increased its share from 3.7
million tons, or about 4+7 percent of the total, in 1953 to 8.:L mil-
lion tons, or almost 50 percent, in 1957.
The influence of agriculture on civil consumption of
diesel fuel is particularly evident in Economic Regions III (South),
VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), which together
account for more than one-half of the total. In 1957, agriculture
accounted for almost two-thirds of the estimated civil consumption
of diesel fuel in Economic Region III, a larger share than in any
other economic region. In Region VII, agriculture accounted for
about one-half of the civil consumption of diesel fuel in 1957.
The largest absolute gains in the consumption of diesel fuel by
agriculture, however, were shown in Reg:Lon,X, where the new lands
program served to increase consumption from 530,000 tons in 1953 to
1.7 million tons in 1957. Inasmuch as total civil consumption of
diesel fuel in Region X increased from 1 million tons in 1953 to
2.9 million tons in 1957, agriculture was responsible for more than
60 percent of the increment. If comparable increases continued
throughout 1959, Region X probably exceeded Region III in the consump-
tion of diesel fuel by agriculture.
The sharpest relative increase, however, occurred in
Region XI (East Siberia), where consumption of diesel fuel in 1957
represented an increase estimated at 31`5 percent compared with 1953.
Most of this increase resulted from new construction and, to a, lesser
degree, from the impact of the new lands program on requirements for
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
diesel fuel. Since 1953 the consumption of diesel fuel in construc-
tion in Region XI has increased by about 400 percent; consumption by
agriculture, by 900 percent; and consumption by transport, by more
than 500 percent.
Steady gains in the consumption of diesel fuel have been
achieved in the eastern regions of the USSR, which accounted for
42 percent of the total in 1953 and 51 percent in 1957. Available
information does not imply any change in this pattern, at least
through 1965.
4. Lubricants.
The estimated distribution by economic region of the
civil consumption of lubricants in the USSR parallels closely the
patterns of the major primary fuels, gasoline, kerosine, and diesel
fuel. Again, civil consumption was concentrated in Economic Regions
III (South), VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia),
which together accounted for about 46 percent of the total civil
consumption of lubricants. In 1957 the consumption of approximately
one-half million tons of lubricants both in Region III and also in
Region VII represented an increase of about 34 percent above the level
of 1953 in each region. The highest rate of increase, slightly more
than 100 percent, occurred in Region X as a result of expansion of
agriculture, transport, and construction.
The estimates shown in Table 19* indicate that the share
of the eastern regions in the civil consumption of lubricants reached
a peak in 1956 of about 44 percent of the total and maintained the
same level throughout the year 1957. Available information indicates
relative reductions in the consumption of lubricants in the eastern
regions through 1965. In 1965 the consumption of lubricants in the
eastern regions is expected to account for only 40 percent of the
total lubricants consumed in the USSR in that year. The principal
reason for this decline probably will be the relative increase in
consumption of lubricants by industry to 53.3 percent of the total
in 1965.** The total consumption of lubricants in the USSR in 1965
may range between 7 million and 8 million tons, of which 3 million
tons may be consumed in the eastern regions.
5. Residual Fuel Oil.
The USSR consumes more residual fuel oil than any other
type of petroleum product. Civil consumption of residual fuel oil
, below.
See II, E, 6, p. 31, above.
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increased from 11.8 million tons in 15153 to 18.1 million tons in 1957,
a gain of about 53 percent.
The principal consumers of residual fuel oil in the USSR
are the railroads and the petroleum, steel, and electric power indus-
tries. Although consumption of residual fuel oil by these four sec-
tors varies in the different economic regions, the total civil con-
sumption of residual fuel oil in most of the economic regions is rela-
tively stable. In most of the regions, civil consumption of residual
fuel oil averaged between 9 to 15 percent. Civil consumption of
residual fuel oil in Region V (Transcaucasus) has averaged about 21
percent of the total for the USSR, the largest share of any region,
because of the relatively high concentration of electric power sta-
tions burning residual fuel oil. Region V also has shown the highest
absolute increase in consumption, 1.2 million tons, of which the elec-
tric power industry accounted for one-half. Most of the remainder is
attributable to increased consumption by transport and by the petro-
leum industry. The highest relative gains, however, took place in
Region VIII (Urals). Civil consumption of residual fuel oil in
Region VIII in 1957 represented a gain of about 67 percent over 1953,
largely because of expansion of the petroleum industry. In the same
period, Region X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia) showed an increase of
64 percent in such consumption, almost wholly as the result of an
unusually sharp increase in the consumption by rail transport.
The relative share of the eastern regions in the total
civil consumption of residual fuel oil in. the USSR also has remained
substantially unchanged during 1953-57 at 41 to 43 percent. In cer-
tain sectors, such as the petroleum industry, emphasis on the eastern
regions in the consumption of residual fuel oil had been apparent,
but these trends have been offset by comparable increases in consump-
tion in the European USSR by other sectors, notably the electric power
industry.
It can be estimated that in 1965 the quantity of residual
fuel oil produced from the refining of natural and synthetic crude
oils in the USSR may reach to 67 million tons. Because of the rapid
development of the gas industry and the trend toward the substitution
of gas for residual fuel oil, there may be a sizable surplus of re-
sidual fuel oil in the USSR by 1965. In all probability this surplus
will be directed primarily to meet the growing needs for residual fuel
oil in. the countries of Northern Europe.
6. Road Oils and Asphalts.
Construction has accounted for all the consumption of
road oils and asphalts in the USSR. The consumption of road oils and
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asphalts has increased since 1953 at an average annual rate estimated
at 12 percent, reaching 5.5 million tons in 1957 and representing
about 60 percent of all the petroleum products consumed in construc-
tion.
As in the case of all petroleum products, emphasis on
the eastern regions in the consumption of road oils and asphalts has
been particularly evident in recent years. In 1953 the consumption
in the eastern regions represented about 38 percent of the total and
advances were slow through 1955, when the share of the eastern re-
gions amounted to about 42 percent of the total. In 1956 and 1957,
however, consumption in the eastern regions increased at a consider-
ably higher rate than in the European USSR, and the share of the
eastern regions in 1957 has been estimated at more than 57 percent
of the total. Impressive gains in the consumption of road oils and
asphalts have been made in Regions VIII (Urals), IX (West Siberia),
and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), whereas in Regions III (South)
and VII (Central), where requirements for road oils and asphalts are
more established, consumption has been relatively stabilized.
The level of technology which has been achieved in the
USSR in the construction and operation of crude oil refineries is
approaching that of the US. Thus, it may be calculated that, with
an estimated refinery charge of 200 million tons in 1965, the yield
of road oils and asphalts in the USSR may approach 5 percent, or 10
million tons. In the absence of conflicting data the distribution
between the eastern regions and the western regions of this amount
may parallel that for petroleum products as a whole.*
* Text continued on p. 76.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a*
1953-57
Year Consuming Sector I 22 III IV V VI VII VIII ix x XI XII Total 8
1953 Transport
Motor
Civil air
Agriculture
Construction
450 370 1,100 310 270 340 1,400 550 400 650 230 170 6,300
10 14 75 34 20 75 160 78 61 89 51 20 680
460 380 11,200 340 420 1,60 0 630 460 740 270 190 77,000
15 32 130 65 11 75 160 730
75 76 48 28 8
16 13 51 14 15 21 54 30 14 17 9 9 260
Industry
Petroleum d, 1
Electric power 12
Total c/
Grand total
1954 Transport
Motor
Civil air
Agriculture
Construction
Petroleum J
Electric power
Total C/
Grand total
0
31
31
460
1 13 28 21 1 18 0 9 0 1 95
89 22 17 20 77 24 22 45 12 5 370
9a 35 45 41 78 42 22 54 12 6 460
1,500 460 360 5m0 L200 780 570 860 320 220 8 Spo
54o 460 1,400 360 310 400 1,700 650 470 840
12 15 85 38 23 85 180 88 69 100
550 480 1,500 400 330 480 1,900 740 540 940
16 34 120 67 9 82 180 85 96 54
17 13 52 14 13 24 56 29 15 17
1 0 1 13
13 34 95 23
14 24- 9? 36
600 560 100 520
27
18
too
29
21
50
640
260 200 7,600
46 23 770
310 220 8,400
33 9 780
9 9 270
1 23 0 10 0 2 110
82 25 23 49 12 5 400
83 48 23 59 12 1 510
22200 900 670 l1,IW 360 250 9,900
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Table 16
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953-57
(Continued)
Year Consuming Sector I I1 III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Total 5
1955 Transport
Motor 600 560 1,600 410 350 450 1,900 740 530 1,000 300 230 8,700
Civil air 12 17 91 42 25 91 200 95 75 110 50 25 830
Total c/ 610 58 1,700 450 380 5!+0 2,100 840 600 1,100 350 260 9,500
Agriculture 15 43 120 71 12 89 170 93 110 130 37 10 900
Construction 15 12 48 12 11 26 53 28 16 19 10 9 260
Industry
Petroleum J 1 0 1 12 27 43 1 29 0 10 0 2
Electric power 14 36 100 25 19 23 88 27 25 52 13 5
Total c/ 1 36 100 37 46 66 89 56 25 62 13 7
Gram total c/ 660 670 1,900 570 440 Igo 2,400 1,000 760 X400 410 280
1956 Transport
130
430
Motor 660 650 1,800 470 380 510 2,200 850 600 1,400 340 260 10,100
Civil air 12 17 92 42 25 92 200 96 75 110 50 25 840
Total J 670 670 X900 510 400 600 2,400 950 680 11,500 390 280 10,900
Agriculture 13 44 110 64 11 83 160 85 110 170 39 10 890
Construction 14 8 38 11 10 21 42 33 22 25 17 8 250
Industry
Petroleum J 1 0 1 13 28 55 1 38 0 11 0 2 150
Electric power 15 39 110 27 21 24 94 29 27 56 14 6 460
Total c/ ~2 16 110 4o 72 1 67 27 67 14 8 610
Grand total c 750 21200 620 470 0 2,700 1,100 830 1700 460 310 12,700
61
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the TT.SSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
Year Consuming Sector I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Xi XIS Total 6
1957 Transport
Motor 760 750 2,100 540 440 590 2,500 1,000 690 1,600 390 300 11,600
Civil air 13 18 98 44 27 98 210 100 80 120 53 27 890
Total c/ 70 2,200 580 470 m 2,7- 1,100 770 1,700 440 330 12,500
Agriculture 13 41 100 59 10 77 150 80 110 170 28 10 840
Construction 12 5 29 9 7 18
34 32 23 27 ~9 7 220
Industry
Petroleum J 2 0 2 13 29 68 1 47 0 12 0 2 180
Electric power 16 41 120 28 22 26 100 31 28 sn 1c c i.....
