PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES, PROGRESS REPORT NO. 3

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: STARGATE
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 86
• Document Creation Date: November 4, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: October 31, 1974
• Content Type: REPORT

Progress Report No. 3
Covering the Period 1 April to 1 August 1974
Stanford Research Institute Project 3183
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Harold E. Puthoff
Russell Targ
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
I OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD . . . . . . . . . .
A. Applied Research.
1. Remote Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(a) Project Atlas Remote Viewing. . 2
(b) Costa Rica Remote Viewing Experiment. . 6
(c) Local Targets with Alid-Test Feedback. . 7
(d) Local Targets with Azimuth Bearing. . . 11
B. Basic Research. ,
Criteria for the Determination of Gifted
Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
(a) Remote Viewing of Natural Targets . . . 16
(b) Line Drawings . . . . . . . . . . 17
(c) Four-State Electronic Random Stimulus
Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. Identification of Measurable Characteristics
Possessed by Gifted Subjects (20%) , , , ,
? 22
(a) Medical Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . 22
(b) Psychological Evaluation.
(c) Neuropsychological Evaluation . . . . . . 41
3. Identification of Neurophysiological
Correlates Which Relate to Paranormal
Activities (20%a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
(a) Bilateral EEG Measurements--Remote Strobe
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
(b) Physiological Correlates of Remote
Viewing . . , . . .
4. Identification of the Nature of Paranormal
Phenomena and Energy (10;x) . , . . . . _ 44
(a) Universal Randomization Protocol. . 116
(b) Experiments with Develco Superconducting
Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer) . 50
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
(c) Experiments With Laser-Monitored
Torsion Pendulum.
(d) Experiments with Geiger Counter 59
5. Basic Research Summary . . . . . . .
Appendix 1--RANDOI2VESS TESTS OF FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM
STIMULUS GENERATOR. . .
Appendix 2--PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF THE
FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM STIMULUS GENERATOR
66
Appendix 3--SAMPLE OF RAW DATA--MEDICAL EVALUATION OF
SUBJECT 1 .
Appendix 4--PRELIMINARY NOTES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING. . ? 103
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
The purpose of the program is to determine the characteristics of
those perceptual modalities through which individuals obtain information
about their environment, wherein such information is not presented to any
known sense.
The program is divided into two categories of investigation of
approximately equal effort, applied research and basic research. The
purpose of the applied research effort is to explore experimentally the
potential for applications of perceptual abilities of interest, with
special attention given to accuracy and reliability. The purpose of the
basic research effort is to identify the characteristics of individuals
possessing such abilities, and to identify neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
II PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD
Applied Research
1. Remote Viewing
(a) Project Atlas Remote Viewing
A remote-viewing experiment has been carried out on a
client-designated target of interest, a European R&D test facility. The
experiment, carried out in three phases, had as its goal the determina-
tion of the utility of. remote-viewing under operational conditions.
In Phase I, map coordinates were furnished to the experi-
menters, the only additional information provided being the designation
of the target as an R&:D test facility. The experimenters then carried
out a remote viewing experiment with Subject 1* on a double-blind basis.
The results of the experiment were turned over to client representatives
for data evaluation.
Figure 1 shows the level of detail for a sample early
effort at building layout, and Figure 2 shows the subject's first effort
at drawing a gantry crane he observed, both results being obtained on a
double-blind basis before exposure to client-held information. An artist's
conception of the site as known to the client (but not to contract per-
sonnel) prior to the experiment is shown in Figure 3.
Numerical designations for subjects are discussed in Section 13.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
U
0
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
A
I?
Il
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
H
z
w
w
CL
X
w
co
J
H
w
H
H
w
H
LL
0
z
0
CL
w
0
z
0
U
H
N_
H
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped
at this point. The results were judged to be of sufficiently good quality,
however, that Phase II was entered in which the subject was made witting
by client representatives.
A second round of experimentation ensued with participation of client
representatives, The Phase II effort was focussed on the generation of
physical data which could be client-verified, providing a calibration in
the process. The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of
Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data not available to the client,
but of interest nonetheless. Evaluation of the data by the client is
under way.
(b) Costa Rica Remote Viewing Experiment
Subjects 1 and 4 participated in a long-distance experiment
involving a Central American target series. In this experiment, one of
the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent a week traveling through Costa Rica
on a combination business/pleasure trip. That is all that was known to
the subjects about the traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for
Dr. Puthoff to keep a detailed record of his location and activities,
including photographs, each day at 1330 PDT. Six daily responses were
obtained from Subject 1, five from Subject 4.
The results were of high quality and are presently being
evaluated in detail, containing as they did a large amount of material,
Samples of that data. are as follows.
Of the five daily responses obtained from subject 4, two
were in good agreement, two had elements in common but were not clear
correspondences, and one was clearly a miss. In the first of the two
reasonably good matches, Dr. Puthoff was driving; in rugged terrain at
the base of a volcano and the subject's response was 'large bare table
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
;1'oun taro, jungle below, dark cool moist atmosphere," a reasonable corre-
~,noncience both with regard to topography and ambience. In the second
match the subject submitted that all she got was a "picture of Dr. Puthoff
sitting in a beach chair by a pool," which was entirely correct. The
transcript data will be examined further to determine fine structure,
resolution, etc.
(c) Local Targets With Rlid-Test Feedback
In this series of experiments, designed to give immediate
data to experimenters, a subject is asked to take part in a remote viewing
experiment under the following conditions.
The subject and two experimenters (one of whom was R.T.)
are in a first floor laboratory in Building 30 at SRI. A second experi-
menter (II.P,) leaves the area and proceeds to a remote location of his
choosing. None of the experimenters with the subject knew of the remote
target location. H.P. and R.T. are in two-way radio communication via
walkie-talkie (a) to provide the experimenter at the target location real-
time data and (b) to give the subject immediate feedback after he has made
his assessment of the target. By this means the subject has,an opportunity
to learn to separate real from imagined images. This is not considered
to be a demonstration-of-ability test, but rather a training step on a
gradient scale of ability. In many of these experiments we monitor
physiological correlates as discussed in Section B.3
(b). (Nine of these
experiments have been completed to date, seven with the measurements of
physiological correlates,)
The following is a sample of an experiment with Subject 4.
In this experiment we monitored physiological correlates of the remote
viewing activity.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
As is apparent in the following text, the subject initially
had only a fragmentary picture of the remote site, but with what we judge
to be a small amount of feedback, the subject was able to put images to-
gether into a correct description. Accompanying the verbal description
presented below is a photograph of the actual scene at the remote loca-
tion (Figure 4). The experimenter with the subject (R. T.) was, as always,
kept ignorant of the target location to prevent guidance in the ques-
tioning. The capital letters signify walkie-talkie communication.
R.T.: It is now 12:35.
S-4: ....very strong diagonal.... like a zigzag that goes this way,
vertically.
R.T.: S-4's FIRST IMPRESSION IS OF A VERY STRONG DIAGONAL ZIGZAG THAT'S
GOING VERTICALLY. OVER. (Talking on walkie talkie to H.P.)
H.P.: THERE IS A STRONG ZIGZAG AT MY PLACE, BUT IT IS NOT VERTICAL BUT
RATHER HORIZONTAL; BUT IF SHE IS LOOKING FROM THE AIR, THAT'S
EXACTLY WHAT IT WOULD LOOK LIKE. OVER.
R.T.: Can you tell what the zigzag is attached to? Whether it's part
of a building or a fence on the ground?
S-4: My head gets in the way now that he's said that it's horizontal.
I usually think of a fence.
R.T.: Why don't you go up and look down and view the whole thing from
above and see if you can get the whole gestalt of where he is.
S-4: ..... definitely a nonvegetation...almost no vegetation around.
It's mostly concrete and whatever that zigzag is--either water
or steel--shiny, zigzag,.. definitely shiny.
R.T.: 7267, THE ZIGZAG IS A SHINY THING WIIETIIER IT'S STEEL OR
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
WATER, WE CAN'T TELL. IT'S SHINY AND THERE'S VERY LITTLE
VEGETATION--NO VEGE1TATION' AROUND....
