JPRS ID: 10142 USSR REPORT CHEMISTRY

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• Sequence Number: 57
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10142
30 November 1981
USSR Re ort
p
CHEMIST~Y
(FOUO 1 /81)
Fg~$ FOREtGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS Z/10142
30 November 1981
USSR REP~RT
CHEMISTRY
(FOUO 1/81)
CONTENTS
- CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Coking By-Product Industry Urged To Greater Efforts~ 1
Chemical Industry in 1980 6
COAL GASIFICATION
Plasma Gasification of Coal 16
- Status and Prospects for Developing USSR's Underground Coal
Gasification 28
- CRGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
Dlew Selective Acaricides in Series of Thioethynyl Ethers
of Thiophosphoric and Dithiophosphoric Acids 33
PETROLEUM PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
Development of Siberian HydrocaXbon Resources 38
MISCELLANEOUS
- Installations for Recovery of Helium From Low-Grade Material........... 45
- a- [ITI - USSR - Z1.B S&T FOUO]
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CHEMICAL INDU~~'RY
COKING BY-PRODUCT INDUSTRY URGED TC1 GREATER EFFORTS
Moscow KOKS I KHII~IYA in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 2-3
[Editorial: "Shockwork in the Decisive Year of rhe Five-Year Plan"]
[Text] The November (1979) CPSU Ce~atral Committee plenum and the U~SR Supreme
Soviet second session, summed up re~ults for 1979 and examined and confirmed
the national economic plan for 1980, the final yea~ of the lOth Five-Year Plan.
The main indicators for 1979 are characterized by an increase in the scales of
- social pro3uction, a rise in its technical level, and a further upsurge in the
people's well-being. During 1979, about 1,000 major state industrial enterprises
were commissioned, including the Sayano-Shushenskaya GES., the Kurska.ya,
Chernobylskaya and Armyanskaya nuclear power stations, the Pavlo~ar and Li~ichansk
oil refineries, the Kamskiy Automobile Plant, the Vologodon "Atommash" Plant,
and many otliers. Housing construction took place on a large scale and more than
� 102 million square meters of residential premises were brought into use.
More than 180 million rubles were assimilated in the construction of pro~ects for
- the coking by--pro3uct i.ndustry, including about 140 million rubles for construc-
tion and installation work. Coking Battery No 10 has b~en comanissioned at the
coking by-.production facility at the Cherepovets Metallurgical P1Ant, and tl-ie
capacity of the coal-preparation factory has been increased by 700,000 tons; a
powerful cok~ng battery with USTK [expansian unknown] and a complete covered
coal warehouse with wagon tipplers have been commissioned at the Kemerovo Coking
By-product Plant; the construction of Coal-Preparation Factory No 2 at the
coking by-product production facility at the Karaganda Metallurgical Combine has
been completed;.Coking Jiattery No 4 at the Krivoy Rog Coki.ng By-Product Plant
and Coking Battery No 1 at the Makeyevak Coking By-Product Plant have been
- commissioned.
~
At the Avdeyevsk Coking By-Product Plant, construction of the powerful Coking
Battery No 9 is nearing completion. Construction continues at the Altay Coking
_ By-product Plant where more than 100 million rubles have b~ea~ assimilated on
construction projects since the start of construction, and a modern housing
settlement, a school, and a kindergarten and other social and cultural pro~ects
have been constructed. On the plant site installation work is und~rway on the
first sPCtion of a TETs to be cammissioned this year, and Coking Battery No 1
complete with corresponding workshops.
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Unfortunately, last year, the construction organizations of the USSR Ministry
of Constr.uction of Heavy Industry Enterprises and the USSR Ministry of ~on-
struction did not fully assimilate the capital investment allotted for many
project construction sites for the coking by-product industry.
In 1979 the coZlectives of most enterprises labored intensely under conditions
of serious interruptions in the delivery of coals for coking. Coking by-produ~~t
production facilities at the Nizhniy Tagil, Orsk-Khalilov and Karaganda
metallurgical combines, the Cherepovets and Rustavi metallurgical plants, thF
Moscow Coke and Gas Plant, and the Gorlovsk, Donetsk, Yenakiyevsk, Yasinovo,
Dnepropetrovsk and Dneprodzerzhinsk coking by-product plants operated well.