Total 6/ 18 41 120 41 51 9 100 78 28 71 15 8 670
Grand total 6/ 820 850 2, 66 530 880 3,300 _1,300 30 1=30 510 350
14,300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million
or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Yap 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Data exclude those insignificant quantities consumed in the construction and repair of the trunk pipeline.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil' Consumption of Kerosine in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
Economic Region J
V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Total 9.
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
1953
Agriculture
280
200
390
460
82 460 1,400 420 150 210 320 170 4,600
0 68 130 37 25 1,200
8 2
0
Households
61
65
240
64
9
100 5
5
0 200 5,
700 510 220 3110 35
180 510 1
Total J
3140
260
620
520
,
-
1954
Agriculture
280
250
170
460
95 450 1,600 430 130 33 370 190 4,500
00 110 83 160 45 30 1,400
Households
74
78
290
77
120 70 3
4
900 540 210 190 410 220 5,900
0 1
220 5
Total J
360
320
460
0
5
,
2
1955
Agriculture
300
260
58
480
50 460 1,300 250 76 40 420 190 3,900
120 94 180 51 35 1,600
Households
80
89
330
87
140 79 350
Total J
380
350
280
570
W 540 1,600 370 LLO 220 470 230 5,500
1956
Agriculture
300
340
50
420
63 300 1,100 21 27 25 510 210 3,400
0 110 220 62 42 2,000
1
4
Households
100
110
390
110
5
20
170 96
Total cJ
100
!
440
5
230 3M0 1,600 170 140 ~5-0 570 2 5,400
1957
Civil air transport dJ
0
0
0
0
7 0 62 0 25 35 18 0 150
190
000
1
4 20
6 37
4
Agriculture
1
330
43
0
4
13300
,
00
2,
7 4
500 180 140 270
120
200
Households s
20
7
4
600 200 180 340 460 250 5,4~
o 370 1
2
Total c/
440
460
2
3-0
,
i
those
it
di
;
g
Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant
onstruction
d i
a.
.
n c
Data exclude the insignificant amounts consume
of 10,000 or more, in 2 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Jet fuel.
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Estimated. Distribution of Civil Consumption Of Diesel Fue! in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/*
1953-57
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Di
X
XI
XII
Total J
1953
Transport
Rail
Inland waterway
Oceangoing
Motor
9
35
o 1
5
3
13
46
1
4
0
39
39
87
4
0
59
17
9
6
7
0
4
5
130
2
8
0
5
3
0
i
720
220
180
176
46
6
16
50
42
130
76
22
9
140
8
73
620
Agriculture
Construction
?99
1330
1,300
340
270
6
59
8
7270
340
250
520
530
11
6
700
3
9
9
140
36o
200
93
110
60
60
,
1,800
Petroleum
Coal
3
0
2
42
94
72
4
60
0
31
0
5
El
t
i
1
4
O
1n
3
0
2
2
3
2
2
310
-
ec
r
c power
9
130
360
87
8
79
310
95
87
180
47
1
19
25
1,500
Total /
160
320
160
90
230
49
25
loo
Grand total
220
340
2 100
550
360
690
1
100
630
,
710
1000
130
160
7 goo
1954
Transport
Rail
Inland
t
0
0
0
50
0
53
0
10
0
170
3
wa
erway
Oceangoing
17
41
2
0
6
0
1
0
d/
9
98
0
66
12
8
4
10
0
2
280
230
Motor
7
6
17
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
83
170
5
21
8
6
10
3
3
96
22
56
53
160
87
30
14
180
16
87
780
Agriculture
Const
ti
12
170
1,600
340
69
330
390
320
670
900
15
8
4
ruc
on
130
110
410
110
110
190
440
230
120
130
74
74
,800
2,100
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel Fuel in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector aJ
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
N
1954
Industry
Petroleum
3
0
2
42
91
96
4
78
0
4
32
0
2
5
1
350
31
Coal
1
0
12
3
J
0
2
3
8
2
21
700
1
Electric power
55
140
400
98
77
89
350
110
9
210
53
,
Total c/
59
140
410
140
130
180
360
1L0
100
2140
55
3
2,100
Grand total c/
270
430
2,400
650
400
860
1,300
760
1,500
160
200
9,8a
1955
Transport
ail
F
0
0
0
65
0
68
0
13
0
310
4
0
4
460
00
l
nd waterway
l
I
28
3
11
2
J
110
77
21
12
6
17
3
40
n
a
oin
O
55
0
0
0
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
2
ceang
g
Motor
8
8
20
5
4
6
25
10
7
13
4
3
110
80
190
100
43
is
330
25
ii0
111100
Total J
22
it
31
7
lture
i
A
17
190
1,800
360
100
350
770
520
860
1,200
23
10
6,300
4
cu
gr
Construction
140
120
450
120
110
250
490
260
150
180
92
80
00
2,
Industry
le
P
t
l
39
140
4
98
0
34
0
6
420
vm
eum o
e
ro
0
15
4
d
0
3
3
4
3
2
1
36
Electric power
62
1
160
450
110
86
100
390
120
110
230
59
24
1,900
4
180
240
400
220
110
270
61
31
2,400
Total J
66
160
70
0
48
2
800
10
470
000
800
1
000
1
1.101)
2,000
250
Z30
12,200
Grand total J
320
0
,
1
,
,
1956
Transport
Rail
0
o
0
62
0
82
37
22
0
360
7
0
580
0
Inland waterway
43
5
15
4
1
130
85
32
19
11
24
6
37
00
oin
an
O
69
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
120
3
4
g
ce
g
Motor
9
9
25
6
5
7
30
12
8
19
5
4
1
0
110
210
Do
65
27
390
36
130
1,400
Total c/
120
14
29-
72
-
- 65 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel Fuel in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
(Continued)
Economic Re ion b
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
x
xi
XII
Total
1956
Agriculture
Const
cti
13
16
240
1,900
400
120
480
820
710
900
1,500
120
12
7
200
ru
on
0
93
440
130
110
240
500
390
250
300
200
96
,
2,900
Industry
Petroleum
4
0
5
42
93
190
4
130
0
36
0
7
500
Coal
0
17
4
1
0
3
4
5
3
2
2
41
Electric power
68
180
500
120
95
110
430
130
120
250
65
26
2,100
Total 1
71
180
520
170
120
300
440
260
120
230
67
35
?600
Grand total J
370
G20
2,900
770
530
200
900
1,?00
1_,300
2,500
430
280
1
1957
Transport
Rail
Inland
t
0
64
1
0
71
0
120
110
25
0
490
8
0
820
wa
erway
Oceangoing
83
7
0
23
0
6
0
1
130
150
0
100
0
47
0
27
0
15
0
36
0
149
490
Motor
11
11
30
8
6
8
36
14
10
22
6
y 4
170
Total
160
18
1
140
280
86
37
530
50
160
11800
Agriculture
Co
t
ti
21
8
280
8
2,000
520
170
550
1,100
750
980
1,700
110
28
8
100
ns
ruc
on
1
0
2
450
130
110
280
520
500
350
420
300
110
,
3,400
Industry
Petroleum
Coal
6
1
0
6
42
96
230
5
160
0
39
0
7
590
Electric
o
0
19
5
1
0
4
4
6
3
3
2
47
p
wer
75
190
540
130
100
120
470
150
130
270
72
29
2,300
Total c/
82
190
560
180
200
350
480
310
140
310
75
38
2,900
Grand total J
440
570
33,00
920
620
1,500
2,300
1,600
1,500
2,900
540
130
16300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
- 66 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79Sb1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CI4-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953-57
Economic Region E
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
%II
Total c/
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
1953
Transport
Rail
16
6
29
8
3
13
36
21
25
22
15
4
5
1
200
60
Inland waterway
7
1
2
J
20
14
5
3
2
0
37
75
oin
an
o
l7
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
450
g
g
ce
Motor
32
26
82
22
19
25
100
39
29
47
1
1
72
33
150
30
43
58
150
66
57
70
L5-
25
790
riculture
A
27
29
140
66
12
66
170
61
56
61
6
31
17
3
730
96
g
Construction
6
5
19
5
5
8
20
u
5
3
Petroleum
0
J
4
15
ll
1
9
0
5
0
1
6
50
140
coal
58
1
1
J
12
14
17
10
9
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
12
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
9
200
Total J
16
8
92
34
24
27
50
40
32
36
18
16
390
0
14a
90
160
180
150
170
87
91
2, 000
Grand total J
120
75
35
1954
Transport
6
200
Rail
17
6
31
8
3
14
38
22
18
22
15
4
1
64
Inland waterway
7
1
3
1
dl
22
15
5
4
2
40
85
oceangoing
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
6
0
1
14
540
Motor
39
33
97
26
22
29
120
47
34
0
9
40
130
35
42
64
180
74
55
84
32
61
890
riculture
A
27
37
140
71
14
70
190
67
67
73
36
4
18
4
810
110
g
Construction
7
6
22
6
6
10
23
12
6
7
- 67 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Table 19
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a E
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
V
VI
VII
VIII
Ik
x
XI
XII
1954
Industry
Petroleum
d/
0
7
15
15
l2
0
5
0
Coal
5
J
15
1
21
12
14
1
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
12
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
9
Total c/
95
35
24
31
50
43
33
37
18
16
Grand total c/
390
iL
93
170
430
200
160
200
97
98
1955
Transport
Rail
18
7
34
9
3
15
41
24
27
24
1
6
Inland waterway
O
3
1
1
23
16
6
3
2
7
1
ceangoing
t
23
L
0
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
4
or
Mo
3
~n
llo
29
25
32
140
53
38
74
22
5
17
93
I7
150
61
71
200
83
69
100
43
68
Agriculture
Con
t
ti
30
40
150
75
13
73
180
67
77
110
42
1
s
ruc
on
7
6
23
6
6
13
26
13
8
9
5
9
4
Industry
P etroleum
Coal
1
5
0
J
1
64
6
16
15
1
23
1
16
0
5
0
1
Nonferrous metals
13
15
19
11
10
6
and manufacturing
12
