CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR 1953-57

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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 8, 1999
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: March 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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RESEARCH AID
N? 6S
CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
IN THE USSR
1953-57
CIA/RR RA-59-3
March 1959
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND REPORTS
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1r1?0prial e: t,;?d3-As information aMeting
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RESEARCH AID
CIVIL CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
1953-57
CIA/RR RA-59-3
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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FOREWORD
The estimates given in this research aid for the years 1953-55
represent revisions of the estimates contained in the research aid
Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR, 19+5-55,
27 September 1954, SECRET.
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CONTENTS
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
11
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? 13
B. Statement of Methodology . . . . . . . . . . ? .
II. Consumption by Consuming Sector and by Type of 15
Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? . ? '
. 15
A. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Inland Waterway . . . . . . . . . . . ? . ' ? 16
Oceangoing . . . . . . ' 18
1+. Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . 218
0
5. Civil Air . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. Households . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 23
.
. . . . 25
D. Construction . . . . . . . . . . . 25
E. Industry . . . . . . . . . ? ? ' '
Petroleum . . . . . . 26
Chemical . . . . . . . 28
28
Coal . . . . . . . . .
29
Steel . . . . . . . .
Electric Power . . . 30
Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing . . . . . . 31
III. Regional Distribution of Consumption . . . . . . . . . 39
A. general . . . . . . . . . . 39
1+1
B. By Consuming Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1+1
a. Rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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b. Inland Waterway . . . . . . . . .
c. Oceangoing . . . . . . . . . .
d. Motor .. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
e. Civil Air . . . .
............
2. Agriculture . . . . . . . .
3. Households . . . . , , . , , , . .
4. Construction . . . . .
5. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. By Major Type of Product . , , , , , , , , , . .
Page
42
42
42
43
43
44
45
45
54
1. Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2. Kerosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? 55
3. Diesel Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4. Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5. Residual Fuel oil . . . , . , , , . 58
6. Road Oils and Asphalts . . . . . . . . . . . 59
D. Increased Role of Eastern Regions .. . . . . . . . . 76
IV. Prospects for Exports . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . 79
Appendixes
Appendix A. Supplementary Statistical Data, . . . . . . . . 83
Appendix B. Methodology . . . , , , , ? , , . . _ , . . 87
Appendix C. Gaps in Intelligence . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 105
Appendix. D. Source References . .
Tables
1. Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Consuming Sector,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
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2. Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Type of Product, 6
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Estimated Total Consumption and Supply of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Summary of Estimated Total Consumption and Available
Supply of Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Major
Type of Product, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of
Product, 1953 . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of
Product, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
8. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of
Product, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of 6
Product, 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
10. Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the
USSR, by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product,
1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by
Consuming Sector, 1953 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . ' ' 9
12. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of
Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Economic Region
and by Consuming Sector, 195+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
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13. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of
Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Economic Region
Page
and by Consuming Sector, 1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
14. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Con-
suming Sector, 1956 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 52
15. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Con-
suming Sector, 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
16. Estimated. Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline
in the USSR, by Economic Region and. by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
17. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Kerosine
in the USSR, by Economic Region and. by Consuming Sector,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
18. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel
Fuel in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
19. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants
in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
20. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual
Fuel Oil in the USSR, by Economic Region and by Con-
suming Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
21. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Road Oils
and Asphalts in the USSR, by Economic Region,
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
22. Estimated Civil Consumption of Selected Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Type of Product,
1957 and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8o
23. Position of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Production of
Petroleum and Mineral Fuel in the USSR,
1957 and 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
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24. Estimated Supply of Petroleum Products Available for
Domestic Use in the USSR, by Type of Product, 84
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. Estimated Total Consumption and Available Supply of
Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Type of Product, 8
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
26. Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products by the Civil
and Military Sectors of the USSR, by Type of Product, 86
1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Following
Figure 1. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Consuming
Sector, 1953-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum
Products in the USSR, by Major Type of Product,
1953-57 .................... 6
Figure 3. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption
of Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Major
Geographic Area, 1953 and 1957 . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 4. Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption
of Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Major
Geographic Area and by Consuming Sector,
1953 and 1957 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 8
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CIVIL, CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR-
1 53-57
Summary
The civil consumption of petroleum products** in the USSR in-
creased steadily from 40.1 million metric tons*** in 1953 to 63.8
million tons in 1957. Annual increases during this period are
estimated to have averaged 12.3 percent compared with an average
annual increase in the US estimated at 3.7 percent. Because the
consumption of petroleum products by the military sector of the
Soviet economy increased still more rapidly -- the annual rate is
estimated to have averaged 27.4 percent -- the proportion of petro-
leum products accounted for by civil consumption in the USSR has
shown a marked decline, from 87.4 percent of the total in 1953 to
80.7 percent in 1957.
Estimated civil consumption of petroleum products-in the USSR,
by consuming sector, during 1953-57, is summarized in Table 1****
and shown graphically in the chart, Figure l.t Consumption in
every sector increased in each of these years. Although consumption
by the chemical and coal industries remained constant, consumption
by the entire industrial sector of the Soviet economy registered a
substantial increase.
Consumption of petroleum products by rail transport in the USSR
reached 5 million tons in 1957, or twice the level of 1953. Con-
sumption by households also doubled during this period, sharing with
rail transport the highest rate of increase in consumption by the
civil economy. The consumption of diesel fuel by rail transport has
been increasing steadily and may amount to as much as 8 million tons
in 1970, or about two-thirds of such consumption by US railroads in
1956. Nevertheless, the increase in the consumption of petroleum
products by rail transport may not keep pace with the planned increases
in the total consumption of such products. Inland waterway, oceangoing
* The estimates and conclusions in this research aid represent
the best judgment of this Office as of 15 January 1959.
** As used in this research aid, the term petroleum product re-
fers to a petroleum material which serves an end use without further
refining.
Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout this research aid.
Table 1 follows on p. 2.
t Following p. 2.
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
Consuming Sector
1953
1954
1955
1956 1957
Rail
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.8 5.0
Inland waterway
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2 1.5
Oceangoing
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.1 1.2
Motor
6.8
8.2
9.5
10.9 12.6
Civil air
0.7
0.8
o.8
0.8 l.o
Total b
11.7
13.5
15.4
17.9 21.4
Agriculture
9.8
10.9
11.9
12.4 12.8
Household
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0 2.4
Construction
Industry
5.6
6.5
7.3
8.3 9.3
Petroleum 2.7
3.0
3.6
4.3 5.0
Chemical 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 0.2
Coal 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2 0.2
Steel 2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9 3.0
Electric power 5.6
6.4
6.9
7.6 8.2
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing 0.9
1.2
1.4
1.2 1.2
Total b 11.8
l
15.1
16.4 17.9
Grand total 40.1
45_8
51.3
57.o 63.8
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 6 through 10,
pp? 33 through 37, below. Estimates have been rounded to the
nearest hundred thousand. For a graphic representation of these
data, see Figure 1, following p. 2.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal
the sums of the rounded components.
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Figure 1
ESTIMATED CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY CONSUMING SECTOR, 1953-57
30
1957
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and civil air transport do not consume significant quantities of
petroleum products, and no important change in this respect is
anticipated.
Consumption of petroleum products by motor transport increased
at an average annual rate of 17 percent to reach a total of 12.6
million tons in 1957. The gain over 1953 of 5.8 million tons repre-
sented the largest absolute increase registered in any sector of the
civil economy. As a result of this sharp increase, motor transport
not only accounted for 20 percent of total civil consumption of petro-
leum products but challenged the position of agriculture as the lead-
ing civil consumer. Final figures for 1958 may show that motor
transport already has replaced agriculture as the leading consumer in
the civil economy. Long-range plans call for a rapid increase in the
volume of freight transported by diesel trucks during the next 10 to
15 years. Nevertheless, certain limitations implicit in these plans
indicate that motor gasoline will remain the primary source of power
for Soviet motor transport.
Agriculture continued to be the leading civil consumer of petro-
leum products in the USSR, accounting for about 12.8 million tons in
1957. The relatively small increase of 3 million tons since 1953
resulted primarily from the wide-scale program of dieselization of
the tractor park and the inherent lower rates of consumption of pri-
mary fuel per unit of output by diesel tractors compared with other
types. At the same time, there has been a reduction in the consump-
tion of kerosine by Soviet tractors. Available information indicates
a continuation of these trends. The consumption of kerosine by trac-
tors in 1965 is expected to be reduced to about 1.4+ million tons, a
decline of 63 percent from the level of 1955. Conversely the consump-
tion of diesel fuel by agriculture is expected to increase steadily
and may reach about 23 million tons in 1965. The demand for diesel
fuel will increase still more rapidly, however, in other sectors of
the economy, particularly in motor transport. Thus the share of agri-
culture in the total consumption of diesel fuel by the Soviet civil
economy is expected to decline from 51.6 percent in 1955 to 38.9 per-
cent in 1965.
The consumption of lamp and stove kerosine by the households of
the USSR in 1957 is estimated to have reached 2.4 million tons, or
twice the level of 1953. Inasmuch as production of kerosine is ex-
pected to increase and the demand for tractor kerosine to decline
sharply, the consumption of kerosine by households may reach 3.8 mil-
lion tons in 1960 and about 9 million tons in 1965. Plans to increase
deliveries of gas* to households, especially in urban areas, are not
The term gas includes both natural gas and the gas produced from
shale and the underground gasification of coal.
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expected to have an appreciable effect on the domestic consumption
of kerosine by 1965.
The consuuption of petroleum products in construction in the
USSR amounted to 9.3 million tons in 11x57, an increase of about
66 percent since 1953. The principal products used in construction
are road oils and asphalts, and the consumption of these items may
reach 10 million tons in 1965. In addition, construction accounted
for almost 21. percent of the civil consumption of diesel fuel in
1957. The demand for other types of fuel in construction is de-
clining, and requirements for tractor kerosine and ligroine have
virtually ceased.
The consumption of petroleum products in the USSR in the genera-
tion of electric power make the electric power industry the leading
consumer of petroleum products in the entire industrial sector of
the Soviet economy. In 1957 .the electric power industry accounted
for 46 percent of all the petroleum products consumed by the indus-
trial sector. Although significant advances in the generation of
electric power are planned, there is to be no substantial change in
the generation of electric power by stations utilizing petroleum
fuels. It is possible, therefore, that there will be no correspond-
ing increase in the consumption of petroleum products by the electric
power industry. In a speech at the dedication of the hydroelectric
power station at Kuybyshev, Khrushchev called for an increase
in the rate of construction of thermal electric power stations, but
details of the program have not been announced. Implementation of
such a program is certain to result in an increase in the consumption
of fue:L by the electric power industry, principally in the consump-
tion of natural gas.
Throughout 1953-57 the petroleum industry ranked second only to
the electric power industry as an industrial consumer of petroleum
products in the USSR. Of the 5 million tons estimated to have been
consumed by this industry in 1957, about 56 percent of the total
represented residual fuel oil consumed in refining crude oil. About
42 percent was consumed in drilling operations and producing crude
oil, which accounted for all of the gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants,
and crude oil consumed by the industry. Consumption of petroleum
products in construction and repair of trunk oil and gas pipelines
is insignificant. A program for the conversion of refineries and
field equipment to gas has yet to be adopted nationally. The con-
sumption of petroleum products by the petroleum industry may reach
9 million to 10 million tons in 1965.
Significant quantities of residual fuel oil are consumed by the
steel industry of the. USSR in firing open-hearth furnaces, soaking
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pits, and reheating furnaces. The consumption of residual fuel oil
for these purposes is estimated to have reached 3 million tons in
1957 compared with 2.3 million tons in 1953. The use of residual
fuel oil to fire steelmaking units, however, is less frequent than
the use of blast furnace and coke oven gas. A decision to increase
the consumption of residual fuel oil or to convert to the use of
natural gas probably will be made locally on the basis of available
supplies.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by the non-
ferrous metals and manufacturing industries of the USSR indicate a
steady increase during 1953-55, followed by a decline in 1956. The
apparent decline reflects the replacement of residual fuel oil as
an industrial fuel by gas. The trend is toward the increased use of
gas, in particular by machine-construction plants, although residual
fuel oil probably will retain its present relative importance.
Estimated civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR,
by type of product, during 1953-57 is summarized in Table 2* and
shown graphically in the chart, Figure 2.** Increases in the con-
sumption of all the products except tractor kerosine occurred in
each of these years. Available information indicates a continued
decline in the consumption of tractor kerosine at least through 1965.
Although the consumption of lamp and stove kerosine doubled between
1953 and 1957, the total consumption of kerosine declined from 5.8
million tons in 1953 to 5.4+ million tons in 1957. The consumption
of ligroin remained negligible.
Particularly outstanding has been the very sharp increase in the
consumption of diesel fuel, which in 1957 amounted to about 16.3
million tons, or more than twice the level of 1953. During this
period, diesel fuel supplanted gasoline as the major distillate.***
In the US, on the other hand, gasoline always has been the principal
petroleum product. The USSR has declared its intention of introduc-
ing diesel equipment and engines into practically every phase of the
civil economy, especially in transportation and in agriculture, and
it is probable that diesel fuel will become increasingly more impor-
tant than gasoline.
The category of residuals and other petroleum products**** con-
tinued to rank first among the petroleum products consumed by the
Table 2 follows on p. 6.
Following p. 6.
The principal distillates are gasoline, ligroine, kerosine,
and diesel fuel.
**** Including residual fuel oil, road oils, asphalts, bitumen, and
bituminous tar.
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Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Type of Product a
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
Type of Product
1953
1954
L952
1956
1957
Aviation
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
Motor
7.8
9.1
10.4
11.8
13.4
Total
8.5
9.9
11.3
12.7
14
Kerosine
Lamp and stove
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0 2.4
Tractor
4.6
4.5
3.9
3.4
2.9
Total b
5.8
1-1
5.45-4 J
Diesel fuel
7.9
9.8
12
2
14
2 16
3
.
.
.
Lubricants
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.8 3.0
Residuals and others /
15.4
17.4
19.2
21.2 23.8
Crude oil consumed as a product
Grand total
0.5
40.1
0.6
4-
0.7
0.8 i.o
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 6 through
10, pp. 33 through 37, below. Estimates have been rounded to
the nearest hundred thousand. The consumption of ligroine in
each of the years was negligible. For a graphic representation
of these data, see Figure 2, following p. 6.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always
equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Including jet fuel consumed by civil air transport.
d. Including residual fuel oil, road oils, asphalts, bitumen,
and bituminous tar.
civil economy of the USSR. Consumption of such products in 1957 is
estimated at 23.8 million tons, or more than 37 percent of the total
civil consumption.
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ESTIMATED CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR TYPE OF PRODUCT, 1953-57
0
1953 1954 1955 1956
Figure 2
z
a
helC
a a~
~S
d~a
Res
1000,
se\~Je~
--i
`e
'
.000
000 .00
Go
ms's `ne
00,
Kerosine
Lubri~n~
- -
Crude
oil consumed
as a product
5
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The civil consumption of petroleum products within the 12 economic
regions- of the USSR during 1953-57 is summarized in Table 3* and
shown graphically in the charts, Figures 3 and 4.*** Consumption has
increased most rapidly in the eastern regions**** of the USSR, pri-
marily because of the new lands program and related activities. Con-
sumption in these regions is estimated to have increased at an aver-
age anneal rate of 16 percent, amounting in 1957 to 29 million tons,
or 46 percent of total civil consumption.
Of the eastern regions of the USSR, those making the most impres-
sive gains have been Economic Regions IX (West Siberia), X (Kazakhstan
and Central Asia), XI (East Siberia), and XII (the Far East). The
consumption of petroleum products in these regions almost doubled in
4 years, amounting to about 15.6 million tons and representing more
than one-half of the total civil consumption in the eastern regions
in 1957. Meanwhile, the consumption of petroleum products in the
European USSR has increased 9.6 percent annually, reaching 34+.6 mil-
lion tons in 1957.
Even greater than the increase in the consumption of petroleum
products in the eastern regions has been the increase in production
of crude oil, primarily from the highly productive oilfields in Eco-
nomic Regions VI (Volga) and VIII (Urals), which was accompanied by
a shift in the center of refining from Regions IV (Southeast) and V
(Transcaucasus) to the eastern regions.
The shift in the centers of production and refining of crude oil
may help to solve several critical problems regarding the adequate
and timely supply of petroleum products to consumers. First, the
centers of production have been brought closer to the centers of
consumption, thus reducing significantly the distances over which
petroleum products must be hauled. Second, the petroleum industry
is in a better position to supply'the rapidly increasing needs for
petroleum products in Economic Regions IX, X, XI, and XII, where
local production of crude oil is less than one-half of estimated re-
quirements. The solution to the resulting problem of supply is the
* The term economic region (or re ion) in this research aid re-
fers to the economic regions defined and numbered on Map 13702
(L1-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January
1955.
Table 3 follows on p. 8.
Following p. 8.
As used in this research aid the term eastern regions of the
USSR refers to the geographical area formed by Economic Regions VI,
VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. The remaining area is referred to as
the European USSR.
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Table 3
a. Data in this table have been compiled from Tables 11
through 15, pp. 4+9 through 53, below. For a graphic repre-
sentation of these data, see Figures 3 and 4+, following p. 8.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702
(4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions,
January 1955.-
c. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always
equal the sums of the rounded components.
construction of an oil pipeline network which will extend ultimately
to the Pacific Ocean. From the oilfields of Economic Regions VI and
VIII, this network will supply the eastern regions with both crude
oil and petroleum products. In connection with this project, a
large-scale program for constructing and expanding refineries in the
eastern regions is under way. -
It is believed that the continued development of the new lands,
accompanied by the expansion of industrial and transport facilities
in the eastern regions of the USSR, may lead to a more equitable
distribution of petroleum products for civil consumption between the
eastern regions and the European USSR by 1965 or possibly earlier.
Summary of Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Economic Region a/
1953-57
Economic
Region
1953
1954
1
955
1956
1
.
957
i
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.5
3.1
II
1.4.
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
III
6.6
7.4
8.1
8.6
9.2
IV
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.6
V
3.8
4.3
4.6
5.1
5.5
VI
'-.o
4.6
5.5
5.8
6.5
VII
7.0
7.9
8.4+
8.8
10.0
viii
4.1
4+.7
5.3
5.9
6.9
Ix
2.0
2.1I
2.7
3.2
3.6
X
3.7
4.5
5.7
7.1
8.1
XI
1.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
2.2
XII
1.2
1.3
:L.5
1.6
1.7
Total c/
40.1
8
57.0
63
8
.
Million Metric Tons
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ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AREA, 1953 and 1957
Million Metric Tons
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SECRET Figure 4
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF CIVIL CONSUMPTION
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THE USSR
BY MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC AREA AND BY CONSUMING SECTOR
1953 and 1957
m
Industry
Agriculture
1953 1957
EUROPEAN
USSR
Transport
1.2 1.1
1953 1957
CENTRAL ASIA
and
KAZAKHSTAN
m
1953 1957 1953 1957
SIBERIA FAR EAST
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The development of the eastern regions is reflected again in the
distribution of petroleum products by consuming sector.* In 1957,
civil consumption of such products'by agriculture in Region X, the
center of the new lands program, amounted ton 2t the ons, an at crease of 135 percent compared with 1953.
construc-
tion, consumption in Regions VIII, IX, and X amounted to about 3.5
million tons in 1957, an increase of 166 percent compared with 1953.
Industrial consumption of petroleum products is concentrated in the
relatively highly developed areas of Regions III (the Ukraine), V,
and VIII. These regions accounted for more than one-half of the
total consumption of petroleum products by industry in 1957.
the Seven Year Plan (1959-65), however, increased deliveries of gas
to the industrial centers of the USSR, particularly in Regions III
and V, may cause changes in this pattern by promoting conversion
from petroleum to gas. The primary industrial consumers of gas ap-
pear to be the electric power stations, heavy metallurgical enter-
prises, and, to a lesser extent, plants constructing machinery. The
substitution of gas an an industrial fuel for residual fuel oil at
these points may serve to reduce the share of petroleum productsto
consumed by industry in Regions III and V. Plans to supply gas
Region VIII are in a state of flux. An-unusually large deposit of
natural gas discovered late in 1957 near Bukhara, Uzbek SSR, in
Region X may become a principal source of gas for Region VIII, but
actual deliveries are unlikely before 1965.
Preliminary estimates of civil consumption of most of the prin-
cipal types of petroleum products in the USSR in 1965 are as follows:
Type of Product
Amount
Million Tons)
Motor gasoline
30
Lamp and stove kerosine
9
Tractor kerosine
1.4
Diesel fuel
58
Lubricants
7 to 8
Residual fuel oil
25
Road oils and asphalts
10
Total 140 to 141
Available information does not permit the development of estimates
for aviation gasoline, for jet fuel, or for the several minor
* See Tables 11 through 15, pp. 49 through 53, below.
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petroleum products, without which an estimate of total consumption
cannot be made. On the basis of the estimates cited above, however,
and of plans for expanding production of crude oil, it is believed
that the USSR will have a surplus of petroleum products in 1965.
This conclusion is fortified by the tremendous expansion of the Soviet
gas :industry. In terms of standard fuel units, crude oil accounted
for nearly 86 percent of Soviet production of petroleum* in 1957 but
is expected to supply only 63 percent in 1965. On the other hand,
natural gas, which accounted for only about 14 percent of Soviet pro-
duction of petroleum in 1957, is expected to provide nearly 37 per-
cent of such production in 1965. Thus, assuming that Soviet goals
for production of crude oil are achieved, the USSR may be expected to
export increasing quantities of petroleum.
The statistical bases for the conclusion that the USSR has a sur-
plus of petroleum products are summarized in Table 4, which shows
estimates of total consumption (including military consumption) dur-
ing 1953-57. Estimates of total consumption account for 94.4 percent
of the estimated supply of petroleum products during the entire
period. The range of error on estimates of civil consumption of
petroleum products given in this research aid is believed not to ex-
ceed plus or minus 10 percent. For the remaining estimates, because
of the complex methodology and the number of assumptions involved,
derivation of ranges of error was not considered feasible.
Table 4
a. Estimates have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand.
b. Date were derived from Table 5, p. 12, below.
c. Data were derived from Table 26, Appendix A, p. 86, below.
d. Data were derived from Table 1, p. 2, above.
Estimated Total Consumption and Supply
of Petroleum Products in the USSR a
1953-57
Distribution
1222
1
Available supply J
Militar
s
49.4
53.0
63.0
72.7
83.5
y con
umption J
Avail
bl
f
i
5.8
6.6
7.2
10.8
15.3
e
a
or c
vil consumption
Civil c
43.6
46.4
55.8
61.9
68.2
onsumption ct
A
t
40.1
45.8
51.3
57.0
63.8
pparen
surplus
3.5
0.6
4.5
4.9
4.4
* A used in this research aid, the term petroleum includes both
crude oil and natural gas.
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I. Introduction.
This research aid has three objectives: (1) to estimate the
total civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR and the dis-
tribution of this consumption by economic sector and by economic re-
gion during the years 1953-57; (2) to estimate the level of consump-
tion of selected major petroleum products in the USSR in 1965; and
(3) to describe and analyze the more important trends in the consump-
tion of petroleum products.
The major sectors of civil consumption of petroleum products
discussed in this research aid are transport, agriculture, households,
construction, and industry. The major types of petroleum products
discussed are gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuel, lubricants, residual
fuel oil, and road oils and asphalts. It has been possible to derive
estimates of consumption only for those petroleum products considered
to be of prime importance to each sector. Thus for many of the sectors,
such as the chemical industry, the annual totals given must be con-
sidered minimal.
A comparison of the estimates of total civil and military
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR with estimates of pro-
duction has served to define the validity of the estimates contained
in this research aid. This comparison is shown in Table 5.* The
estimated total consumption of petroleum products accounts for 94.4
percent of the estimated supply of petroleum products available dur-
ing 1953-57. The portion unaccounted for varies from 1.1 percent in
1954 to 7.1 percent in 1953 and 1955. The fact that estimates of
supply were developed independently by an entirely different approach
lends further strength to the comparison. Thus the range of error in
estimates of total civil consumption of petroleum products in indi-
vidual years is believed to be not more than plus or minus 10 percent.
Because of the complex methodology and the number of assumptions in-
volved, derivation of ranges of error for the remaining estimates was
not considered feasible.
An analysis of individual products indicates that there will
continue to be a surplus of gasoline and a shortage of diesel fuel in
the USSR. Much of the imbalance between the estimated supply and con-
sumption of these products probably can be attributed to the cumulative
effect of the ranges of error in estimates of production and consumption
of these products by the military and civil sectors of the Soviet econ-
omy. Moreover, there may be sizable errors in estimates of production
Table 5 follows on p. 12.