S-4:
Mostly concrete. . .
I{.'1.
IT'S MOSTLY CONCRETE...
S-4:
lie's standing on concrete....
R.T.:
YOU'RE STANDING ON CONCRETE.
OVER.
H.P.:
IT CERTAINLY IS TRUE THAT THIS IS SHINY AND IN MY NEAR VICINITY
IT IS BARREN AND CONCRETE OR CONCRETE-COLORED EARTH. SHE SAID
THAT IT LOOKED LIKE STEEL OR WATER. CAN SHE MAKE TIIE DIFFERENTIA-
TI ON BETA EEN THE T1VO?
H.T.: Ile wants to know whether it looks more like steel or water.
S-4: It seems to have movement--that's why I would deduce that it.'s
water.
R. T. : What if you try to look at the whole thing.
S-4: I'm trying to get an eagle's eye view. That's a waterworks.
R.T.: Why does it look like a waterworks? In what way?
S-4: There seems to be a man-made layout of channels and connections
to conduct it.
R.T.: S-4 SEES MOVEMENT IN THE ZIGZAG THING, SO SHE THINKS THAT IT'S
WATER, AND A KIND OF LAYOUT OF CHANNELS AS THOUGH IT WAS A ALAN-
MADE WATERWORKS WITH WATER RUNNING IN ZIGZAG CHANNELS. OVER.
H.P.: THAT IS PRECISELY CORRECT. IT IS A ZIGZAG MAN-MADE CHANNEL WITH
CONCRETE SIDES. OVER.
The above is an excerpt from an early experiment, and is
typical, rather a sample of exceptionally good quality. That experiment
continued with four more site descriptions, three of which were of equal
quality.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
One experiment of this nature has been carried out with
Subject 1, one with Subject 2, two with Subject 3, and five with Subject
A number of descriptions were essentially free of error and with no
feedback other than verification following the remote viewer's description.
A complete analysis is to be carried out on these trans-
cripts following more experimentation. To date it appears that the
viewing is weak in the following areas: (a) perspective and dimension
are often distorted (an 8-foot tower is taken to be 50 feet tall, a 20-
foot separation between buildings may appear to be 100 feet, etc.), and
(b) written material generally cannot be read.
In two remote viewing experiments, the second of which was
clearly correct from a descriptive standpoint, an effort was made to de-
termine whether in driving the subject around the area it would be possible
to determine the location of the target team by triangulation with a
bearing compass. The triangulation lines were essentially uncorrelated
with each other and with the target location, and therefore provided a
null result.
In addition to the testing of individuals under condition's which
yield data indicating the feasibility of the application of paranormal
abilities to operational needs, 50 percent of the effort is devoted to:
(1) Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by
gifted individuals (20,).
(2) Identification of neurophysiological correlates which
relate to paranormal activities (201).
(3) Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and
energy (10%).
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
To meet these objectives four specific requirements must be fulfilled
during the course of experimentation: (1) establish and apply criteria
to differentiate between those for whom paranormal ability is considered
to be functional and those for whom it is not; (2) obtain sufficient
medical and psychological data to establish baseline profiles against
which (a) one individual may be compared with another, and (b) an in-
dividual may he compared to himself at different times to determine
whether paranormal functioning occurs in an altered neurophysiological
state; (3) specific validation experiments must be conducted with suffi-
cient control to ensure that all conventional communication paths are
blocked, with outcomes sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether
paranormal functioning occurred; (4) obtain neurophysiological data during
experimentation to determine those correlates, if any, which relate to
paranormal activity.
In the following paragraphs, each of these items is considered in
turn and the progress to date reported. The milestone chart for the basic
research program is shown in Table 1. The work is progressing in accor-
dance with the schedule prepared for this program, and the remaining time
and funds are sufficient to meet all program objectives.
One of the key issues in the program is the establishment of
criteria capable of differentiating individuals who are apparently gifted
in paranormal functioning from those who are not.
Three experimental paradigms were chosen to act as screening
tests on the basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes
prior to this program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted in-
dividuals did exceedingly well on at least one of the tests, whereas the
results of unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Appro 0 erase 2' 03/09/09 : CA- DP96-0U787R000700100006-0
TABLE I
PROGRAM SCHEDULE -- II
1
Al
2
A
3
M
4
J
5
J
M
6
A
7
S
8
0
9
Pd
1.0 .
0
1.1
J
L2
IF
13
1. Set up neurophysiological lab with computer
processing debugged.
client
bjects b
f
i
y
su
ng o
2. W.A.I.S. test
3. Measure neuropliysiological correlates during
paranormal experimentation
t
i
G
V
men
s
exper
a) paranormal EE
b) other paranormal experimentation
idork to determine nature of energies involved
4
1
7
.
(gradiometer, etc.)
including special testing
Medical testin
5
0
V
g,
.
chological testing
s
Ncuro
6
1
7
v
y
p
.
7. Psychological testing, including in-depth
1
interview
theoretical models
id
d
V
er
cons
8. Correlate data an
ort
al re
fi
9
P
p
n
.
repare
. Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
expectation). The tests are (a) remote viewing of natural targets,
(b) reproduction of simple line drawings hidden from the subject but
viewed by an experimenter, and (c) determination of the state of a four-
state electronic random stimulus generator.
The first test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm
in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness;
furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception
of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer
at the site. The second test is more constrained than the first in that
the target information is more analytical or abstract, being associated
with a graphical representation of an item of interest rather than the
item itself. The third test is the most constrained in that the target
is blind to all participants in the experiment and the subject's choice
is precisely constrained. The details of these tests are given below.
For the purpose of screening, the criteria as to what constitutes
a paranormal result was chosen arbitrarily, viz:
For the purpose of screening a result is to
be considered paranormal if the a priori
probability for the occurrence of the result
by chance, under the null hypothesis, is
-6
p< 10
.although the above requirement is exceedingly strict by usual psycho-
physiological standards, it is chosen here (a) because the controversial
nature of the subject requires strict handling, and (b) in our work and
elsewhere, a bimodal distribution has been observed empirically in which
a subset of individuals participating in paranormal research produce re-
-6
stilts at a level of statistical significance p 10 in comparison with
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
the bulk of individuals who cluster about the mean as expected. There-
fore. we base our criteria on an observable natural division into clearly
functional and nonfunctional categories.
Six subjects have been chosen for the study to date, subjects
and 3 considered gifted, subjects 4, 5, and 6 acting as learners
Subject 1 qualifies as a gifted subject on the basis of remote
viewing; subject 2 qualifies as gifted on the basis of the random generator
test; subject 3 is tentatively classed as gifted in remote viewing, al-
though not yet completing the screening series, based on client evaluation
of highly successful remote-viewing experiments carried out for the client
in the previous program, and also on the basis of meeting the p < 10
criterion in experimentation at another laboratory.
Subject 5 (learner/control), a male, age 54, is paired with
gifted subject 1, a male, age 55. Learner/control subject 6, a female,
age 34, is by age, background, and temperament paired with gifted subject
2, a male, age 31. Learner subject 4 (female, age 53) and gifted subject
3 (male, age 41) are paired on the basis of artistic occupations (pro-
fessional photographer and painter, respectively) and similar emotional
and psychological makeup.
Earlier in the program nine subjects were to be placed in three cate-
gories, three subjects each: gifted subjects, learners, and controls.
However experience in the early part of the program indicated that
(a) a hest effort would require spending more time with fewer people,
and (b) the distinction between learners and controls was arbitrary in
comparison with the distinction between these categories and that of
gifted subjects as defined above.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
The first screening test is based on previous SRI research
results which indicate that it is possible for a subject to describe ran-
domly chosen geographical sites located several miles from the subject's
position and demarcated by some appropriate means.
This experiment consists of a series of double-blind tests
involving local targets in the San Francisco Bay area which can be docu-
mented by independent judging. Target locations within 30 minutes driving
time from SRI are randomly chosen from a list of targets kept blind to
subject and experimenters and used without replacement.