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
9
Total c/
18
99
35
24
39
2-1
3!+
37
19
16
Grand total
150
100
420
100
200
210
250
110
110
Total J
57
200
410
2,200
230
68
100
620
11000
870
130
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79Sb1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
1956
Transport
Rail
19
7
36
9
3
16
4
3
25
28
26
18
6
240
Inland waterway
9
1
3
d
1
6
1
6
4
2
1
4
72
120
Oceangoing
27
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Motor
47
46
130
33
27
37
160
61
43
98
24
19
720
4
1
0
43
68
73
220
92
75
130
47
75
X200
5
7
Agriculture
52
150
72
15
67
170
59
75
130
57
20
900
1
0
Construction
5
22
6
6
12
25
20
13
15
10
5
5
Petroleum
1
0
1
7
15
30
1
20
0
6
o
1
80
170
coal
5
a/
69
17
1
J
14
16
21
12
10
7
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
18
13
52
19
13
24
56
26
23
31
13
13
300
Total c/
24
D-
120
29-
54
71
62
44
49
23
2L
550
t
t
l J
160
120
460
160
120
210
480
230
210
320
140
120
21800
o
a
Grand
1957
Transport
Rail
21
8
39
9
3
17
46
26
29
28
20
7
260
Inland waterway
9
1
4
1
a1
26
18
7
4
2
5
1
79
Oceangoing
29
0
o
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
120
8
Motor
55
54
150
38
31
42
180
73
49
110
28
21
30
62
190
49
81
86
240
110
83
140
53
79
11,300
- 69 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Table 19
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Cons,? ing Sector a
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region V
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
DC
1
X
XI
XII
Total 2
1957
Agriculture
32
53
160
70
14
68
180
62
80
140
43
10
920
Construction
9
4
22
6
6
14
26
24
17
21
15
5
170
Petroleum
1
0
Coal
6
J
1
7
94
180
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
18
13
52
19
13
24
23
31
13
13
300
Total J
13
MO
44
60
68
50
24
21
570
Grand total
180
5a
260
25-0
140
3,000
a. Data exclude those insignificant _ --
quantities consumed by civil air transport and in the generation of electric power. Estimates of less than 14 000 are ex-
pressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 more, in 2 significant digits. '
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955-
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79Sb1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector /*
1953-57
Economic Region 1
Year
Consuming Sector
II
III
I3
Y
PI
V I I
VIII
a
3
M
n,
Total 1
1953
Transport
Bail
0
0
0
400
400
400
200
150
0
550
0
0
2,100
Inland waterway
23
3
7
1
LI
370
250
17
10
6
13
2
700
Oceangoing
120
0
0
0
150
0
0
0
0
0
0
260
530
i
400
550
7O
450
170
20
560
13
M
3,300
3
-
Industry
Petroleum
8
0
40
320
520
300
89
260
0
110
0
35
1,700
Chemical
0
0
54
0
0
0
0
45
0
0
0
0
99
'Steel
140
0
810
120
150
200
330
390
34
71
11
36
2,300
Electric power
60
40
390
550
1,100
340
200
600
97
250
14
40
3,700
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
21
3
84
85
140
110
55
96
8
70
2
21
700
Total c/
2
10
~3
11,400
1,100
1,900
M0,
1.400
140
500
2a'
130
8.500
and total J
1
LO
-
45
l,4oo
22-
11,100
4~
400
s~o
1954
Transport
Bail
0
0
0
450
4o0
450
100
100
0
700
0
0
2,200
Inland waterway
20
3
7
1
J
390
260
14
10
5
12
2
720
8
Oceangoing
140
0
0
0
170
0
0
0
0
0
0
280
5
0
160
Z
!L50
570
840
60
O
M
MO
12
230
3,Soa
Total 1
R
Petroleum
9
0
46
350
580
340.
98
300
0
130
0
38
1,900
Chemical
0
0
60
0
0
6
0
46
0
0
0
0
110
- 71 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Tx
x
J
XI
X22
Total
1954
Industry (Continued)
Steel
140
0
910
130
150
210
350
410
36
76
12
39
2
500
Electric power
69
46
460
640
1,300
390
230
690
110
290
16
46
,
4
300
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
29
4
120
120
210
160
78
140
12
100
3
30
,
1,000
Total J
250
50
11600
1,200
2,200
1,100
Z60
1,600
160
600
31
150
9
800
Grand total c/
410
53
1,600
11700
2,
1,900
1,100
1200
MO
1,300
42
440
,
13,300
1955
Transport
Rail
0
0
0
500
450
500
50
50
0
800
0
0
2
400
Inland waterway
8
1
3
1
9
430
290
6
4
2
,
750
Oceangoing
150
0
0
0
200
0
0
0
0
n
n
opt
160
1
3
500
650
930
340
56
4
800
5
280
~i nn
Petroleum
8
0
35
320
530
550
80
560
0
140
0
31
2
300
Chemical
0
0
65
0
0
0
0
48
0
0
0
0
,
110
Steel
160
0
1,000
140
190
220
380
440
39
8o
13
43
2
700
Electric power
74
49
490
680
1,400
420
250
740
120
310
17
49
,
4
600
Nonferrous metals
and Manufacturing
35
5
140
150
250
190
93
170
15
120
3
36
,
1,200
Total J
280
54
1,700
1,300
2,400
1,400
800
2,000
170
650
33
160
10,900
Grand total J
430
1,700
1,800
3,
2,300
1100
2,000
180
1
00
38
440
14
600
3
,
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CI'A-RDP79Sb1046A000600120008-5
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79S91046A000600120008-5
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
II
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Ix
x XI
xII
Total J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
I
1956
Transport
Rail
100
0
0
560
560
550
180
0
0
1,100
0
4
0
1
3,000
750
Inland waterway
7
1
2
1
d/
4440
290
5
3
2
2
0
690
oceangoing
160
0
0
0
2x10
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
2
560
800
920
5
3
11100
4
290
4,400
Total c/
270
Industry
Petroleum
9
0
41
370
610
640
92
660
39
170
0
36
2,700
Chemical
0
0
70
0
0
0
0
53
0
0
0
0
120
Steel
170
0
1,100
140
220
240
390
47o
42
80
14
48
2,900
Electric power
80
54
530
740
1,500
460
270
800
130
340
18
54
5,000
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
26
3
110
110
190
140
70
120
11
90
2
27
900
Total /
280
3
1800
1,
2,500
1,500
820
200
220
680
34
160
11,600
Grand total /
550
58
800
1,900
3130
1500
1
30
2 100
230
11700
39
460
16,000
1957
Transport
Rail
400
0
0
600
600
600
450
150
0
1,100
0
0
3,900
Inland waterway
30
3
11
3
500
330
22
13
7
17
4
8
950
oceangoing
160
0
0
0
260
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
710
u
600
860
1
100
780
170
13
1,100
17
280
55,600
Total c/
590
3
1
Industry
Petroleum
11
0
48
430
710
760
110
780
45
190
0
42
3,100
Chemical
0
0
79
0
0
0
0
55
0
0
0
0
130
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel oil in +e USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic
on f
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
DC
X
XI
XII
Total
19957
Industry (Continued)
Steel
El
ct
i
180
8
0
1,100
150
260
250
400
480
43
83
15
51
3
000
e
r
c power
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
7
26
58
3
580
110
800
110
1,600
190
490
140
290
70
870
120
140
11
360
90
20
2
58
27
,
5,400
900
10-0
61
,goo
1,5oo
2,800
1600
870
2
300
240
1
7?0
37
180
12,500
00
64
2,000
2,100
2,700
L70
0
8
-
1,
00
V.
460
181100
a. Estimates of less firm
-, 10,w are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 significant digits.
h. Economic regions are those defined on :'?r '^ 13702 ( USSR: Admi nistrative Jnuary 1955.
t4'SSI : -ivisions and Economic Regions,
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Road Oils and Asphalts
in the USSR, by Economic Region aj
1953-57
Thousand Metric Tons
Economic Region J
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total -C/
Year
1953
230
180
680
190
200
280
720
400
190
220
120
120
3,500
4
1954
250
200
770
200
200
360
830
440
220
240
140
140
,000
4
1955
300
220
830
220
200
460
910
480
280
340
170
150
,500
1956
280
160
760
220
200
420
860
660
440
520
350
160
5,000
1957
290
140
720
210
180
450
84o
800
570
680
48o
180
5,500
a. Construction accounted for all consumption of road oils and asphalts in the USSR. All estimates
are expressed in 2 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and
Economic Regions, January 1955-
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
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D. Increased Role of Eastern Regions..
As indicated by the estimates given in Tables 16 through 21,*
most increases in consumption of petroleum products have taken place
in the eastern regions of the USSR (VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII).
Civil consumption in these regions has been estimated at 29 million
tons in 1957 compared with 16 million tons in 1953. This increase
represents an average annual rate of 16 percent in the eastern regions
compared with 9.6 percent in the western regions. Consumption in the
European USSR in 1957 has been estimated at 34.6 million tons, an in-
crease of 10.6 million tons compared with 1953. Thus, there is an
apparent shift in emphasis to the eastern regions in the civil con-
sumption of petroleum products.