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Summary of Estimated Total Consumption and Available Supply
of Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Major Type of Product a
1953-57
Million Metric Tons
Residuals
Gaso- Kero- Diesel Lubri- and
Year Distribution line sine Fuel cants Others Total _/ -
1953 Total consumption 10.0 7.6 8.8 2.1 16.9 45.9 ,
Available supply 13.9 7.8 6.7 2.1 17.6 49.4 J e/
Apparent surplus 3.9 0.2 0.7 3.5
Apparent deficit 2'_.1
1954 Total consumption 11.4 8.2 10.8 2.3 19.0 52.4.a/
Available supply 14.7 8.0 8.2 2.1 18.8 53.0 d/ e/
Apparent surplus 3.3 0.6
Apparent deficit 0.2 2.6 0.2 0.2
1955 Total consumption 12.8 8.2 13.4 2.5 21.0 58.5 J
Available supply 16.9 10.4 10.4 2.5 21.8 63.0 e~
Apparent surplus 4.1 2.2 o.8 4.5
Apparent deficit 3.0
1956 Total consumption 14.4 10.8 15.1. 2.9 23.7 67.8 J
Available supply 20.3 11.0 13.0 3.1 24.4 72.7 J fJ
Apparent surplus 5.9 0.2 0.2 0.7 4.9
Apparent deficit 2.1
1957 Total consumption 16.3 14.7 17.3 3.1 26.6 79.1 J
Available supply 21.7 13.1 15.6 4.1 28.2 83.5 / fJ
Apparent surplus 5.4 1.0 1.6 4.4
Apparent deficit 1.6 1.7
a. Figures for consumption include both the civil and military sectors.
Data were compiled from Table 25, Appendix A, p. 85, below. Estimates have
been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums
of the rounded components.
c. Including crude oil consumed as a petroleum product by the petroleum
industry.
d. Including ligroine in addition to crude oil consumed by the petroleum
industry.
e. Estimates were derived by subtracting; losses and increments in storage
from indigenous production. Data on imports and exports were available
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Summary of Estimated Total Consumption and Available Supply
of Petroleum Products in the USSR, by Major Type of Product
1953-57
(Continued)
except for the year 1957 and were taken into consideration.
f. Including crude oil consumed by the petroleum industry.
and consumption of these products, particularly in estimates of the
amount of gasoline allotted to storage.
Estimates of production of gasoline and diesel fuel were
derived by the application of link relatives to known production
in a given year but the estimates of consumption of these commodities
are less reliable. This belief derived from the fact that it is pos-
sible to interchange or to blend certain petroleum fuels and to
identify incorrectly equipment consuming petroleum fuel. It is pos-
sible that certain fuels, in particular those used by jet aircraft,
have been produced by blending the gasoline, ligroine, kerosine and,
to some extent, the gas oil fractions of petroleum. Such instances
have been reported for the years 1949-53. ,Subsequent information in-
dicates that this practice has increased. J* Moreover, it is pos-
sible that kerosine and even gasoline have been substituted for diesel
fuel in the USSR. It is also possible that equipment burning gasoline
has been identified incorrectly as equipment burning diesel fuel.
Finally, because estimates of consumption are minimal, actual
surpluses may be smaller than those indicated.
B. Statement of Methodology.**
Most of the estimates are based on Soviet sources. In certain
instances, however, the lack of information necessitated the develop-
ment of data by means of subjective analysis.
With only two exceptions, estimates are given in terms of the
quantities of petroleum products consumed per unit of work or per unit
of output. Estimates of consumption of kerosine by households are
based on state and cooperative retail sales. Estimates of the
* For serially numbered source references, see Appendix D.
For further details, see Appendix B.
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consumption of petroleum products- by the nonferrous metals and manu-
facturing industries in the years 1953 and 1955 represent the dif-
ference between total consumption and consumption by other consumers.
Estimates of consumption in the remaining years were calculated on
the basis of (1) the proportions obtaining in 1953 and 1954, (2) an
index of the demand for lubricants by the manufacturing industries,
and (3) information implying a decrease in consumption of residual
fuel oil in 1956 and 1957.
* It is believed that the only petroleum products consumed in sig-
nificant quantities by the nonferrous metals and manufacturing indus-
tries of the USSR are residual fuel oil and lubricants.
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II. Consumption by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product.
Estimates of civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR,
by consuming sector and by type of product, are shown for each of
the years 1953-57 in Tables 6 through 10.* A description of the
methodology used to derive these estimates is given in Appendix B.
A. Transport.
The consumption of petroleum fuels by rail transport in
the USSR is limited primarily to residual fuel oil and diesel fuel,
although small amounts of oil shale mixed with coal are consumed in
the Estonian SSR in Region II (West). Lubricants consumed include
car axle oil, diesel lubricating oil, steam locomotive cylinder oil,
and steam locomotive grease.
The consumption of petroleum products by rail transport
increased to 5 million tons in 1957, or about twice the level achieved
in 1953, to share with households the highest rate of increase in
the consumption of petroleum products recorded by any of the consum-
ing sectors of the civil economy. Of the individual products, diesel
fuel has shown the sharpest gain since 1953, increasing by more than
270 percent to reach 0.8 million tons in 1957. The consumption of
residual fuel oil, which amounted to 3.9 million tons in 1957, has
shown the largest absolute increase, 1.8 million tons, since 1953.
The increment in the consumption of residual fuel oil, in turn, ac-
counted for about 75 percent of the increase in total consumption
of petroleum products by rail transport during the period under
study.
Most of the increase in consumption of petroleum products
by rail transport was experienced in 1956 and 1957. In these years,
consumption increased by 0.8 million tons and 1.2 million tons re-
spectively compared with a total increase of only 0.5 million tons
from 1953 to 1955. These increases in consumption reflect signifi-
cant advances in the volume of rail transport performed by loco-
motives consuming petroleum fuel, particularly in Economic Regions I
(the Northwest), VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia).
The increases in the consumption of diesel fuel result
from the general scheme of dieselization of the railroad system. As
yet, however, the consumption of diesel fuel by rail transport is
Tables6 through 10 follow on pp. 33 through 37-
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relatively insignificant in the total cavil consumption of diesel
fuel, accounting for about 5 percent in 1957. Compared with the
consumption of diesel fuel by US railroads, which reached more than
11.4 million tons in 1956, the consumption. of diesel fuel by rail-
roads in the USSR in 1960 has been forecast at 2.4- million tons. J
The demand for diesel fuel in the USSR by rail transport may reach
a level of about 8 million tons by 1970, or about two-thirds of US
consumption in 1956.
The increased consumption of residual fuel oil probably
can be attributed to the apparent conversion of large numbers of
steam locomotives from coal to oil in the latter half of 1955 and
in 1956-57. Instead of reflecting current; or anticipated shortages
of coal, these conversions probably indicate a greater supply of
residual fuel oil. The growing importance of rail transport as a
consumer of residual fuel oil is evident in its advance to the posi-
tion as the second leading civil consumer in 1956, replacing the
steel industry. Rail transport accounted for about 19 percent of
the civil consumption of residual fuel oil in 1956-and probably
about 22 percent in 1957.
The share of rail transport in the civil consumption
of petroleum products has shown only a minor advance, from slightly
more than 6 percent in 1953 to about 8 percent in 1957. In spite
of evidence of'a continued gradual shift from solid fuels to liquid
fuels, it is probable that the increase in the consumption of petro-
leum products by rail transport will not keep pace with the planned
increases in the total consumption of such products.
2. Inland Waterway.
For the purposes of this research aid the consumption of
petroleum products by inland waterway transport includes consumption
by all of those river steamship companies formerly subordinate to
the All-Union Ministry of the River Fleet and now subordinate to the
Republic ministries of the river fleet; the Central Asiatic Steamship
Company, recently transferred to the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet;
and the Republic small river administrations. The noncommon carrier
river fleets of certain mining,timber, and other industrial enter-
prises are not included.
Estimates have been made for residual fuel oil, diesel
fuel, and lubricants. The consumption of gasoline by inland water-
way transport is insignificant and has been omitted. The estimates
represent the amounts of fuel and lubricants consumed in carrying
freight and passengers and in performing all other functions neces-
sary to maintain service afloat and ashore.
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During 1953-56 the consumption by inland waterway trans-
port showed a steady increase, with an average increment of 0.1 mil-
lion tons in each year. In 1957, consumption increased by about
0.3 million tons, or by 25 percent,-to reach 1.5 million tons.
Residual fuel oil, probably reflecting an increased supply of this
fuel locally, accounted for two-thirds of the increment.
At the end of World War II, inland waterway transport
in the USSR consisted largely of steam vessels burning residual
fuel oil, coal, or wood. Since that time an increasing emphasis
has been placed upon dieselization. In 1950, 19 percent of inland
waterway transport was diesel-propelled; by 1960, 67-percent
dieselization is planned. The effects of the planned dieselization
of inland waterway transport are apparent in the period under study.
Diesel fuel as a share of the total consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts by the fleet increased from about 19 percent in 1953 to more
than 33 percent in 1957. During this period the consumption of
diesel fuel increased by 170 percent, to about 0.5 million tons in
1957. Furthermore, diesel fuel accounted for about 55 percent of
the increase in consumption of petroleum products by inland water-
way transport during 1953-57 compared with about 4+5 percent attrib-
utable to residual fuel oil. Comparative gains probably will con-
tinue to be recorded, possibly through 1965.
Residual fuel oil, which accounted for about 75 percent
of the total consumption of petroleum products by inland waterway
transport in 1953, accounted for less than 65 percent in 1957, in
spite of a concurrent estimated increase in the consumption of
residual fuel oil of 36 percent, to about 1 million tons. Further
declines may be expected as the result of dieselization.
Under the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60) the consump-
tion of diesel fuel by the river fleet was scheduled to increase
about 3.3 times and the consumption of residual fuel oil, 1.7
times. / Thus by 1960, inland waterway transport may consume about
1 million tons of diesel fuel and about 1.3 million tons of residual
fuel oil. Conversely, for the other types of fuel consumed by in-
land waterway transport, coal is to maintain approximately the level
of 1955, but a significant decrease in consumption of wood is
planned, to about 35 percent of the level of 1955?
The share of inland waterway transport in total civil
consumption of petroleum products showed only a very slight increase,
from 2.3 percent in 1953 to 2.1+ percent in 1957. The significance of
inland waterway transport,as a consumer of petroleum products is not
expected to be greatly altered in the long run.
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3. Oceangoing.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products in
the USSR by oceangoing transport include those estimates of consump-
tion by the organizations subordinate to the Ministry of the Maritime
Fleet, including all of the maritime steamship companies, and the
three companies operating on the Caspian Sea. Estimates have been
derived for. those fuels and lubricants expended by oceangoing trans-
port in carrying cargo and passengers and by the service fleet and
shore installations in performing maintenance functions.
The consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport of the USSR increased to 1.2 million tons in 1957, an in-
crease of about 60 percent over the level that was recorded in 1953,
Yet as a share of the total civil consumption of petroleum products,
oceangoing transport remained at a constant level of about 2 percent
during 1953-57. Of the absolute increment of 450,000 tons during
this period, diesel fuel accounted for about 49 percent, and residual
fuel oil for about 40 percent. The consumption of diesel fuel in-
creased at an average annual rate estimated at about 27 percent com-
pared with approximately 8 percent for residual fuel oil.
Evidence of the apparent shift to diesel fuel is the in-
creasing role attributed to diesel fuel in the total consumption of
petroleum products by oceangoing transport. In 1953, diesel fuel
accounted for slightly less than 19 percent of the petroleum fuels
and lubricants consumed. By 1957 the share had grown to about 30
percent. Thus, although the trend is more pronounced in the case
of inland waterway transport, there is also a definite trend toward
the dieselization of the maritime fleet.. Although future increases
in the consumption of both diesel fuel and residual fuel oil are
anticipated, it is probable that increases in the consumption of
residual fuel oil will be of lesser proportions.
4+. Motor.
The estimated consumption of petroleum products in the
USSR by motor transport represents the consumption of petroleum
products by vehicles subordinate to the Republic ministries of motor
transport, as well as by those motor vehicles in agriculture and in
industry. In addition, estimates of the consumption of petroleum
products by privately owned automobiles and motorcycles have been
included.
Of the individual sectors in the civil economy of the
USSR, motor transport has shown the largest absolute increase in
consumption of petroleum products since 1953 -- 5.8 million tons,
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achieved at an average annual rate of 17 percent -- to reach a total
of 12.6 million tons in 1957. This sharp increase served not only
to raise the share of motor transport in the total civil consumption
of petroleum products to 20 percent but also enabled motor transport
to challenge agriculture as the leading consumer. Final figures for
1957 may show that motor transport already has replaced agriculture
as the leading consumer.
Gasoline is the principal primary fuel used by motor
transport. The increase in consumption of gasoline by motor trans-
port to 11.6 million tons in 1957 represented more than 91 percent of
the total increase in consumption of petroleum products by motor
transport since 1953. In addition, motor transport accounted for
more than 86 percent of the total civil consumption of motor gasoline
in 1957. The consumption of gasoline has kept pace with the growth
in the total consumption of petroleum products by motor transport.
Consequently, throughout the period 1953-57 the share of gasoline in
total consumption has held constant at about 92 percent.
Of the several types of gasoline-consuming vehicles within
the motor vehicle park of the USSR, freight trucks account for the
preponderant share of the estimated consumption of gasoline. This
share ranged from more than 85 percent in 1953 to 81 percent in 1957?
The slight decline resulted from slight increases in the proportions
of privately owned vehicles (automobiles and motorcycles) and of
motor buses, which reached 10.3 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively,
in 1957. The remainder of consumption of gasoline in each year has
been attributed to passenger and truck taxi.
The consumption of diesel fuel by motor transport in the
USSR increased to about 170,000 tons in 1957, a gain of about 120 per-
cent since 1953. Nevertheless, diesel fuel accounts for only about
1 percent of consumption of petroleum products by motor transport.
Plans covering the next 10 to 15 years call for a rapid advance in the
transport of freight by diesel-powered trucks. This rate of increase
will exceed by three times that of gasoline-powered trucks. 4/ it is
expected that increases in the consumption of diesel fuel will result
from the implementation of this plan, although dieselization of the
truck fleet will be limited primarily to those trucks with a carry-
ing capacity of more than 4 tons. Trucks with a capacity of 4 tons
will be equipped to operate on either motor gasoline or diesel fuel,
depending on supplies. Trucks below 4 tons and all passenger cars
will operate on motor gasoline. These plans indicate a continuation
of the predominant role of motor gasoline in powering the motor
vehicles.
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Presently in use in the USSR are two types of motor
vehicles powered by diesel fuel, freight trucks and buses. In 1953,
freight trucks accounted for less than 79 percent of the diesel fuel.
consumed by motor transport. By 1957 this share had increased to
about 88 percent.
Motor transport accounts for a considerable share of the
total civil consumption of lubricants in the USSR. In 1953, motor
transport accounted for about 450,000 tons of lubricants, or 22 per-
cent of the total consumed. In 1957, consumption of lubricants in-
creased to about 830,000 tons, or 28 percent of the total. As motor
transport assumes the position of leading consumer of petroleum
products, a comparable increase in the share of lubricants consumed
by motor transport may be anticipated.
5. Civil Air.
These estimates include the consumption of (a) aviation
gasoline by reciprocating engine aircraft of the DC-3 type (I1-14,
Crate; I1-12, Coach; Li-2, Cab), (b) lubricating oil by such aircraft,
and (c) jet fuel (kerosine) by the Tu-104 (Camel) and Tu-104A aircraft.
The consumption of lubricating oil by jet aircraft is considered to be
negligible and has: not been included. Also considered negligible
and not included is the consumption of petroleum products by Special.
Services and Polar Aviation Operations.
Civil air transport accounts for all of the civil consump-
tion of aviation gasoline, which increased at an average annual rate
of about 7 percent since 1953 to reach about 0.9 million tons in
1957.
The civil consumption of jet fuel in the USSR first be-
came apparent in 1957, when civil air transport had in operation
about 30 jet aircraft. These aircraft consumed about 150,000 -tons
of jet fuel, thus accounting for 15 percent of the consumption of
all petroleum products by civil air transport in 1957.
The development of jet propulsion portends a significant
change in the structure of consumption of aviation fuels. Soviet
planners have indicated that this change will be evident particularly
in the pattern of the consumption of aviation fuels by civil air
transport. J Although demand for aviation. gasoline will increase
somewhat, such gasoline will account for a smaller share of the fuels
consumed by civil aviation because of a considerably higher demand
for jet fuel.
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The increasingly important role to be played. by jet air-
craft is not expected to alter significantly the minor role of civil
air transport in the consumption of petroleum products in the USSR.
In spite of the introduction of jet aircraft in 1957, the share of
civil air transport in the consumption of petroleum products de-
clined slightly compared with 1953. Although the increased use of
aircraft will serve to reverse this trend, the share of civil air
transport probably will remain at about 2 percent of the total civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR.
B. Agriculture.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by Soviet
agriculture represent consumption by agricultural tractors, by com-
binet, and by other types of agricultural machinery which use petro-
leum products. Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products
by trucks and automobiles of the agricultural sector are included in
the estimates derived for motor transport.
All tractor field work in the USSR is measured by a standard
accounting unit, the soft-plowing unit, into which all work is trans-
lated. Similarly, tractor utilization is measured by the average
number of soft-plowing units performed per 15-horsepower tractor unit,
and fuel consumption is given in terms of the average consumption (in
kilograms) per unit of tractor work for each type of work. A lack of
information precluded the derivation of precise estimates of consump-
tion according to type of tractor. Instead, an estimate was made of
the proportion of the Soviet tractor park consuming diesel fuel.
Evidence suggests that, for the purposes of this research aid, trac-
tor kerosine may be considered the primary fuel of tractors not con-
suming diesel fuel. The quantities of gasoline and ligroine consumed
by the agricultural tractor park are believed to be negligible, par-
ticularly in the later years under study, and have been omitted.
All of the combines in use in the USSR consume gasoline as a
primary fuel. Productivity and consumption of fuel per hectare
varies according to the model of the combine. In recognition of
these fluctuations, use has been made of an average fuel consumption
factor in terms of kilograms per hectare of area harvested, which
was computed on the basis of the annual composition of the combine
park, the daily productivity of each combine model, and the consump-
tion of fuel per hectare by each model.
The consumption of petroleum products by other agricultural
machinery reflects the relationship between the total amount of
energy developed by tractors and combines and that developed by the
other agricultural machinery.
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Agriculture, the leading individual consumer during 1953-57,
showed a total increase in consumption of only 3 million tons to
reach 12.8 million tons in 1957. The average annual rate of increase,
about 7 percent, is considerably below the estimated rate of increase
of 12.3 percent in the total civil consumption of petroleum products
in the USSR. Consequently, the share of agriculture in such consump-
tion declined from more than 24 percent in 1953 to about 20 percent
in 1957 and may have dropped below that of motor transport in 1958.
The relatively slower rates of increase in the consumption
by agriculture result in general from the program of dieselization
of the agricultural tractor park. Of the several distinct advantages
that diesel tractors hold over others, probably the most important
is the lower rate of consumption of primary fuel per unit of output.
For the period 1953-57, it is estimated that diesel tractors consumed
10 kilograms (kg) of fuel per soft-plowing unit, as compared with an
estimated consumption of more than 15 kg 'by nondiesel tractors. Thus,
in the performance of a comparable unit of output, the use of diesel
tractors would represent a saving in fuel of over one-third.
The importance of this saving is readily apparent. In 1953,
diesel. tractors accounted for 53.5 percent of all soft-plowing units
in the USSR. By 1957, this share had increased to 79.9 percent. If,
however, the share performed by diesel tractors had remained constant
throughout the period at 53.5 percent, the total primary fuel consump-
tion by tractors in 1957 would have exceeded the amount estimated for
that year by about 1 million tons, or by nearly 10 percent.
The dieselization of the agricultural tractor park has re-
sulted in significant changes in the types of petroleum products
consumed by Soviet agriculture. In 1953, consumption of tractor
kerosine amounted to 4.6 million tons, or about 47 percent of all
such products, and diesel fuel to 3.7 million tons, or only 38 per-
cent of the total. By 1957, however, consumption of diesel fuel by
agriculture had increased to 8.1 million tons, or more than 63 per-
cent of all the petroleum products consumed by agriculture. At the
same time, consumption of tractor kerosine declined to 2.9 million
tons, accounting for less than 23 percent of the total. Available
information indicates that the decline in the demand for tractor
kerosine by agriculture will continue at least through 1965. By
then, it has been reported that the demand will have been reduced
to 37 percent of the 1955 level, thus suggesting a quantity of
about 1.4 million tons.
Conversely, a continued rapid raise: in the consumption of
diesel fuel by Soviet agriculture is foreseen. On the basis of
available evidence, 7/ the consumption of diesel fuel by agriculture
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in 1965 may be estimated at about 23 million tons, or almost 3.7
times that in 1955. The fulfillment of plans for the introduction
of diesel equipment into other sectors of the economy, particularly
in transport, will serve to reduce the share of Soviet agriculture
in the total consumption of diesel fuel in the USSR. J Of the
total military and civil demand for diesel fuel, the agricultural
share is expected to decline from about 47.0 percent in 1955 to
38.9 percent in 1965. Meanwhile the share of transport is expected
to increase from about 8.3 percent in 1955 to 24.3 percent in 1965.
In addition to diesel fuel, the agricultural sector consumes
considerable quantities of gasoline and lubricants. Most of the
gasoline is used by combines, the remainder being consumed by other
types of agricultural machinery or as a starter fuel for diesel en-
gines. Although the consumption of gasoline in 1957 increased to
8+0,000 tons, a gain of about 15 percent since 1953, there has been
a decline since 1955. The consumption of gasoline by agriculture in
1957 has been estimated at 93.3 percent of the 1955 level, although
the estimated number of hectares harvested by combines in 1957 rep-
resented an increase, if only minor, compared with 1955. The decrease
resulted from a reduction of about 10 percent in the quantity of pri-
mary fuel consumed per hectare of area harvested in 1956 and 1957.
In each of the years 1953-57, agriculture was the leading
individual consumer of lubricants. In 1953, agriculture accounted
for 730,000 tons of lubricants, or 36.5 percent of civil consumption.
In spite of an increase to 920,000 tons in 1957 the share of agri-
culture declined to 30.7 percent of civil consumption of lubricants.
This decline is attributable to the dieselization of the agricultural
tractor park, because diesel tractors consumea smaller proportion
of lubricants than do other tractors. Further declines may be ex-
pected, possibly through 1965, but these declines should not effect
the position of agriculture as the leading consumer of lubricants. 2/
C. Households.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by Soviet
households have been limited to the consumption of lamp and stove
kerosine. The consumption of other petroleum products, if any, is
believed to be negligible and has been omitted.
Household consumption of kerosine doubled during 1953-57 to
reach about 2.4 million tons. This rate of increase in consumption
is equaled by only one other consuming sector, motor transport.
During 1953-57 the consumption of kerosine increased at an average
annual rate of 18.9 percent, or close to the rate of 18.7 percent
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increase in consumption of illuminating* kerosine which was reported
under the Fifth Five Year Plan (1951-55). 10/ By years, a slightly
higher rate of increase in consumption was achieved in 1956 and 1957.
In these years, consumption rose by an estimated 25 percent and
20 percent, respectively.
The share of households in civil consumption of kerosine in-
creased steadily to about 44.4 percent of the total in 1957, reflect-
ing the increased supply of kerosine for households because of the
decline in the use of tractor kerosine.
There is little evidence with which to speculate on future
trends in consumption of kerosine by Soviet households. These trends
will be influenced to a, large extent by the degree of implementation
of plans to increase the delivery of electrical power and gas to
households. Electrical power will play an important role in the more
remote areas. Conversely, the delivery of gas will be increased in
urban areas, particularly in the European 'USSR. In 1956, gas was
available for domestic use to 12 million people, or 13.8 percent of
the urban population of the USSR. ll Deliveries to the rural areas
were insignificant. By 1965, gas is to be supplied to 65 percent of
the urban population, to a total of 70 million people. In addition,
liquefied gas will be supplied to 35 percent of the rural population.
Thus, according to preliminary calculations as reported in Soviet
source material, 12/ in 1965 a total population of 83 million will be
using gas in some form.
It is probable that kerosine will be replaced in certain
areas as a household fuel by gas. It is also probable that gas will
replace! other household fuels such as coal and fuelwood. The con-
sumption of lamp and stove kerosine per capita in the USSR in 1956
averaged 10 kg, representing an increase of 35 percent above the
pre-World War II high of 7.4 kg per capita in 1940,** 14 which in
itself represented only a very small increase over the consumption
of 6.5 kg of kerosine per capita in 1913. In consideration of the
estimated increase in production of kerosine,*** however, accompanied
* In Soviet sources, mention is made of only two types of kerosine.
These types are tractor kerosine and illuminating kerosine. It is
probable that illuminating kerosine, in addition to its primary pur-
pose, is used as a fuel for stoves.
** The slow rate of increase in consumption of kerosine for domestic
purposes before World War II can be attributed to (1) the extremely
high rates of increase in the demand for kerosine by the tractor park
and (2) a reduction in production of crude oil at the Groznyy fields. 13
Both factors have led to a reduction in the quantities of kerosine
available to households.
*** It has been estimated that production of kerosine in 1965 will
be 2.4 times that in 1955.
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by a sharp decline in the demand for tractor kerosine, it is believed
that the consumption of kerosine by households will continue to in-
crease at the rate exhibited during 1950-57. This rate of increase --
about 19 percent annually -- probably will be continued through 1960
and possibly to 1965. The consumption of kerosine by households then
would reach 3.8 million tons in 1960 and about 9 million tons in 1965.