To begin an experiment, an experimenter is closeted with
a subject at SRI to wait 30 minutes to begin a narrative description of
the remote location. A second experimenter obtains a target location from
the target pool and proceeds directly to the target without communicating
with the subject or experimenter remaining behind. The second experi-
menter remains at the target site for an agreed-upon 30-minute period
following the 30 minutes allotted for travel. During the observation
period, the remote viewing subject is asked to describe his impressions
of the target site into a tape recorder. A comparison is made when the
experimenter returns.
Following a series of nine experiments, the results are
subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by five SRI scientists
not otherwise associated with the research. The judges are asked to .
blind match locations, independently visited, against typed manuscripts
of tape-recorded narratives of the remote viewer. A given narrative can
be assigned to more than one target location. A correct match requires
that a transcript of a given date be associated with the target of that
date. Probability calculations are on the basis of the a priori
16
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
probability of the obtained series of matches by chance, conservatively
,assuming assignment without replacement on the part of the judges.
As indicated in Report No. 1. Subject 1 has completed this...
-10
series, obtaining a result significant at the p = 8 X 10 level. Ex-
perimentation is in progress with Subjects 2 and 4, two transcripts
having- been obtained from each to date.
A pool of 50 simple line drawings of everyday objects has
been drawn, randomized, and placed in a secure location.
During experimentation, experimenters and subject are
separated by either an experimenter or subject entering a shielded room
so that from that time forward the subject is at all times visually,
acoustically, and electrically shielded from personnel and material at
the target location.
Following isolation a target is chosen by means of the
universal randomization protocol technique described in Section 4 (a),
used in this case to generate a two-digit number modulo 50. The subject's
task is then to reproduce with pen on paper the line drawing now displayed
at the target location.
Following a period of effort not to exceed half an hour,
the subject may either pass (when he does not feel confident) or indicate
he is ready to submit a drawing to the experimenters, in which case the
drawing is collected by an experimenter before the subject is permitted
to see the target. The experiment is then repeated with replacement until
ten drawings have been obtained from the subject.
To obtain an independent evaluation of Clio correlation
between target and response data, the experimenters submit the data for
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
judging on a blind basis by two SRI scientists not otherwise associated
with the research. The judges are asked to match the response data with
the corresponding target data (without replacement).
Such experimentation is presently in progress, a number of
drawings having been obtained from several of the subjects but have not
yet been submitted for judging.
(c) Four-State Electronic Random Stimulus Generator
The determination of the state of a four-state electronic
random stimulus generator comprises the third screening test. The target
is in the form of one of four art slides chosen randomly (p = 1/4) by an
electronic random generator. The generator does not indicate its choice
until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing a button
(see Figure 5). As soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target
slide is illuminated to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct)
feedback as to the correctness or incorrectness of his choice. Until
that time both subject and experimenter remain ignorant of the machine's
choice, so the experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at
the top of the machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing
correct choices (6, 8, 10, ...) to provide additional reinforcement. The
machine choice, subject choice, cumulative trial number, and cumulative
hit number are recorded automatically on a printer. Following trial
number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET
button.
A methodological feature of the machine is that the choice
of a target is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS button
when he wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates ghat its
choice was, and neither a hit nor a trial is scored by the machine, which
then goes on to make its next selection. Thus, the subject does not have
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Figure 5. ESP Teaching Machine used in this experiment. An
incorrect choice of target is indicated. Two of
the five "encouragement lights" at the top of the
machine are illuminated. The printer to the right
of the machine records data on fan-fold paper tape.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices with
probability 1/4 and no learning, the probability of observing >-k successes
in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution
value
(k - n
- 2)/ n/16
For the purpose of screening, each subject is required to
complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2,500 trials). To date
Subjects 1, 2, and 6 have completed this phase of the screening program,
and their results are tabulated in Table 2. Subject 4 has completed
2,100 trials with mean scores of 25.71 (p = 0.20).
Subject
hlean Score/100 Trials
Over 2,500 Trials
Binomial Probability
1
25.76
0.22
2
29.36
3 X 10-7
6
25.40
0.33
plotted in figure 6, qualifies as a gifted individual, having satisfied
the criterion of producing a result whose a priori probability under the
null hypothesis is p < 10-6
Of further interest are this subject's
personal observations of subjective experiences during the screening test,
prosented in Appendix 2.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
w 30
0
p = per trial
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
The medical evaluation of program participants has been
assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program is
being handled by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the Clinic's Depart-
ment of Environmental Medicine. The Clinic, in turn, has subcontracted
certain special tests to the Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University.
One visual sensitivity test is being administered by the Bioengineering
Group of the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory of SRI.
The testing procedures, outlined in Table 3, fall into
seven categories:
(1) General physical examination, including complete
medical and family history.
(2) Laboratory examinations, including SMA-12 panel
blood chemistries, protein electrophoresis,
blood lipid profile, urinalysis, serology, blood
type and factor, pulmonary function screening,
and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
(3) Neurological examination, including comprehen-
sive and electroencephalogram (sleeping and
routine).
(4) Audiometric examination, including comprehensive,
Bekesy bone conduction,. speech discrimination,
and impedance bridge test.
(5) Ophthalmologist examination, including compre-
hensive, card testing, peripheral field test,
muscle test, dilation funduscope, and indirect
ophthalmoscopic and fundus examination.
(6) .Special visual examinations, including clectro-
rotinogram, dark adapLation Lest, and visual
contrast sensitivity.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved
0
N U
0 Q)
(Y,' U)
O 11
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
0l
0
dj-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 c
/09 09: C A-RDF96-0
7:1 n
11: if
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o0
0
0
0 0
0 0
0
C3
U)
x O
4-1 ~ F-1
0 o C1
?rq cS tj '-
a Z -P
o H CJ)
U Cl
H
r-4
C,
?i?) z O. to
CO C4 O ?H
O
O U r-1
C) H C) CC
U CJ ?rl U
Ul ri v C)
(~ H U)
H
U)
C) r1
cs
U
cS C)
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
As indicated in Table 3, medical testing is currently in
progress. To date the return information is sparse, having to be collated
from several clinics before a comprehensive analysis can be completed.
To provide an indication of the type of raw data that is to be collated,
a small sample of data obtained on Subject 1 is presented in Appendix 3.
As indicated, the EI\II computerized brain scan reveals a slight enlarge-
ment of the entire right lateral ventricle, while the left appears normal
in size. An asymmetry in alpha development between left and right hemi-
spheres is also indicated. Also noted is some concern about the EKG sug-
gesting a coronary artery problem. The significance of these factors for
our interest will be developed under the direction of Dr. Armbruster and
matte available to the client as available.
(b) Psychological Evaluation
The psychological evaluation of program participants con-
sists of both baseline personality evaluation, and of ongoing testing
.associated with daily experimentation. The collection of baseline data
(e.g., in-depth interview, W.A.I.S., etc.) is for the purpose of identi-
fying baseline characteristics possessed by gifted subjects. The ongoing
testing associated with daily experimentation (e.g., Mood Adjective Check-
lists) is for the purpose of identifying psychological correlates of
successful versus unsuccessful performance tasks.
(1) Baseline Data
The bulk of the baseline evaluation has been assigned
to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Coordination of the program is being
handled by Dr. J. E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Department
of Psychiatry.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
The baseline evaluation, outlined in Table 4, con-
(1) In-depth interviews, including objective
events and subjective views relating to
the discovery and enhancement of paranormal
capacities; socioeconomic, cultural,
familial, religious environment; outstanding
peaks, traumas; values, motivation, inter-
personal style.
(2)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W.A.I.S.).
(3)
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory
(M:M.P.I.).
(4)
Benton Visual Memory Test and Wechsler
Memory Scale.
(5)
Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.) and
Rorschach projective tests.
(6)
Bender Gestalt Test.
(7)
Luscher color test.
(8)
Strong Aptitude/Values Test.
(9)
Cognitive Style Preference_ Test.
As indicated in Table 4, the psychological testing
is well under way. There is of course, a considerable lag between
testing and results. To date, only a partial analysis of data from
Subject 1 is available. We present these data in Appendix 4 as a sample
of the type of analysis that will become available.