The increase in consumption of petroleum products in the
eastern regions of the USSR has been accompanied by an even higher
rate of increase in production of crude oil in these regions. The
success of concentrated efforts to develop at a high rate the rich
oilfields in Regions VI (Volga) and VIII (Urals) has enabled the
eastern regions to provide a constantly larger share of national
production of crude oil. As illustrated in the following tabula-
tion, production of crude oil in the eastern regions increased from
45 percent of total Soviet production in 1953 to 76 percent in. 1957?
153 - 1957
Consumption Consumption
Production of Petro- Production of Petro-
of Crude leum of Crude leum
Area Oil Products Oil Products
Western Regions 55 60 24 54
Eastern Regions 45 40 76 46
Total 100 100 100 100
Concomitant with the shift in the center of production of
crude oil, although not so pronounced, has been a shift in the cen-
ter of output of petroleum products in the USSR, from Region V
(Caucasus) to the eastern regions, especially to Regions VI and
VIII. The output of petroleum products in Regions VI and VIII in-
creased from about 32 percent of the total in 1953 to more than
47 percent in 1957. At the same time the share produced in Region V
declined from about 51 percent to less than 28 percent.
Pp. )0 through 75, above.
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On the other hand, the consumption of petroleum products in
the eastern regions increased at a much slower rate than production.
In 1957 the eastern regions accounted for 46 percent of the civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR, a gain of only 15 per-
cent compared with 1953. Moreover, although production of crude oil
in the western regions had decreased from 55 percent of the total in
1953 to 24 percent in 1957, the estimated consumption of petroleum
products in this area declined only from 60 percent of the total in
1953 to 54 percent in 1957. Thus it might appear that the indigenous
supply of petroleum products in the western regions during 1953-57 be-
came increasingly inadequate to meet requirements for fuels and lubri-
cants. Such, however, was not the case; the western regions always have
been deficient in fuel. The concentration of the production and re-
fining of crude oil in Region V before World War II had necessitated
extremely long and costly hauls of petroleum products to the centers
of consumption.
Implicit in the shift of centers of production and refining
of crude oil is the solution at least in part to these critical
problems. The oilfields of Regions VI and VIII are more centrally
located with respect to centers of consumption. For example, Eco-
nomic Region VII (Central), which in 1957 was the largest regional
consumer, is located immediately adjacent to Regions VI and VIII.
Before World War II, consumers in Region VII were supplied with
petroleum products delivered over a route averaging probably between
1,500 and 2,000 km. Today these hauls can be reduced possibly by one-
half by shipments from Regions VI and VIII. Moreover, although the
problem of supplying the rapidly growing needs for petroleum products
in Economic Regions IX, X, XI, and XII is still difficult, Regions VI
and VIII are in a better position to do so than Region V. The con-
sumption of petroleum products in Regions IX, X, XI, and XII reached
about 15.6 million tons in 1957, almost twice the level of 1953. At
the same time, the indigenous production of crude oil in these re-
gions increased only from 5.1 million tons to about 7.6 million tons,
and thus there has arisen a major problem of supply. The solution
to this problem is seen in the construction of a trunk pipeline system
which will ultimately extend from the oilfields of Regions VI and VIII
to the Pacific Ocean and which will supply the eastern regions with
both crude oil and petroleum products. In conjunction with this pro-
ject, a large-scale program for the construction and expansion of
refineries in the eastern regions is also under way.
It is estimated that Soviet production of crude oil in 1960
may reach more than 140 million tons,* of which 110 million tons
* Compared with 135 million tons as stated in the original directives
of the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60).
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will be provided by the oilfields of Regions VI and VIII. Produc-
tion of crude oil in the eastern regions may reach 120 million tons
in 1960, or more than 83 percent of the Soviet total compared with
76 percent in 1957. Smaller increases in the consumption of petro-
leum products in the eastern regions may be expected as the result
of Soviet plans to achieve a more equal. and rational distribution
of industrial production, of agriculture, and of transport. On the
basis of successful implementation of this program, a more equal
distribution between the western regions and the eastern regions in
the civil consumption of petroleum products may be achieved by 1965
or possibly earlier.
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IV. Prospects for Exports.
As shown in Table 22,* increases are anticipated in the consump-
tion** of all of the selected petroleum products except tractor kero-
sine, for which an average annual decline of 8.7 percent is estimated.
The continued dieselization of several of the sectors of the civil
economy will be responsible for sharp increases in the demand for
diesel fuel. Comparable increases in the consumption of residual fuel
oil will occur not because of increased demands but because a signifi-
cant portion of the additions to proved reserves of crude oil in
recent years has been characterized by heavy, high-sulfurous, high-
tar content. It will be less expensive for the USSR to produce large
quantities of residual fuel oil from these crudes than to refine the
crudes to yield middle-distillate fuels.
It is unlikely that a demand for such quantities of residual fuel
oil will exist in the USSR in 1965. The continuing phenomenal growth
of the natural gas industry and the probable impact of this expansion
on the consumption of petroleum products lends strength to this be-
lief. As shown in Table 23,*** natural gas is expected to provide a
still larger share of the supply of petroleum and of total mineral
fuel**** in the USSR in 1965 than in 1957. Natural gas is to account
for more than one-third of the supply of petroleum in the USSR by
1965 compared with only one-seventh in 1957. As a share of the sup-
ply of mineral fuel, natural gas is to increase from 1I.2 percent of
the total in 1957 to 17.2 percent in 1965. Much of the planned pro-
duction of 150 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 1965 will serve
to reduce the growth in demand for residual fuel oil by a number of
consuming sectors and, in certain instances, will substitute almost
entirely for residual fuel oil.
A probable supply and demand balance for crude oil and natural
gas liquids in the USSR in 1965 is as follows:
Table 22 follows on p. 81.
These estimates include both military and civil consumption.
Table 23 follows on p. 82.
Coal, crude oil, natural gas, peat, shale, and fuelwood.
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Amount
Type of Product (Million Metric Tons)
Supply
Crude oil
Natural gas liquids
Synthetic petroleum products and
imports
2+0.0
6.5
Negligible
Total supply 2+6.5
Civil and military consumption
Losses, storage increments, and
187.5*
freshening of state reserves
1!+.0**
Exports of crude oil and Petro-
leum products to other countries
20.0***
of the Sino-Soviet Bloc
Residual exportable surplus
25.0
Total demand 2+6.5
As shown above, it is estimated that civil and military requirements
probably will account for 76 percent of the total supply of 2+6.5
million tons in 1965, and losses, storage increments, and freshening
of state reserves probably will account for about 6 percent in addi-
tion. Thus it is estimated that 45 million tons, or about 18 percent
of the total supply in 1965, will be available for export to other
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and to the Free World. Of this
quantity, about 20 million tons presently appear to be marked for
export to countries of the Bloc. The residual, 25 million tons, or
approximately one-half million barrels per day, apparently would be
available for export to the Free World. Preliminary estimates of
the amounts of energy required by the European Satellites to support
* Data were compiled from Table 22, p. 81, below.
** Estimated to be 14 million tons, or the equivalent of 6 percent
of production of crude oil: losses, 3 percent; increments in storage,
2 percent; and freshening of state reserves, 1 percent.
*** Published trade agreements for 1965 between the USSR and other
countries of the Sino-Soviet Bloc indicate that the USSR will export
a minimum of 16 million tons of crude oil. and products to these other
countries. Because agreements are not available for all countries
of the Bloc, this sum has been estimated to be roughly 20 million tons.
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Estimated Total Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Type of Product a/
1965
Type of Product
Amount
Motor
Aviation
37.0
2.0
39.0
Tractor
Lamp, stove, and jet fuel
1.4
21.6
Light
31.8
Heavy
11.2
x+3.0
Lubricants
Residuals and others
Residual fuel oil
67.0
Petroleum bitumen
6.6
Coke
0.6
Others
1.2
a. Including both military and civil consumption.
82.5
187.5
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Table 23
Position of Crude Oil and Natural Gas
in Production of Petroleum and Mineral Fuel in the USSR
1957 and 1.965
1957
1965
Fuel
Petroleum
Mineral Fuel. /
Petroleum J
Mineral Fuel
Crude oil
85.7
25.3
64.4
32.3
Natural gas
l4..3
4.2
35.6
17.2
Total
100.0
29.5
100.0
49.5
a. In terms of units of standard fuel.
b. The conversion to units of standard, fuel of the reported production
of 98.3 million tons of crude oil in 1957 and of the 240 million tons
planned for 1965 was effected at the ratio of 1.43 tons of standard fuel
per ton of crude oil. The conversion to units of standard fuel of the
reported production of 18.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas in the
USSR in 1957 and of the 150 billion cubic meters planned for 1965 was
effected at the ratio of 1.2 tons of standard fuel per thousand cubic
meters of natural gas.
c. The mineral fuels which are reported in the Soviet mineral fuel
balances are coal, crude oil, natural gas, peat, shale, and fuelwood.
the planned industrial growth in these countries through 1965, however,
indicate a possible energy deficit which may not be covered by planned
imports of petroleum. It is further possible that the USSR may direct
a portion of the exportable surplus of 25 million tons to reduce this
energy deficit. If so, correspondingly smaller quantities would be
available for export to the Free World.
Facilities now under construction will allow the USSR to handle
its exportable surplus of petroleum. Important among such facilities
are the oil base at Klaipeda, on the Baltic, which will be supplied
with crude oil and petroleum products by means of pipeline from the
prolific Urals-Volga oilfields. Also significant is the proposed
USSR-Satellite petroleum pipeline system, which is to deliver Soviet
crude oil to new refining centers in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
and East Germany. A major part of this pipeline system is to be in
use by 1963.
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SUPPLEMENTARY STATISTICAL DATA
The tables that follow show further details on the total supply
and the total consumption of petroleum products in the USSR during
1953-57. Table 24* shows the estimated quantities of petroleum prod-
ucts available for consumption. Table 25** shows the estimated yield
of petroleum products from the refining of crude oil.
* Table 2 follows on p. 84.