. Certain plants, both in the East and in tae Ukraine, did not fulfill plans for
coke production, some because of the untimely commissioning of batteries through
the fault of the construction workers, and others because of their own internal
reasons. Without doubt, 1979 was a very difficult and far from favorable year
for the country's coking by-product workers, particularly during the winter
period. Under these difficult conditions the managers of cokir.g by-product
production facilities and coking by-product plants, the chiefs of shops, and
together with them the enterprise collectives, carried out inspections. Not
alI managers succeeded in insuring normal operation of the enterprise.
The collective at the coking by-product production facility at the Nizhniy
Tagil Metallurgical Combine imeni V. I. Lenin (managers A. N. Berkutov and
A. A. Kern), for example, came through this test with flying colors and are
conCinuing Co operate rhythmically. And the Tagil people have coking ovens,
and all their other equipment too, that have been in operation for 40 years.
Year after year the collectives of the Moscow ~ok~ng and Gas Plant, the
Dnepropetrovsk Coking By-Product Plant, which recently celebrated its 50th
anniversary, the Yasinovo plant and a number of other coking by~product plants
in the Ukraine, operate rhythmically and smoothly.
Why is it that these enterprises operate so well? Z'here can be but one answer:
the managers of these entergrises together with the engineering and technical
personnel and the workers under the leadership of the party organi~aC3cns
strictly guard and multiply the fine traditions, organize work in full accord
with the rules of technical operation, instill a sense of irreconcilability
toward shortcomings, and constantly strengthen labor and technological
discipline.
One of the most important conditions for the normal operation of a shop and of
an enterprise.as a whole is, on the one hand, a high level of exploitation of
equipment, and on the other, the strictest observance by the main mechanical
and po~wer services of planned preventive maintenance and provision of the shops
with spares and replacement equipment. This makes it possible to eliminate
the incidence of accidents and rush work. The paramount concern of the plant
- director, and the chief of the coking by-product production facility should be
every possible strengthening of the repair base and the creation of mobile
plant repair organizations to carry out operational maintenance on equipment.
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The most important state obligation of the chief engineer is constant
organizational work for undeviating observance of the rules of technical
, exploitation at all production sectors without e::ception. Where all these
conditions are observed there is no slack discipline or an irresponsible
attitude toward woxk entrusted, leading to breakdowns and disruption of the
production rhythm. High lab~r discipline is the guarantee of fulfillment of
the state plan.
The size of an enterprise does not determine its activity. Success in the
entire business is insured by skillful organization work by managers. As an
example, we can cite the coking by-product production facility at the
Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (managers N. Ye. Temkin and Ye. N. Mishin)--
one of the largest modern coking by-product enterprises in the country. 'It,io
large-capacity coal-preparation factories, two coking sh~ps with USTK, a
pitch and coking production facility, and shops for the r~~covery and reprocessing
- of chemical products from coking--this is huge even by today's scales of produc-
tion: Nevertheless, year after year, the people at Cherepovets ov~rfulfill
_ plans for output and take places of honor in All-Union socialist competition,
despite the fact that throughout recent years the coking by-product production
~ facility has been undergoing construction and expansion. The collectives and
managers of many other coking by-product production facilities and plarzts.also

.rr,% deserve a good word.
~1 Unfortunately, during 1979 enterprises such as the coking by-product production ~
facility at the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (managers V. K. Kachayev and
A. N. Patrushev) and the Kemerovo Coking By-product Plant (managers V. A. Shestakov
and A. M. Denisov), which is the bearer of two Orders, did not~work so well and
have never befo~:e this been among the lagging enterprises. It is to be hoped
that the Kemerovskaya oblast organizations and the USSR Ministry of Ferrous
Metallurgy's Sc~yuzmetallurgprom [All-Union Industrial Association of Metallurgi-
cal Enterprises for Capital Construction] will aid these two major enterprises
of the ob].ast once again to become leading enterprises. The unsatisfactory work
of the Avdeyevsk, Zaporozhye and certain other coking by-product plants in the
Ukraine ~has been noted earlier on the pages of this ~ournal. The managers of
these enterprises still have to do a great deal in order to set up rhythmic
operation and re~nove themselves from among the lagging enterprises.
In recent years there has been a decrease in attention to the chemical shops at
coking by-product enterprises. As a result, the technical and economic indica-
tors for chemical production facilities have fallen sharply, and this under-
mines the economic system of the enterprises and harms the national economy.