(2) Cognitive Style Preference Test
In connection with testing hypotheses associated with
hemispheric specialization of the brain, Dr. Robert Ornstein of the
Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, San
Francisco, has been brought into the program as a consultant.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 approved For Release / 6-00787R000700100006-0
11 to Aledic.Il Clinic
26
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
3, subjects;
,.,,,?r:;/controls; #7 - 8, experimenters.
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
In his capacity as consultant, Dr. Ornstein has pro-
vided an instrument named the Cognitive Style Preference Test. This test
was developed for use in differentiating between individuals preferring
a structure-oriented cognitive style as compared with a verbally oriented
cognitive style. For the purpose of the program, this instrument is ad-
ministered to determine whether individuals exhibiting paranormal func-
tioning prefer, as a group, one style of cognitive functioning predomi-
nantly as compared with individuals in a control group. The test is
administered once to each individual. A sample of the test is included
below.
Preliminary results indicate some preference for a
verbally oriented cognitive style on the part of good subjects (Figure 7),
but further data are required before any significance is to be attached
to the results tabulated thus far.
Should a correlation of test results with paranormal
functioning be found, it would be appropriate in later work to determine
whether this test instrument would be useful as a screening device, i.e.,
to determine whether other individuals sharing the profile also exhibit
paranormal functioning.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT: COGNITIVE STYLE PREFERENCE TEST
Please do not turn over the pages until I ask you to do so. On each
page of this booklet there are sets of three items arranged in rows. Two
of them are alike or fit together in some way. Your task is to select
which one is different and doesn't belong with the other two. The two
columns on the first page are samples. There are three designs or shapes
in each row. Each design has a word printed on it. In the first row of
the first column all the words are the same. Most people would say that
the first and second shapes go together and the third one doesn't belong.
Would you agree? (If not, explain.) Mark the third one with an X than.
In the second row most people would say that the first one is different
and the last two go together. Do you agree? Then mark the first one
with an X.
In the third row the shapes are all the same, but the words HORSE
and SADDLE go together and the world FAULT doesn't belong. Do you agree?
(If not, explain.) Mark the third one with an X.
Which would you pick as the odd one in the 4th row? [Color (2nd
one)]
In the 5th row you could choose either a word that doesn't belong
or a shape that doesn't belong. Which is the odd word? (TROUT.) Which
is the odd shape? [the CIRCLE (DN,IE)] Either one of these answers is
right. Mark either one of them.
The last row also has two possible right answers. Which is the odd
word? (SHIRT.) Which is the odd shape? [The second one (DOG)] Mark
either one of them with an X.
On some of these sets people find it easier or more natural to pick
out the odd word, and one some they find it easier to pick out the odd
shape. Either way is correct. We want you to make your selections
whichever way seems most comfortable and natural to you. Mark only once
in each row, and go as fast as you can. Any questions so far?
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
The second column has more samples. `,then I say begin, please mark
an odd member in each row, and say "STOP" as soon as you finish this
sample column. BEGIN.
(Check forced choices--)
Any questions? Then when I say "BEGIN" turn over the next page.
Work as fast as you can, and continue until you.have finished the booklet,
then say "STOP". Ready? BEGIN.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
.at\~` ndo9
000 ^
O ca(m calm
^
00
calm 0
00 00 00
bCCAV52 O O window0 ~.pOt' O
0 0 0
H
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
PAGE(S)
MISSING
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
hand
milk
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
CL
dut
Eb,
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
1 2 3
Gifted Subjects
4 5 6
7 8
Learners/Controls Experimenters
FIGURE 7 SUJv1MARY ON COGNITIVE STYLE PREFERENCE
6 10
z
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
(3) Mid-Testing (SIRI-Iidministered)
Ongoing testing associated with daily experimentation
Is carried out to provide indicators as to the effects of mood and con-
ceptualization on success in experimentation. Conclusions will be drawn
in the final stage of project effort.
Test: Mood Adjective Checklist
source: Psychology Department, Stanford University (Hypnosis Lab)
urpose: The Mood Adjective Checklist is one of a number of pre-
experiment instruments designed to provide a measure of a
subject's feelings of the moment as he enters the experi-
mental situation. The purpose is to determine whether
measures of success in the experimental phase correlate
with pre-experiment mood indicators.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
MOOD ADJECTIVE CI1ECI IST
?;hch of the words in the followinry list describes feelings or mood.
!laasc use the list to describe your feelin^s at this moment. Mark
each word according to these instructions:
If the word definitely describes ho',' you feel at the moment you read
it, circle the double check (sn!) to the right of the word. For example,
if the word is calm an,4 you are definitely feeling calm at the moment,
circle the double check as follow-.,s:
? no (This means you definit
feel calm at this rnomen
If the word only slightly applies to your feelings at the moment, circle
the single check as follows:
calm vv (i ? no (This means you feel
slightly calm at this
moment.)
If the word is not clear to you or if you cannot decide whether or not
it describes your feelings, circle the question mark as follows:
calm vv v u`'. no (This means you cannot
decide whether you are
calm or not.)
If you clearly decide that the word does not apply to your feelings at
this mor.ent, circle the no as follows:
calm vv v ? (This means you are sur
you are not calm at thi
moment.
?Mork rapidly. Your first reaction is best. pork down the first column
before going to the next. Please mark all the words. This should ta!:e
only a few minutes.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
angry Vv v ?
no
energetic
vv
v ?
concentrating vv v ?
no
playful
vv
v
drowsy vv v ?
no
suspicious
vv
v ?
no
affectionate vv v ?
no
startled
vV
v ?
apprehensive vv v ?
no
relaxed
blue vv v ?
no
defiant
Vv
v
boastful vv v ?
no
en,aped in
though t
vv
v ?
no
elated vv v ?
no
active vv v ?
no
pleased
vv
v ?
no
nonchalant vv v ?
no
tired
skeptical vv v ?
no
fearful
vv
v ?
no
shocked vv v ?
no
re-retful
vv
v ?
no
cal-n vv v ?
no
egotistic
vv
v
bold vv v ?
no
overjoyed
vv
v ?
no
earnest vv v ?
no
vigorous
VV
v ?
no
sluggish vv v ?
no
taitty
vv
v
f orgivin. vv v ?
no
clutched up vv v ?
no
rebellious
vv
v
lonely vv v ?
no
serious
cocky w v ?
no
r-Tarnhearted
vv .. v ?
no
lighthearted vv - ?
no
quiet vv v ?
no
self-
centered
vv v ?
no
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Sf.'mantic Differential Checklist
,WC(": SRI Urban and Social Systems Division
The Semantic Differential Checklist is one of a number of
pre-experiment instruments designed to provide a measure of
subject conceptualization about an experiment in which he is
about to participate. The purpose is to determine whether
measures of success in the experiment correlate with pre-
experiment conceptualization.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For RegQ3/~~I4P9~On7t&78000700100006-0
The purpose of this rating sheet is to obtain your candid reactions
rv;arding the conditions surrounding the experiment.
For each numbered item you will find a concept to be judged. You are. to
rate each in order.
This is how you are to use the scales: If you feel that the concept
highly or closely related to one end of the scale, you should place your
checkmark as follows;
impractical / practical
impractical i./ practical
If your feelings on the concept are neutral, place your checkmark in the
middle space, etc.
Work at fairly high speed through this rating sheet. Do not puzzle over
individual items. Give your first impressions, your immediate feelings about
Conditions surrounding experiment
1. good
2. unfriendly
.3. stimulating
4. positive
5. unhelpful
6. right
? 7. uninteresting
helpful
wrong
39
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
disappointing
prepared
dull
.negative
active
incapable
unimportant
successful
unprepared
practical
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
(c) Neuropsychological Evaluation
In addition to the measurement of the physiological com-
;.:.;;ants of the neurological system covered in the medical evaluation, a
`_-Ui'opsychological profile is being obt :inecl by the administration of the
ad-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery, which includes the Category
co ;ninon Test, Tactual Performance Test, I-Ialstead-Z':epman Aphasia
Bening Test, and other appropriate measures. This phase of the program
is being handled by Dr. Donald Lim of the Palo Alto Veteran's Administra-
tion Hospital, who has personally consulted with Dr. Reitan on testing
,~roceclures and interpretation. The neuropsychological evaluation program
1-s scheduled for the first half of September.