** Table 25 follows on p. 85.
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Table 24
Estimated Quantities of Petroleum Products Available
for Consumption in the USSR
1953-57
Thousand Metric Tons
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Refinery yield 2/
47,300
52,700
62,500
73,800
85
100
Imports
4,900
4, 80o
4, 4oo
5,100
,
5,500
Exports
-1,500
-3,500
-3,700
-5,400
-6,700
Total
50,700
54,000
63,200
73,500
83,800
Crude oil consumed as
a petroleum product J
500
600
700
800
1,000
Total supply 51,200 54,600 63,900 74,300 84, 800
a. Data were compiled from Table 25, p. b5, below.
b. These estimates were based primarily on information given in Soviet
statistical handbooks. It must be borne in mind, however, that these
statistics were adjusted to allow for the fact that they include quantities
of petroleum products imported for reexport and quantities purchased abroad
by Soviet foreign trade organizations for direct shipment to other coun-
tries.
c. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the
sums of the rounded components.
d. It is estimated that in each year about 1 percent of the indigenous
production of crude oil is consumed by the petroleum industry as a petro-
leum product.
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Estimated Yield of Petroleum Products from the Refining of Crude Oil
in the USSR a
1953-57
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
Indigenous production
of crude oil
52,800
59,300
70,800
83,800
98,300
Imports
0
0
35
93
171
Exports /
-300
-800
-1,500
-2,000
-4,100
Total crude oil
available
52,400
58,400
69,300
81,900
94,400
Losses, storage
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,900
Charge to refining
51,400
57,300
67,900
80,300
92,500
Refining yield of
petroleum products /
47,300
52,700
62,500
73,800
85,100
a. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the
rounded components.
b. These estimates were based primarily on information given in Soviet statis-
tical handbooks. It must be borne in mind, however, that these statistics were
adjusted to allow for the fact that they include quantities of crude oil imported
for reexport and quantities purchased abroad by Soviet foreign trade organizations
for direct shipment to other countries.
c. Estimated to be 2 percent of the availability of crude oil.
d. Estimated to be 92 percent of the crude oil charge to refineries.
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The methodology employed to derive the estimates of the civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR by consuming sector
and to distribute these estimates by economic region is of prime
importance. Wherever possible, these estimates were based on Soviet
open material. In certain instances, however, because of a lack
of qualifying information, data developed through subjective analy-
sis of the problem were used.
It has been considered appropriate to reproduce in this report
only a description of the methodology.
1. By Consuming Sector.
a. Transport.
(1) Rail.
Estimates of the consumption of diesel fuel were developed
by using the average consumption factors applied to the annual gross
ton-kilometers performed by diesel locomotives. The consumption of
diesel fuel per 1,000 gross ton-kilometers (tkm) was reported to be
4+ kilograms (kg) in 1953-55 and 3.7 kg in 1956-57. Annual totals
were subsequently increased by 5 percent to.include consumption in
switching and to allow for building up stocks and for losses.
Estimates of the consumption of residual fuel oil were
the most difficult to determine and are probably the least accurate.
The estimates presented in this report are the midpoints of a series
of range estimates. The low range was calculated in each year as
2.6 percent of total standard fuel consumed by the railroads. The
high range was derived on the basis of rates of the consumption of
residual fuel oil in the form of standard fuel per 1,000 gross tkm.
These rates have been reported as follows: 1953, 20.5 kg; 1954,
20.1 kg; 1955, 19.4 kg; 1956, 19.6 kg; and 1957, 19.6 kg. Figures
for residual fuel oil in standard fuel units were converted to natural
units by applying the conversion factor of 0.93 tons of standard fuel
per ton in natural units. Because of the factor of boiler efficiency,
the conversion factor for residual fuel oil consumed by railroads is
considerably lower than that used for the other consuming sectors
(1.)+ tons of standard fuel per ton in natural units).
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It was estimated that 1 ton of diesel lubricating oil
was consumed for every 80 tons of diesel fuel. This proportion
of 1 to 80 was derived from the experience of a leading US rail-
road.
For car axle oil, estimates again were based on US ex-
perience. The factor used was 44+.7 kg of car axle oil per million
gross tkm. Estimates were subsequently increased by one-third in
the belief that Soviet railroads would be considerably more liberal
in their use of car axle oil.
For steam locomotive cylinder oil and grease, total
steam locomotive movement in each year was multiplied by represen-
tative factors of usage derived from US practice. Consideration
was made of consumption of cylinder oil and grease in double-heading,
switching, and deadhead movement.
(2) Inland Waterway.
First, total standard fuel consumed in each year by in-
land waterway transport in the actual transportation of freight was
calculated. These totals were then distributed according to type
of fuel on the basis of a standard fuel balance for 1953 in which
each type of fuel consumed by inland waterway was expressed as a
percentage of the total. To this base was applied a graph which
portrayed relative changes in the consumption of major types of
fuel by inland waterway transport under the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60). Standard fuel balances for :1954 and 1955 were derived
by the analysis of trends in fuel consumption as indicated in the
other years. The percentage distributions thus obtained for each
year were applied to the total consumption of standard fuel in
that year, which yielded the consumption, among others, of diesel
fuel and residual fuel oil in standard fuel units for the period
1953-57. Conversion to natural units was effected by using a fac,
tor of 1.45 units of standard fuel per natural unit of diesel fuel
and a factor of 1.1+ units of standard fuel per natural unit of
residual fuel oil. These totals were then increased by 32.5 per-
cent to allow for the composite effect of a 6-percent increase to
account for fuel consumed in carrying passengers (based on the
ratio of fleet passenger-kilometers to ton-kilometers) and of a
25-percent increase to account for fuel consumed in route main-
tenance, by service vessels, by shore installations, and in other
nontransport functions,
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Estimates of consumption of lubricants were derived in
the following manner: Diesel-powered vessels consume lubricants at
the rate of 6.13 percent of the diesel fuel consumed. Vessels
powered by steam (both coal-fired and oil-fired) consume lubricants
at the rate of 5.25 percent of residual fuel oil consumed in oil-
fired vessels. This factor was applied uniformly on a ton-kilometer
basis to all inland waterway transport powered by steam on the as-
sumption that consumption of lubricants per ton-kilometer was the
same for both coal-fired and oil-fired vessels.
(3) Oceangoing.
The estimates of consumption of petroleum fuels and
lubricants by oceangoing transport essentially were based on the
volume of work output or net ton-kilometers of freight movement
in each of the years, on the portions of the total accomplished by
diesel-powered vessels and those powered by residual fuel oil, and
on the application to these portions of average consumption factors
of diesel fuel and residual fuel oil which had been derived through
analysis of a number of sources. For diesel fuel, the factors used
were as follows (in kilograms of natural units per 1,000 tkm): 1953,
9.275 kg; 1954, 8.848 kg; 1955, 9.091 kg; 1956, 8.878 kg; and 1957,
8.878 kg. For residual fuel oil the factors were (in kilograms of
natural units per thousand tkm): 1953, 38.33 kg; 1954, 36.95 kg;
1955, 34.08 kg; 1956, 32.49 kg; and 1957, 32.49 kg. In each case the
basic consumption rate was increased by 32.5 percent to allow for the
fuel expended in passenger transport and in nontransport functions.
Estimates of consumption of lubricants were obtained by
use of the methodology described for inland waterway transport.
(4) Motor.
The total consumption of petroleum products by motor
transport represents an aggregation of the estimated consumption by
each type of vehicle in the automotive park. For the purposes of this
research aid the automotive park of the USSR was divided into the
following types of vehicles: freight trucks, motor buses, passenger
taxis, truck taxis, and privately owned automobiles and motorcycles.
In addition, freight trucks and buses were divided into those con-
suming gasoline and those consuming diesel fuel. The other types
of vehicles were considered to consume only gasoline as a primary
fuel.
The estimates of consumption of primary fuel by each type
of vehicle were based on operational movement data and on considera-
tion of such regional influences as weather conditions and the type
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of roads. Operational movement data for freight trucks is the sum
of loaded movement plus movement while empty. For the other types
of vehicles, operational movement is simply the amount of vehicle
travel and has been calculated on either a daily or an annual basis.
To operational movement were applied the average consumption norms
obtained from numerous Soviet handbooks and expressed in liters of
primary fuel per 100 km of movement. These rates, according to type
of fuel and to type of vehicle, are as follows:
Type of Fuel
Type of Vehicle
Liters per 100 Km
Gasoline
Freight truck
34
Bus
35
Truck taxi
30
Passenger taxi
13.5
Private automobile
12.9
Private motorcycle
4
Diesel fuel
Freight truck
37
Bus
46
The estimates derived from the operational data were
then increased by 5 percent to allow for these amounts of primary
fuel consumed in engine warm-up, engine :idling, in movement not
apparent in operational data, spillage, and other losses. In the
distribution by economic region of these quantities of primary
fuel, consideration has been made of above-norm consumption result.
ing from adverse weather conditions and inadequate roads. There-
fore, to reflect this above-norm consumption, annual totals for
Economic Regions I (Northwest and West) through VIII (Urals), and
Region X (Kazakhstan and. Central Asia) have been increased by 5
percent; for Economic Regions IX (West Siberia), XI (East Siberia),
and XII (the Far East), by 10 percent. The total effect of these
increments on the annual consumption of primary fuel in operational
movement has been to increase the consumption of gasoline as follows:
in 1953, by 9.12 percent; 1954, by 9.21 percent; 1955, by 9.14 per-
cent; 1956, by 8.75 percent; and 1957, by 8.62 percent. Annual in-
creases in the consumption of diesel fuel were as follows: 1953,
10.30 percent; 1954, 10.53 percent; 1955, 10.52 percent; 1956, 10.22
percent; and 1957, 10.48 percent.
Estimates of consumption of lubricants were based on the
consumption of primary fuel. An average lubricant consumption factor,
as specified in a number of sources, of 6.8 percent of fuel consumed,
was considered appropriate. To reflect consumption of lubricants
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by gas-generator and gas-cylinder vehicles, the total consumption of
lubricants by vehicles using liquid fuel was increased by 1+ percent.