D. Construction.
Estimates of the consumption of petroleum products by con-
struction in the USSR include consumption by the construction equip-
ment park and by the construction materials industry. Also included
are estimates of consumption of road oils and asphalts, because all
of the production of these items in the USSR is believed to be used
in construction.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction in-
creased to 9.3 million tons in 1957, a gain of about 66 percent over
the level of 1953. The increase in consumption has been comparable
to that in the total civil consumption of petroleum products, and as
a consequence the share of construction in such consumption has re-
mained constant at about 14 percent. Construction was the third
leading civil consumer of petroleum products during 195+-57 and prob-
ably will retain this position.
Road oils and asphalts have accounted for most of the petro-
leum products used in Soviet construction, averaging about 60 percent
during 1953-57. In addition, these products provided for more than
half the total increase in consumption of petroleum products. in con-
struction during those years. The consumption of road oils and
asphalts increased from about 3.5 million tons in 1953 to about 5.5
million tons in 1957. On the basis of available information the
consumption of road oils and asphalts may reach 10 million tons in
1965.
Together with diesel fuel, road oils and asphalts accounted
for about 95 percent of the total consumption of petroleum products
in Soviet construction during each of the years 1953-57. The quan-
tity of diesel fuel so consumed in 1957 reached about 3.4 million
tons, an increase of about 90 percent compared with 1953 and more
than five times the quantity so consumed in 1950. In 1957, con-
struction accounted for 20.9 percent of the total civil consumption
of diesel fuel, declining slightly from the level of 22.8 percent
registered in 1953. The consumption of diesel fuel probably will
continue to grow at the average annual rate of increase of 17.2 per-
cent which was exhibited during 1953-57. Continuation of this rate
of increase would indicate the consumption of approximately 5.5 mil-
lion tons of diesel fuel in construction in 1960.
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During 1953-57 the consumption of tractor kerosine and ligroine
in construction virtually ceased. The consumption of kerosine reached
negligible proportions in 1956. The consumption of ligroine reached
negligible proportions in 1954, and the need for this type of trac-
tor fuel apparently was obviated in 1955.
The apparent need for gasoline in Soviet construction also
is declining. It is estimated that since World War II such consump-
tion reached a peak of 270,000 tons in 1954. The consumption. of
gasoline in 1957 is estimated at about 81 percent of the 1954 level.
Further declines probably will be recorded as gasoline is supplanted
by diesel fuel and electric power.
E. Industry.
1. Petroleum.
The petroleum industry in the USSR consumes a variety of
petroleum products in its crude oil drilling and producing operations,
in the refining of crude oil, and in the construction and repair of
trunk* oil and gas pipelines.** Among these products are gasoline,
diesel fuel, lubricants, residual fuel oil, bitumen, bituminous tar,
and ligroine. The petroleum industry also consumes as a petroleum
product about 1 percent of the indigenous production of crude oil.
Of the individual branches of Soviet industry, the petro-
leum industry held second place behind the electric power industry
as an industrial consumer of petroleum products during 1953-57? The
share of the petroleum industry in total civil consumption of petro-
leum products advanced from about 7 percent in 1953 to about 8 per-
cent in 1957.
The rate of increase in consumption of petroleum products
by the Soviet petroleum industry has approximated the increase in
production. of crude oil. It has been estimated that, during 1953-57,
about 5 kg of petroleum products were needed to drill for, to pro-
duce; and to refine 1 ton of crude oil.
* That pipeline. in a system of pipelines which performs the cen-
tral delivery.
** Although responsibility for the construction of crude oil, petro-
leum product, and gas pipelines was transferred from the. Ministry of
the Petroleum Industry, USSR, to the Main Administration for the Gas
Industry, attached to the Council of Ministers, USSR (Glavnoye
Upravleniye Gazovoy.Promyshlennosti pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR --
Glavgaz, USSR) in July 1957, 15/ for the purposes of this study, the
consumption of petroleum products in the construction and repair of
trunk pipelines during the whole of 1957 is attributed to the petro-
leum industry.
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Inasmuch as production of crude oil increased by more
than 85 percent over that in 1953,'the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts by the petroleum industry in 1957 is estimated at 5 million tons.
The principal item consumed was residual fuel oil, which accounted
for more than 60 percent of the total in each year. Crude oil ac-
counted for nearly 20 percent annually, and diesel fuel about 12 per-
cent. The remainder is attributed to gasoline, lubricants, bitumen,
bituminous tar, and ligroine.
The consumption of the individual petroleum products by
the petroleum industry is peculiar to the type of operation per-
formed. Crude oil drilling and producing operations account for all
of the consumption of gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants, crude oil,
and about 9 percent of the annual consumption of residual fuel oil.
All of the remaining residual fuel oil is consumed by the crude oil
refineries. In 1957 the crude oil drilling and producing operations
provided for about 42 percent of total consumption by the petroleum
industry, and the consumption of residual fuel oil in the process of
refining of the crude oil reached about 56 percent of the total for
all petroleum products, with the remainder directed to the pipeline
construction program. The pipeline construction program in 1957
consumed only 66,000 tons of bitumen and bituminous tar and negli-
gible. amounts of ligroine, accounting for about 1 percent of all
petroleum products consumed by the petroleum industry.
An analysis of available information indicates that a re-
duction in the consumption of petroleum products in terms of produc-
tion of 1 ton of crude oil, is to be expected. Probably most of this
reduction will occur during the process of refining, inasmuch as a
number of crude oil refineries are scheduled to convert from the
burning of residual fuel oil to the burning of natural gas. For
example, it has been reported that most of the Baku refineries have
already converted to gas. 16 Wider use of available resources of
.gas in the field by the petroleum industry is also contemplated.*
It is also probable, however, that the effect of the planned con-
versions will not be readily apparent for several years. As late
as 1956, none of the field equipment of the industry had been con-
verted to gas as yet. Therefore, with production planned at about
14+0 million tons of crude oil in 1960, the consumption of petroleum
products by the petroleum industry in that year may be estimated at
7 million tons. Production of crude oil in 1965 is scheduled to
reach 230 million tons. 18 The consumption of petroleum products
by the industry in 1965 may range between 9 million and 10 million
tons.
# According to the plan for 1957 the consumption of gas by the oil
and gas industries of the USSR was to reach 22.1 percent of the total
civil consumption of gas. 13/
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2. Chemical.
The chemical industry of the USSR uses petroleum products
in process heating in the manufacture of soda ash and caustic soda
and as a raw material in production of synthetic rubber, tires, and
carbon black.
Residual fuel oil is used in certain chemical plants in
the calcination of sodium bicarbonate to produce soda ash and to
raise the steam required in production of caustic soda. Rubrax, a
petroleum alkaline bitumen, is used as a softening agent in produc-
tion of tires and rubber technical articles. Green oil, a heavy
distillate oil, finds application in production of certain types
of carbon blacks produced by burning liquid hydrocarbons in the
presence of an insufficient amount of air.
The quantities of petroleum products consumed by the
chemical industry are negligible. By :L957 there had been an in-
crease of 20 percent compared with 1953, but the total amount
so consumed was only 240,000 tons.
In each of the years 1953-57, residual fuel oil accounted
for approximately 50 to 55 percent of the petroleum products consumed
by the chemical industry, followed by green oil, which accounted for
about 35 to 40 percent. Rubrax accounted for the remainder.
Next to the coal industry the chemical industry is the
smallest civil consumer of petroleum products in the USSR. The
share of the chemical industry in the total civil consumption of
petroleum products declined from about 0.5 percent in 1953 to less
than 0.4 percent in 1957. With the anticipated development of a
large petrochemical industry, the chemical industry is expected to
consume much larger quantities of petroleum products. It is unlikely,
however, that these quantities will be sufficient to make the indus-
try a significant consumer of petroleum products.
The coal industry is the smallest civil consumer of petro-
leum products in the USSR. The consumption of such products by the
industry increased from 170,000 tons in. 1953 to 230,000 tons in 1957.
The consumption of petroleum products by the coal indus-
try is limited to those amounts of diesel fuel consumed in the flota-
tion process, to lubricants consumed by surface and underground
mining equipment, and to fuel and lubricants expended by the motor
vehicle park of the industry. The estimates involving motor vehicles
are included in the estimates derived for motor transport.*
* II, 18, above.
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The quantities of diesel fuel consumed in the flotation
process are insignificant, ranging from 25,000 tons in 1953 to 1+7,000
tons in 1957. Lubricants consumed by the wide variety of mining equip-
ment -- among which are included tunneling 1, combines, drills, excavators,
and conveyors -- accounted for about 80 percent of the petroleum
products consumed in each year. Lubricants also accounted for two-
thirds of the increment in the consumption of such products by the
coal industry during 1953-57. The consumption of lubricants by the
industry in 1957 is estimated at 180,000 tons.
Like the chemical industry, the coal industry has ac-
counted for a decreasing share of the civil consumption of petroleum
products since 1953. Although it is doubtful that these declines
will continue indefinitely, there is little evidence to indicate the
likelihood of any substantial relative increase in the consumption of
petroleum products by the coal industry.
4. Steel.
It is believed that the steel industry of the USSR con-
sumes substantial quantities of residual fuel oil, lubricants, motor
gasoline, and diesel fuel. Except for residual fuel oil, these prod-
ucts are used in. the performance of transport services and therefore
are included in those estimates derived for motor transport.*
The major use of residual fuel oil in the steel industry
is for firing open-hearth furnaces, soaking pits, and reheating fur-
naces. The consumption of residual fuel oil for these purposes has
risen from about 2.3 million tons in 1953 to about 3 million tons
in 1957. During these years, however, the share of the steel indus-
try in the total consumption of residual fuel oil declined from
19.5 percent of the total in 1953 to about 16.6 percent in 1957.
Similarly, the share of the industry in the total civil consumption
of petroleum products declined from about 6 percent in 1953 to
slightly less than 5 percent in 1957.
The use of residual fuel oil to fire steelmaking units
in the USSR is decidedly secondary to the use of blast furnace and
coke oven gas, and this situation is not likely to change greatly
within the next few years. The planned conversion of a number of
open-hearth furnaces to natural gas will serve to offset, at least
in part, any increased use of residual fuel oil. It is probable
that the conversion to natural gas or the increased use of residual
fuel oil will occur only on a regional basis and will be dictated
by considerations of supply.
* II, A, , p. 18, above.
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5. Electric Power.
Significant quantities of gasoline, diesel fuel, and
residual fuel oil are consumed in the USSR in the generation of
electric power. Residual fuel oil probably constitutes virtually
the entire supply of petroleum fuels consumed by the thermal elec-
tric :power stations under the authority of the Ministry of Electric
Power Stations, USSR. These plants usually have a capacity of 6
megawatts or more. Diesel fuel and other internal combustion engine
fuels are used only in installations with a relatively small capac-
ity which are not under the Ministry of Electric Power Stations.
Soviet consumption of petroleum products in the genera-
tion of electric power increased from about 5.6 million tons in
1953 to about 8.2 million tons in 1957, an average annual gain of
10 percent. These totals place the electric power industry as the
leading consumer of petroleum products in the industrial sector.
In each of the years 1953-57, the electric power industry accounted
for about 46 percent of the total consumption of petroleum products
by the industrial sector.
Consumption of petroleum products by the electric power
industry represented about 13 percent of total civil consumption in
1957.
In relation to other consumers of petroleum products in
the civil economy, the electric power industry holds fourth place
and is expected to remain in this position.
The electric power industry is a major consumer of residual
fuel oil in the USSR. In each of the years 1953-57, approximately
30 percent of the civil consumption of residual fuel oil has been in
the generation of electric power. At the same time the consumption
of this product by the electric power industry increased from about
3.7 million tons in 1953 to about 5.4 million tons in 1957, account-
ing for about two-thirds of all the petroleum products consumed by
the industry.
Considerable quantities of diesel fuel are also consumed
by the electric power industry in the USSR. These quantities ranged
from about 1.5 million tons in 1953 to about 2.3 million tons in
1957, representing about 19 percent and 14 percent, respectively, of
the civil consumption of diesel fuel. This rather sharp decline may
be attributed to the more rapid increases in the consumption of diesel
fuel by other sectors of the economy.
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Gasoline is of relatively minor importance to the electric
power industry of the USSR. In 1957, consumption amounted to about
1+90,000 tons, a gain of 32 percent compared with 1953. Nevertheless,
gasoline represented less than 6 percent of the petroleum products
consumed in 1957 by the industry.
The consumption of lubricants by the electric power indus-
try of the USSR is negligible. The estimates, which have been based
upon analogy with US practice, amount to only 1,000 tons in each. of
the years 1953-57?
Significant increases in Soviet production of electric
power are expected. At present, goals are believed to be as. follows:
1960, 300 billion kilowatt-hours (kwh); 1965, 500 billion kwh; and
1972, 900 billion kwh. Relative increases in the consumption of petro-
leum products by the electric power industry are unlikely, because the
amount of electric power to be generated by stations using petroleum
products is not to change substantially. Production of electric.power
by stations using residual fuel oil in 1972 probably will amount to
about 9 billion kwh compared with 8.8 billion kwh generated by such
stations in 1955.* The generation of electric power by stations using
other petroleum products is scheduled to increase from 6.5 billion kwh
in 1955 to about 9 billion kwh in 1972, but because of probable reduc-
tions in the consumption of fuel per unit of output, significant in-
creases in the consumption of these fuels by the industry are not
anticipated. Details for implementing Khrushchev's speech at the
dedication of the Kuybyshev hydroelectric power station, in which he
called for a speed-up in the construction of thermal electric power.
stations, have not been announced. Although the implementation of
this program will require an increase in the consumption of fuel by
the electric power industry, much of this increase probably will be
provided by natural gas.
The consumption of petroleum products by the electric
power industry in the USSR in the next 15 years may approximate those
levels which have been estimated for 1957.
6. Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
There is little information to indicate the volume of
petroleum products consumed by either the nonferrous metals or manu-
facturing industries in the USSR. For certain phases of the Soviet
economy in which practices are comparable to those in the US, fairy
reliable estimates of the consumption of petroleum products can be
derived by analogy. With regard to the nonferrous metals industry,
* The estimate for 1972 was derived by a complex methodology, based
on many sources, which it is impractical to reproduce here.. The
methodology and sources are available in the files of this Office.
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however, the absence of estimates of Soviet production of the indi-
vidual metals precludes such a comparison. Conversely, for the manu-
facturing industries, usable data on the consumption of petroleum
products by comparable US industries are not available.
It is believed that the only petroleum products consumed
in any significant quantity by the manufacturing industries of the
USSR are lubricants and residual fuel oil. Although the nonferrous
metals industry of the USSR probably consumes quantities of several
petroleum products in the performance of various operations, such
as the exploitation of mining equipment, the principal share would be
consumed in transportation. Estimates of consumption in transporta-
tion are included by definition in those estimates for motor trans-
port.-* Therefore, the only estimates of consumption that have been
derived for the manufacturing and nonferrous metals industries are
those involving lubricants and residual fuel.
These estimates for lubricants and residual fuel inaicate
that consumption of petroleum products by the nonferrous metals and
manufacturing industries in the USSR increased from 900,000 tons in
1953 to a maximum of 1.4 million tons in 1955 but declined to 1.2 mil-
lion tons in 1956. In the absence of data to the contrary, it is as-
sumed that consumption in 1957 remained at the level of 1956., Such
levels of consumption represented insignificant portions of the total
civil consumption of petroleum products, averaging about 2 percent in
each year.
The apparent decline in the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts in the USSR reflects the replacement of residual fuel oil as an
industrial fuel by as. Estimated consumption of residual fuel oil
had increased from 700,000 tons to 1.2 million tons in 1955 but de-
clined sharply to 900,000 tons in 1956. Although further declines of
25 percent are unlikely, the use of gas is increasing, especially in
the manufacturing industries. In information supplied to the Economic
Commission for Europe, 19 the USSR indicated plans for a sharp in-
crease in the allocation of gas to machine-construction plants. In
1960. the consumption of gas in machine construction is scheduled to
reach 6.1 billion cubic meters, or nearly 12 times the level of 1956,
and to account for about 10 percent of total consumption of gas.
The consumption of lubricants by the nonferrous metals and
manufacturing industries of the USSR has increased from 200,000 tons in
1953 toy 300,000 tons in 1957, accounting for an average of 10 percent of
annual civil consumption. It has been :reported that by 1965 the consump-
tion of lubricants by the entire industrial sector will account for 53.3
percent of the total consumption of lubricants in the USSR. 20 Perhaps
as much as one-half of thi's quantity may be directed to the nonferrous
metals and manufacturing industries.
p. 18, above.
Text continued on p. 39.
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Table 6
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product J1
1953
Inland
Ocean-
Civil Agri-
House-
Construe-
Petro-
Chemical
Coal
Steel
Electric
Power
Nonferrous
Metals and
Manufacturing
,.7
Total
te
wa
W
oing
Motor
Air culture
hold
tion
leum
Rail
y
a
r
g
Aviation
0
0
0
0
680 0
0
0
60
0
95
00
0
N.A.
370
0
6BO
7,800
Motor
0
0
0
6,300
0 730
0
2
8
00
68
0
0
260
95
0
0
RA.
370
J
,5
0
0
0
6,300
0 73
0
0
0 c/
0
4
,
0
0
0
0
0
Ligroine
Kerosine
200
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,200
Lamp and stove
0
0
0
0 0
0 0 4
0600
,
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
^ /
J
4,600
Tractor
0
0
0
,
0
0
2
0
,
5,800
2
2
0
2
0 4,600
1,200
8
0
Total bJ
7
900
l
f
220
180
140
76
0 3,700
0
1,800
310
0
A
R
25
140
R.A.
R
A
1,500
1
Sf
200
,
2,000
ue
Diesel
Lubricants
200
60
75
450
4 730
0
96
50
.
.
.
.
Residuals an d t
hera
0
2
300
3
700
700
11,800
Residual fuel oil 2,100
700
530
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
500
3
1,700
0
99
0
0
,
0
,
0
0
3,500
oils and asphalts 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
22
4
Bitumen and bituminous tar 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
1
x ?
R
b
0
0
0
0 0
0
85
0
0
0
0
85
ra
u
Green oil 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
15
0
500
3
100
200
?
21
00
3,700
700
,
Total 1 21100
i-00
~L
0
0 0
,
_
.
Crude oil consumed as a
product 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
530
0
0
0
0
0
530
800
200
600
5
700
2
200
170
2,300
5,600
900
40 100
Grand total J
=
7 0
MO
800
6
9
m
.,
,
000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
se of 10
th
t
,
o
;
a. Estirtes of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digi
more, in 3 significant digits.
botals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
. T
. Unlmown.
c
d. Negligible.
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Table 7
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product
1951+
Inland 0ceaa.- Civil Agri- House- Construc- Petro- Nonferrous
T.vue Of Product Rail Wad wing Motor Air culture hold tioa Electric Netals and
leum Chemical Coal Steel Power Manufacturing Total
Gasoline Aviation
Motor 0 0 0 0 770 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 770
7,600 0 780 0 270 110 0 0 N.A. 400 9,100
Total, 0 o 0 7,600 770 L o no o o NA. 400 J 9,900
K rroosine 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 d/ dam/ 0 0 0 0 0 1
Lamp and stove 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,400 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tractor 0 0 0 0 0 4,500 0 6 0 0 0 ,500
0 0 0 c/ 4 4,500
Total , 0 0 0 0 0 4,500 1,400 6 0 0 0 0 0 J 5,
Diesel fuel 0 2,100
Lubricants 20000 264 1850 96 ? 4, 350 0 31 N.A. 1,700 c1 ,200
Reaidvala and others ' - 1 -0 0 110 57 N.A. 150 N.A. 1 240 2,200
Residual fuel oil 2,200 720 580 0 0 0 0 0 1,900 110 0 2,500 4,300 1,000 13,300
? Road oils and asphalts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,000 0 0 0
Bitumen andbituminous tar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,023
Rubxax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 23
Green oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 15 0 0 0 0 85
0 85 0 0 0 0 85
Total J 2L200 720 80 0 O
`L 0 0 4,000 1,900 210 0 2,500 4,300 1,000 17,400
Crude oil consumed as a
product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 590 0 0 0 0 0 590
Grand total J 2, 7fl0 1,000 8,200 770 10i900 1400 6 5 00
-.ce .ice i 000 210 180 6,400 1,200 45,8
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 thromore, in 3 significant digits, ugh 9.9 million, in 2 significa digits; and those of 10 million or
b. Totals were derived from unronnded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
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Table 8
Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product a/
1955
Inland
Ocean-
Civil
Agri-
House-
Construe-
Petro-
Electric
Nonferrous
Metals and
Type of Product
Rail
Waterway
ion
Motor Air
culture
hold
tion
learn
Chemical
Coal
Steel
Power
Manufacturing
Total
Aviation
0
0
0
0 830
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
830
Motor
0
o
0
8,700 0
900
0
260
130
0
0
N.A.
430
^
/
J
10,400
2
2
2
8 , 700 830
X00
2
260
130
p
2
N.A.
IQ
O
LI
32,300
Ligroin
0
0
0
8 0
f
0
0
dJ.
0
0
0
_
0
0
dJ.
Kerosine
Lamp and stove
0
0
0
0 0
0
1,600
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,600
Tractor
0
0
0
0 0
3,900
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
3,900
Total J
o
o
o
o o
3,9-
1,600
4
0
0
o
o
o
f
5,500
Diesel fuel
460
300
240
110 0
6,300
0
2,400
420
0
36
N.A.
1,900
J
12,200
Lubricants
230
68
100
620 5
870
0
130
68
N.A.
160
N.A.
1
200
2,400
Residuals and others
Residual fuel oil
2,400
750
630
0 0
0
0
0
2,300
110
0
2,700
4,600
1,200
14,600
Road oils and asphalts
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
4,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,500
Bitumen and bituminous tar
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
42
0
0
0
0
0
42
Rubrax
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
17
Green oil
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
85
0
0
0
0
85
Crude oil consumed as a
product
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
710
0
0
0
0
0
710
Grand total ,
3,0
11106
970
9 830
11,9-
1600
7,30
33 600
220
200
2700
6,
1400
51,300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 tArough 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
a. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
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Estimated Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product a/
1956
Type of Product
Rail
Inland
Waterway
Ocean-
going
Motor
Civil
Air
Agri-
culture
House-
hold
Construe-
tion
Gasoline
Aviation
0
0
0
0
840
0
0
0
Motor
0
0
0
10,100
0
890
0
250
Total bJ
0
0
0
10,100
840
890
0
50
Ligroine
Kerosine
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
0
Lamp and stove
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,000
0
Tractor
0
0
0
0
0
3,400
0
0
Total
0
0
0
0
0
3,400
2,000
0
Diesel fuel
580
370
300
140
0
7,200
0
2,900
Lubricants
Residuals and otters
240
72
120
720
5
900
0
150
Residual fuel oil
3,000
750
690
0
0
0
0
0
Road oils and asphalts
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,000
Bitumen and bituminous tar
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rubrax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Green oil
0
0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
Total V
31000
MG
690
0
0
0
0
5,000
Crude oil consumed as a
product
0
0
0
8
(x(
12M
1,H00
2,000
Nonferrous
Petro- Electric Metals and
leum Chemical Coal Steel Power Manufacturing Total
0 0 0 0 840
150 0 0 N.A. 460 J 11,800
150 0 o NA. 4bo 12700
dL/ 0 0 0 0 0 2J/
0 0 0 0 0 0 2,000
0 0 0 0 0 J 3,400
0 0 0 0 0 , 5,400
500 0 41 H.A. 2,100 14,200
80 N.A. 170 N.A. 1 300 2,800
2,700 120 0 2,900 5,000 900 16,000
0 0 0 0 0 0 5,000
47 0 0 0 0 0 47
0 19 0 0 0 0 19
0 85 0 0 0 0 85
2,700 230 0 2,900 5,000 900 21,200
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more; in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equa? the sins of the rounded componentsz
C. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
-36-
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Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Consuming Sector and by Type of Product _J
1957
Nonferrous
Inland Ocean- Civil Agri- House- Construe- Petro- Electric Metals and
Type of Product Rail Waterway going Motor Air culture hold tion leum Chemical Coal Steel Power Manufacturing Total J
Aviation
Motor
Ligroine
Kerosine
Lamp and stove
0
Tractor
0
Jet fuel
0
Total J
0
Diesel fuel
820
Lubricants
Residuals and others
260
Residual fuel oil
3,900
Road oils and asphalts
0
Bitumen and bituminous tar
0
Rubrax
0
Green oil
0
Total 1
3,900
0 0 0 0 890 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 890
0 0 0 11,600 0 840 0 220 180 0 0 N.A. 490 f 13,400
0 0 0 11,600 8 840 2 ?20 180 2 0 N.A. 490 J 14,300
0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 J 0 0 0 0 0 J
0 0 0 0 0 2,400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,400
0 0 0 0 2,900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , 2,900
0 0 0 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150
0 0 0 150 2L900 2i 400 0 0 0 0 0 0
490 360 170 0 8,100 0 3,400 590 0 47 N.A. 2,300 J 16,300
79 120 830 5 920 0 170 94 N.A. 180 N.A. 1 300 3,000
950 710 0 0 0 0 0 3,100 130 0 3,0 5,400 900 18,100
0 0 0 0 0 0 5,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,500
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 O 0 0 0 66
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 21
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 85
950 710 0 0 2 0 5,500 3,200 240 2 3. 5,400 900 23,800
Crude oil coasted an a
product. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 980 0 0 0 0 0 980
Grand total b, 5^000 1.500 ?i 2_ 1 12,800 2 9 300 5 000 240 230 3,000 8200 11200
63.