Identification of Neurophysio?ogical Correlates Which Relate
to Paranormal Activities (200)
High on the list of priorities for the program is the identifi-
.ion of neurophysiological correlates accompanying paranormal activity.
The purpose of this part of the study is twofold: (a) to obtain informa-
tion about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal ac-
Li.vityin general, and (b) to obtain indicators which differentiate be-
t:v:ecn correct and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus,
so that an independently determined bias factor can be applied during the
;,cneration of data by the subject.
Two facilities are in use for the purposes described above.
One is a standard EEG facility under the irection of Dr. Jerry Lukas,
head of SRI's Sleep Studies program. This facility consists of two
sound- isolated rooms with appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-
channel polygraph for visual recording, a:_d a magnetic tape/computer
Processing/printer readout which provides on-line processing of the poly-
graph data. In our configuration we obta_:. a hardcopy printout of 5-second
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
at?orages of eight channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following
:15 minute run. At present we monitor broad alpha (7-14 Hz) and beta
(14-34 Hz) brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions,
galvanic skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood
volume and pulse height).
The second facility is a smaller semiportable, four-channel
polygraph with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating
blood volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and
a fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last per-
mits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band
edge settings in 1-Hz increments.
Considerable data have been obtained with both facilities. The
bulk of the data awaits further' analysis which will occur at completion
of various series under way. However, several results have been obtained
which we describe below.
(a) Bilateral EEG Measurements--Remote Strobe Experiment
As discussed in Report No. 2, a variety of evidence from
clinical and neurosurgical sources indicates that the two hemispheres of
the human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions. The
left hemisphere is predominantly involved in verbal and other analytic
functioning, the right in spatial and other holistic processing.
In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, an hypothesis was formed based on
certain observed characteristics that paranormal functioning might in-
volve right hemispheric specialization. To test this hypothesis, the
EEG remote strobeflash experiment, discussed in the original proposal and
in the paper attached to Report No. 1, was repeated with Subject 4 three
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
L;::.es in the sleep lab under the direction of Dr. Lukas with monitoring
,,i' right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of twenty
Second trials, with ten no-flash trials, and ten 16-IIz trials randomly
i.ntcrmixed, Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated
-:i.th remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but esst'n-
?ially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16 percent
in right hemisphere, 2 percent in left, during the 16-Iiz trials as com-
pared with the no-flash trials). The trial-to-trial variation is larger
than in previous work, however, due to use of a wider-band filter for the
alpha band, and therefore the system is being modified before further
(b) Physiological Correlates of Remote Viewing
In this series of experiments a subject takes part in a
remote viewing protocol as described in Section A.1 (c) (Remote Viewing
with Feedback). In this case, however, the subject is connected to the
physiological recording instruments of the smaller semiportable four-
channel polygraph described above. Baseline and experimental measures
of the following observables are made:
(1) galvanic skin response (GSR)
is recorded using finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth
fingers; (2) blood volume/pulse height is recorded using a reflected-
light plethysmograph; (3) unfiltered EEG is recorded from the right
occipital region; (4) percent-time in alpha (8-12 Hz) is recorded on the
fourth channel. The alpha filter is a sharp cutoff digital type with
{ essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed bandpass limits.
During the course of an experiment, the subject is asked
to describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His
comments are tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the
time. A correlation is then attempted between those descriptions which
< '13
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
are found to be uniquely correct and accurate, and the corresponding sec-
tions of polygraph recording.
In our investigations to date we have not found a strong
correlation between the observed physiological states and the subjects'
descriptions.. Of the correlates being monitored, the one which seems the
most promising is the unfiltered EEG. In our preliminary analysis of the
data it appears that there is often an overall reduction in EEG power in
the 20-second period just before a subject renders a correct description.
Subsequent to this observation, we have learned that Ms. Janet Mitchell
at the American Society for Psychical Research made similar observations
in her work with Subject 3, also in remote viewing experiments. A sample
chart record is shown in Figure 8. (Time runs from right to left.)
The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood
volume/pulse height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG. Protocol, verbal
description, and photograph of the location accompanying this chart are
given in Section A.1 (c).
Seven experiments of this type have been completed as a
pilot study. Upon completion of the analysis of these data, any findings
will be tested under rigorous no-feedback conditions.
Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and
Energy (10/1.)
This portion of the program is devoted to efforts to understand
the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation of
the physical and psychological laws underlying the phenomena, determina-
tion of the manner and degree to which known processes are mediated by
little understood or undiscovered mechanisms or energies, definition of
the precise nature of the channels involved, etc.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
N~,~~~.?WYVJA4N '
(c) PLETHYSMOGRAPH
~,'r~j~l' '~"+~~f~di W"~ ?~' ~,~1~ S~~{.',.~ '~-ikh~f~''~,wfiti'i~? .rt~4r'? ~./~di''k.~~ Y;~Yutp~ly~/,.a'a'T ~y~ y~~alr?~~t~~f,l 1
iftinj'i m "-F~1 } f~?' f l~ RSI-l d ~:M't '~?~ ~.`1 ?
- - - ----- - -----?- -1----+-- _-~ to I t '~ i r . __ r 1~ ? q 'I
(d) RAW EEG 7 i
t
FIGURE 8 POLYGRAPH DATA
Correct verbal description given during time interval tAB ?
45
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
At this point in the effort three "psychokinetic" tasks have
ijecn investigated beyond the pilot stage, and are reported below.
It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a uni-
~-ersal randomization protocol independent of the particular experiment
u.n:der consideration. The only exceptions were to be automated experi-
ments where target selection is determined by radioactive decay or elec-
tronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit
base, e.g., ten targets, ten work periods, etc. A ten-digit sequence
governing an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and
is uncovered by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND
Table of Random Digits (Table 5) is entered to obtain the ten-digit
sequence, the entrance point being determined by four throws of a die,
the first 1, 2, or 3 determining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining
column block, and the final throw determining from which of the first six
rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is to be taken. An opaque card
with a single-digit window is then moved across the row to uncover digits
one at a time. If a multiplicity of targets exist, the digits 0 through
9 are employed directly. If a binary command is required (e.g., increase/
decrease or activity/no activity) the parity of the digit (even or odd)
is employed.