(5) Civil Air.
The number of reciprocating-engine aircraft in operation
during the period 1953-57 is estimated at 1,600. Assuming that each
aircraft was in the air for an equal length of time in each year and
given the hourly rates of primary fuel consumption for each type of
aircraft, annual consumption totals can be calculated. These totals
were then increased by 2 percent to allow for consumption of fuel
in take-offs, in arriving at cruising speed, and in landings.
In 1957, the first year of significant use of jet air-
craft by civil air transport, it was estimated that 30 jet aircraft
were in operation. Assuming that each aircraft was in use 80 hours
per month and that each aircraft consumed fuel at the rate of
1,600 gallons per hour, it can be calculated that the consumption
of jet fuel (kerosine) by civil air transport reached about 111-6,880
tons in 1957.
The consumption of lubricating oil by reciprocating-engine
aircraft was calculated at the rate of 2 quarts per aircraft per hour.
The consumption of lubricating oil by jet aircraft is considered to
be negligible and was omitted.
b. Agriculture.
For diesel tractors an average consumption rate of 10 kg
of diesel fuel per soft-plowing unit was used. An average of 15.031 kg
of primary fuel per soft-plowing unit was used for kerosine tractors.
The annual amount of soft-plowing units performed by diesel and by
kerosine tractors, when multiplied by the appropriate consumption fac-
tor, yields the annual consumption of primary fuel by the agricultural
tractor park only in field work. The consumption of fuel in both
field and nonfield work, including losses, is determined as a factor
of consumption in field work. The consumption of diesel fuel in both
field and nonfield work is determined as 1.21 times the consumption
in field work, and the consumption of kerosine fuel in field and non-
field work is determined as 1.135 times consumption in field work.
In addition, both types of tractors consume certain amounts of
starter gasoline. The consumption of starter gasoline by diesel
tractors is estimated at 1 percent of primary fuel consumption; that
by kerosine tractors, at 1.93+ percent of such consumption.
The consumption of lubricants is expressed as a percentage
of primary fuel consumed in field work. The consumption of lubri-
cants by diesel tractors is estimated at 9.151+ percent of the fuel
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consumption in field work; that by kerosine tractors, at 10.5 per-
cent of such consumption.
All combines in use in the USSR consume gasoline as a pri-
mary fuel. Consumption of gasoline by combines was estimated by
use of a weighted average rate of consumption of gasoline per hec-
tare harvested, which was computed on the basis of the composition
of the combine park in. each year, the daily productivity of each
combine model, and the consumption of fuel per hectare by each com-
bine model. The rate of consumption in each year was as follows:
Year
Consumption
(Kilograms per Hectare)
1953
6.2
195+
6.3
1955
6.3
1956
6.2
1957
5.7
Annual totals were increased by 5 percent to cover losses incurred
in transportation and in storage. Lubricants consumed by combines
is considered to be equivalent to 5 percent of the total gasoline
consumed by combines, including losses.
There is no direct evidence to indicate the amount of petro-
leum products consumed in the USSR by agricultural machinery other
than tractors and combines. The estimates which are presented for
this category were based on the relationship between the amount of
energy developed by tractors and combines and that developed by
other agricultural machinery. As a percentage of the energy de-
veloped by tractors and combines, the energy developed by other agri-
cultural machinery was as follows:
1953
7.2
195+
7.6
1955
8.3
1956
8.3
1957
8.3*
195E relationship held constant.
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In order to obtain those quantities consumed by other agricultural
machinery, these percentages were applied to the total amounts of
primary fuel consumed by tractors and combines, to total starter
gasoline consumed by tractors, and to lubricants consumed by trac-
tors and combines. The total amount of primary fuel for other agri-
cultural machinery was proportioned between diesel fuel and kerosine
according to the share of diesel fuel in the total amount of primary
fuel consumed by tractors, because evidence suggests that most other
agricultural equipment is powered by diesel engines.
c. Households.
Household consumption of kerosine was obtained by dividing
total state and cooperative retail sales of kerosine for the re-
spective years, in terms of 1955 prices, by the estimated average
state and cooperative retail price of kerosine in 1955? Collective
farm market sales of kerosine are negligible or zero. The prices
for kerosine in 1955 were calculated at 0.81 rubles per kilogram
for the urban areas and 1.02 rubles per kilogram for the rural
areas. The urban and rural prices of kerosine were then averaged
on the basis of the division of the Soviet population between urban
and rural areas. The weighted average price per ton of kerosine
thus derived was 929 rubles. In terms of 1955 prices, total kerosine
sales during 1953-57 were estimated as follows:
1953
1,091
195+
1,351
1955
1,536
1956
1,859
1957
2,19+
d. Construction.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction is
essentially an aggregation of annual consumption of primary fuel
and lubricants by the individual types of construction equipment,
in addition to losses in storage, hauling, and handling. An annual
consumption rate of primary fuel for each type of equipment was
derived, applying to given hourly fuel requirements an annual equip-
ment-use figure of 2,000 hours, and was held constant for the period
under study. These types of equipment include tractors, graders,
excavators, cranes, and miscellaneous equipment, all of which are
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powered by diesel engines. The number of units of each type of
equipment, calculated on an annual basis from a number of sources,
was then multiplied by the appropriate consumption rate, to yield
the consumption of diesel fuel according to type of equipment. The
consumption of diesel fuel by equipment not elsewhere classified
was computed as 5 percent of the quantity consumed by the known
types. Losses of diesel fuel were estimated at 2.5 percent of the
consumption of diesel fuel by the known types of equipment. The
consumption of gasoline by construction equipment was estimated as
a percentage of the total consumption of diesel fuel, excluding
losses. These percentages were estimated as follows: 1953, 14 per-
cent; 1954, 12 percent; 1955, 10 percent; 1956, 8 percent; and 1957,
6 percent. Allowance was made for dieselization of equipment and
retirement of old or obsolete gasoline-burning machinery. The con-
sumption of lubricants by the equipment park was computed as 5 per-
cent of the total diesel fuel requirements and 7 percent of all
other petroleum fuel requirements. The consumption of kerosine and
ligroine by construction equipment for the period in question is
insignificant.
Although there is no information on the consumption of petro-
leum products by the construction materials industry, it is believed
that certain plants, such as those producing cement, use considerable
amounts of fuel for heat and power. As a minimum, it is estimated
that the diesel fuel consumed by the construction materials industry
would amount to 10 percent of the diesel fuel consumed in construc-
tion. The gasoline consumed by the industry would amount to 20 per-
cent of the gasoline consumed in construction.
In addition to the quantities of gasoline, diesel fuel,
lubricants, ligroine, and kerosine consumed by construction equip-
ment and by the construction materials industry, it is believed that
all of the annual production of road oils and asphalts in the USSR
is consumed in construction.
e. Industry.
(1) Petroleum.
The consumption of petroleum products in crude oil drill-
ing and producing operations was calculated on the basis of the quan-
tity of fuels needed to produce one ton of crude oil. Average con-
sumption factors were available for 1956 and were held constant for
the period under study. These factors are as follows:
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Type of Product
Kilograms per Ton
of Crude Oil Produced
Diesel fuel
5.97
Residual fuel oil
2.86
Gasoline
1.79
The consumption of lubricants in crude oil drilling and producing
operations is believed to be approximately 9 percent of primary
fuel consumption. Because of the lack of qualifying data, the con-
sumption of lubricants was limited to that amount consumed by
drilling rigs and by engines consuming liquid fuel that are used
in the exploitation of oil deposits. The consumption of lubricants
by drilling rigs has been reported as 10.2 percent of primary fuel
consumption. The consumption of lubricants by the V2-300 diesel
engine, the most common engine in use in the oilfields of the USSR,
has been reported as 8 percent of primary fuel consumption. The
lubricant consumption factor which was used is an average of these
rates.
It was estimated that the consumption of residual fuel
oil during the process of refining crude oil is equivalent to 3 per-
cent of the crude oil refinery charge. Under comparable operating
conditions, this factor is analogous to US experience.
Minor amounts of gasoline, ligroine, bitumen, and bitu-
minous tar are consumed in the construction and repair of oil and
gas pipelines in the USSR. The total length of pipelines installed
was estimated for each year. Average rates of consumption of these
products per kilometer of pipeline installed were selected from a
Soviet handbook in accordance with the diameter of the pipeline
and the degree of insulation applied. A similar approach was taken
to determine the consumption of these products in the repair of
pipelines.
Finally, the consumption of crude oil as a petroleum
product by the petroleum industry was estimated as 1 percent of the
indigenous production of crude oil.
(2) Chemical.
The methodology employed in the derivation of estimates
of the consumption of petroleum products consumed by the chemical
industry involved the use of ratios of petroleum product input to
commodity output. In the chemical industry of the USSR, petroleum
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products find use in process heating in the manufacture of soda ash
and caustic soda and as a raw material in production of synthetic
rubber, tires, and carbon black.
It is estimated that 100 kg of residual fuel oil are
consumed for each ton of soda ash produced, and 625 kg for each ton
of caustic soda produced. Rubrax, a petroleum alkaline bitumen, is
consumed at a ratio of 1 kg per tire produced. In addition, it is
estimated that the consumption of rubrax in nontire plants of the
chemical industry is two-thirds of that consumed by the tire in-
dustry. The yield of carbon black from the raw material green oil,
which is a heavy distillate oil, is approximately 50 percent.
Thus, about 2 tons of green oil are consumed in producing 1 ton of
carbon black.
(3) Coal.
It is estimated that 20 to 30 percent of the annual
production of coal was submitted to the flotation process during
the period 1953-57. With a reported 0..36 kg of diesel fuel con-
sumed per ton of coal in this process, it can be calculated that
the consumption of diesel fuel ranged from about 25,000 tons in
1953 to more than 47,000 tons in 1957.