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Unknown.
d. Negligible.
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III. Regional Distribution of Consumption.
Tables 11 through 15* show the distribution of the civil con-
sumption of petroleum products in the USSR, by economic region and
by consuming sector, for the years 1953-57. Data for each year are
shown in a separate table. A description of the methodology used
to effect the distribution is given in Appendix B.
In each of the years 1953-57, Economic Region VII (Central) --
tahi.ch embraces Moscow and the surrounding industrial complex -- has
accounted for the largest share of total civil consumption. In-this
region, which has almost 22 percent of the population of the USSR but
less than 6 percent of total land area, the consumption of petroleum
products has increased from about 7 million tons in 1953 to about
10 million tons in 1957. In terms of the total civil consumption of
petroleum products, however, the share of Region VII declined
slightly during these years, from 17.5 percent to 15.7 percent. The
relative decline results from the emergence of the eastern regions
(VI, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII) as important consumers of petroleum
products.**
The leading consumers in Economic Region VII are agriculture,
motor transport, and construction, which have accounted for between
65 and 70 percent of the total consumption in the region in each
year. During 1953-55, agriculture was the leading consumer, followed
by motor transport. In 1956, however, a slight decline in consumption
by agriculture enabled motor transport to assume the,leading position.
It appears that the consumption of petroleum products in Region VII
by agriculture has levelled off, temporarily at least, at between
2.3 million and 2.4 million tons. At the same time, continued in-
creases will establish motor transport as the leading consumer. Con-
struction has ranked third in each year and has shown a tendency to
level off at 1.4 million to 1.5 million tons.
The highest average annual increase in consumption of petro-
leum products, 22 percent, was achieved in Economic Regions X
(Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and XI (East Siberia). In addition,
Region X showed the largest absolute increase in consumption of any
economic region, from 3.7 million tons in 1953 to 8.1 million tons
in 1957. Meanwhile, the share of Region X in civil consumption in-
creased from 9.2 percent of the total in 1953 to 12.7 percent in
* Tables 11 through 15 follow on pp. 49 through 53.
** For further discussion of this trend, see III, D, p. 76, below.
39
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1957. The rapid increase in consumption of petroleum products in
Region X resulted from the implementation of the new lands program.
Consumption by agriculture in Region X reached 2 million tons in
1957, increasing about 135 percent since 1953. Transportation ser-
vices and construction in Region X also were increased to support
the.new lands program, and in certain :instances the increase in con-
sumption of petroleum products by these sectors has surpassed that
of agriculture. For example, consumption by motor transport reached
1.7 million tons in 1957, a gain of 139 percent since 1953, while
consumption in construction reached 1.1 million tons, a gain of
206 percent.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction in the
USSR increased even more rapidly in Economic Region XI. Since 1953,
consumption in construction has accounted. for more than one-half of
the increase,in this region. As consumption in Region XI increased
from 1 million tons in 1953 to 2.2 million tons in 1957, a gain of
110 percent, consumption in construction increased from 190,000 tons
to 820,000 tons, a gain of more than 331 percent. Thus construction,
which had ranked third in 1953, became the leading civil consumer in
the. region in 1957. Agriculture, which had been the leading civil
consumer through 1956, dropped to second place in 1957, with consump-
tion declining by nearly 25 percent to 550,000 tons. Consumption by
motor transport in Region XI, which ranks third in importance, has
made slight but steady advances. The 430,000 tons consumed by motor
transport in 1957 accounted for about 20 percent of the total con-
sumption of petroleum products in the region.
In 1956, Economic Region XII (the Far East) accounted for the
smallest share of total civil consumption of petroleum products in
the USSR, supplanting Region XI. Civil consumption in Region XII in
1956 represented only 2.8 percent of the total and declined to less
than 2.7 percent in 1957 in spite of a slight absolute increase.
Only minor increases by any of the consuming sectors within -the region
have been evident. The most rapid gains have been made by motor
transport, followed closely by construction. Compared with an aver-
age: annual increase in consumption of 9.1 percent for the region as a
whole, consumption by motor transport increased annually by about
13.9 percent to reach about 320,000 tons in 1957. Consumption in
construction increased 12.1 percent annually to 300,000 tons in 1957.
Oceangoing transport, however, has remained the leading consumer in
Region XII.
Most of the consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport has taken place in Region XII, but more rapid increases in
such consumption have occurred in Economic Region V (Transcaucasus),
indicating that by 1959 most of the consumption by oceangoing transport
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probably will occur in Region V. This apparent regional shift
lowered the share of oceangoing transport in the total consumption
in Region XII to 27.6 percent in 1957 compared with 30.8 percent in
1953, in spite of an increase in consumption from 370,000 tons in
1953 to 470,000 tons in 1957.
Throughout the period 1953-57, most of the consumption of
petroleum products by motor transport, agriculture, and construction
occurred in Economic Region VII.* In every case Economic Region III
(South) ranked second, only slightly behind Region VII. The impres-
sive increase in consumption in Region X, which resulted from the
new lands program, brought this region into third place in 1957. It
is believed that these regions are firmly established as the leading
regional consumers of petroleum products. The position of Region X,
however, will depend at least in part upon the continued success of
the new lands in producing agricultural commodities.
B. By Consuming Sector.
1. Transport.
a. Rail.
The consumption of petroleum fuels and lubricants by
rail transport is concentrated principally in four economic regions --
IV (Southeast), V (Transcaucasus), VI (Volga), and X (Kazakhstan and
Central Asia) -- which accounted for more than 72 percent of all such
consumption in 1957. Of these four, Region X has consistently con-
sumed the largest share and also shown the highest rate of increase.
In Region X, consumption of petroleum products by railroads increased
to about 1.6 million tons in 1957, a gain of almost 130 percent since
1953, and accounted for approximately one-third of the total consump-
tion by rail transport. Much of this increase may be attributed to
an increase of about 280 percent in the quantities of diesel fuel
consumed by rail transport, which in turn resulted from the scarcity
and poor quality of water for coal-burning and oil-burning locomotives
in Region X. The highest rate of increase in consumption by rail
transport, however, was a gain of 154 percent recorded by Region VII.
The overwhelming share of this increase was achieved in 1957, when
consumption increased by 350,000 tons to reach 610,000 tons. Of the
increase, residual fuel oil accounted for 270,000 tons.
* In 1957, however, consumption in construction in Region VIII
(Urals) equaled that in Region VII.
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b. Inland Waterway.
Significant consumption of petroleum products by
inland waterway transport is limited to Economic Regions VI (Volga)
and VII (Central), with a minor amount in Region I (North and North-
west). Region VI includes most of the navigable length of the Volga
River and also a portion of the Don River. Within Region VII is
found, among other major rivers, the Oka, the Dnieper, the Don, and
a portion of the Volga. Most of the freight transported on the
rivers by vessels consuming petroleum fuel is moved in Regions VI
and VII, and thus these regions account for most of the consumption
of petroleum products by inland waterway transport. The share of
these regions has been estimated at 85, percent of the total 91+0,000
tons consumed by inland waterway transport in 1953, but declined to
75 percent in the total 1.5 million tons so consumed in 1957 because
of increased consumption in Region I.
c. Oceangoing.
The consumption of petroleum products by oceangoing
transport in the USSR is limited to Economic Region I (Northwest
and North), V (Transcaucasus), and XII. (the Far East). Arctic and
Baltic operations have been considered as being serviced from
Region I; Black Sea and Caspian Sea operations, from Region V; and
Pacific Ocean operations, from Region XII. In Region XII, which
accounted for 49.3 percent of all such consumption in 1953 and
39.2 percent in 1957, oceangoing transport is the principal con-
sumer. The relative decline in such consumption in Region XII has
resulted from more rapid increases in the consumption of both diesel
fuel and residual fuel oil by oceangoing transport in Region V. It
is probable that by 1959 Region V will have replaced Region XII as
the principal consumer of petroleum products for oceangoing trans-
port. Nevertheless, oceangoing transport should continue for some
time to be the principal consumer in the civil economy of Region XII.
Consumption of petroleum products by motor transport
is centered in Economic Regions III (South) and VII (Central) and,
increasingly, in Economic Region X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia).
Throughout the period 1953-57, these three regions accounted for more
than one-half of the annual consumption by motor transport. The
sharpest rate of increase was shown in Region X, where consumption by
motor transport in 1957 reached 1.7 million tons, a gain of 139 per-
cent compared with 1953, as a result of the new lands program.*
Bee III, A, p. 39, above.
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Continued success of the new lands program may support a trend toward
the increased consumption of petroleum products by motor transport in
Region X.
In the remaining economic regions, measurable changes
in the relative importance of consumption of petroleum products by
motor transport are not expected.
e. Civil Air.
The estimates given in Tables 11 through 15* repre-
sent the regional distribution of consumption by aircraft with
reciprocating engines and by Jet aircraft. The regional distribu-
tion of petroleum products consumed by aircraft using reciprocating
engines in civil air transport has been based upon a pattern derived
for 1955, and thus it was not possible to show changes in consumption
by regions from year to year. The largest share -- about one-fourth --
of annual consumption took place in Region VII (Central), reflecting
the heavy flight traffic in and out of Moscow. Other significant
consumption is in Regions III (South), VI (Volga), VIII (Urals),
IX (West Siberia), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), and the share
of each of these regions in the annual total averages about 11 percent.
The consumption of jet fuel by civil air is apparent
only for 1957. Schedules for that year showed jet aircraft operating
into Moscow, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Novosibirsk. The
regional distribution of these operations is believed to have been as
follows: Region V (Transcaucasus)rr 5 percent; Region VII, 42 percent;
Region IX, 17 percent; Region X, 2~l percent; and Region XI (East
Siberia), 12 percent. Available information on the consumption of
petroleum products both by jet aircraft and by aircraft using recip-
rocating engines indicates an approximately equal distribution between
the eastern and western regions of the USSR.
2. Agriculture.
As previously indicated,** the principal influence upon
the regional distribution of consumption of petroleum products by
Soviet agriculture has been the new lands program. The increased
need for petroleum products resulting from this program has been
particularly evident in Economic Region X (Kazakhstan and Central
Asia), and to a lesser degree, in Economic Region IX (West Siberia).
As the result of sharp increases the share of Region X in total
consumption of petroleum products by Soviet agriculture increased
Pp. 49 through 53, below.
** See III, A, p. 39, above.
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from 8.7 percent in 1953 to 15.6 percent in 1957. Significant in-
creases, although not so sharp, were recorded by agriculture in
Region IX. Consumption. in this region is estimated at 1.2 :million
tons in 1957, an increase of 50 percent over 1.953.
In spite of these sharp increases in Economic Regions
IX and X, most of the consumption of petroleum products by agri-
culture continued to take place in Regions III (South) and VII
(Central). In 1953 the consumption in these two regions is
estimated at 4.1 million tons, or almost 42 percent of total consump-
tion by agriculture. By 1957, however, consumption in these regions
had increased only to 4.7 million tons, and the share of these
regions in the total consumption by agriculture had dropped to less
than 37 percent.
Increased consumption in Regions IX and X, coupled with
relatively stable consumption in Regions III and VII, has effected
a shift to greater emphasis upon the eastern regions (VI, VIII, IX,
X) XI, and XII) in the consumption of petroleum products by agri-
culture. Compared with less than 40 percent in 1953, the eastern
regions furnished almost 46 percent of the total for 1957. Should
this trend continue as the result of further successes with the new
lands program, the eastern regions may account for as much as one-
half of annual consumption of petroleum products by agriculture in
1960.
3. Households.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of
kerosine consumed by Soviet households has been estimated on the
basis of (a) reported retail sales of kerosine in the various union
republics in 1955 and (b) the distribution of population in the
RSFSR. A close relationship was shown between the distribution of
sales of kerosine and population among the republics, suggesting
that distributing sales of kerosine on the basis of total population
within the RSFSR provided a reasonably accurate approach. It is be-
lieved that probable changes in the percentage for any region be-
tween 1953 and 1955 or between 1955 and 1.957 would be within the
margin of error of the 1955 percentage for the region.
Consumption of kerosine by Soviet households is concen-
trated in Economic Regions III (South) and VII (Central) which ac-
count for 19.6 percent and 21 percent, respectively, of all such
consumption. The share of the third ranking region, Region X (Kazakh-
stan and Central Asia) is about one-half of that of Region VII.
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Much publicity has been given to plans for significant
increases in the delivery of gas to Soviet households. Most of
these deliveries will be to major cities such as Moscow, Leningrad,
Stalingrad, Kiev, and Baku. In the rural areas, where the use of
kerosine prevails, deliveries of gas are insignificant and will not
be increased substantially much before 1965. It is believed that
increased deliveries of gas to the more densely populated regions,
in particular Regions III and VII, will lead to a more equal dis-
tribution of consumption of kerosine among the 12 economic regions
of the USSR.
4. Construction.
Construction in the underdeveloped areas of Economic
Regions IX (West Siberia), X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), and
XI (East Siberia), added to a continued high rate of expansion in
Region VIII (Urals), served to alter radically the pattern of
regional distribution of petroleum products consumed for this pur-
pose during 1953-57. In 1953 the eastern regions accounted for
about 38 percent of all consumption in construction, and by 1957
their share had risen to more than 57 percent. By contrast, con-
sumption.in construction in the more fully developed Regions III
(South) and VII (Central), which amounted to 2.3 million tons, or
more than 41 percent of the total so consumed in 1953, increased
only slightly to reach 2.6 million tons in 1957,-representing less
than 28 percent of all such consumption.
Conversely, in Regions VIII (Urals), IX, and X, the
major centers of consumption in the eastern regions, the consump-
tion of petroleum products in construction increased from 1.3 mil-
lion tons in 1953 to 3.5 million tons in 1957, a gain of about 166
percent. In 1957, construction was the largest civil consumer in
Region XI and also in Region VIII, where it had shared this position
with the petroleum industry in 1956.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction
seems to have become relatively stable at about 1.2 million tons
in Region III and 1.3 million tons in Region VII. The continuation
of this trend as part of the shift to the eastern regions will de-
pend largely on the successful exploitation of the new lands and on
the allocation of capital investments to develop industrial enter-
prises.
5. Industry.
It is not possible to ascertain any meaningful pattern
of the regional distribution by individual years of the quantities
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of petroleum products consumed by the industrial sector of the Soviet
economy. For certain industries a regional pattern has been derived
for one year and has been held constant for the other years because
of a lack of information. Thus, only a general analysis based on
a single year can be made. Of the period 1953-57, basic information
is most complete for 1955, and the subsequent analysis of regional
distribution is based on data for that year.
In essence the regional distribution of consumption of
petroleum products by all industries except the nonferrous metals
and manufacturing industries has been effected in accordance with
the regional distribution of production (or of the capacity to
produce) of the major commodity of that branch. In the complete
absence of information concerning the regional distribution of petro-
leum products consumed by the nonferrous metals and manufacturing
industries, the pattern for the regional consumption of lubricants
and residual fuel oil is analogous to that described by all other
consuming sectors of the civil economy.
The consumption of petroleum products by the chemical
and steel industries appears to be concentrated in Economic Regions
III (South), VII (Central), and VIII (Urals). In these regions is
consumed an estimated three-quarters of the annual total for the
chemical industry and two-thirds of the annual total for the steel
industry. Consumption of petroleum products by the coal industry
is centered in Regions III and IX (West Siberia) and by the electric
power industry in Regions III, V (Transcaucasus), and VIII. In each
case about one-half of the total consumption of petroleum products
by the industry takes place in these regions. The estimated regional
distribution of petroleum products consumed by the nonferrous metals
and manufacturing industries indicates some degree of concentration
in Regions V and VI (Volga) but also a nearly equal apportionment in
the heavier populated areas, with only insignificant shares in the
relatively underdeveloped regions, lb (North), IX, XI (East Siberia),
and XII (Far East).
Information concerning the petroleum industry is sufficient
to develop an annual regional pattern of consumption. This pattern
reflects the well-publicized shift in the center of production of
crude oil from Economic Region V to the eastern regions of the USSR
(VI, VIII, ix, X, XI, and XII), particularly to Regions VI and VIII.
Production of crude oil in the eastern regions has increased from
about 29 million tons, or 45 percent of the total, in 1953 to about
67 million tons in 1957, or 76 percent of the total. Of the crude
oil produced in the eastern regions, Regions VI and VIII provided
about 76 percent in 1953 and about 90 percent in 1957. As a result
of this shift in production the consumption of petroleum products by
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the petroleum industry in the eastern regions has increased from
about 45 percent of the total consumed bytindustry
ary in 1953
more than 64 percent in 1957? In 1953, Regions
for about 79 percent of the petroleum products consumed by the petro-
leum industry in the eastern regions. By 1957, this figure had in-
creased to about 87 percent.
In 1955, more than 41 percent of all industrial consump-
tion of petroleum products in the USSR took place in the eastern
regions, and this proportion compares quite closely with the esti-
mated 43 percent consumed in the eastern regions by the civil economy
as a whole. Yet -- except in Region III, where the comparison is
exact -- the regional distribution of industrial consumption of
petroleum products differs from the regional distribution. of total
civil consumption. Region V, for example, accounted for.18.6 per-
cent of the industrial consumption of petroleum products, but less
than half that proportion of total civil consumption.. Region VII,
on the other hand, accounted for only 9.3 percent of industrial con-
sumption but nearly twice that proportion of total civil consumption.
It is apparent that consumption by industry in the less
developed areas of Regions IX, X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), XI,
and XII, which embrace the entire land area east of the Urals, has
not kept pace with the consumption in these areas by the. other sec-
tors of the civil economy. In 1955, Regions IX, X, XI, and XII ac-
counted for less than 12 percent of the consumption of petroleum
products by all industries but more than 18 percent of the total.con-
sumed by other sectors of the civil economy. The estimates which
are given in Tables 11 through 15* point up the concentration of
industrial consumption of petroleum products in the relatively highly
developed areas of Regions III, V, and VIII. More than one-half of
the industrial consumption of such products in 1955 took place in
Region V and, to a lesser extent, in Regions III and VIII.
During the Seven Year Plan (1959-65), measurable changes
in this pattern may take place. These changes will reflect efforts to
supply gas in increasing quantities to the industrial centers of the
USSR. The industrial enterprises of the Ukrainian USSR in Region III,
particularly those located in the Donbas, are to be supplied with gas
from the nearby deposits in Khar'kovskaya Oblast and in Krasnodarskiy
and Stavropol'skiy Krays. 21/ Production of gas in these areas in
1965 may reach to 40 percent of the planned national goal of about 150
billion cubic meters for that year. The primary consumers of gas in
these areas appear to be the electric power stations and heavy metal-
lurgical enterprises, and the substitution of gas as an industrial
* Pp. 49 through 53, below.
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fuel for residual fuel oil may serve to reduce the relative consump-
tion of petroleum products by industry in the Ukrainian SSR.
In Region V, exploitation of the vast Karadag deposits
of gas in Azerbaydzhan SSR will significantly alter the fuel balance
of the republic and also will influence the fuel balance of the
Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR through the construction of a major
transmission gas pipeline to transport; Karadag gas from Azerbaydzhan
to these republics. According to preliminary calculations, 22/ the
increased supply of gas in Azerbaydzhan SSR will serve to reduce the
consumption of residual fuel oil from 2.3ii million tons in 1956 to
about 700,000 tons in 1960. By 1960, gas will provide more than 90
percent of the supply (in units of standard fuel*) of fuel in
Azerbaydzhan SSR compared with only 40 percent in 1956. Inasmuch
as most of the gas is to be delivered to such major consumers of
petroleum products as crude oil refineries, electric power stations,
and machine-construction plants, industrial consumption of petroleum
products in Region V probably will decline.
At present, plans for supplying gas to the industrial
enterprises in Region VIII appear to be in a state of flux. Accord-
ing to the original directives of the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60)
the points of origin of gas for the Urals were to be Shkapovo in
Bashkirskaya ASSR and Berezovo on the northern reaches of the Ob'
River. Gas pipelines from these points were to terminate in Magnito-
gorsk and in Sverdlovsk. Since the publication of these plans, dis-
covery of an unusually large natural gas deposit near Bukhara, in
Uzbek SSR in Region X probably has caused the re-examination of these
earlier directives. It is planned tentatively to construct a, gas
pipeline from the Bukhara deposits through the Kustanayskaya and
Aktyubinskaya Oblasts of Kazakh SSR, also in Region X, 223/ which
probably will tie in with the gas pipeline between Shkapovo and
Magnitogorsk and may continue on to Sverdlovsk. The problems in-
herent in the construction of this pipeline would be considerable.
The length of the pipeline would be about 2,000 kilometers (km) at
a minimum, exceeding by 50 percent the longest gas pipeline previously
built in the USSR. In addition, the pipeline would pass through
650 km of desert wasteland and then 1,000 km further through sparsely
settled areas of Kazakh SSR. Neither the probability of construction
of this pipeline nor the effects of the increased supply of gas upon
industrial consumption of petroleum products in Region VIII can be
ascertained at this time. Because only about 25 percent of the
planned production of gas in the USSR in 1965 is to be consumed in
the eastern regions 4-r/ and because it is doubtful that gas from
Bukhara could be delivered to Region VIII before 1965, it is believed
that industrial consumption of petroleum products in Region VIII will
remain relatively stable during the 19601s.**
Measured in terms of 7,000 kilocalories of heat per kilogram.
Text continued on p. 51+.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953
Economic Re on J
Total J
VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
I II III N V
Consuming Sector
Rail
Inland waterway
Oceangoing
Motor
Civil air
Agriculture
Household
Construction
Petroleum
Chemical
Coal
Steel
Electirc power
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing
16 6 29 450 400 450 240 180 25 700 15 5 2,500
38 6 12 2 1 480 320 28 18 9 23 4 940
170 0 0 0 210 0 0 0 0 0 0 370 750
490 400 1,200 340 290 370 1,600 600 430 710 250 190 6,800
11 14 76 34 21 76 160 79 62 90 41 21 690
M 430 1,300 830 920 1,400 2,300 890 510 1,500 330 M 11,700
330 390 2,000 860 160 870 2,100 800 800 850 390 200 9,800
61 65 240 64 100 58 250 90 68 130 37 25 1,200
360 280 1,100 310 320 450 1,200 640 300 360 19o 190 5,600
18
2
140
120
33
320
0 46 450 810 520 100 41 100
0 55 22 9 1 45 46 d 68 17 1 J 14 16 20
81o 120 150 200 330 390 34
200 840 660 1,200 440 590 71-0 210
11 120 98 150 120 92 110 24
210
0
12
71
480
93
0 50 2,700
0 0 200
10 7 170
11 36 2,300
72 63 5,600
11 29 900
210 1,900 1400 2,300 1300 1200 1700 310 870
l, 6,600 3 400 3,800 k, 7,000 4 100 ~1,~ s
Grand total c/ 1,
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 =on, 3.n 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955?
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Table 12
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1954
Economic Re on 1
Consuming Sector I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX % XI
XII Total J
Pali
Inland waterway 417 6 6 510 400 520 140 130 18 890 18 6 2,700
Oceangoing 200 0 0 3 240 1 510 0 3 0 31 21 10 26 4 1,000
Motor 0 0 0 0 400 840
civil air 58
12 15 o 500 1,58 390 340 430 1,800 710 510 910 290 220 8,200
39 23 85 190 89 70 100 46 23 770
Total , 8 0 1,600
1`.~ ~0 1,000 1,500 2.500 Q(10 /,on I. rrv, ., a,. .-- -- -
-Agri a
Household hold 340 490 2,000 940 190 930 2,400 900 960 1,100 450 220 10
Construction 74 78 290 77 120 70 300 110 8 ,900
400 320 1,300 330 320 580 i 4rn .f Z3 160 45 30 1,400
Petroleum 18 0 54 22 Chemical 2 0 60 22 869 641 146 540 0 230 0 55 3,000
6 d 19 0 0 0 180
Coal 140 73 18 1 9 1 46 15 17 48 P2 13 ll
Steel 0 910 130 150 210 350 - 410 7 5 0
Electric power 140 220 960 ? 760 1,400 500 660 820 23300 540 76 12 72 6,500
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing 42 12 160 140 220 170 120 150 28 72 1,200
120 12 39 1,200
Total J 350 2 0 2 2p0
6
2,o00 17s 74400 3,800 4j300 4,600 00 4,700 2,400 4 1,200 WOO 800
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 thro
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits. ugh 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded c 1955?
d. Negligible. ?ponents.
i_ 1,
0 2,600 1,500 1,300 2,000 340 980 120 210 13,500
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1955
Economic Region J
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
lX
X
XI
XII
Total J
Rail
18
7
34
570
450
580
90
87
27
1,100
21
6
3,000
Inland waterway
44
5
18
3
1
570
380
33
19
10
26
6
1,100
Oceangoing
230
0
0
0
310
0
0
0
0
0
0
430
970
Motor
650
600
1,700
440
380
490
2,100
800
580
1,100
330
250
9,500
Civil air
12
17
92
42
25
91
200
96
75
110
50
25
830
MO
~M
1,800
1,100
1
200
1,700
2,800
1,000
700
2,300
430
7?0
15,400
1
Agriculture
370
530
2,100
990
180
980
2,400
930
1,100
1,500
520
230
11,900
Household
80
89
330
87
140
97
350
120
94
180
51
35
1,600
Construction
470
360
1,300
360
320
750
1,500
780
450
550
280
240
7,300
Industry
Petroleum
18
0
44
440
820
1,000
94
870
0
250
0
49
3,600
Chemical
3
0
66
22
9
1
47
49
19
0
0
0
220
Coal
6
9/
79
20
1
df.