*
A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation,
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Table of Random Digits
11 16 43 63 18
21 21 59 17 91
10 43 84 44 82
36 79 22 62 36
73 94 40 47 73
49 56 31 28 72
64 20 84 82 37
51 48 67 28 75
99 75 62 63 60
71 32 55 52 17
65 28 59 71 98
17 26 45 73 27
95 63 99 97 54
61 55 57 64 04
78 13 79 87 68
62 49 09 92 15
24 21 66 34 44
16 97 59 54 28
59 13 83 95 42
29 47 85 96 52
96 15 59 50 09
29 62 16 65 83
12 63 97 52 91
14 54 43 71 34
83 40 38 88 27
67 64 20 52 04
64 04 19 90 11
17 04 89 45 23
93 03 98 94 16
82 24 43 43 92
96 99 05 52 44
09 11 97 48 03
57 66 64 12 04
46 49 26 15 94
08 43 31 91 72
10 01 17 50 04
92 42 06 54 31
35 54 25 58 65
86 59 52 62 47
72 11 53 49 85
75 06 13 76 74 40 60 31 61 52 83 23 53 73 61
76 83 15 86 78 40 94 15 35 85 69 95 86 09 16
66 55 83 76 49 73 50 58 34 72 55 95 31 79 57
33 26 66 65 83 39 41 21 60 13 11 44 28 93 20
12 03 25 14 14 57 99 47 67 48 54 62 74 85 11
14 06 39 31 04 61 83 45 91 99 15 46 98 22 85
41 70 17 31 17 91 40 27 72 27 79 51 62 10 07
38 60 52 93 41 58 29 98 38 80 20 12 51 07 94
64 51 61 79 71 40 68 49 99 48 33 88 07 64 13
13 01 57 29 07 75 97 86 42 98 08 07 46 20 55
12 13 85 30 10 34 55 63 98 61 88 26 77 60 63
38 22 42 93 01 65 99 05 70 48 25 06 77 75 71
31 19 99 25 58 16 38 11 50 69 25 41 68 78 75
86 21 01 18 08 52 45 88 88 80 78 35 26 79 13
04 68 98 71 30 33 00 78 56 07 92 00 84 48 97
84 98 72 37 59 38 71 23 15 12 08 58 86 14 90
21 28 30 70 44 58 72 20 36'78 19 18 66 96 02
33 22 65 59 03 26 18 86 94 97 51 35 14 77 99
71 16 85 76 09 12 89 35 40 48 07 25 58 61 49
50 41 43 19 66 33 18 68 13 46 85 09 53 72 82
27 42 97 29 18 79 89 32 94 48 68 39 25 42 11
62 96 61 24 68 48 44 91 51 02 44 12 61 94 38
71 02 01 72 65 94 20 50 42 59 68 98 35 05 61
54 71 40 24 01 38 64 80 92 78 81 31 37 74 00
09 83 41 13 33 04 29 24 60 28 75 66 62 69 54
30 69 74 48 06 17 02 64 97 37 85 87 51 21 39
61 04 02 73 09 48 07 07 68 48 02 53 19 77 37
97 44 45 99 04 30 15 99 54 50 83 77 84 61 15
52 79 51 06 31 12 14 39 22 31 31 36 16 06 50
9660717220 73 83877067 24 86397576
70 69 32 52 55 73 54 74 37 59 95 63 23 95 55
97 30 38 87 01 07 27 79 32 17 79 42 12 17 69
47 58 97 83 64 65 12 84 83 34 07 49 32 80 98
26 72 95 82 72 38 71 66 13 80 60 21 20 50 99
08 32 02 08 39 31 92 17 64 58 73 72 00 86 57
86 05 44 11 90 57 23 82 74 64 61 48 75 23 29
16 53 00 55 47 24 21 94 10 90 08 53 16 15 78
07 30 44 70 10 31 30 94 93 87 02 33 00 24 76
18 55 22 94 91 20 75 09 70 24 72 61 96 66 28
58 03 69 91 37 28 53 78 43 95 26 65 43 78 51
? This table appears through the courtesy of The RAND Corporation and the
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. and is reprinted by permission from The Compleat
Stratcgyst, by J. D. %Villiams, pp. 219.221 [441.
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
07 42 85 88, 63 96 02 38 89 36 97 92 94 12 20 86 43 19 44 85
35 37 92 79 22 28 90 65 50 13 40 56 83 32 22 40 48 69 11 22
10 98 22 28 07 10 92 02 62 99 41 48 39 29 35 17 06 17 82 52
90 12 73 33 41 77 80 61 24 46 93 04 06 64 76 24 99 04 10 99
63 00 21 29 90 23 51 06 87 74 76 86 93 93 00 84 97 80 75 04
40 77 98 63 82 48 45 46 52 69 02 98 25 79 91 50 76 59 19 30
43 21 61 26 08 18 16 78 46 31 94 47 97 65 00 39 17 00 66 29
96 16 76 43 75 74 10 89 36 43 52 29 17 58 22 95 96 69 09 47
70 97 56 26 93 35 68 47 26 07 03 68 40 36 00 52 83 15 53 81
85 81 26 18 75 23 57 07 57 54 58 93 92 83 66 86 76 56 74 65
37 10 06 24 92 63 64 24 76 38 54 72 35 65 27 53 07 63 82 35
53 40 61 38 55 38 51 92 95 00 84 82 88 12 48 25 54 83 40 75
55 17 28 15 56 18 85 65 90 43 65 79 90 19 14 81 36 30 51 73
40 35 38 48 07 47 76 74 68 90 87 91 73 85 49 48 21 37 17 08
18 89 90 96 12 77 54 15 76 75 26 90 78 81 73 71 18 92 83 77
68 14 12 53 40 92 55 11 13 26 68 05 26 54 22 88 46 00 63 52
51 55 99 11 59 81 31 06 32 51 42 58 76 81 49 88 14 79 97 00
92 21 43 33 86 73 45 97 93 59 97 17 65 54 16 67 64 20 50 51
15 08 95 05 57 33 16 68 70 94 53 29 53 71 33 38 26 49 47 08
96 46 10 06 04 11 12 02 22 54 23 01 19 41 08 29 19 66 51 87
28 17 74 41 11 15 70 57 38 35 75 76 84 95 49 24 54 36 32 85
66 95 34 47 37 81 12 70 74 93 86 66 87 03 41 66 46 07 56 48
19 71 22 72 63 84 57 54 98 20 56 72 77 20 36 50 34 73 35 21
68 75 66 47 57 19 98 79 22 22 27 93 67 80 10 09 61 70 44 08
75 02 26 53 32 98 60 62 94 51 31 99 46 90 72 37 35 49 30 25
11 32 37 00 69 90 26 98 92 66 02 98 59 53 03 15 18 25 01 66
55 20 86 34 70 18 15 82 52 83 89 96 51 02 06 95 83 09 54 06
11 47 40 87 86 05 59 46 70 45 45 58 72 96 11 98 57 94 24 81
81 42 28 68 42 60 99 7796 69 01 07 10 85 30 74 30 57 75 09
21 77 17 59 63 23 15 19 02 74 90 20 96 85 21 14 29 33 91 94
42 27 81 21 60 32 57 61 42 78 04 98 26 84 70 27 87 51 54 80
17 69 76 01 14 63 24 73 20 96 19 74 02 46 37 97 37 73 21 12
05 68 63 02 43 34 13 40 29 36 50 19 77 98 69 86 49 76 87 09
52 99 24 66 50 89 91 05 73 95 46 95 46 75 36 28 96 88 19 36
94 51 89 39 84 81 47 86 77 50 82 54 96 26 76 31 12 34 98 99
00 18 47 21 86 78 90 67 54 89 61 79 88.16 00 80 01 88 47 42
87 46 26 31 65 79 81 66 16 30 57 66 62 90 55 46 51 80 14 87
88 69 25 87 16 12 27 34 81 76 29 80 56 49 94 66 87 26 22 30
20 09 44 29 62 41 38 21 67 68 06 71 13 49 39 19 59 97 62 47
60 93 58 15 04 50 52 08 21 53 13 93 44 68 85 58 31 58 83 66
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
51
39
28
59
36
43
89
85
05
96
28
54
99
83
27
99
94
32
53
77
54
23
94
19
18
79
52
64
62
74
40
87
16
18
03
25
76
75
54
84
57
89
27
33
94
07
16
09
02
62
47
70
43
83
55
71
70
88
01
17
02
33
07
47
36
53
27
44
44
68
62
61
11
96
98
09
30
42
92
65
76
11
52
92
47
55
34
25
12
99
03
04
78
39
81
11
91
60
92
67
63
31
28
18
86
29
08
52
01
01
26
46
05
05
01
31
73
11
89
38
27
63
22
15
70
34
27
45
64
26
01
76
42
59
59
69
29
38
98
75
06
33
56
21
11
44
01
45
25
67
11
76
25
48
06
02
65
15
29
12
64
14
28
76
76
21
35
88
87
73
31
73
63
16
95
11
52
36
42
13
28
43
62
54
68
75
23
57
53
70
97
15
54
87
06
52
23
92
18
31
09
52
28
38
55
85
97
31
58
88
31
18
14
96
72
17
23
70
40
24
93
71
41
54
14
93
71
20
27
42
32
11
58
26
83
67
18
28
90
30
15
68
15
35
99
58
18
57
38
40
07
06
87
59
47
71
74
36
92
85
77
71
22
39
14
08
90
74
37
68
26
62
27
41
84
75
16
69
67
48
78
45
35
48
44
61
50
90
12
45
02
80
55
26
76
22
51
94
78
48
24
86
06
82
84
19
36
72
90
73
32
30
15
87
01
04
19
33
01
42
37
28
40
68
44
78
88
75
72
76
26
33
95
69
09
39
33
14
21
01
35
48
85
24
73
37
63
43
25
69
95
27
40
95
08
81
01
24
24
13
51
59
55
99
09
35
22
34
49
91
24
27
53
96
32
09
77
79
88
00
90
66
03
51
71
30
02
19
11
20
36
11
64
21
28
65
40
19
41
99
47
50
50
20
08
20
30
08
71
88
96
19
50
70
59
13
26
63
13
89
13
35
00
84
14
64
04
99
43
77
22
40
89
49
58
19
09
55
80
35
33
00
69
26
90
69
24
89
74
43
53
89
62
35
08
16
22
75
69
29
55
21
66
38
86
06
80
41
18
61
22
56
50
24
75
00
25
87
90
18
21
99
12
62
28
14
80
11
91
92
49
43
82
07
72
60
84
66
97
32
71
02
52
82
12
10
47
42
75
22
65
62
03
46
84
00
21
00
48
63
65
52
21
52
42
84
55
47
45
60
20
24
62
69
41
41
29
80
47
63
27
97
55
49
23
90
65
00
61
70
09
43
30
91
67
35
16
63
27
31
07
30
00
97
04
36
09
96
15
77
95
55
27
34
56
16
57
88
81
40
54
35
71
36
89
19
56
90
38
14
76
05
30
51
50
69
12
56
94
42
00
97
70
44
81
42
04
40
86
49
34
82
23
58
43
78
46
88
23
80
13
92
07
87
61
12
31
19
28
08
07
75
30
40
73
58
52
08
00
22
08
39
53
70
43
37
88
03
41
72
04
20
49
44
34
62
79
88
19
02
46
16
66
72
06
01
61
94
37
69
96
77
01
94
40
29
70
04
20
93
87
76
77
76
07
03
74
20
16
13
65
98
96
28
43
10
91
73
44
58
29
88
09
52
88
21
64
44
65
87
06
64
49
47
84
66
99
56
18
12
36
24
83
66
66
14
89
45
92
73
88
95
04
60
77
34
65
11
20
38
12
38
62
96
56
30
47
42
59
64
21
48
29
54
22
02
00
23
36
71
52
06
87
38
01
52
18
81
94
91
55
13
76
10
39
02
00
66
99
13
41
72
75
21
71
56
71
90
60
54
98
44
18
15
29
59
60
76
52
25
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
(b) Experiments with Develco Superconducting Differential
Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
One of the first psychoenergetically produced physical
i_'ttects observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the apparent