For lubricants, reported inventories of equipment dur-
ing 1953-57 and consumption norms per machine per year were avail-
able. Equipment inventories in 1956 and 1957 were estimated on the
basis of available information. Consumption norms were held constant
for the period 1953-57-
(4) Steel.
The major use of residual fuel oil in the steel indus-
try is for firing open hearth furnaces, soaking pits, and reheating
furnaces. It is estimated that 113.5 kg of residual fuel oil are
required for each ton of steel coming from the open hearth fur-
naces, that 50.5 kg for each ton are needed for the soaking pits,
and that another 50.5 kg are needed to cover the requirements for
reheating the partially rolled product. IC'hus, total residual fuel
oil requirements amount to 204.4 kg per ton of crude steel, except
in special cases in Economic Regions VII (Central) and VIII (Urals),
where certain amounts of steel are produced in electric furnaces
or convertors. In these regions, only 90.9 kg of residual fuel are
consumed per ton of crude steel.
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(5) Electric Power.
One method of expression of production of electric power
in the USSR by thermal electric powerplants is in accordance with the
type of fuel consumed during process of generation. For example,
in 1955 it was reported that of the total production of electric
power 5,574 million kilowatt hours (kwh) were generated by stations
equipped with diesel engines. To determine the quantity of diesel
fuel consumed in this generation, in the absence of a suitable con-
sumption rate of diesel fuel per unit of electric power produced, it
was necessary to employ a factor based on experience in US industry.
On the basis of US experience and certain basic assumptions, it may
be estimated that to generate 5,574 million kwh required 1.9 million
tons of diesel fuel, or the equivalent of 2,934 kwh per ton of diesel
fuel. This rate of consumption was held constant throughout the
period 1953-57.
A similar approach was selected in the determination of
the consumption of gasoline in the generation of electric power in
the USSR. In 1955, 915 million kwh of electric power were generated
in internal-combustion engines which consumed fuels other than gas
or diesel oil. It was assumed that gasoline constituted virtually
the entire supply of these other fuels. Again, on the basis of US
experience, it can be estimated that the generation of 915 million kwh
consumed 430,000 tons of gasoline, or 1 ton of gasoline for each
2,128 kwh. This rate of consumption was held constant throughout the
period 1953-57.
With regard to residual fuel oil, the USSR has supplied
to the Economic Commission for Europe consumption data which covered
the years 1953-56. These data, however, applied only to those
power stations under the authority of the Ministry of Electric Power
Stations, USSR. Furthermore, these estimates were considered to
represent minimum consumption. On the basis of available information,
the estimates supplied by the USSR were revised upward by 12 percent
in each of the years to cover the consumption of residual fuel oil
by powerplants not under the authority of the Ministry. The con-
sumption of residual fuel oil in 1957 was estimated on the assumption
that consumption would increase over the previous year by approxi-
mately 9 percent, as it did in 1956.
The consumption of lubricants by the electric power in-
dustry has also been based upon US analogy. The rates utilized were
0.009 gallons of lubricating oil per kilowatt of capacity of thermal
power plants and 0.004 gallons of lubricating oil per kilowatt of
capacity of hydroelectric powerplants.
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(6) Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
Forced balances between the supply and the total civil
and military consumption of lubricants and residual fuel oil in 1953
and 1955 were derived by deducting estimates of the total consumption
of lubricants and residual fuel oil by all other sectors of the econ-
omy, including the military, from the quantities estimated as avail-
able for consumption. The remainder for each year was allocated to
the nonferrous metals and manufacturing industries, thus establishing
an apparent trend in consumption. Estimates of consumption in the
remaining years were calculated by use of this trend, as well as an
index of demand for lubricants by the manufacturing industries esti-
mated for the period 1953-57. There was also information indicating
that in the latter years under study a decrease in the consumption
of residual fuel oil had resulted from the increased use of gas in
machine construction plants and in other similar industrial enter-
prises. For 1953 the yield of residual fuel oil was estimated to be
27 percent of the refinery charge, and for 1955 the yield was esti-
mated to be 25 percent. The yield of lubricants was estimated to be
4 percent of the refinery charge in each of the 2 years. Military
consumption of lubricants, for want of other data, was estimated to
be 5 percent of the yield of lubricants, and military consumption
of residual fuel oil was estimated to be 10 percent of the yield of
residual fuel oil.
2. By Economic Region.
a. Transport.
(1) Rail.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of
diesel fuel and residual fuel oil consumed by railroads in the USSR
is a reflection of the regional distribution of ton-kilometers of
freight hauled by locomotives powered with diesel fuel and by those
powered with residual fuel oil. For car axle oil, regional distri-
bution was effected in accordance with the regional pattern of total
gross ton-kilometers of all rail movement in 1955. The regional
distribution of diesel :Lubricating oil is in direct relation to that
of diesel fuel. Steam locomotive cylinder oil and grease were ap-
portioned regionally in accordance with the regional pattern of
steam locomotive movement.
(2) Inland Waterway.
In order to provide a basis for distributing petroleum
fuel consumption by economic regions, the total ton-kilometer per-
formance by inland waterway transport that had been used in the
calculation of standard fuel consumption totals was broken down
according to type of fuel into performance figures for each of the
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two Volga steamship companies (Volga United SS Company and the
Volga Tanker Company) and for each of the union republics. From
this pattern, distribution could be made to all those economic
regions not within the RSFSR. For the RSFSR, after deducting the
ton-kilometer performance of the Volga United and Volga Tanker com-
panies, the breakdown of the remaining ton-kilometers was used as a
basis for distributing the fuel consumption by other companies among
the economic regions within the republic.
The regional distribution of lubricating oils consumed
by diesel-propelled vessels is in direct relation to the regional
distribution of diesel fuel. The distribution of lubricating oils
consumed by vessels propelled by steam (both coal-fired and oil-
fired) was equated with the regional pattern of ton-kilometers per-
formed by steamships.
(3) Oceangoing.
The regional distribution of fuels consumed by oceangoing
vessels corresponds to that of the ton-kilometers performed by the
vessels using those fuels. In allocating petroleum fuel consumption
by economic region, Arctic Ocean and Baltic Sea operations were con-
sidered as being serviced from Economic Region I (Northwest and North),
Black Sea and Caspian Sea operations from Region V (Transcaucasus),
and Pacific Ocean operations from Region XII (the Far East).
The regional pattern of distribution of diesel lubricating
oil is that of diesel fuel. For lubricating oils for vessels propelled
by steam (both coal-fired and oil-fired), the regional pattern was
equated with the regional distribution of ton-kilometers performed by
steamships.
(1) Motor.
The basis used for distribution by economic region of the
quantities of primary fuel and lubricants consumed by commercial motor
transport in the USSR was the distribution by economic region of the
number of workers in the motor transport industry. This basis is not
applicable to the consumption of fuels and lubricants by privately
owned automobiles and motorcycles. Furthermore, there is available
very little information relating directly to the regional distribution
of these quantities. In view of this lack of data an index for the
distribution of fuels and lubricants consumed by this sector was
organized on the basis of the regional distribution of specialists
with a higher education for the year 1955. Although Soviet propaganda
may claim that private ownership of vehicles in the USSR is found among
every category of worker, it is believed that during the period 1953-57
such vehicles were owned primarily by persons having a higher education
and presumably a higher income than the average.
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(5) Civil Air.
The regional distribution of the consumption of petro-
leum products by the civil air fleet is a reflection of airline
activity within each region. The weekly operations at individual
air traffic hubs within each region were added to provide to~als
for various regions, which in turn were used to derive a national
total. The proportionate share of each region in the national
total was then derived, and this pattern was used to distribute the
total amounts of fuels and lubricants.
Separate regional distributions were made for recip-
rocating-engine aircraft consumption and for jet aircraft consump-
tion. A pattern of reciprocating-engine aircraft activity was
derived for 1955 and held constant for the period under study. The
pattern utilized was as follows:
Region
Percent of Total
I
(Northwest and North)
1.5
II
(West)
2.0
III
(South)
11.0
IV
(Southeast)
5.0
V
(Trarbscaucasus)
3.0
VI
(Volga)
11.0
VII
(Central)
24.0
VIII
(Urals)
11.5
IX
(West Siberia)
9.0
X
(Kazakhstan and Central Asia)
13.0
XI
(East Siberia)
6.0
XII
(Far East)
3.0
For jet aircraft, schedules for November 1.957 show operations into
Moscow, Tashkent,:Tbilisi, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Novosibirsk. The
pattern for 1957 was as follows:
Region Percent of Total
V 5.0
VII
42.0
IX
17.0
Xb
24.0
xi
12.0
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The regional distribution of lubricants was equated with that of
aviation gasoline.
b. Agriculture.
The annual totals of diesel fuel and kerosine consumed by
agricultural tractors were distributed regionally in accordance
with the pattern described in the regional allocation of soft-
plowing units. Similarly, the regional distribution of petroleum
products consumed by combines was equated with the regional dis-
tribution of hectares harvested. For both agricultural tractors
and combines the regional distribution of lubricants consumed
follows the regional pattern of primary fuel. In the absence of
data to the contrary, the regional allocation of the quantities
of fuel and lubricants consumed by other agricultural machinery
has been equated in each year with the regional allocation of pri-
mary fuel consumed by agricultural tractors.
c. Households.
Soviet household consumption of kerosine was distributed
among the various union republics on the basis of reported 1955
retail sales of kerosine. Within the RSFSR, no data on sales were
available. Therefore the distribution of kerosine consumption
among the economic regions within the RSFSR has been based on the
distribution of total population among these regions. The close
relation between the distributions of kerosine sales and total pop-
ulation of the various republics suggests that distributing kero-
sine sales on the basis of population within the RSFSR provides
a reasonably accurate estimate. Because data on the regional dis-
tribution of sales are available only for 1955, the pattern in that
year has been held constant for the period under study.
d. Construction.
In the absence of a more reliable approach to the problem
the distribution of petroleum products consumed in construction
was made on the basis of cement consumption by economic region.
e. Industry.
(1) Petroleum.