16
19
24
14
12
8
200
Steel
160
0
1,000
140
190
220
380
440
39
80
13
43
2,700
Electric power
150
250
1,000
810
1,500
540
730
890
250
590
89
79
6,900
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing
48
13
180
160
260
200
130
180
30
140
12
45
1,400
Total
380
260
2,400
1,600
2,800
2,000
1,400
2,400
360
1,100
1,30
220
15,000
Grand total f
1,900
8,100
4,100
4,600
5,5w
8,400
5,300
2,700
5,7~
1,400
500
5
00
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955-
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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Table 14
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Cons- ng Sector
1956
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
iX
X
XI
XII
Total 1
Transport
R-1l
120
7
36
630
560
650
260
47
28
1,400
25
6
3,800
Inlan3 waterway
59
6
20
5
1
580
390
43
26
15
33
8
1,200
Oceangoing
260
0
0
0
390
0
0
0
0
0
0
460
1,100
Motor
720
700
2,000
500
410
560
2,400
920
650
1,500
370
280
10,900
Civil air
13
17
93
42
25
93
200
97
76
110
50
25
840
Total J
1,200
770
2,100
1,20o
1,400
1,900
3,200
1100
80
3,000
480
780
17,800
Agriculture
360
680
2,200
960
210
920
2,300
880
1,100
1,900
720
250
12,400
Household
100
110
390
110
170
96
420
150
110
220
62
42
2,000
Construction
470
270
1,300
360
330
700
1,400
1,100
730
860
580
270
8,300
Petroleum
20
0
55
500
900
1,200
110
1,100
39
280
0
57
4,300
Chemical
3
0
71
22
10
1
48
54
19
0
0
0
230
coal
6
86
21
1
1
17
20
26
15
13
9
210
Steel
170
0
1,100
14,0
220
240
390
470
42
80
14
48
2,900
Electric power
160
270
1,100
890
1,600
590
800
970
280
650
98
86
7,600
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
45
16
160
130
200
160
130
150
34
120
16
41
1,200
Total c
400
2600
1,700
2 900
2,200
1,500
2,800
440
1,100
140
240
16,400
Grand total c/
2,500
2,100
8,600
4,300
5100
5800
2 %0
122oo
7,100
2,000
1,600
57,000
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
1. ,
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Petroleum Products in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1957
Economic Region J
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total -0/
Rail
420
9
39
680
600
740
610
200
29
1,600
27
6
5,000
Inland waterway
100
11
38
10
1
680
450
76
44
24
59
14
1,500
Oceangoing
280
0
0
0
440
0
0
0
0
0
0
470
1,200
Motor
830
810
2,300
580
470
640
2,700
1,100
750
1,700
430
320
12,600
Civil air
13
18
98
45
34
98
280
100
110
150
71
27
1,000
1,600
1,700
2,500
1,300
1,500
2,200
4,000
1,500
930
3,500
590
840
Di,300
Agriculture
380
700
2,300
950
200
940
2,40o
910
1,200
2,000
550
240
12,800
Household
120
130
470
130
200
120
500
180
140
270
74
50
2,400
Construction
490
230
1,200
360
310
760
1,400
1,400
960
1,100
820
300
9,300
Industry
Petroleum 30
0
66
560
1,000
1,500
120
1,300
45
310
0
65
5,000
Chemical 3
0
79
22
10
1
49
57
19
0
0
0
240
Coal 7
1
92
23
1
J
18
22
28
16
14
9
230
Steel 180
0
1,100
150
260
250
400
480
43
83
15
51
3,000
Electric power 180
290
1,200
960
1,800
640
$70
1,000
300
700
110
93
8,200
Nonferrous metals and manufacturing 45
16
160
130
200
160
130
150
34
120
16
41
1,200
Total 440
310
2,700
1,800
3,300
2,600
1,600
3,000
470
1,200
160
260
17,900
Grand total c/ 3,100
2,200
9,200
4,600
00
6500
10000
6900
3600
8100
2200
00
~3 800
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those
of 10 million or more, in 3 significant digits.
b. The economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
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C. By Major Type of Product .
Tables 16 through 21* show the estimated distribution of civil
consumption of the major types of petroleum products in the USSR, by
economic region and by consuming sector, for the years 1953-57. These
major products are gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuel, lubricants,
residual fuel oil, and road oils and asphalts. Although road oils
and asphalts were consumed only in construction, the volume of such
consumption is of major proportions, exceeding that of lubricants in
each year and that of kerosine in 1957.
1. Gasoline.**
Because in the USSR gasoline is consumed primarily by
motor transport, the pattern of regional distribution is in essence
an extension of the pattern of consumption of gasoline by motor
transport.
In 1953, civil consumption of gasoline in Economic Re-
gions III (South) and VII (Central) accounted for 3.4 million tons,
or 40 percent of the total. In 1957, civil consumption of gasoline
in these two regions accounted for about 5.4 million tons, or 37.8
percent of the total. Of the individual regions, Region VII has
consistently received the largest share, with consumption of gasoline
increasing from 1.9 million tons in 1953 to 3 million tons in 1957.
The highest rate of increase, 120 percent, took place in Region X
as the result of the development of motor transport in support of
the new lands program.
In contrast to the apparent general shift in consumption
of petroleum products to the eastern regions of the USSR, there has
been no perceptible change in the regional distribution of gasoline.
Both in 1953 and in 1957 the eastern regions accounted for about
40 percent of the total consumption of gasoline.
On the basis of a link relative obtained from a Soviet
source, 25 it can be estimated that the civil consumption of motor
gasoline in the USSR may reach to 30 million tons by 1965. Of this
quantity, probably 18 million to 19 million tons will be consumed
in the European USSR and the remaining 11. million to 12 million tons
in the eastern regions. Although data are not sufficient to allow
speculation concerning the amount of aviation gasoline to be consumed
in 1965, it is probable that the proportion of aviation gasoline
* Tabless- 1Z--through 21 follow on pp. 60 through 75.
Data, include those amounts of aviation gasoline consumed by civil
air transport.
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consumed in the European USSR will be higher than the proportion of
motor gasoline. On the basis of a given regional distribution of
all petroleum fuels in the USSR in 1965, 26 the share of the eastern
regions in the total consumption of motor gasoline will not change
significantly from that in 1957.
2. Kerosine.
The category kerosine includes illuminating kerosine
consumed by households, tractor kerosine, and those quantities of
kerosine consumed as a jet fuel by civil air transport in 1957.
Kerosine is the only major petroleum product the con-
sumption of which apparently has declined in the USSR since 1953.
This decline, which averaged about 1.8 percent annually, resulted
from the wide-scale replacement of kerosine-burning tractors by
more efficient diesel tractors in virtually all phases of the civil
economy. The resultant decline in requirements for tractor kero-
sine more than offset the apparent doubling of consumption of il-
luminating kerosine and the additional quantities of kerosine re-
quired by the introduction of jet aircraft. The estimated consump-
tion of kerosine declined from a peak of 5.9 million tons in 1954
to 5.4 million tons in 1957, a reduction of about 8.5 percent.
The sharpest absolute declines took Place in Economic
Regions VII (Central) and VIII (Urals), where the consumption of
kerosine declined from a peak of 2.4 million tons in 1954 to 1.8
million tons in 1957. The consumption of tractor kerosine declined
from 1.4 million to 1 million tons in Region VII and from 430,000
tons to negligible quantities in Region VIII, but a portion of these
declines were offset by increases in the consumption of illuminating
kerosine totaling 270,000 tons.
Further reductions in the consumption of tractor kero-
sine in the USSR are anticipated. It has been estimated that the
consumption of tractor kerosine in 1965 will decline to about 1.4
million tons, or only 37 percent of the level in 1955.* Of this
quantity, about 30 percent is expected to be consumed in the eastern
regions, and thus the pattern of regional consumption of tractor
kerosine in 1957 would be continued. The consumption of tractor
kerosine in the eastern regions in 1957 reached slightly more than
30 percent of the total, a significant decline from the 37.6 per-
cent~estimated for 1953 and from the 36.8 percent estimated for
1955. Thus it would appear that the pattern of regional distribu-
tion of the tractor kerosine consumed in the USSR is to remain
stable at least through 1965.
See II, B, p. 21, above.
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Two other factors also serve to indicate that the pattern
of regional distribution of civil consumption of kerosine in the USSR
in 1965 will not differ significantly from that in 1957, when the
eastern regions accounted for 31 percent of the total. First, the
regional distribution of illuminating kerosine is expected to remain
relatively stable. Second, a Soviet source indicates that the pat-
tern prevailing in 1917 will continue in 1965 in the regional dis-
tribution of "other fuels," 27 which are believed to include avia-
tion gasoline, illuminating kerosine, and jet fuel.
3. Diesel Fuel.
The rates of increase estimated for the civil consumption
of diesel fuel in the USSR during 1953-57 far exceeded those of any
other major petroleum product. Civil consumption of diesel fuel in-
creased at an average annual rate estimated at 19.8 percent, reaching
16.3 million tons in 1957. The second highest rate of increase, 12
percent, was estimated for road oils and asphalts.
Agriculture not only continued as the leading civil con-
sumer of diesel fuel in the USSR but increased its share from 3.7
million tons, or about 1+7 percent of the total, in 1953 to 8.1 mil-
lion tons, or almost 50 percent, in 1957.
The influence of agriculture on civil consumption of
diesel fuel is particularly evident in Economic Regions III (South),
VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), which together
account for more than one-half of the total. In 1957, agriculture
accounted for almost two-thirds of the estimated civil consumption
of diesel fuel in Economic Region III, a larger share than in any
other economic region. In Region VII, agriculture accounted for
about one-half of the civil consumption of diesel fuel in 1957.
The largest absolute gains in the consumption of diesel fuel by
agriculture, however, were shown in -Region X, where the new lands
program served to increase consumption from 530,000 tons in 1953 to
1.7 million tons in 1957. Inasmuch as total civil consumption of
diesel fuel in Region X increased from 1 million tons in 1953 to
2.9 million tons in 1957, agriculture was responsible for more than
60 percent of the increment. Should comparable increases continue,
Region X would supplant Region III in the consumption of diesel fuel
by agriculture, probably by 1959.
The sharpest relative increase, however, occurred in
Region XI (East Siberia), where consumption of diesel fuel in 1957
represented an increase estimated at 315 percent compared with 1953.
Most of this increase resulted from new construction and, to a lesser
degree, from the impact of the new lands program on requirements for
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diesel fuel. Since 1953 the consumption of diesel fuel in construc-
tion in Region XI has increased by about 400 percent; consumption
by agriculture, by 900 percent; and consumption by transport, by
more than 500 percent.
Steady gains in the consumption of diesel fuel have been
achieved in the eastern regions of the USSR, which accounted for
42 percent of the total in 1953 and 51 percent in 1957. Available
information does not imply any change in this pattern, at least
through 1965. If, as indicated by a Soviet source, the consumption
of diesel fuel in the USSR in 1965 should reach 58 million tons,*
about 30 million tons would be consumed in the eastern regions.
4. Lubricants.
The estimated distribution by economic region of the
civil consumption of lubricants in the USSR parallels closely the
patterns of the major primary fuels, gasoline, kerosine, and diesel
fuel. Again, civil consumption was concentrated in Economic Regions
III (South), VII (Central), and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia),
which together accounted for about 46 percent of the total civil con-
sumption of lubricants. In 1957 the consumption of approximately
one-half million tons of lubricants both in Region III and also in
Region VII represented an increase of about 34 percent over the level
of 1953 in each region. The highest rate of increase, slightly more
than 100 percent, occurred in Region X as a result of expansion of
agriculture, transport, and construction.
The estimates shown in Table l9-* indicate that the share
of the eastern regions in the civil consumption of lubricants reached
a peak in 1956 of about 44 percent of the total and maintained the
same level throughout the year 1957. Available information indicates
relative reductions in the consumption of lubricants in the eastern
regions through 1965. In 1965 the consumption of lubricants in the
eastern regions is expected to account for only 40 percent of the
total lubricants consumed in the USSR in that year. The principal
reason for this decline probably will be the relative increase in
consumption of lubricants by industry to 53.3 percent of the total
in 1965.*** On the basis of a given link relative, / the total
civil consumption of lubricants in the USSR in 1965 may range be-
tween 7 million and 8 million tons, of which 3 million tons may be
consumed in the eastern regions.
* According to a Soviet source, L8/ consumption of diesel fuel in
1965 is to be 4.74 times that in 1955. Consumption in 1955 has been
estimated at 12.2 million tons. (See Table 2, p. 6, above.)
P. 67, below.
See II, E, 6, p. 31, above.
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5. Residual Fuel Oil.
The USSR consumes more residual fuel oil than any other
type of petroleum product. Civil consumption of residual fuel oil
increased from 11.8 million tons in 1953 to 18.1 million tons in
1957, a gain of about 53 percent.
The principal consumers of :residual fuel oil in the USSR
are the railroads and the petroleum, steel, and electric power indus-
tries. Although consumption of residual fuel oil by these four sec-
tors varies in the different economic regions, the total civil con-
sumption of residual fuel oil in most of the economic regions is, rela-
tively stable. In most of the regions, civil consumption of residual
fuel oil averaged between 9 to 15 percent. Civil consumption of
residual fuel oil in Region V (Transcaucasus) has averaged about 21
percent of the total for the USSR, the largest share of any region,
because of the relatively high concentration of electric power sta-
tions burning residual fuel oil. Region V also has shown the highest
absolute increase in consumption, 1.2 million tons, of which the elec-
tric power industry accounted for one-half. Most of the remainder is
attributable to increased consumption by transport and by the petro-
leum industry. The highest relative gains, however, took place in
Region VIII (Urals). Civil consumption of residual fuel oil in
Region VIII in. 1957 represented a gain of about 67 percent over
1953,: largely because of expansion of the petroleum industry. In
the same period, Region X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia) showed an
increase of 64 percent in such consumption, almost wholly as the
result of an unusually sharp increase in the consumption by rail
transport.
The relative share of the eastern regions in the total
civil consumption of residual fuel oil in the USSR also has remained
substantially unchanged during 1953-57 at 41 to 43 percent. In
certain. sectors, such as the petroleum industry, emphasis upon the
eastern, regions in the consumption of residual fuel oil had been
apparent, but these trends have been offset by comparable increases
in consumption in the European USSR by other sectors, notably the
electric power industry.
It can be estimated that in 1965 the quantity of residual
fuel oil produced from the refining of natural and synthetic crude
oils in the USSR may reach to 40 million tons. Because of the rapid
development of the gas industry and the trend toward the substitution
of gas for residual fuel oil, there may be a sizable surplus of re-
sidual fuel oil in the USSR by 1965. In. all probability this surplus
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will be directed primarily to meet the growing needs for residual
fuel oil in the countries of Northern Europe. Civil consumption of
residual fuel oil in the USSR in 1965 may reach 25 million tons.*
The remaining 15 million tons of residual fuel oil would be allocated
to the military and to exports, with exports amounting to as much as
10 million tons.
6. Road Oils and Asphalts.
Construction has accounted for all the consumption of
road oils and asphalts in the USSR. The consumption of road oils
and asphalts has increased since 1953 at an average annual rate
estimated at 12 percent, reaching 5.5 million tons in 1957 and
representing about 60 percent of all the petroleum products con-
sumed in construction.
As in the case of all petroleum products, emphasis upon
the eastern regions in the consumption of road oils and asphalts has
been particularly evident in recent years. In 1953 the consumption
in the eastern regions represented about 38 percent of the total and
advances were slow through 1955, when the share of the eastern
regions amounted to about 42 percent of the total. In 1956 and 1957,
however, consumption in the eastern regions increased at a consider-
ably higher rate than in the European USSR, and the share of the
eastern regions in 1957 has been estimated at more than 57 percent
of the total. Impressive gains in the consumption of road oils and
asphalts have been made in Regions VIII (Urals), IX (West Siberia),
and X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia), whereas in Regions III (South)
and VII (Central), where requirements for road oils and asphalts are
more established, consumption has been relatively stabilized.
The level of technology which has been achieved in the
USSR in the construction and operation of crude oil refineries is
approaching that of the US. Thus, it may be calculated that, with
an estimated refinery charge of 200 million tons in 1965, the yield
of road oils and asphalts in the USSR may approach 5 percent, or 10
million tons. In the absence of conflicting data the distribution
between the eastern regions and the European USSR of this amount may
parallel that for petroleum products as a whole.**
* This estimate is based on a subjective analysis of link relatives
given in a Soviet source. 30/
*( Text continued on p. 77
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Table 16
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector J*
1953-57
Econamic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
IT
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
%
%2
XII
Total J
1953
Transport
Mt,tor
Ci
il
i
450
370
1,100
310
270
340
1,400
550
400
650
230
170
6
300
v
a
r
10
14
75
34
20
75
160
78
61
89
41
20
,
680
Total 2
460
380
1200
40
220
4P0
1
600
?X
460
40
,
7
2p
1
7,000
Agriculture
C
t
ti
15
6
32
130
65
u
75
160
76
17
28
8
730
ons
ruc
on
1
13
51
14
15
221
4
30
14
17
260
Petroleum J
El
ct
i
1
0
1
13
28
21
1
18
0
9
0
95
e
r
c power
12
31
89
22
17
20
77
24
22
45
12
370
Total J
a
Z~
41
78
4
54
12
460
Grand total c/
510
460
~s5w
'~^
8
was
ie~
3~
,500
1954
Transport
Motor
54o
460
1,4oo
360
310
400
1
700
650
4
Civil air
12
15
85
38
23
85
,
180
88
70
69
840
100
260
46
200
23
7,600
770
Total c/
l`20
480
1,500
400
M
480
1,900
7
540
+0
31-0
220
8
400
Construcct on
16
17
34
13
120
52
67
14
9
13
824
156
29
15
17
39
9
,
270
Petroleum dJ
Electric
ower
1
0
1
13
27
29
1
23
0
10
0
2
110
p
13
34
95
23
18
21
82
25
23
49
12
5
400
Total J
14
A
9E
366.
52
12
7
510
Grand total
600
l,poo
4ao
640
2 200
900
6L0
1,1-
360
250
2
Footnotes for Table 16 follow on p. 62.
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Table 16
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
Year
1955
Consuming Sector
Transport
Motor
Civil air
Total J
Agriculture
Construction
Economic Region J
X
XI
XII
Total J
I
II
III
IV
V
600
560
600
1
410
350
450
1,900
740
530
1,000
300
230
25
8,700
12
17
,
91
42
25
91
200
95
75
u0
50
2
100
840
600
1
100
350
260
9,500
610
280
11,700
450
380
540
,
,
15
43
120
71
12
89
170
93
110
130
37
10
9
90
15
12
48
12
11
26
53
28
16
19
10
1
12
27
43
1
29
0
10
0
2
130
4
1
14
0
36
100
25
19
23
88
27
25
52
13
5
30
22
36
loo
Y-
46
66
56
25
62
13
I
560
410
280
X300
660
670
1,
570
440
2,400
L
?
6
800
1
470
380
510
2,200
850
600
1,400
340
260 1
10,100
840
660
50
,
42
25
92
200
96
75
110
50
25
12
17
92
400
So
680
100
L90
L0
?-ILO
1,900
510
400
600
2,
a
-
1
13
44
110
64
11
83
160
85
110
170
25
39
17
10
8
890
250
14
8
38
1,1
10
21
42
33
22
11
0
2
150
0
1
13
28
55
1
38
0
460
1
15
39
110
27
21
24
94
29
27
56
14
6
16
32
iio
40
!+2
2
9~
3
27
3
l4
8
610
OO
11
00
830
1
700
460
310
12,700
no
=2DO
62o
Z
32
?L7
1
1
Industry
Petroleum J
Electric power
Total c/
Grand total c/
1956 Transport
Motor
civil air
Total c/
Grand total a/
Total J
Agriculture
Construction
Industry
Petroleuu J
Electric power
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Table 16
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Gasoline in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector
1953-57
(Continued)
Year Consuming Sector T II 11I IV V VI
VII vln 7x x xr xri Total 1957
Transport
Motor
760
0
75
2
1
4o
5
Civil air
13
0
1
,
00
40
590
2,
1,
6
1
600
44
98
500
000
90
,
120
390
53
300
27
11,600
890
Total J
770
770
2.
580
470
6W
2,700
l ,1w
770
1,700
440
330
1
Agriculture
1
2
4
1
5
9
10
2,500
Construction
7
2
5
29
9
77
150
80
110
170
28
10
840
Petroleum g
El
t
i
2
0
2
13
29
68
1
4
7
ec
r
c power
16
41
120
28
22
26
0
52
0
2
180
T
100
31
28
59
15
6
4.90
otal J
18
41
120
41
51
94
100
78
28
71
- ~ a 3,000 1 930 ,900 510 150 14.300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 through
or more, in 3 significant digits. 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million
b. Economic regions are those defined on map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Re ions Jan
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not alxays equal the sums of the rounded components.i9 1955?
d. Data exclude those insignificant quantities consumed in the construction and repair of the trunk pipeline.
- 62 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007a6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79S01046A000600120007=6
Estimated Distribution of Civil' Consumption of Kerosine in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953-57
Economic Region J
II III N V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Total
Year Consuming Sector ?
1953 Agriculture 280 200 390 460 82 460 1,400 420 150 210 320 170 4-,600
61 65 240 64 100 58 250 90 68 130 37 25 1,200
Households
Total c/ 31?0 260 620 520 180 510 1,700 510 210 340 200 5,
1954 Agriculture 280 250 170 460 95 450 1,600 430 130 33 370 190 4,500
Households 74 78 290 77 120 70 300 110 83 160 45 30 1,400
Total c/ 360 320 460 540 210 520 1,9 DO 540 210 190 410 220 5,900
1 iculture 300 260 58 480 50 460 1,300 250 76 40 420 190 3,900
955 Ho 80 89 330 87 140 79 350 120 94 180 51 35 1,600
Households
80 350 380 5140 1,600 370 170 220 'co
7M 5,500 21 27
Total J
10 210
3 1956 Agriculture 300 340 50 420 63 300 1,420 150 110 225 512 10 3,000
Households 100 110 390 110 170 96
Total c 400 ~0 1540 3M0 230 300 1,600 140 ~0 0 L50 5,400
0 62 0 25 35 18 0 150 16
21 ,900
1957 Civil air transport 1 0 0 0 0 7
Agriculture 320 330 73 300 0 250 1,500 180 140 2736 0 3715 190 22 00
Households ds 120 130 470 130 200 1 120 500
Total c/ 440 460 22o ~30 210 370 1,600 200 160 3140 460 250 5,400
a. Da exc ude the insignificant amounts consumed in construction. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those
of 10,000 or more, in 2 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Jet fuel.
- 63 -
S -E-C -R-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
S-E-C-R-E-T
Estimated- Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel Fuel in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a *
1953-57
Economic Region W
Y
ear
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
X
XI
=1 '
1953
Transport
Rail
Inland waterway
0
9
0
0
3
46
1
o
39
8
0
9
0
130
0
0
Oceangoing
32
0
0
J
3
7
59
6
2
5
1
Motor
5
5
13
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
70
3
4
17
7
5
8
3
2
46
6
16
50
42
130
76
a
9
140
8
73
Agriculture
Construction
9 no
1384 0
1,300
340
270
6
59
270
340
250
520
530
11
6
9
59
2
360
200
93
no
6o
60
Petroleum
3
0
2
42
94
0
Coal
1
0
10
3
7
6
0
31
0
5
Electric power
49
130
0
0
2
2
2
2
36
87
6t3
79
310
95
87
180
47
1
19
Total c/
s3
I Qn
370
G
130
i6o
150
320
160
90
210
49
25
rand total c/
220
340
2 00
550
360
690
1
100
6
,
30
ILO
1,000
130
160
1954
Transport
Fail
I
0
0
0
50
0
53
0
1
nland waterway
17
2
6
1
aJ
8
0
0
170
Oceangoing
41
0
0
0
9
9
0
66
0
12
8
4
10
2
Motor
7
6
17
5
4
0
0
0
0
83
5
21
8
6
10
3
3
65
8
22
56
D-
160
87
30
14
180
16
87
Agriculture
Construction
12
130
170
110
1,600
410
340
110
69
110
330 190
434
320
670
900
15
8
0
230
120
130
74
74
S-E-C-R-E-T
Total J
220
180
140
76
620
3,700
1,800
310
25
1
O
o
,S
1,800
_
7,900
280
230
170
96
780
4,8oO
2,100
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79S01046A000600120007,-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 CIA-RDP79S01046A000600120007.6
Table 18
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel Fuel in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector aJ
1953-57
(Continued)
Year Consuming Sector ?