t:,erturbation of a Josephson effect magnetometer. The conditions of that
;iilot study, involving a few hours use of an instrument committed to
ether research, prevented a proper investigation. The number of data
samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical analysis, and the
lack of readily available multiple recording equipment prevented investi-
-ation of possible "recorder only" effects.
Therefore, at the suggestion of the client, a series of
experiments were carried out using a client-supplied Develco Model 8805
superconducting second-derivative gradiometer manufactured by Develco,
Inc., mountain view, California. The assembled device is shown in Figure
Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to
provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers,
yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (i.e., a device sensitive only
to second and higher order derivative fields). As a result, the device
is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradients.
This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from nearby
sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic fields
produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to measure
magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body, such as
action currents in the heart which produce magnotocardiograms. The sensi-
tive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area of interest.
In our application, however, the subject is located at a
distance of four meters from the gradiometer probe. As a result the
50
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
Approved For Release 2003/09JQ9 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
is located in a zone of relative insensitivity; e. g. , standing
;;,, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg movements produce no
1s From this location the subject is asked, as a mental task, to
.~ifcnct the probe. The results of his efforts are available to him as
,dback from three sources: an oscilloscope, a panel meter, and a chart
?,?ccrder, the last providing a permanent record.
After initial difficulty with the instrument due to RF
interference effects, which required modification by the manufacturer,
radiometer was available for use by the contractor from 10 June to
1 June. Some RF interference effects remained, due in part to environ-
:;:eental proximity to other instrumentation, but the device was usable
nonetheless.
Lows. The subject removes all metal objects, and the effects of body
movements are checked at the start of each experimental period. The sub-
ject then works with the machine in a learning mode, observing effects
being produced, if any, via feedback from the instrumentation. Once
satisfied that a possibility exists of producing effects on command under
experimenter control, the experimenter announces the start of the experi-
ment.' The universal randomization protocol (discussed in previous sec-
tion) is then used to generate ten activity/no activity periods of equal
length (e.g., 25 seconds) predetermined by the experimenter.
A sample run (Run 1, Subject 1) is shown in Figure 10.
The randomly generated ON (activity) periods are Nos. 2, 8, and 9. As
observed, signals appear in each of these three periods. The signal
appearing in period 9 was strong enough to cause loss of continuous
tracking. This latter type of signals can be the result of an excep-
tionally strong flux change, or an RF burst whether subject-generated or
artifactual, and are handled on the basis of statistical correlation as
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
53
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
;jjscussed below. An artifact due to the passage of a truck in the
t)prting lot adjacent to the laboratory (under continuous surveillance by
1!;c experimenter) is noted in period 6. Each of the signals on scale
-9 2 9 9
corresponds to an input -1.6 X 10 Gauss/cm (second derivative a/B /3
- Z z
-7
:.;:ich is equivalent to,-3,5 X 10 Gauss referred to one pickup coil.
The interpretation of such observations must be subjected
to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is
Lased on the following: although the probe is designed to register mag-
netic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal is
such, in a task as potentially complex as "psychokinesis," one must be
cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific cause.
Therefore, without multiple measurement employing equally sensitive
apparatus, which time and lack of instrument availability did not permit,
one can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is the most
probable cause. With regard to signal display, the signal was observed
simultaneously on three recording devices, and thus a "recorder only"
effect can be considered low probability, although an electronics inter-
ference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled out. We therefore
treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most probable, and con-
centrate our attention on whether a correlation exists between system
disturbances and subject efforts.
Subject 1 logged the most time in controlled runs, 13 ten-
trial runs. Each of the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds each,
the activity/no-activity command for each trial being generated by the
universal randomization protocol technique. In the 13 X 10 = 130 trials,
consisting of a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity
periods, 63 events of signal-to-noise ratio > 1 were observed. Of these
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
cvcuts, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21 among the
activity periods, a correlation significant at the p = 0.004 level.
Subjects 2 and 6 also interacted with the device. Al-
subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided,
.xi.ivi.ty was generally low and did not appear to be that of a signature
correlated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run with
i:?-icct 2 and two such runs with Subject 6 yielded nonsignificar\t results.
Given the limited availability of the instrument and some-
:flat noisy environment, from our best effort we nonetheless conclude that
Subject 1 the observed number of precisely timed events in pilot work
coupled with the statistically significant (p = 0.004) correlation be-
;?..c?en subject effort and signal output in controlled runs indicate a
LL hly probable cause-effect relationship. Thus it appears that a gifted
subject can interact with a second derivative magnetic gradiometer of
-9 2
sensitivity ^'l0 Gauss/cm from a distance of four meters. Further work
would be required to determine absolutely the precise nature of the inter-
action, although given the equipment design the generation of a magnetic
field is the most probable mechanism.
In this series of experiments we examine the possibility
that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely
located physical system. The target is a torsion pendulum suspended by
a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists of
three 100-gram balls arranged symmetrically at 120? angles on a 2-cm
radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air
currents by the enclosing bell jar.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum
silicon detector 1.5 meters from the pendulum.
output voltage proportional to spot position.
L,tector is monitored by a chart recorder which
system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10
typical experimental conditions random acoustical
the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10 second
--100 microradians angular deviation. During control
xocutes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in
scent over an hour period. Sudden vibrational pertur-
..-ironment produce oscillation of the pendulum in the
a frequency of 1 Hz, as contrasted with the torsional
_._ontal plane at 0.1 Hz.