Lack of data precludes the distribution by economic
region of the quantities of petroleum products consumed in the
construction and repair of trunk pipelines. The distribution by
economic region of the consumption of gasoline, diesel fuel, lubri-
cants, residual fuel oil, and crude oil by the petroleum industry
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in crude oil drilling and producing operations was based on the dis-
tribution by economic region of annual production of crude oil. The
distribution by economic region of residual fuel oil consumed. by the
crude oil refineries was based on a pattern believed to be represen-
tative of the regional crude oil charge to refineries.
(2) Chemical.
Estimates of the quantities of petroleum products con-
sumed by the Soviet chemical industry were based on the ratio of
the consumption of petroleum products to the output of commodities
by the chemical industry involving the use of petroleum products.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of petroleum
products consumed has been equated with. the estimates of regional
production of such commodities.
(3) Coal.
The general pattern used to distribute the quantities
of petroleum products consumed by the coal industry was that of the
regional production of coal. Because of the mining conditions and
methods peculiar to the Donets Basin in Economic Regions III (South)
and IV (Southeast), however, it is estimated that the consumption
of petroleum products in these two regions averages about 50 percent
of the total consumption by the coal industry, although production
in Regions III and IV accounts for only 38 or 39 percent of the
total. The balance has been allocated on the basis of approximate
regional distribution of production of coal.
(4) Steel.
The distribution by economic region of the residual fuel
oil consumed by the steel industry is in direct correlation with the
regional production of crude steel by oil-fired furnaces. It was
possible to create such a pattern only for 1956, and this pattern
was held constant for the remaining years.
(5) Electric Power.
The regional distribution of the gasoline and diesel fuel
consumed in the generation of electric ;power was made on the basis
of the regional distribution of the rural population of the USSR,
as reported for April 1956. The consumption of residual fuel oil
was distributed regionally on the basis of the regional distribution,
of the estimated 1955 capacity of thermal electric powerplants, which
consumed mainly residual fuel oil.
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(6) Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
In the absence of other data the regional distribution
of the lubricants and residual fuel oil consumed by the nonferrous
metals and manufacturing industries of the USSR was based on the
regional pattern of consumption of lubricants and residual fuel oil
established for all other consuming sectors of the civil economy
in the year 1955? In view of the relatively short time-span in-
volved, as well as the relative insignificance of consumption by
these industries, it is believed that the margin of error inherent
in the application of the 1955 pattern to the entire period in
question would not be appreciable.
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Information is abundant on many phases of the petroleum industry
of the USSR. The Soviet press in particular gives much attention to
drilling practices, to production of crude oil and methods of pro-
duction, and to the transportation of crude oil and finished products
by pipeline. With regard to the refining of crude oil, output of
refined products -- either in percentage yields or in absolute
quantities -- and the eventual disposition of annual output, there
has been a reluctance to divulge any information since 1940. Yet
through a painstaking search of the vast amount of material in the
Russian language covering virtually all phases of the Soviet economy,
it has been possible to find and fit together pieces of information
to form a fairly clear and understandable pattern.
A selection of relevant books, periodicals, and newspapers in the
Russian language is listed below. These sources, in addition to the
vast number of US trade journals, newspapers, and available publi-
cations of universities and private research institutions, have pro-
vided the basis for the material presented in this report.
1. Bashilov, A., and Kvochkin, A. Kompaundirovaniye motornykh
topliv (Compounding of Motor Fuels), Moscow, 1958.
2. Blank, Sh.P. Sebestoimost' rechnykh perevozok (The Cost of
River Transport), Moscow, 1956.
3. Bokserman, Yu.I. Razvitiye gazovoy promyshlennosti SSSR
(Development of the Gas Industry of the USSR), Moscow,
1958.
II. Brenner, M.M. Neft' (Petroleum), Moscow, 1957.
5. Bronshteyn, L.A., et al. Avtotransportnyy spravochnik
(Autotransport Hannddbook), Moscow, 1956.
6. Bugayets, T.A., and Vil'chinskiy, V.A. Spravochnik po toplivu
i toplivno-skladskomu khozyaystvu zheleznykh dorog (Handbook
on the Fuel and Fuel-Storage Economy of the Railroads),
Moscow, 1956.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
7. Chernov, V.F. Proizvodstvo kaltsinirovannoy sody (Production
of Soda Ash), Moscow, 1956.
8. Dunayev, F.F. Ekonomika i planirovaniye neftyanoy promysh-
lennosti SSSR (Economics and Planning of the Petroleum
Industry of the USSR), Moscow, 1957.
9. Gur'yevich, Ya.D., et al. Neftyanaya promyshlennost' SSSR
(The Petroleum Industry of the USSR), Moscow, 1958.
10. Keller, A.A. Neftyanaya i gazovaya promyshlennost' SSSR v
poslevoyennyye gody (The Petroleum and Gas Industry of the
USSR During the Postwar Years), Moscow, 1958.
11. Lisichkin, S.M. Ocherki razvit:iya neftedobyvayushchey
promyshlennosti SSSR (Outline of the Development of the
Petroleum Extracting Industry of the USSR), Moscow, 1958.
12. Materialy i oborudovaniye primenyayemyye v ugol'noy promysh-
lennosti Materials and Equipment Used in the Coal Industry),
vol. 1, pt. 2, Moscow, 1955.
13. Protasov, G.N., and Udanskiy, N.Ya. Bureniye neftyanykh i
gazovykh skvazhin (Drilling of Petroleum and Gas Wells),
Moscow, 1954.
14. Ryabtsev, N.I. Yestestvennyyei iskusstvennyye_ gazy (Natural
and Synthetic Gases), Moscow, 195 .
15. Shimko, K.N. Toplivo dlya vodnogo transporta (Fuel for Water
Transport), Moscow, 1954.
16. Spravochnik po transportu gazov (Handbook on the Transport
of Gas), Moscow, 195
17. Statisticheskoye Upravleniye RSFSR. Narodnoye khozy4ystvo
RSFSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (The National Economy of the
RSFSR, Statistical Handbook), Moscow, 1957.
18. Svorykin, A.A., et al. Ekonomika ugol'noy promyshlennosti
SSSR (Economics of the Coal Industry of the USSR), Moscow,
1957,
19. Trofimuk, A.A. Uralo-Povolzh'ye - novaya neftyanaya baza
SSSR (The Ural-Volga Area - New Petroleum Base of the. USSR),
Moscow, 1957.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
20. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Narodnoye
khozyaystvo SSSR, statisticheskiy.sbornik (The National
Economy of the USSR, Statistical Handbook), Moscow, 1956.
21. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Narodnoye
khozyaystvo SSSR v 1956 godu, statisticheskiy yezhegodnik
The National Economy of the USSR in 1956, Statistical
Yearbook), Moscow, 1957.
22. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Posevnyye
ploshchadi SSSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (Sowed Acreage of
the USSR, Statistical Handbook),, Moscow, 1957.
23. .USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Promysh-
lennost' SSSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (Industry of the USSR,
Statistical Handbook), Moscow, 1957.
24. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Transport
i svyaz' SSSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (Transportation and
Communications of the USSR, Statistical Handbook), Moscow,
1957.
25. UN, ECE. Annual Bulletin of. Electric Energy Statistics for
Europe, Geneva, May, 1957.
26. Vneshn a a torgovlya SSSR za 1956 god (Foreign Trade of the
USSR) 1956), supplement to Vneshnyaya torgovlya, Moscow, 1958.
27. Vneshn a a torgovlya SSSR za 1957 god (Foreign Trade of the
USSR, 1957), supplement to Vneshnyaya torgovlya, Moscow, 1958.
28. Yevseyenko, M.A. Neftyanaya promyshlennost' SSSR v shestoy
pyatiletke (The Petroleum Industry of the USSR in the Sixth
Five Year Plan), Moscow, 1957.
1. Avtomobil'nyy transport (Automobile Transport)
2. Ekonomika sel'skogo khozyaystva (Economics of Agriculture)
3. Elektricheskiye stantsiy (Electric Power Stations)
4. Energeticheskiy byulleten' (Energy Bulletin). Publication
ceased with the last issue of 1958.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
5. Gazovaya promyshlennost' (Gas Industry)
6. Geologiya nefti (Petroleum Geology). Replaced by Geologiya
nefti i gaza beginning with the first issue of 1959.
7. Geologiya nefti i gaza (Geology of Petroleum and Gas)
8. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy - neft' i gaz (News
from Higher Educational Institutions - Petroleum and Gas)
9. Khimicheskayanauka i promyshlennost' (Chemical Science and
Industry)
10. Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel (Chemistry and Technology
of Fuels and Lubricants)
11. Neftyanik (Petroleum Worker)
12. Neftyanoye khozyaystvo (Petroleum Economy)
13. Planovoye khozyaystvo (Planned Economy)
14. Rechnoy transport (River Transport)
15. Stall (Steel)
16. Stroitel'stvopredpriyatiy neftyanoy promyshlennosti (Construc-
tion of Enterprises of the Petroleum Industry). Publication
ceased 1 Jul 1958, replaced by Stroitel'stvo truboprovodov.
17. Stroitel'stvo truboprobodov (Construction of Pipelines)
18. Teploenergetiki (Thermal Energetics)
19. U gol' (Coal)
20. Vestnik statistiki (News of Statistics)
21. Vneshnyaya torgovlya (Foreign Trade)
22. Vodnyy transport (Water Transport)
23. Voprosy ekonomiki (Questions of Economics)
2-I-. Zemledeliye (Farming)
25. Zheleznodorozhnyy transport (Railroad Transport)
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
Newspapers
1. Bakinskiy rabochiy (The Baku Worker)
2. Gudok (Published by the Ministry of Railroad Transport, USSR)
3. Izvestiya
4. Na stroitel'stvo truboprovodov (On the Construction of Pipe-
lines). Publication apparently ceased on 1 June 1959.
5. Pravda
6. Promyshlenno-ekonomicheskaya gazeta (The Industrial-Economic
Newspaper)
7. Stroitel'naya gazeta (The Construction Newspaper)
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120008-5
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