1954 industry
Petroleum 3 0
Coal 1 0
Electric power 55 140
Total , 59 140
Grand total c/ 270 430
Transport
Rail 0 0
Inland waterway 28 3
Oceangoing 55 0
Motor 8 8
Total J 22 11
Agriculture 17 190
Construction 140 120
Industry
Petroleum 3 0
Coll 1 0
Electric power 62 160
Total c/ 66 160
Grand total c 3?0
/
1956 Transport
Rail 0 0
Inland waterway 69 5
Oceangoing 69 0
Motor 9 9
Total c/ 120 14
Economic Region J
X
xi
%II
Total s/
2
42
96
4
78
0
32
0
5
1
350
31
12.
3
0
2
3
4
2
2
2
1
700
400
98
89
350
110
96
210
53
,
410
140
170
180
LW
100
240
a
27
22100
4
4
~
86o
1,300
760
99000
1,500
160
200
9,
2,
0
0
M
0
65
0
68
0
13
o
310
4
0
4
460
300
11
2
J
no
77
0
21
0
12
0
6
0
17
0
100
240
0
20
0
5
74
6
25
10
7
13
4
3
110
31
72
80
100
43
12
330
25
110
12100
8
360
100
350
770
520
860
1,200
23
10
8
6,300
400
2
1,
00
450
120
110
250
490
260
150
180
92
0
,
4
4
98
0
34
0
6
420
3 15
39
92
d
0
1
4
3
2
1
24
36
900
1
450
110
100
390
120
110
230
59
,
o
l
0
6l
31
2,
470
0
180
240
400
220
i
8
1
000
100
1
2,000
200
230
,
2800
11-0
470
1,0OD
0~0
1~'
,
,
,
a
0
580
0
62
3
8
32
19
ll
24
6
370
1
5
1
10
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
120
300
140
25
6
5
7
30
12
8
19
5
4
39
7
110
210
~
3`3
3b
130
1,400
-
- 65
Approved For Release 1999/09/~8~:~C 4ERTDP79S01046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
S-E-C-R-E-T
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Diesel Fuel in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector
1953-57
(Continued)
Year
1956
Economic Region 1
Consuming Sector I 1I III IV V VI VII VIII
Ix X XI XII Total J
Agriculture
Construction 1613 2940 3 1'440 1130 1 0 2480 40 500 900 2250 1,500 1W 12
200 96 7,200
Industry '
Petroleum 4 00 15 42 93 190 4 130 0 1
36 0
0 3 4 5 3 2
Electric power 68 18o 500 120
95 1
370 520 2,900 770
530 1,200 10 L 1,300 2 500 p
,- j3
Rail 0 1 0 71 Inland waterway 64 0 120 110 25
7 23 6 1 150 4 100
Oceangoing 83 0 0 0 0 7
motor 11 11 in 8 130 8 36 14
Total c/ 160 18 53 85 140 280 22086
Agriculture 21 280 2,000 526 170 550 1,100 750
Construction 180 82 450 130 110 280 520 500
7
2
26
35
280
500
41
2,100
2600
o 490 8 0 820
27 15 36 9 490
0 0 0 1Ln '60
10 22 6 170
37 530 50 160 1,800
980 1,700 110 28 8,100
350 420 300 110 3,400
Petroleum 6 0 19 42 2 996 230 5 160 0
coal 39 0 7 590
Electric power 00
75 190 540 130 100 120 470 150 4 6
47
130 270 72 3 29 2 2,300
Total to 82 130 560 180 200 250 480 310 140 310 75 38 2,900
Grand total 440 570 3,100 920 620 1,500 22,300 1,600 1,5o0 2,900 540 330 16,300
a. Estimates of less than 10,000 are expressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10 000
through more, in 3 significant digits. 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4_55), DSSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components. 1955.
d. Negligible.
10 430 130 120 250 65
Total J 73 180 520 170 130 300 440 260 120 M 67
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a *
1953-57
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total J
1953
Transport
Rail
16
6
29
8
3
13
36
21
25
22
15
5
200
Inlan,l waterway
7
1
2
df
J
20
14
5
3
2
4
1
60
Oceangoing
17
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
37
75
Motor
32
26
82
22
19
25
100
39
29
47
16
12
450
Total J
U
31
no
30
58
iE
66
51
70
35
50
M
Agriculture
27
29
140
66
12
66
170
61
56
61
31
17
730
Construction
6
5
19
5
5
8
20
11
5
6
3
3
96
Petroleum
0
J
7
15
1
9
0
5
0
1
50
Coal
1
58
14
1
12
14
17
10
9
6
140
Nonferrous metals
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
9
2w
Total 1
16
92
i4
24-
a
50
40
32
36
18
16
390
tal c/
d t
Gl
L20
75
270
140
90
160
180
15
0
170
83
86
2,000
an
o
-
-
1954
Transport
Rail
17
6
31
8
3
14
38
22
18
22
15
6
200
Inland waterway
7
1
3
1
df
22
15
5
4
2
4
1
64
Oceangoing
20
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
85
Motor
39
33
97
26
22
29
120
47
34
60
19
14
540
Total c/
40
710
35
42
64
180
y4
55
84
32.
61
Agriculture
27
37
140
71
14
70
190
67
67
73
36
18
810
1
Construction
7
6
22
6
6
10
23
12
6
7
4
4
1
0
- 67 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 19
Estimated Distribution of. Civil consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and.by Consuming sector 1
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
D
x
xi
]II
Total
1954
Industry
Petroleum
d/
0
d/
7
15
15
1
12
0
5
0
Coal
5
91
15
1
12
14
18
11
9
150
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
12
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
200
Total J
8
~L
24
31
LO
43
33
33
18
410
Grand total
130
91
30
M
170
430
200
i4o
200
W
1955
Transport
id-
Rail
18
7
34
9
3
15
41
24
27
24
17
6
230
Inland waterway
8
1
3
1
d/
23
16
6
3
2
5
1
68
Oceangoing
23
0
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
100
tor
43
110
29
25
32
140
53
38
74
22
17
620
Iota, , /
L
-L
iL0
9-
61
L
272
8i
!S9
100
43
68
1,000
Agriculture
30
40
150
75
13
73
180
-
67
-
77
110
42
19
870
Construction
7
6
23
6
6
13
26
13
8
9
5
4
130
Industry
Petroleum
1
0
1
6
15
23
1
16
0
5
0
1
68
Coal
5
d1
64
16
1
d
13
15
19
11
10
6
160
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
12
8
34
13
8
16
37
17
15
21
9
9
200
Total J
L8-
8
29-
.
24
&
~
48
34
U
2
16
430
Grand total c/
L50
100
420
0
100
200
i5
210
190
22
110
110
2,400
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6 111"
 ,Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 19
Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Consuming Sector
Y
I
II
III
Iv
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
x
xi
XII
Total 1
ear
1956
Transport
Rail
19
7
36
9
3
16
43
25
28
26
18
6
240
Inland waterway
9
1
3
1
1
24
16
6
4
2
5
1
72
Oceangoing
27
0
0
0
4400
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
120
Motor
47
46
130
33
27
37
160
61
43
98
24
19
720
2
20
L4
170
43
68
73
220
92
75
130
47
75
1,200
:
-
Agriculture
29
52
150
72
15
67
170
59
75
130
57
20
900
Construction
8
5
22
6
6
12
25
20
13
15
10
5
150
Petroleum
1
0
1
7
15
30
1
20
0
6
0
1
80
coal
5
J
69
17
1
1
14
16
21
12
10
7
170
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
18
13
52
19
13
24
56
26
23
31
13
13
300
Total c/
24
a
120
43
23
5?+
7?
62
44
49
23
21
550
Q,-and total c
1-60
120
460
160
120
210
480
230
210
320
140
120
2,800
1957
Transport
Rail
21
8
39
9
3
17
46
26
29
28
20
7
260
Inland waterway
9
1
4
1
dJ
26
18
7
4
2
5
1
79
Oceangoing
29
0
0
0
466
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
120
Motor
55
.54
150
38
31
42
180
73
49,
110
28
21
830
62
42
81
86
240
iio
83
140
53
79
1.300
- 69 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046A000600120007-6
S-E-C-R-E-T
Table 19
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Lubricants in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector aJ
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
TV
V
VI
VuI
VIII
IX
x
x
Total J
1957
Agriculture
32
53
160
70
14
68
180
62
80
140
43
10
920
Construction
9
4
22
6
6
14
26
24
17
21
15
5
170
Industry
Petroleum
1
0
1
7
15
36
1
25
0
6
0
1
94
Coal
6
d/
74
18
1
d1
15
17
22
13
I1
7
180
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
18
13
52
19
13
24
56
26
23
31
13
13
300
Total c/
2255
13
130
44
25
60
72
68
45
50
24
21
570
Grand total J
iw
13,
A
95-11
IL
~U
MIJ
25-0
ls.
120
=000
a. Data exclude those insignificant quantities consumed by civil air transport and in the generation of electric paver. Estimates of less than 10,000 are ex-
pressed in 1 significant digit; those of 10,000 more, in 2 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are, derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
d. Negligible.
- 70 -
Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79S01046A000600120007-6
 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP79SO1046AO00600120007-6
Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector /*
1953-57
gnomic Ree ton J
Year
Consuming Sector
II
III
Iv
4
4I
422
!III
I%
L.
%I
XII
Total J
1953
Transport
W1
0
0
0
400
.400
400
200
150
0
550
0
0
2,100
Inland waterway
23
3
7
1
dJ
. 370
250
17
10
6
13
2
700
Oceangoing
120
0
0
0
150
0
0
0
0
0
0
260
530
tal J
T
140
3
Z
400
0
0
TTO
!L50
170
In
560
13
M
3,
o
-
Jab,try
Petroleum
8
0
40
320
520
300
89
260
0
110
0
35
1,700
Chemical
0
0
54
0
0
0
0
45
0
0
0
0
99
Steel
140
0
&0
120
150
200
330
390
34
71
u
36
2,300
Electric power
60
40
390
550
1,100
340
200
600
97
250
14
40
3,700
Nonferrous metal,
and manufacturing
21
3
84
85
140
110
55
96
8
70
2
21
700
Total J
230
43
1,
1100
L900
9.500
kv-
1,
1Jo
L
2~' .
130
8,500
and total c/
100
12-00
!,J-00
11M
ia=
1954
Transport
Fait
0
0
0
450
400
450
100
100
0
700
0
0
2,200
Inland waterway
20
3
7
1
dJ
390
260
14
10
5
12
2
720
oceangoing
140
0
0
0
170
0
0
0
0
0
0
280
580
Total J
160
1
7
450
M
840
6600
uo
to
Z
12
280
3,500
Industry
Petroleum
9
0
46
350
580
98
300
0
130
0
38
1,900
Chemical
0
0
60
0
0
0
46
0
0
0
0
110
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Table 20
Estimated Distribution of civil consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector al/
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IS
V
yI
VII
VIII
IX
X
xi
XII
Total
1954
Industry (Continued)
-
steel
140
0
910
130
1-50
210
350
410
36
12
39
Electric power
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
69
29
46
4
460
120
640
120
1,300
210
390
160
230
78
690
140
12
290
100
16
3
46
30
4,~
1,000
Total c/
220
50
1,600
1,200
2,200
1,100
11600
160
600
31
150
9800
Grand total c/
410
53
1,600
1,700
2,800
1,900
11100
W
O0
30
i
42
440
13 300
1955
Transport
-
_
Rai1
0.
0
0
500
450
500
50
50
0
800
0
0
2,400
Inland waterway
8
1
3
1
J
430
290
6
4
2
5
1
Oceangoing
150
0
0
0
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
280
630
Total J
160
1
3
So a
650
2M
340
~_6
4
800
5
280
33,700
Petroleum
8
0
35
320
530
550
80
560
o
140
0
31
2
300
Chemical
0
0
65
0
0
0
0
48
o
o
0
0
,
u0
Steel
160
0
1,000
140
190
220
380
440
39
80
13
43
2
700
Electric paver
74
49
490
680
1,400
420
250
740
120
310
17
49
,
4
600
Nonferrous metals
and Manufacturing
35
5
140
150
250
Igo
93
170
15
120
3
36
,
1,200
Total c/
280
54
1,700
1,300
2,400
1,
850
2,000
MO
650
33
160
10,900
Grand total 1
1
X800
3.
2,300
1,100
2,
180
1,5oO
38
440
14,600
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
Year
consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
D
VI
YII
VIII
lx
x
xi
%II '
Total J
1956
Transport
Rnil
100
0
0
560
560
0
180
0
0
1,100
0
0
3,000
Inland Waterway
7
1
2
1
a/
440
290
5
3
2
4
1
750
Oceangoing
160
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
290
690
T
tal J
ZP
1
?
560
800
9M0
470
5
3
1100
4
29o
4400
o
I,,b,stry
Petroleum
9
0
41
370
610
640
92
660
39
170
0
36
2,700
Cbemical
0
0
70
0
0
0
0
53
0
0
0
0
120
Steel
170
0
1,100
140
220
240
390
470
42
80
14
48
2,900
Flectrie power
80
54
530
740
1,500
460
270
800
130
314O
18
54
5,000
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
26
3
110
110
190
140
70
120
11
90
2
27
900
Total J
280
a
1,800
1,400
2,500
1,500
820
2.
220
680
3k
160
11,600
Grand total. J
=0
58
l
33.
2,
1,300
2,100
230
1700
3
46600
16,000
1957
Tr-port
Fail
400
30
0
3
0
11
600
3
600
600
500
450
330
150
22
0
13
1,100
7
0
17
0
4
3,900
950
Oceangoing
16
0
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
280
710
t
T
l 1
1
17
600
860
1
100
.180
170
1_3
111W
3
20
5,600
a
o
M
.
1
Industry
Petroleum
11
0
48
430
710
760
110
780
45
190
0
42
3,100
Chemical
0
0
79
0
0
0
0
55
0
0
0
0
130
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in the USSR
by Economic Region and by Consuming Sector a/
1953-57
(Continued)
Economic Region J
Year
Consuming Sector
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
V
II
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Total
1957
Indust- (Continued)
Steel
180
0
1,100
150
260
250
400
480
43
83
15
51
3
000
Electric power
87
58
580
800
1,600
490
290
870
140
360
20
58
,
5
400
Nonferrous metals
and manufacturing
26
3
110
110
190
140
70
120
11
90
2
27
,
900
Sao
61
1,900
1,500
2,800
1,600
870
2,300
240
720
37
180
12,500
Grand total c/
900
04
2,100
3,'700
2,700
1
2,500
220
1
800
s
5
460
18
100
,
~
,
Estimates of less than 10 ,000 are in
more, in 3 significant digits. -- _pressed in + :.b..i?i..aat ?`git, those of 10,000 through 9.9 million, in 2 significant digits; and those of 10 million or
b. Economic regions are those defined on Man 13702 (4-55), U; A n_;strative Divisions and Economic Regions January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
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Estimated Distribution of Civil Consumption of Road Oils and Asphalts
in the USSR, by Economic Region a
1953-57
Economic Region-J
Y
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
DC
X
XI
XII
Total =/
ear
1953
230
180
680
190
200
280
720
400
190
220
120
120
3,500
1954
250
200
770
200
200
360
830
440
220
240
140
140
4,000
1955
300
220
830
220
200
460
910
480
280
340
170
150
4,500
1956
280
160
760
220
200
420
860
660
440
520
350
160
5,000
1957
290
140
720
210
180
450
.840
800
570
680
480
180
5,500
a. Construction accounted for all consumption of road oils and asphalts in the USSR. All estimates
are expressed in 2 significant digits.
b. Economic regions are those defined on Map 13702 (4-55), USSR: Administrative Divisions and
Economic Regions, January 1955.
c. Totals are derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
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D. Increased Role of Eastern Regions.
As indicated by the estimates given. in Tables 16 through. 21,*
most increases in consumption of petroleum products have taken place
in the eastern regions of the USSR (VI, VIII, IX, X, Xl, and XII).
Civil consumption in these regions has been estimated at 29 million
tons in 1957 compared with 17 million tons in 1953. This increase
represents an average annual rate of 16 percent in the eastern regions
compared with 9.6 percent in the European USSR. Consumption in the
European USSR in 1957 has been estimated at 34.6 million tons, an in-
crease of 10.6 million tons compared with 1953. Thus, there is an
apparent; shift in emphasis to the eastern regions in the civil con-
sumption of petroleum products.
The increase in consumption of petroleum products in the
eastern regions of the USSR has been accompanied by an even higher
rate of increase in production of crude oil in these regions. The
success of concentrated efforts to develo at a high rate the rich
oilfields in Regions VI (Volga) and VIII p(Urals) has enabled the
eastern regions to provide a constantly larger share of national
production of crude oil. As illustrated in the following tabula-
tion, production of crude oil in the eastern regions increased from
45 percent of total Soviet production in 1953 to 76 percent in 1957.
_1953 1957
Area
Production
of Crude
Oil
Consumption
of Petro-
leum
Products
Production
of Crude
Oil
Consumption
of Petro-
leum
Products
European USSR
55
60
24
54.
Eastern Regions
45
40
76
46
Total
100
100
100
100
Concomitant with the shift in the center of production of
crude oil, although not so pronounced, has been a shift in the cen-
ter of output of petroleum products in the USSR, from Region V
(Caucasus) to the eastern regions, especially to Regions VI and
VIII. The output of petroleum products in Regions VI and VIII in-
creased from about 32 percent of the total in 1953 to more than
47 percent in 1957. At the same time the share produced in Region V
declined from about 51 percent to less than 28 percent.
* Pp. 60 through 75, above.
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On the other hand, the consumption of petroleum products in
the eastern regions increased at a much slower rate than production.
In 1957 the eastern regions accounted for 46 percent of the civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR, a gain of only 15 per-
cent compared with 1953. Moreover, although production of crude oil
in the European USSR had decreased from 55 percent of the total in
1953 to 24 percent in 1957, the estimated consumption of petroleum
products in this area declined only from 60 percent of the total in
1953 to 54 percent in 1957. Thus it might appear that the indigenous
supply of petroleum products in the European USSR during 1953-57 be-
came increasingly inadequate to meet requirements for fuels and lubri-
cants. Such, however, was not the case; the European USSR always has
been deficient in fuel. The concentration of the production and re-
fining of crude oil in Region V before World War II had necessitated
extremely long and costly hauls of petroleum products to the centers
of consumption.
Implicit in the shift of centers of production and refining
of crude oil is the solution at least in part to these critical
problems. The oilfields of Regions VI and VIII are more centrally
located with respect to centers of consumption. For example, Eco-
nomic Region VII (Central), which in 1957 was the largest regional
consumer, is located immediately adjacent to Regions VI and VIII.
Before World War II, consumers in Region VII were supplied with
petroleum products delivered over a route averaging probably between
1,500 and 2,000 km. Today these hauls can be reduced possibly by one-
half by shipments from Regions VI and VIII. Moreover, although the
problem of supplying the rapidly growing needs for petroleum products
in Economic Regions IX, X, XI,and XII is still difficult, Regions VI
and VIII are in a better position to do so than Region V. The con-
sumption of petroleum products in Regions IX, X. XI, AND XII reached
about 15.6 million tons in 1957, almost twice the level of 1953. At
the same time, the indigenous production of crude oil in these re-
gions increased only from 5.1 million tons to about 7.6 million tons,
and thus there has arisen a major problem of supply. The solution
to this problem is seen in the construction of a trunk pipeline system
which will ultimately extend from the oilfields of Regions VI and VIII
to the Pacific Ocean and which will supply the eastern regions with
both crude oil and petroleum products. In conjunction with this pro-
ject, a large-scale program for the construction and expansion of
refineries in the eastern regions is also under way.
It is estimated that Soviet production of crude oil in 1960
may reach more than 140 million tons,- 31/ of which 110 million tons
* Compared with 135 million tons as stated in the original directives
of the Sixth Five Year Plan (1956-60).
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will be provided by the oilfields of Regions VI and VIII. Produc-
tion of crude oil in the eastern regions may reach 120 million tons
in 1960, or more than 85 percent of the Soviet total compared with
76 percent in 1957. Smaller increases in the consumption of petro-
leum products in the eastern regions may be expected as the result
of Soviet plans to achieve a more equal and rational distribution
of industrial production, of agriculture, and of transport. On the
basis of successful implementation of this program, a more equal
distribution between the European USSR and the eastern regions in
the civil consumption of petroleum products may be achieved by 1965
or possibly earlier.
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IV. Prospects for Exports.
Preliminary estimates of the consumption of most of the principal
types of petroleum products in the USSR in 1965 have been made on the
basis of available information. As shown in Table 22,* increases are
anticipated in the consumption of all of the selected products except
tractor kerosine, for which an average annual decline of 8.7 percent is
estimated. On the other hand, the highest rate of increase, 18 percent,
is estimated for lamp and stove kerosine, primarily because an increased
supply for home use will result from the sharp increase in production
planned through 1965 and from a reduction in the consumption of tractor
kerosine. The estimated rate of increase in production of diesel fuel,
17,2 percent, underlies the continued dieselization of several of the
sectors of the civil economy. The minimum rate of increase, 4.1 per-
cent, is estimated for residual fuel oil. The substitution of natural
gas for residual fuel oil at a number of industrial enterprises is
basically responsible for this apparent relative decline in the con-
sumption of residual fuel oil.
Information is not sufficient to allow the development of.esti-
mates for Soviet consumption in 1965 of aviation gasoline, jet fuel,
or several minor petroleum products. Without such data, an estimate of
total consumption in the USSR in 1965 cannot be derived, which in turn
precludes an estimate of the amount available for export. On the basis
of available estimates of consumption, however, as well as the sharp
increase planned for production of crude oil, it is believed that the
demand for petroleum products.in the USSR will be considerably less than
the supply. The continuing phenomenal growth of the gas industry and
the probable impact of this expansion on the consumption of petroleum
products lends further strength to this belief.
As shown in Table 23,** natural gas is expected to provide a still
larger share of the supply of petroleum and of total mineral fuel in
the USSR in 1965 than in 1957.
As indicated in Table 23, natural gas is to provide for more than
one-third of the supply of petroleum in the USSR by 1965 compared with
only one-seventh in 1957. As a share of the supply of mineral fuel,
natural gas is to increase from 4.2 percent of the total in 1957 to
17.2 percent in 1965. Although consideration of imports and exports
would influence the quantities available for consumption, the balances
in Table 23 may be considered a strong indication of the probable
pattern of consumption in 1965.
It appears, therefore, that if the announced goals for production
of crude oil are met the USSR will have increased supplies of petro-
leum available for export.
Table 22 follows on p. 80.
Table 23 follows on p. 81.
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Estimated Civil Consumption of Selected Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Type of Product
1957 and 1965
1957 b
1965 J
Average Annual
Rate of Growth
Type of Product
(Million Metric Tons)
(Million Metric Tons)
(Percent)
Motor gasoline
13.4
30
10.6
Kerosine
Lamp and stove
2.4
9
18.0
Tractor
2.9
1.4
-8.7
Total
5.3
10.4
8.8
Diesel fuel
16.3
58
17.2
Lubricants
3.0
7 to 8
12.1
Residual fuel oil
1?8.1
25
4.1
Road oils and asphalts
5.5
10
7.8
61.6 d
14o to 141
10.9
a. Estimates for aviation gasoline, jet fuel (kerosine), and crude oil are omitted because
of the lack of data for 1965.
b. Estimates in this column have been taken from Table 10, p. 37, above.
c. For a discussion of these estimates, see III, C, p. 54, above.
d. The sum of the selected products is 96.6 percent of the estimated civil consumption of
all products in 1957.
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Position of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Production
of Petroleum and Mineral Fuel in the USSR a/
1957 and 1965
1957 1965
Fuel Petroleum J Mineral Fuel Petroleum Mineral Fuel
Crude oil 85.7 25.3 63.4 32.3
Natural gas 14.3 4.2 36.6 17.2
Total 100.0 29-5 100.0 4.5
a. In terms of units of standard fuel.
b. The conversion to units of standard fuel of the reported production
of 98.3 million tons of crude oil in 1957 and of the 230 million tons
planned for 1965 was effected at the ratio of 1.43 tons of standard fuel
per ton of crude oil. The conversion to units of standard fuel of the
reported production of 18.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas in the
USSR in 1957 and of the 150 billion cubic meters planned for 1965 was
effected at the ratio of 1.267 tons of standard fuel per thousand cubic
meters of natural gas.
c. /. The mineral fuels which are reported in the Soviet mineral fuel
balances are coal, crude oil, natural gas, peat, shale, and fuelwood.
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SUPPLEMENTARY STATISTICAL DATA
The tables which follow show further details on the total supply
and the total consumption of petroleum products in the USSR during
1953-57. Table 24* shows the total supply and the supply available
for domestic use, by type of product. Table 25** compares the esti-
mated total consumption with the available supply of such products.
Table 26*** shows the estimated distribution of such consumption
between the civil and military sectors of the economy.
Table 2 follows on p. 84.
Table 25 follows on p. 85-
Xxx Table 26 follows on p. 86.