::.e subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the
the results of which would be available as feedback
recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the
distance of 1 meter, observing effects being produced.
that there is a possibility of producing effects (typically
\ ek's activity, a couple of hours per day), an experiment
:1s in other experiments, subject efforts to increase or
oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter utilizing
universal randomization protocol described in (a). Each experiment
spectra Physics Madel 262.
Uni.tcd Detector Technology Model SC/10.
1;rush Model Clark 200.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
In later work, the subject is removed to a room 12 meters
the hail with three intervening office spaces to determine whether
,f.:ects can be produced from a remote location. The subject is provided
;ucdback at the remote location either by closed circuit video or by a
~(,eond chart recorder in parallel with the recorder in the enclosed tar-
laboratory. The remote aspect was instituted both to prevent arti-
.ctual effects from body heat, etc., and also to determine whether energy
In pilot studies we observed considerable evidence indi-
cating that a gifted subject located in the same room is able, by con-
centration, to increase or decrease pendulum motion on command while sitting
quietly one meter from the bell jar. The change-to-baseline ratio is often
5:1 or better so the effects are not small. A sample chart showing a rest
period followed by a decrease period is given in Figure 11.
Vibrational artifacts can be ruled out on the basis that
when such inputs occur, a marked 1-Hz oscillation signal due to vertical
motion is superimposed on the 0.1-Hz torsional motion. Especially in-
teresting are the decreases that take the motion below that generally
observed due to environmental noise driving. Such observations indicate
the application of a constraint which couples energy out of the pendulum
motion. Similar observations have been observed with the subject removed
Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example,
E. H. Walker "Properties of Hidden Variables in Quantum Theory: Impli-
cations for Paraphysics," U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R0007001
Approved F
r Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96'gO0787R000701100006-0
=Z r-1
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
uii`, second location 12 meters away. Although less pronounced (change-
ratios typically 2:1), the effect remains easily observable.
The universal randomization protocol is used throughout
ci,,~termine increase/decrease periods. Control run data are being col-
to he subjected to the same analysis. Multiple recording is used
t!:rouhout to rule out artifacts due to recorder effects. Finally, an
iccctrometcr with the base of the bell jar serving as one electrode is
:::onitored to record acoustic vibration independently. Due to the potential
.~i.~,nificance of such findings, considerable data are being taken in order
:hat the matter can be subjected to statistical analysis over a large
:ar:ple involving hundreds of work periods. A few hundred data samples
have already been collected for this purpose, and the results will be
published when available.
(d) Experiments with Geiger Counter
As part of a continuing search for mechanisms involved in
paranormal phenomena, a series of experiments were conducted with Subject
1 to determine whether a Geiger counter in the y-ray mode (i.e., beta
shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts.
The output of a Geiger counter, fed into a Monsanto Model
1020 counter/timer, indicates a background count due to cosmic rays -35
counts/minute. Experimental protocol requires the subject to try to
change the registered count by concentration on the Geiger counter probe
from a distance -O.5 meters. Each run consists of fifteen 60-second
trials, with 10-second separations between the trials. Preceding each
subject run is a control run of equal duration.
*
OCDM Item No. CI) V-700, Model No. 66, Electro-Neutronics, Inc., Oakland,
California.
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
In four runs to date the results, shown in Table 8, indi-
Late no effect of statistical significance, either in the mean or standard
ticaviation of counts.
GEIGER COUNTER EXPERIMENT
lle
I S
an
tandard Deviation
I Mean
Standard Deviation
36.07
5.73
35.33
6.00
34.87
6.23
33.87
7.27
33.87
5.88
34.00
5.25
35.20
5.09
35.67
5.77
5. Basic Research Summary
The basic research program to date has been spread over a number
of subjects and over a number of activities, generating a considerable
amount of data. It'was deemed desirable in the first half of the research
program to cover as much material as possible in a horizontal development
to determine the best subjects and the fruitful directions for concentrated
effort in the second half of the program.
We intend to concentrate on analysis of the large amounts of
data already obtained while subjects are involved in extramural medical
and psychological testing. Based on the findings, a few carefully-chosen
items will be culled for final specific testing following discussion with
client representatives.
Approved'For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
RANDOi,IN'ESS TESTS OF FOUR-STATE ELECTRONIC RANDOM STIMULUS GENERATOR
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
STIMULUS GENERATOR
-state machine, with each
= . -.?~ . _ndependent of the past
_ = _=_-- Teets this objective, it should not
play- that significantly differs
- _ = -=- - -, - .c = a rule "would be to select the
trial: if this strategy were to
----_ - :_ nee l'' percent hits), we would
of the machine under test.
c. - -- --. --_ :-'. :Chine S . purchased from Aquarius
extensively tested for randomness.
and the threQ machines finally
established criteri-a for randomness.
we are guided in part by a knowledge
_ - ene o the four choice keys or the pass key
state is displayed; then a brief time
the :-~ey-. a ne%v machine state is established (but not
a::.plin, the instantaneous state of a high-speed
,-_ = a= = 1e . =ronc counter. For the machine to be random, the times
t counter J11 e; ch Of the four states must be precisely
se; the distribution of 171 , o outcomes will be biased. The first
lr.cior:.ne tes= is thus based on tallying the number of occurrences of
,lch of tho four states. This test should detect a stable bias, yet may
l: i.ss a c.irftin bias. To test foi' this second possibility we also tally
the distribution of outcores in each group of 100 trials, then compute a
11
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
-ihood ratio test statistic (see below) for each group. Under the
'.e
:::,ill hypothesis of equal likelihood of the four states, these statistic
values are distributed approximately as chi-square with three degrees of
mpedom and their sum for m groups distributed approximately as chi-square
..itn three iii degrees of freedom. This test may also detect stable bias,
;tin is not as powerful for this purpose as the first test. Variable
Las of still a shorter period, if substantial, can be tested for by
tallying the frequency with which the previous machine state is repeated;
Utl overall repeat ratio ("all") significantly above 0.25 is indicative of
such bias.
If for any reason the machine were to fail to sample the counter to
:Stablish a new state, the previous machine state would be repeated. To
nest for this possibility, we tally the number of repeats following the
depression of each key. A repeat ratio significantly greater than 0.25
should be considered a danger signal.
We also tally the initial machine states following reset and the
transitions between states. In each case, the number of occurrences of
each of the four possible outcomes should be approximately equal. When
repeats are deleted from the sequence of trials ("nondiagonal transi-
tions"), the four states should also be approximately equal in frequency.
In testing the null hypothesis of four equally likely outcomes of
a trial, a likelihood ratio test is used. The statistic
n1
-2 n 2n
n
under the null hypothesis is distributed approximately as chi-square
with three degrees of freedom, with rejection for large values of this
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
statistic. The computer program used in testing randomness includes a
bioutiiie for computing the probability of a chi-square value as large
or larger than that observed.
In testing the null hypothesis that the probability of a repeat is
0.25. the binomial probability of obtaining the observed number K or more
repeats in N trials is computed. For K greater than 1000, a normal dis-
tribution approximation is computed, assuming the statistic
(K - N 1/2
t - 0.25)
to be approximately normal with mean zero and standard deviation one.
The typical test pattern used was six passes followed by 25 choices
of one color, repeating this for each of the four colors. In this way
each of the five keys other than rest were given approximately equal use.
Typically, 2000 to 6000 trials were made in each sitting. In the absence
of any unusual results in the randomness tests, a minimum of 10,000 trials
were made before using a machine with experimental subjects. With 10,000
trials, the expected fraction of repeats is 0.25 with a standard deviation
of 3/200 = 0.00866.
A sample computer listing of the results of randomness tests on
Machine 4 is included in Table A-1. Of the four machines tested, three
were found suitable for use in screening activity. The fourth machine
was returned to the manufacturer for adjustment.
*
Alexander flood, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics (McGraw Hill,
New York, 1950).
Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000700100006-0
N
C9
JO
C9
1--4
00
LO
3
~n
c
O
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CO
Cl
to
Co
N
N
O
O
N
C
to
N
CO
C'")
O