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Estimated Supply of Petroleum Products Available for Domestic Use
in the USSR, by Time of Product a/
1953-57
Year
1953
1954
lncC
>
Allocation
Gasoline
Ligroin J
Kerosine
Diesel Fuel
Lubricants
Residual
Fuel Oil J
Total
Crude Oil
Consumed as a Product
Total
Available for domestic
use and storage s/
14.1
0.78
7.9
6.9
2.1
13.3
17.7
0.53
50.0
Storage increment /
0..17
0
0.14
0.17
0.03
0.04
0.06
0
0.58
Available for domestic
use
13.9
0.78
7.8
6.7
2.1
13.3
17.6
0.53
49.4
Available for domestic
use and storage f/
15.0
0.59
8.3
8.5
2.2
14.2
18.9
0.59
54.1
Storage increment /
0.33
0
0.28
0.33
0.06
0.08
0.11
0
1.1
Available for domestic
use
14.7
0.59
8.0
8.2
2.1
14.1
18.8
0.59
53.0
Available for domestic
use and storage J
17.2
0.39
10.7
10.7
2.6
16.4
21.9
0.71
64.1
Storage increment J
0.33
0
0.28
0.33
0.06
0.08
0.11
0
1.1
Available for domestic
use
16.9
0.39
10.4
10.4
2.5
16.3
21.8
0.71
63.0
Av ilable for domestic
use and storage J__
20.8
0
11.4
13.5
3.2
18.4
24.6
0.84
74.4
Storage increment f/
0.51
0
0.42
0.51
0.08
0.13
0.17
0
1.7
Available for domestic
use
20.3
Available for domestic
use and storage / g/
22.4
0
13.7
16.3
4.2
21.2
28.4
0.98
85.9
Storage increment f/
0.72
0
0.60
0.72
0.12
0.18
0.24
0
2.4
Available for domestic
use
21.7
0
13.1
15.6
4.1
21.0
28.2
0.98
83.5
a. Estimates of less than 10 million are expressed in 2 significant digits; those of 10 million and more, in 3 significant digits.
b. Because of the insignificant quantities involved, increments in storage of ligroine have not been considered.
c. Data in this column have been calculated at 75 percent of the corresponding value for the category 'Residuals and Others."
d. It is assumed that the quantity consumed would equal the quantity available for consumption.
e. Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
f. Estimates were derived by a complex methodology, based on many sources, which it would be impractical to reproduce here. The methodology
and sources are available in the files of this Office.
g. Because of lack of information, these estimates represent only the gross output of refined petroleum products in the USSR minus handling
losses and do not take into account imports and exports.
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Estimated Total Consumption and Available Supply of Petroleum Products
in the USSR, by Type of Product a/
1953-57
Residuals and Others
Gasoline
Kerosine
Crude Oil
Year
Distribution
Aviation
Motor
,,,
Total J
lamp and Stove
Tractor
Totals J
Fuel 1
lubricants
Fhield0
,,I
Total J
Ca Products
Total
1953
Available supply J
N.A.
N.A.
13.9
N.A.
R.A.
7.8
6.7
2.1
13.3
17.6
0.53
49.4
Total consumption J
1.4
8.6
10.0
1.2
4.6
7.6
8.8
2.1
13.3
16.9
0.53
45.9
Apparent surplus
3.9
0.2
0.7
3.5
Apparent deficit
2.1
1954
Available supply c/
N.A.
R.A.
14.7
N.A.
N.A.
8.0
8.2
2.1
14.1
18.8
0.59
53.0
Total consumption J
1.5
9.9
11.4
1.4
4.5
8.2
10.8
2.3
14.9
19.'0
0.59
52.4
Apparent surplus
3.3
0.6
Apparent deficit
0.2
2.6
0.2
0.8
0.2
1955
Available supply J
N.A.
N.A.
16.9
N.A.
N.A.
10.4
10.4
2.5
16.3
21.8
0.71
63.0
Total consumption J
1.5
11.3
12.8
1.6
3.9
8.2
13.4
2.5
16.3
21.0
0.71
58.5
Apparent surplus
4.1
2.2
0.8
4.5
Apparent deficit
3.0
1956
Available supply J
N.A.
N.A.
20.3
R.A.
N.A.
11.0
13.0
3.1
18.3
24.4
o.84
72.7
Total consumption J
1.6
12.8
14.4
2.0
3.4
10.8
15.1
2.9
18.6
23.7
o.84
67.8
Apparent surplus
5-9
0.2
0.2
0.7
4.9
Apparent deficit
2.1
0.3
1957
Available supply J
N.A.
N.A.
21.7
N.A.
N.A.
13.1
15.6
4.1
21.0
28.2
0.98
83.5
Total consumption J
2.0
14.4
16.3
2.4
2.9
14.7
17.3
3.1
20.9
26.6
0.98
79.1
Apparent surplus
5.4
1.0
0.1
1.6
4.4
Apparent deficit
1.6
1.7
a. Estimates of less than 10 million are expressed in 2 significant digits; those of 10 million and more, expressed in 3 significant digits.
b. Totals were derived from unroundeddata and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
c. Data were coiled from Table 26, p. 86, below.
d. Data were coiled from Table 24, p. 84, above.
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Table 26
Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products by the Civil and Military Sectors
of the USSR, by Type of Product a
1953-57
Residuals and Others
Crude Oil
Year
Consuming Sector
Aviation
Motor
Total J'
Lamp and Stove
Tractor
Total J
Diesel Fuel
Lubricants
Residual
Fuel Oil
Total
Consumed as
a Product
Total
1953
Civil c/
0.68
7.8
8.5
1.2
4.6
5.8
7.9
2.0
11.8
15.4
0-53
40.1
Military J
0.75
0.8
1.5
0
0
1.8 f
0.87
0.10
1.5
1.5
o
5.8
Total bf
1.4
846
lox
1.2
446
746
8.8
2.1
13`3
16.E
0.53
45.9
1954
Civil 1
0.77
9.1
9.9
1.4
4.5
5.9
9.8
2.2
13.3
17.4
0.59
45.8
Military J
0.71
0.84
1.6
0
0
2.3 J
1.0
0.71
1.6
1.6
o
6.6
Total J
145
949
11.4
1.4
445
8.2
10.8
243
14.9
130
0-59
52.4
1955
Civil c/
0.83
10.4
11.3
1.6
3,9
5.5
12.2
2.4
14.6
19.2
0.71
51.3
Military J
0.68
o.84
1.5
0
0
2.7 f
1.2
0.11
1.7
1.7
0
7.2
Totes h
1_S
146
39
A.0
113.4
2_5
16.3
211.0
L
58.5
1956
Civil c/
0.84
71.8
12.7
2.0
3.4
5.4
14.2
2.8
16.0
u
0.84
57.0
Military
0.80
0.97
1.8
0
0
5.4 J
0.94
0.12
2.6
2.6
o
10.8
Total J
1_6
12.8
14.4
240
344
10.8
15.1
2.9
18.6
23.7
0_84
67.8
1957
Civil J
0.89
13.4
14.3
2.4
2.9
5.4
16.3
3.0
18.1
23.8
0.98
63.8
Military J
1.1
1.0
2.1
0
0
9.3 J
1.0
0.14
2.8
2.8
o
15.3
Total J
2.0
14.4
16.3
2.4
2`9
14.7
17.3
3_1
20.9
26.6
0-98
79.1
Estimates of less than' 10 million are expressed in 2 significant digits; those of 10 million and more, in 3 significant digits.
Totals were derived from unrounded data and do not always equal the sums of the rounded components.
Data were complied from Tables 6 through 10, pp. 33 through 37, above.
33
Jet fuel.
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METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed to derive the estimates of the civil
consumption of petroleum products in the USSR by consuming sector
and to distribute these estimates by economic region is of prime
importance. Wherever possible, these estimates were based upon
Soviet open material. In certain instances, however, because of
a lack of qualifying information, data developed through subjec-
tive analysis of the problem were used.
It has been considered appropriate to reproduce in this research
aid only a description of the methodology. A complete methodology,
fully documented, is available for examination in the files of this
Office.
1. By Consuming Sector.
a. Transport.
(1) Rail.
Estimates of the consumption of diesel fuel were developed
by using the average consumption factors applied to the annual gross
ton-kilometers performed by diesel locomotives. The consumption of
diesel fuel per 1,000 gross ton-kilometers (tkm) was reported to be
4 kilograms (kg) in 1953-55 and 3.7 kg in 1956-57. Annual totals
were subsequently increased by 5 percent to include consumption in
switching and to allow for building up stocks and for losses.
Estimates of the consumption of residual fuel oil were
the most difficult to determine and are probably the least accurate.
The estimates presented in this research aid are the midpoints of a
series of range estimates. The low range was calculated in each
year as 2.6 percent of total standard fuel consumed by the railroads.
The high range was derived on the basis of rates of the consumption
of residual fuel oil in the form of standard fuel per 1,000 gross tkm.
These rates have been reported as follows: 1953, 20.5 kg; 1954,
20.1 kg; 1955, 19.4 kg; 1956, 19.6 kg; and 1957, 19.6 kg. Figures for
residual fuel oil in standard fuel units were converted to natural units
by applying the conversion factor of 0.93 tons of standard fuel per ton
in natural units. Because of the factor of boiler efficiency, the
conversion factor for residual fuel oil consumed by railroads is con-
siderably lower than that used for the other consuming sectors
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(1.4 tons of standard fuel per ton in natural units). The conver-
sion factor of 0.93 Is an average of two conversion factors reported
in source 34/ as 0.98 and 0.88, the difference resulting from the
grade of residual fuel oil.
It was estimated that 1 ton of diesel lubricating oil
was consumed for every 80 tons of diesel. fuel. This proportion of
1 to 80 was derived from the experience of a leading US railroad.
For car axle oil, estimates again were based upon US
experience. The factor used was 44.7 kg of car axle oil per mil-
lion gross tkm. Estimates were subsequently increased by one-
third in the belief that Soviet railroads would be considerably
more liberal in their use of car axle oil.
For steam locomotive cylinder oil and grease, total
steam locomotive movement in each year was multiplied by repre-
sentative factors of usage derived from US practice. Consideration
was made of consumption of cylinder oil and grease in double-heading,
switching, and deadhead movement.
(2) Inland Waterwa .
First, total standard fuel consumed in each year by in-
land waterway transport in the actual transportation of freight was
calculated. These totals were then distributed according to type
of fuel on the basis of a standard fuel balance for 1953 in which
each type of fuel consumed by inland waterway was expressed as a
percentage of the total. 35 To this base was applied a graph which
portrayed relative changes in the consumption of major types of fuel
by inland waterway transport under the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1956-60). 36 Standard fuel balances for 1954 and 1955 were de-
rived by the analysis of trends in fuel consumption as indicated
in the other years. The percentage distributions thus obtained for
each year were applied to the total consumption of standard fuel
in that year, which yielded the consumption, among others, of diesel
fuel and residual fuel oil in standard fuel units for the period
1953-57. Conversion to natural units was effected by using a factor
of 1.45 units of standard fuel per natural unit of diesel fuel and
a factor of 1.4 units of standard fuel per natural unit of residual
fuel oil. These totals were then increased by 32.5 percent to allow
for the composite effect of a 6-percent increase to account for fuel
consumed in carrying passengers (based on the ratio of fleet passenger-
kilometers to ton-kilometers) and of a 25-percent increase to account
for fuel. consumed in route maintenance, by service vessels, by shore
installations, and in other nontransport functions. 37
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Estimates of consumption of lubricants were derived in
the following manner: Diesel-powered vessels consume lubricants at
the rate of 6.13 percent of the diesel fuel consumed. Vessels
powered by steam (both coal-fired and oil-fired) consume lubricants
at the rate of 5.25 percent of residual fuel oil consumed in oil-
fired vessels. This factor was applied uniformly on a ton-kilometer
basis to all inland waterway transport powered by steam on the as-
sumption that consumption of lubricants per ton-kilometer was the
same for both coal-fired and oil-fired vessels.
(3) oceangoing.
The estimates of consumption of petroleum fuels and
lubricants by oceangoing transport essentially were based on the
volume of work output or net ton-kilometers of freight movement
in each of the years, on the portions of the total accomplished by
diesel-powered vessels and those powered by residual fuel oil, and
on the application to these portions of average consumption factors
of diesel fuel and residual fuel oil which had been derived through
analysis of a number of sources. For diesel fuel, the factors used
were as follows (in kilograms of natural units per 1,000 tkm): 1953,
9.275 kg; 1954, 8.848 kg; 1955, 9.091 kg; 1956, 8.878 kg; and 1957,
8.878 kg. For residual fuel oil the factors were (in kilograms of
natural units per thousand tkm): 1953, 38.33 kg; 1954, 36.95 kg;
1955, 34.08 kg; 1956, 32.49 kg; and 1957, 32.49 kg. In each case the
basic consumption rate was increased by 32.5 percent to allow for the
fuel expended in passenger transport and in nontransport functions.
Estimates of consumption of lubricants were obtained by
use of the methodology described for inland waterway transport.
(4) Motor.
The total consumption of petroleum products by motor
transport represents an aggregation of the estimated consumption by
each type of vehicle in the automotive park. For the purposes of this
research aid the automotive park of the USSR was divided into the
following types of vehicles: freight trucks, motor buses, passenger
taxis, truck taxis, and privately owned automobiles and motorcycles.
In addition, freight trucks and buses were divided into those con-
suming gasoline and those consuming diesel fuel. The other types
of vehicles were considered to consume only gasoline as a primary
fuel.
The estimates of consumption of primary fuel by each type
of vehicle were based on operational movement data and on considera-
tion of such regional influences as weather conditions and the type
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of roads. Operational movement data for freight trucks is the sum
of loaded movement plus movement while empty. For the other types
of vehicles, operational movement is simply the amount of vehicle
travel and has been calculated on either is, daily or an annual basis.
To operational movement were applied the average consumption norms
obtained from numerous Soviet handbooks and expressed in liters of
primary fuel per 100 km of movement. These rates, according to type
of fuel and to type of vehicle, are as follows:
Type of Fuel
Type of Vehicle
Liters per 100 Km
Gasoline
---
Freight truck
31i
Bus
35
Truck taxi
30
Passenger taxi
13.5
Private automobile
Private motorcycle
12.9
i.
Diesel fuel
Freight truck
37
Bus
46
The estimates derived from the operational data were
then increased by 5 percent to allow for these amounts of primary
fuel. consumed in engine warm-up, engine idling, in movement not
apparent in operational data, spillage, and other losses. In the
distribution by economic region of these quantities of primary
fuel; consideration has been made of above-norm consumption result-
ing from adverse weather conditions and inadequate roads. There-
fore, to reflect this above-norm consumption, annual totals for
Economic Regions I (Northwest and West) through VIII (Urals), and
Region X (Kazakhstan and Central Asia) have been increased by 5
percent; for Economic Regions IX (West Siberia), XI (East Siberia),
and XII (the Far East), by 10 percent. The total effect of these
increments on the annual consumption of primary fuel in operational
movement has been to increase the consumption of gasoline as follows:
in 1953, by 9.12 percent; 1954, by 9.21 percent; 1955, by 9.14 per-
cent; 1956, by 8.75 percent; and 1957, by 8.62 percent. Annual in-
creases in the consumption of diesel fuel were as follows: 1953,
10.30 percent; 1954, 10.53 percent; 1955, 10.52 percent; 1956, 10.22
percent; and 1957, 10.48 percent.
Estimates of consumption of lubricants were based on the
consumption of primary fuel. An average lubricant consumption factor,
as specified in a number of sources, of 6.8 percent of fuel consumed,
was considered appropriate. 38 To reflect consumption of lubricants
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by gas-generator and gas-cylinder vehicles, the total consumption of
lubricants by vehicles using liquid fuel was increased by 4 percent.
(5) Civil Air.
The number of reciprocating-engine aircraft in operation
during the period 1953-57 is estimated at 1,600. Assuming that each
aircraft was in the air for an equal length of time in each year and
given the hourly rates of primary fuel consumption for each type of
aircraft, annual consumption totals can be calculated. / These
totals were then increased by 2 percent to allow for consumption of
fuel in take-offs, in arriving at cruising speed, and in landings.
In 1957, the first year of significant use of jet air-
craft by civil air transport, it was estimated that 30 jet aircraft
were in operation. 40 Assuming that each aircraft was in use 80
hours per month and that each aircraft consumed fuel at the rate of
1,600 gallons per hour, L l/ can be calculated that the consumption
of jet fuel (kerosine) by civil air transport reached about 1+6,880
tons in 1957.
The consumption of lubricating oil by reciprocating-engine
aircraft was calculated at the rate of 2 quarts per aircraft per hour.
The consumption of lubricating oil by jet aircraft is considered to
be negligible and was omitted.
b. Agriculture.
For diesel tractors an average consumption rate of 10 kg
of diesel fuel per soft-plowing unit was used. An average of 15.031 kg
of primary fuel per soft-plowing unit was used for kerosine tractors.
The annual amount of soft-plowing units performed by diesel and by
kerosine tractors, when multiplied by the appropriate consumption fac-
tor, yields the annual consumption of primary fuel by the agricultural
tractor park only in field work. The consumption of fuel in both
field and nonfield work, including losses, is determined as a factor
of consumption in field work. The consumption of diesel fuel in both
field and nonfield work is determined as 1.21 times the consumption
in field work, and the consumption of kerosine fuel in field and non-
field work is determined as 1.135 times consumption in field work.
In addition, both types of tractors consume, certain amounts of
starter gasoline. The consumption of starter gasoline by diesel
tractors is estimated at 1 percent of primary fuel consumption; that
by kerosine tractors, at 1.934 percent of such consumption.
The consumption of lubricants is expressed as a percentage
of primary fuel consumed in field work. The consumption of lubri-
cants by diesel tractors is estimated at 9.154 percent of the fuel
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consumption in field work; that by kerosine tractors, at 10.5 per-
cent of such consumption.
All combines in use in the USSR consume gasoline as a pri-
mary fuel. Consumption of gasoline by combines was estimated by
use of a weighted average rate of consumption of gasoline per hec-
tare harvested, which was computed on the basis of the composition
of the combine park in each year, the daily productivity of each
combine model, and the consumption of fuel per hectare by each com-
bine model. The rate of consumption in each year was as follows:
Year
Consumption
(Kilograms per. Hectare
1953
6.2
1951i.
6.3
1955
6.3
1956
6.2
1957
5.7
Annual totals were increased by 5 percent to cover losses incurred
in transportation and in storage. Lubricants consumed by combines
is considered to be equivalent to 5 percent of the total gasoline
consumed by combines, including losses..
There is no direct evidence to indicate the amount of petro-
leum products consumed in the USSR by agricultural machinery other
than tractors and combines. The estimates which are presented for
this category were based on the relationship between the amount of
energy. developed by tractors and combines and that developed by
other agricultural machinery. As a percentage of the energy de-
veloped by tractors and combines, the energy developed by other agri-
cultural machinery is as follows 42 :
1953
7.2
195+
7.6
1955
8.3
1956
8.3
1957
8.3-*
195& relationship held constant.
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In order to obtain those quantities consumed by other agricultural
machinery, these percentages were applied to the total amounts of
primary fuel consumed by tractors and combines, to total starter
gasoline consumed by tractors, and to lubricants consumed by trac-
tors and combines. The total amount of primary fuel for other agri-
cultural machinery was proportioned between diesel fuel and kerosine
according to the share of diesel fuel in the total amount of primary
fuel consumed by tractors, because evidence suggests that most other.
agricultural equipment is powered by diesel engines.
c. Households.
Household consumption of kerosine was obtained by dividing
total state and cooperative retail sales of kerosine for the re-
spective years, in terms of 1955 prices, by the estimated average
state and cooperative retail price of kerosine in 1955? Collective
farm market sales of kerosine are negligible or zero. The prices
for kerosine in 1955 were calculated at 0.81 rubles per kilogram
for the urban areas and 1.02 rubles per kilogram for the rural
areas. The urban and rural prices of kerosine were then averaged
on the basis of the division of the Soviet population between urban
and rural areas. The weighted average price per ton of kerosine
thus derived was 929 rubles. In terms of 1955 prices, total kerosine
sales during 1953-57 were estimated as follows:
Year
Million Rubles
1953
1,091
195+
1,351
1955
1,536
1956
1,859
1957
2,19+
d. Construction.
The consumption of petroleum products in construction is
essentially an aggregation of annual consumption of primary fuel
and lubricants by the individual types of construction equipment,
in addition to losses in storage, hauling, and handling. An annual
consumption rate of primary fuel for each type of equipment.was
derived, applying to given hourly fuel requirements an annual equip-
ment-use figure of 2,000 hours, and was held constant for the period
under study. These types of equipment include tractors; graders,
excavators, cranes, and miscellaneous equipment, all of which are
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powered by diesel engines. The number of units of each type of
equipment, calculated on an annual basis from a number of sources, 43
was then multiplied by the appropriate consumption rate, to yield
the consumption of diesel fuel according to type of equipment. The
consumption of diesel fuel by equipment not elsewhere classified
was computed as 5 percent of the quantity consumed by the known
types. Losses of diesel fuel were estimated at 2.5 percent of the
consumption of diesel fuel by the known types of equipment. The
consumption of gasoline by construction equipment was estimated as
a percentage of the total consumption of diesel fuel, excluding
losses. These percentages were estimated as follows: 1953, 14 per-
cent; 1954, 12 percent; 1955, 10 percent; 1956, 8 percent; and 1957,
6 percent. Allowance was made for dieselization of equipment and
retirement of old or obsolete gasoline-burning machinery. The con-
sumption of lubricants by the equipment park was computed as 5 per-
cent of the total diesel fuel requirements and 7 percent of all
other petroleum fuel requirements. The consumption of kerosine and
ligroine by construction equipment for the period in question is
insignificant.
Although there is no information on the consumption of petro-
leum products by the construction materials industry, it is believed
that certain plants, such as those producing cement, use considerable
amounts of fuel for heat and power. As a minimum, it is-estimated
that the diesel fuel consumed by the construction materials industry
would amount to 10 percent of the diesel. fuel consumed in construc-
tion. The gasoline consumed by the industry would amount to 20 per-
cent of the gasoline consumed in construction.
In addition to the quantities of gasoline, diesel fuel,
lubricants, ligroine, and kerosine consumed by construction equip-
ment and by the construction materials industry, it is believed that
all of the annual production of road oils and asphalts in the USSR
is consumed in construction.
e. Industry.
(1) Petroleum.
The consumption of petroleum products in crude oil drill-
ing and producing operations was calculated on the basis of the quan-
tity of fuels needed to produce one ton of crude oil. Average con-
sumption factors were available for 1956 and were held constant for
the period under study. These factors are as follows /:
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Type of Product
Kilograms per Ton
of Crude Oil Produced
Diesel fuel
5.97
Residual fuel oil
2.86
Gasoline
1.79
The consumption of lubricants in crude oil drilling and producing
operations is believed to be approximately 9 percent of primary
fuel consumption. Because of the lack of qualifying data, the con-
sumption of lubricants was limited to that amount consumed by
drilling rigs and by engines consuming liquid fuel that are used in
the exploitation of oil deposits. The consumption of lubricants by
drilling rigs has been reported as 10.2 percent of primary fuel
consumption. L5/ The consumption of lubricants by the V2-300 diesel
engine, the most common engine in use in the oilfields. of the USSR,
has been reported as 8 percent of primary fuel consumption. L6 The
lubricant consumption factor which was used is an average of these
rates.
In a previous study, it was estimated that the consump-
tion of residual fuel oil during the process of refining crude
oil is equivalent to 3 percent of the crude oil refinery charge. 47 ;"
Subsequent information has not indicated a necessity for revision
of this factor.
Minor amounts of gasoline, ligroine, bitumen, and bitu-
minous tar are consumed in the construction and repair of oil and
gas pipelines in the USSR. The total length of pipelines installed
was estimated for each year. Average rates of consumption of these
products per kilometer of pipeline installed were selected from a
Soviet handbook 48 in accordance with the diameter of the pipeline
and the degree of insulation applied. A similar approach was taken
to determine the consumption of these products in the repair of
pipelines.
Finally, the consumption of crude oil as a petroleum prod-
uct by the petroleum industry was estimated as 1 percent of the
indigenous production of crude oil.
(2) Chemical.
The methodology employed in the derivation of estimates
of the consumption of petroleum products consumed by the chemical
industry involved the use of ratios of petroleum product input to
commodity output. In the chemical industry of the USSR, petroleum
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products find use in process heating in the manufacture of soda ash
and caustic soda and as a raw material in production of synthetic
rubber, tires, and carbon black.
It is estimated that 100 kg of residual fuel oil are
consumed for each ton of soda ash produced, and 625 kg for each ton
of caustic soda produced. Rubrax, a petroleum alkaline bitumen, is
consumed at a ratio of 1 kg per tire produced. In addition, it is
estimated that the consumption of rubrax in nontire plants of the
chemical industry is two-thirds of that consumed by the tire in-
dustry. The yield of carbon black from the raw material green oil,
which is a heavy distillate oil, is approximately 50 percent.
Thus, about 2 tons of green oil are consumed in producing 1 ton of
carbon black.
(3) Coal.
It is estimated that 20 to 30 percent of the annual
production of coal was submitted to the flotation process during
the period 1953-57. With a reported 0.36 kg of diesel fuel con-
sumed per ton of coal in this process, 0 it can be calculated
that the consumption of diesel fuel ranged from about 25,000 tons
in 1953 to more than 47,000 tons in 1957.
For lubricants, reported inventories of equipment dur-
ing 1953-57 and consumption norms per machine per year were avail-
able. / Equipment inventories in 1956 and 1957 were estimated
on the basis of available information. Consumption norms were held
constant for the period 1953-57.
(4) Steel
The major use of residual fuel oil in the steel indus-
try is for firing open hearth furnaces, soaking pits, and reheating
furnaces. It is estimated that 113.5 kg of residual fuel oil are
required for each ton of steel coming from the open hearth fur-
naces, that 50.5 kg for each ton are needed for the soaking pits,
and that another 50.5 kg are needed to cover the requirements for
reheating the partially rolled product. Thus, total residual fuel
oil requirements amount to 204.4 kg per ton of crude steel, except
in special cases in Economic Regions VII (Central) and VIII (Urals),
where certain amounts of steel are produced in electric furnaces
or convertors. In. these regions, only 90.9 kg of residual fuel are
consumed per ton of crude steel.
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(5) Electric Power.
One method of expression of production of electric power
in the USSR by thermal electric powerplants is in accordance with the
type of fuel consumed.during process of generation. For example,
in 1955 it was reported that of the total production of electric
power 5,574 million kilowatt hours (kwh) were generated by stations
equipped with diesel engines. 52 To determine the quantity of diesel
fuel consumed in this generation, in the absence of a suitable con-
sumption rate of diesel fuel per unit of electric power produced, it
was necessary to employ a factor based on experience in US industry.
On the basis of US experience and certain basic assumptions, itl may
be estimated that to generate 5,57 million required tons of diesel fuel, or the equivalent of 2,934 kwh per ton of diesel
fuel. This rate of consumption was held constant throughout the
period 1953-57?
A similar approach was selected in the determination of
the consumption of gasoline in the generation of electric power in
the USSR. In 1955, 915 million kwh of electric power were generated
in internal-combustion engines which consumed fuels other than gas
or diesel oil. It was assumed that gasoline constituted virtually
the entire supply of these other fuels. Again, on the basis of
kwh
experience, it can be estimated that the generation of 915
consumed 430,000 tons of gasoline, or 1 ton of gasoline for each
2,128 kwh. This rate of consumption was held constant throughout the
period 1953-57.
With regard to residual fuel. oil, the USSR. has supplied
to the Economic Commission for Europe consumption data which covered
the years 1953-56. These data, however, applied only to those
power stations under the authority of the Ministry of Electric Power
Stations, USSR. Furthermore, these estimates were considered to
represent minimum consumption. On the basis of available information,
the estimates supplied by the USSR were revised upward. by 12 percent
in each of the years to cover the consumption of residual fuel oil
by powerplants not under the authority of the
seiMinis The con-
sumption sumption of residual fuel oil in 1957 was
that consumption would increase over the previous year by approxi-
mately 9 percent, as it did in 1956.
The consumption of lubricants by the electric power in-
dustry has also been based upon US analogy. The rates utilized were
0.009 gallons of lubricating oil per kilowatt of capacity of thermal
power plants and 0.004 gallons of lubricating oil per kilowatt of
capacity of hydroelectric powerplants.
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(6) Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
Forced balances between the supply and the total civil
and military consumption of lubricants and residual fuel oil in 1953
and 1955 were derived by deducting estimates of the total consumption
of lubricants and residual fuel oil by all other sectors of the econ-
omy,; including the military, from the quantities estimated as avail-
able for consumption. The remainder for each year was allocated to
the nonferrous metals and manufacturing industries, thus establishing
an apparent trend in consumption. Estimates of consumption in the
remaining years were calculated by use of this trend, as well as an
index of demand for lubricants by the manufacturing industries esti-
mated for the period 1953-57. There was also information indicating
that in the latter years under study a decrease in the consumption
of residual fuel oil had resulted from the increased use of gas in
machine construction plants and in other similar industrial enter-
prises.
2. Economic Region.
a. Transport.
(1)Rail.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of
diesel fuel and residual fuel oil consumed, by railroads in the USSR
is a reflection of the regional distribution of ton-kilometers of
freight hauled by locomotives powered with diesel fuel and by those
powered with residual fuel oil. For car axle oil, regional distri-
bution was effected in accordance with the regional pattern of total
gross ton-kilometers of all rail movement in 1955. The regional
distribution of diesel lubricating oil is in direct relation to that
of diesel fuel. Steam locomotive cylinder oil and grease were ap-
portioned regionally in accordance with the regional pattern of
steam locomotive movement.
(2) Inland Waterway.
In order to provide a basis for distributing petroleum
fuel consumption by economic region, the total ton-kilometer per-
formance by inland waterway transport that had been used in the
calculation of standard fuel consumption totals was broken down
according to type of fuel into performance figures for each of the
two Volga steamship companies (Volga United. SS Company and the
Volga Tanker Company) and for each of the union republics. From
this pattern, distribution could be made to all those economic
regions not within the RSFSR. For the RSFSR, after deducting the
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ton-kilometer performance of the Volga United and Volga Tanker com-
panies, the breakdown of the remaining ton-kilometers was used as a
basis for distributing the fuel consumption by other companies among
the economic regions within the republic.
The regional distribution of lubricating oils consumed
by diesel-propelled vessels is in direct relation to the regional
distribution of diesel fuel. The distribution of lubricating oils
consumed by vessels propelled by steam (both coal-fired and oil-
fired) was equated with the regional pattern of ton-kilometers per-
formed by steamships.
(3) Oceangoing.
The regional distribution of fuels consumed by ocean-
going vessels corresponds to that of the ton-kilometers performed
by the vessels using those fuels. In allocating petroleum fuel
consumption by economic region, Arctic Ocean and Baltic Sea opera-
tions were considered as being serviced from Economic Region I
(Northwest and North), Black Sea and Caspian Sea operations from
Region V (Transcaucasus), and Pacific Ocean operations from Region
XII (the Far East).
The regional pattern of distribution of diesel lubri-
cating oil is that of diesel fuel. For lubricating oils for vessels
propelled by steam (both coal-fired and oil-fired), the regional
pattern was equated with the regional distribution of ton-kilometers
performed by steamships.
(4) Motor.
The basis used for distribution by economic region of
the quantities of primary fuel and lubricants consumed by commer-
cial motor transport in the USSR was the distribution by economic
region of the number of workers in the motor transport industry.
This basis is not applicable to the consumption of fuels and lubri-
cants by privately owned automobiles and motorcycles. Furthermore,
there is available very little information relating directly to the
regional distribution of these quantities. In view of this lack
of data an index for the distribution of fuels and lubricants con-
sumed by this sector was organized on the basis of the regional
distribution of specialists with a higher education.for the year
1955. Although Soviet propaganda may claim that private owner-
ship of vehicles in' the USSR is found among every category of
worker, it is believed that during the period 1953-57 such vehicles
were owned primarily by persons having a higher education and pre-
sumably a higher income than the average.
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(5) Civil Air.
The regional distribution of the consumption .of petro-
leum products by the civil air fleet is a reflection of airline
activity within each region. The weekly operations at individual
air traffic hubs within each region were added to provide totals
for various regions, which in turn were used to derive a national
total. The proportionate share of each region in the national
total was then derived, and this pattern was used to distribute the
total amounts of fuels and lubricants.
Separate regional distributions were made for recip-
rocating-engine aircraft consumption and for jet aircraft consump-
tion. A pattern of reciprocating-engine aircraft activity was
derived for 1955 and held constant for the period under study. The
pattern utilized was as follows:
Rion
Percent of Total
I
(Northwest and North)
1.5
II
(West)
2.0
III
(South)
11.0
IV
(Southeast)
5.0
V
(Transcaucasus)
3.0
VI
(Volga)
11.0
VII
(Central)
24.0
VIII
(Urals)
11.5
IX
(West Siberia)
9.0
X
Kazakhstan and Central Asia)
13.0
XI
East Siberia)
6.o
XII
(Far East)
3.0
100.00
For Jet aircraft, schedules for November 1957 show operations into
Moscow, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Novosibirsk. The
pattern for 1957 was as follows:
Re ion
Percent of Total
V
5.0
VII
x+2.0
IX
17.0
Xb
24.0
XI
12.0
Total
100.0
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The regional distribution of lubricants was equated with that of
aviation gasoline.
b. Agiculture_.
The annual totals of diesel fuel and kerosine consumed by
soft-
agricultural tractors were distributed regionally in accordance cation o with the pattern described the trendistribution off petroleum
plowing units. Similarly, regional
products consumed by combines was equated with the regional dis-
tribution of hectares harvested. For both agricultural tractors
and combines the regional distribution of lubricants consumed
follows the regional pattern of primary fuel. In the absence of
data to the contrary, the regional allocation of the quantities
of fuel and lubricants consumed by other agricultural machinery
has been equated in each year with the regional allocation of pri-
mary fuel consumed by agricultural tractors.
c. Households.
Soviet household consumption of kerosine was distributed
among the various union republics on the basis of
dreported ata on sales
retail sales of kerosine. Within the RSFSR,
available. Therefore the distribution of kerosine consumption
among the economic regions within the RSFSR has been based on the
distribution of total population among these regions. The close
relation between the distributions of kerosine sales and total pop-
ulation of the various republics suggests that distributing kero-
sine sales on the basis of population within the RSFSR provides
a reasonably accurate estimate. Because data onthe regional al in dis-
tribution of sales are available only for 1955, the pattern
year has been held constant for the period under study.
d. Construction.
In the absence of a more reliable approach to the problem
the distribution of petroleum products consumed in construction
was made on the basis of cement consumption by economic region.
e. Industr .
(1) Petroleum.
Lack of data precludes the distribution by economic
region of the quantities of petroleum products consumed in the
construction and repair of trunk pipelines. The distribution by
economic region of the consumption of gasoline, diesel fuel, lubri-
cants, residual fuel oil, and crude oil by the petroleum industry
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in crude oil drilling and producing operations was based upon the
distribution by economic region of annual production of crude oil.
The distribution by economic region of residual fuel oil consumed
by the crude oil refineries was based on that of the crude oil charge
to refineries.
(2) Chemical.
Estimates of the quantities of petroleum products con-
sumed by the Soviet chemical industry were based on the ratio of
the consumption of petroleum products to the output of commodities
by the chemical industry involving the use of petroleum products.
The distribution by economic region of the quantities of petroleum
products consumed has been equated with the estimates of regional
production of such commodities.
(3) Coal.
The general pattern used to distribute the quantities
of petroleum products consumed by the coal industry was that of the
regional production of coal. Because of the mining conditions and
methods peculiar to the Donets Basin in Economic Regions III (South)
and IV' (Southeast.), however, it is estimated that the consumption
of petroleum products in these two regions averages about 50 percent
of the total consumption by the coal industry, although production
in Regions III and IV accounts for only 38 or 39 percent of the
total. The balance has been allocated on the basis of approximate
regional distribution of production of coal.
(1.) Steel.
The distribution by economic region of the residual fuel
oil. consumed by the steel industry is in direct correlation with the
regional production of crude steel by oil-fired furnaces. It was
possible to create such a pattern only for 1956, and this pattern
was held constant for the remaining years.
(5) Electric Power.
The regional distribution of the gasoline and diesel fuel
consumed in the generation of electric power was made on the basis
of the regional distribution of the rural population of the USSR
R
as reported for April 1956. The consumption of residual fuel oil
was distributed regionally on the basis of the regional distribution
of the estimated 1955 capacity of thermal electric powerplants, which
consumed mainly residual fuel oil.
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(6) Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
In the absence of other data the regional distribution
of the lubricants and residual fuel oil consumed by the nonferrous
metals and manufacturing industries of the USSR was based on the
regional pattern of consumption of lubricants and residual fuel oil
established for all other consuming sectors of the civil economy
in the year 1955? In view of the relatively short time-span in-
volved, as well as the relative insignificance of consumption by
these industries, it is believed that the margin of error inherent
in the application of the 1955 pattern to the entire period in
question would not be appreciable.
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GAPS IN INTELLIGENCE
Information is abundant on many phases of the petroleum industry
of the USSR. The Soviet press in particular gives much attention to
drilling practices, to crude oil production and methods of produc-
tion, and to the transportation of crude oil and finished products
by pipeline. With regard to the refining of crude oil, output of
refined products -- either in percentage yields or in absolute quan-
tities -- and the eventual disposition of annual output, there has
been a reluctance to divulge any information since 1940. In most
instances, data on sales of petroleum products, on the deliveries
of petroleum products to civil consumers, and on the consumption of
petroleum products in absolute quantities by individual consuming
sector are completely lacking. Therefore, in the attempt to ascer-
tain the civil consumption of petroleum products in the USSR and the
distribution of this consumption by type of product to the individual
consuming sectors and among the 12 economic regions, a secondary ap-
proach to the problem has been necessary. Yet this approach, which
has been described in detail,* has not been completely satisfactory.
Research conducted on the problem has revealed specific gaps in in-
telligence, a survey of which follows.
1. By Consuming Sector.
a. Transport.
Information on the consumption of petroleum products by
railroads in the USSR is only adequate. In particular, informa-
tion is lacking on the consumption of residual fuel oil. Data are
needed on the size of the automotive park, on the breakdown by
individual type of vehicle within the park, and on annual movement
by type of vehicle. Estimates of the consumption by civil air trans-
port and by water transport are acceptable, although comprehensive
information concerning the distribution of vessels by type, by
horsepower, and by type of fuel is lacking.
b. Agriculture.
Coverage is acceptable. Information on the number of the
agricultural tractors consuming gasoline, kerosine, and ligroine
is desired. No information is available on consumption by agri-
cultural machinery other than tractors and combines. Information
* See Appendix B, Methodology.
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is desired on the size of this park and on petroleum product usage
and the consumption norms applicable thereto.
c. Households.
Coverage of the consumption of kerosine is good. No basis
is available upon which to develop estimates of the consumption of
other petroleum fuels, if any.
d? Construction.
Information is needed on the consumption of petroleum prod-
ucts other than diesel. fuel by construction equipment. Similarly,
information is lacking on the consumption of petroleum products by
the construction materials industry. Also needed are consumption
norms in natural fuel units per unit of output for those plants
which consume petroleum fuels.
e. Industry.
(1) Petroleum.
Coverage is good. Estimates have generally been based
on Soviet sources! Confirmation is needed, however, on the measure
of consumption of residual fuel oil by crude oil refineries.
(2) Chemical.
Soviet statistics are lacking, particularly on the con-
sumption of petroleum products by type of product and on the produc-
tion of chemicals in which petroleum is used either as a fuel or raw
material.
(3) Coal.
Absolute data are not available on the consumption of
petroleum products by the Soviet coal industry. Analogy with the
US or the UK is precluded because of the variance in conditions and
methods of mining.
(it) Steel.
Coverage is good. Better information is required on the
proportion of crude steel produced in oil-fired open hearths, soaking
pits, and reheating furnaces.
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(5) Electric Power.
The major gaps in intelligence include (a) the magnitude
and the geographical distribution of that electric power generating
capacity which consumes petroleum products as fuels and lubricants
and (b) the rate at which the generating capacity consumes these
products.
(6) Nonferrous Metals and Manufacturing.
Information is lacking on total consumption and on con-
sumption by type of product for either of these industries. This
lack of data constitutes the major gap in intelligence in this phase
of the study.
2. By Economic Region.
a. Transport.
A lack of data on regional consumption of petroleum products
is characteristic of information on each of the forms of transporta-
tion. Although a number of the statistical handbooks have offered
information on a union-republic basis, statistics reflecting traffic
by economic region within the RSFSR are needed.
b. Agriculture.
Coverage on the consumption of petroleum products by tractors
and combines is good. Data on the regional distribution of consump-
tion by other agricultural machinery are needed.
c. Households.
Coverage is good. Data on the regional distribution of kero-
sine sales would be helpful.
d. Construction.
Coverage is adequate, although data on the regional distribu-
tion of those plants in the construction materials industry which
consume petroleum fuels are lacking, and data on the regional distribu-
tion of the construction equipment park are needed. Some basis for
the regional distribution of estimates of the amounts of road oils and
asphalts consumed by the construction industry is required.
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e! . Industry.
Except for the nonferrous metals and manufacturing industries,
the regional distribution of consumption of petroleum products by the
individual branches of industry has been equated with that of the out-
put;of such commodities by each of these branches. More reliable
data are needed with which to develop these regional patterns, par-
ticularly in the economic regions within the RSFSR. No information.
is available with which to distribute regionally the quantities con-
sumed by the nonferrous metals and manufacturing industries. This
lack of information constitutes the major gap in intelligence in this
phase of the study.
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APPENDIX D
SOURCE REFERENCES
Evaluations, following the classification entry and designated
"Eval.," have the following significance:
Doc. Documentary
A - Completely reliable
B - Usually reliable
C - Fairly reliable
D - Not usually reliable
E - Not reliable
F - Cannot be judged
1 - Confirmed by other sources
2 - Probably true
3 - Possibly true
4 - Doubtful
5 - Probably false
6 - Cannot be judged
"Documentary" refers to original documents of foreign govern-
ments and organizations; copies or translations of such documents
by a staff officer; or information extracted from such documents
by a staff officer, all of which may carry the field evaluation
"Documentary."
Evaluations not otherwise designated are those appearing on
the cited document; those designated "RR" are by the author of
this report. No "RR" evaluation is given when the author agrees
with the evaluation on the cited document.
1. Bashilov, A. and Kvochkin, A. "Kompaundirovaniye motornykh
topliv" (Compounding of Motor Fuels), Moscow, 1958. U.
2. CIA. CIA/RR 137, Long-Range Plans for Electrification and
Dieselization of Railroads in the USSR, 30 Jun 58, Table 21,
p. 69. S.
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3. Genin, A.B. "0 primeneniy szhatogo i szhizhennogo gaza na
teplokhodakh tsentral'nykh rechnykh basseynov" (On the
Utilization of Compressed and Liquefied Gas by Motorships
of the Central River Basins), Gazovaya promyshlennost',
no 7, Jul 57, p. 23-25. U.
4. Sergeyev, A.S. and Beyder, P.Ya. "Ob udovletvoreniy
perspektivnoy potrebnosti narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR v
nefteproduktakh" (On the Meeting of the Prospective
Demands for Petroleum Products by the National Economy
of the USSR), Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel, no 2,
Feb 58, p. 1-7. U.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9., Ibid.
10. Brenner, M. Neft' (Petroleum), Moscow, 1957, p. 116-120. U.
11. Na stroitel'stve truboprovodov, 11 Apr 58, p. 2. U.
12. Ibid.
13. Guryevich, Ya.D. et al. Neftyanaya ropy shlennost' SSSR
(The Petroleum Industry of the USSR),, Moscow, 1956, p. 273. U.
14. Ibid.
15. Na stroitel'stve truboprovodov, 28 Jun 57, p. 1. U.
16. Promyshlenno-ekonomicheskaya gazeta, 10 May 57, p. 2. U.
17. Sokolova, Ye. "0 strukture toplivanogo balansa SSSR" (On
the Structure of the Fuel Balance of the USSR), Vo ros
ekonomiki, no 5, May 58, P. 56-65. U.
18. Na stroitel'stve truboprovodov, 13 Apr 58, p. 2. U.
19. UN, ECE. Methods of Forecasting Gas Demand, Annex V, Geneva,
Nov 57, p. 1. U.
20. Sergeyev and Beyder, op. cit. (4, above).
21. Na stroitel'stve truboprovodov, 11. May 58, p. 1. U.
Ibid., 2 Jul 57, p. 1. U.
Ibid., 3 Jul 57, P? 1. U-
22. Sheynina, O.B. "K voprosu o povysheniy udel'nogo vesa
prirodnogo gaza v toplivnom balanse Azerbaydzhana" (Concern-
ing the Question of Raising the Share of Natural Gas in the
Fuel Balance of Azerbaydzhan), Neft' i gaz, no 5, May 58,
p. 135-139. U.
Bayanskiy, T. Ye. "K voprosu ob ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti
dobychi i ispol'zovaniya prirodnogo gaza mestorozhdeniya
Karadag" (Concerning the Question of the Economic Effective-
ness of Extraction and Utilization of Natural Gas from the
Karadag Deposit), Neft' i gaz, no 6, Jun 58, p. 125-1,30. U.
23. Na stroitel'stve truboprovodov, 13 Jun 58, p. 1. U.
24. Kortunov, A.K. "Puti tekhnicheskogo progressa i snizheniya
stoimosti stroitel'stva magistral'nykh truboprovodov" (Means
for Technical Progress and a Reduction in the Cost of
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25X1 X7
Construction of Trunk Pipelines), Stroitel'stvo predpri atiy
neftyanoy promyshlennosti, no 5, May 59-,P- 1-5. U-
25- Sergeyev and Beyder, op. cit. (4, above).
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Kalamkarov, V.A. and Notkin, D.I. "Za novyy moshchnyy
pod"yem neftyanoy promyshlennosti SSSR" (For New and
Powerful Advances in the Petroleum Industry of the USSR),
Neftyanoye khozyaystvo, no 1, Jan 58, p. 1-8. U.
32. Kalamkarov, V. "Perspektivy razvitiya gazovoy promyshlennosti
SSSR" (Prospects for the Development of the Gas Industry of
the USSR), Planovoye khozyaystvo, no 11, Nov 57, p. 45-55? U.
33? CIA. EIC-PSC-WP 1, Militar Consum tion.of Petroleum Products,
Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1950-55, 1 Apr 56. S.
CIA. EIC-PSC-WP 2, Military Consumption of Petroleum Products,
Sino-Soviet Bloc, 1956-57, 1 Mar-5T.-S-
34. Bugayets, T.A. and Vil'chinskiy, V.A. Spravochnik po
toplivu i toplivno-skladskomu khozyaystvu zheleznykh dorog
Handbook on the Fuel and Fuel-Storage Economy of the
Railroads), Moscow, 1956, p. 437. U.
35. Blank, Sh. P. Sebestoimost' rechnykh erevozok (The Cost of
River Transport),, Moscow, 195 , p. 40. U.
36. Genin, op. cit. (3, above).
37. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Transport
i svyaz' SSSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (Transport and Com-
munications of the USSR, a Statistical Handbook), Moscow,
1957, p. 134, 140. U. Eval. Doc.
Shimko, K.N. Toplivo d1 a vodno o transporta (Fuel for Water
Transport), Moscow, 1954, p. 7. U.
38. Bronshteyn, L.A. et al. Avtotrans ortn spravochnik
(Autotransport Handbook), Moscow, 1956, p. 164. U.
39. CIA. CIA/RR 89, Growth of Trans rtation in the USSR,
1948-56 and Prospects Through 1961, 25 Feb 57, p. 46. S.
40. Air Navy. AIS 2-2/19) Estimated Sino-Soviet Bloc Selected
Order of Battle, 1 Oct 57, p. 20. S.
41.
42. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Narodnoye
khozyaystvo SSSR v 1956 godu, statisticheskiy yezhegodnik
The National Economy of the USSR in 1956, a Statistical
Yearbook), Moscow, 1957, p. 163. U. Eval. Doc.
43. USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Narodnoye
khozyaystvo SSSR, statisticheskiy sbornik (The National
Economy of the USSR, a Statistical Handbook), Moscow, 1956,
p. 62, 69. U. Eval. Doc.
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CIA. CIA/RR 126, Recent __Developments in the Tractor Industry
of the USSR, 14 Mar 5th S.
USSR, Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. Promysh-
lennost' SSSR statisticheskiy sbornik (Industry of the
USSR, a Statistical Handbook), Moscow, 1957, p. 63. U.
Eval. Doc. (hereafter referred to as USSR. Industry)
44. Chernyak, I. "Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye po dal'neyshemu
razvitiyu gazovoy promyshlennosti" (All-Union Conference
on the Long Range Development of the Gas Industry),
Gazovaya promyshlennost', no 4, Apr 57, P. 36-39. U.
45. Lopoyan, G.S. "Ob opyte raboty dv:igateley V2-300" (Concern-
ing the Experience of Use of the V2-300 Engine), Energe-
ticheskiy byulleten' no 5, May 56, p. 25-29. U.
46. Protasov, G.N. and Udanskiy, N.Ya. Bureniye heft anikh i
azovykh skvazhin (Drilling of Oil and Gas Wells)., Moscow,
1954, P. 195. U.
47. CIA. CIA/RR PR-135, Output of Refined Petroleum Products
in the USSR, 8 Mar 56, p. 81. S.
48. Spravochnik po transportu gazov (Handbook on the Transport
of Gas), Moscow, p. 294. U. Eval. Doc.
49. CIA. CIA/RR PR-135 (47, above), p,. 135. S.
50. Zvorykin, A.A. et al. Ekonomika urol'noy promyshlennosti
SSSR (Economics of the USSR Coal Industry), Moscow, 195+,
T.-282. U.
51. Materialy i oborudovaniye primenyayemyye v ugol'noy
rp omyshlennosti (Materials and Equipment Used in the Coal
Industry), vol 1, pt 2, Moscow, 1955, p. 124-125. U.
Eval. Doc.
USSR. Industry (43, above),. p. 149.
52. USSR. Industry (43, above), p. 177.
53. Ibid.
54. UN, ECE. Annual Bulletin of Electric Energy Statistics for
Europe, Geneva, May 57, p. 20. U.
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