High losses of benzene during its recovery from coke-oven gas is permitted at
coking by-product production facilities at the Novolipetsk and West Siberian
metallurgical plants, the Karaganda Metallurgical Combine, and the Kemerovo,
Dneprodzerzhinsk, Avdeyevsk, and Krivoy Rog a.nd other plants. Some plants are
not fulfilling plans for the production of ammonium sulfate; the recovery of
phenol from effluent, pyridine bases and naphthalene has deteriorated. This
- is happening mainly because of violations of techno].ogical conditions and
- equipment malfunctions. It is no longer posaible to accept such shortcomings;
a decisive struggle must be waged against production losses.
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In his speech at the plenum, CPSU Central Co~ittee General Secretary comrade
L. I. Brezhnev said: "It is essential to implement with redoubled and tripled
energy the party's course toward improving efficiency and quality. There is
no alternative to this course, and it should be undeviati~gly followed during
the llth Five-Year Plan." This party directive applies fully to all sections
in coking by-product production. We are obliged at aal levels of management
to apply, fmmediately, measures for the more efficient utilization of fixed
production capital and the newly commissioned capacities of coking batteries
and coal-preparation factories (this applies primarily to the Avdeyevsk and
Kemerovo coking by-product plants and the coking by-product production facility
at the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant), to recover all the precious products
- of coking from coke-oven gas, not to permit losses in the reprocessing of
resins, and to set things to right in the operation of dephenolization installa-
tions. Particular attention should be gi.ven to raising the level of the
organizational activity of shop and section chiefs, foremen, and enterprise
managers. The main task for 1980 is that of striving to achieve fulfillment
of production plans by all coking by-product enterprises, and the plan for the
commissioning of new capacities. Resolution of this task will also make it
possible to gradually overcome all other shortcomings in the activity of this
subsector. The problem of the labor force in the coking by-product industry
is now more acute than ever before. It is impossible to be reconciled with
losses of workers to other aectors of industry. Emergency measures are needed
to insure the creation of stable labor forces of specialists at all coking
by-product enterprises. The question also arise~ of how specialized training
and instruction for (particularly young) directors and chief engineers can be
fitted to the art of enterprise managenent.
We often say that an economic manager is a trusted person of the party and
state. At the same time it is difficult to imagine successful work in a
manager who acts apart from the party, trade union and Komsomol organizations.
It is onZy in close contact with the public organizations of the plant and
shop that a manager can count on the successful implementation of all measures
aimed at strengthening technological and labor discipline and at rhythmic work.
The year of 1980 should become a turning point in the coking by-praduct
industry. It is necessary to mobilize all the available efforts of engineering
and technical workers and laborers to strict fulfillm~nt of the rules of
- technical exploitation, without which it is impossible to count on success;
to strengthen maintenance service and carry out repairs on equipment in full
accord with the schedules for planned preventive maintenance; to improve
technological discipline and not to opera.te malfunctioning equipment; to
reestablish the refractory worker crews on the coking ovens and to carry out
_ systematic preventive maintenance on the oven inwalls; and to observe strictly
the cyclic shutdowns, using them for maintenance work and setting the ovens
in good order.
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Instilling a sense of responsibility for the business entrusted should hold
the constant attention of the manager. This work is difficult but essential.
- The plant director and the chief engineer and their deputies should be in the
shops more often during the changing of the shifts, investigate omissions in
the work, and offer specific help to the shop chief. Only systematic help for
the lagging shop will enable it to overcome the hitches. For this, it is
essential to know precisely what kind of help is really needed, work out a
program, determine the persons responsible, and give the order and undeviatingly
implement it. The plan for 1980--the final yeai of the lOth Five-Year Plan--
is an important link in fulfilling the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress.
The main directions in the activity of all collectives should be to develop
socialist competition to fulfill the state plan for the production of coke
and chemical products set for 1980, consistently maintain conditions of thrifr_
and rati.onal utilization of material and financial resources, struggle to
strengthen labor and technological discipline, and raise labor productivity.
The coking by-product industry faces great tasks during 1980 in the field of
technical progress, the introduction of new equipment, leading technology,
the mechanization and automation of production process~s, and the fulfillment
of scientific research and test and design work, including the construction
~ of an installation for heat-preparation of the coal charge before coking at
the coking by-product production facility at the West Siberian Metallurgical
Plant; project planning by Giprokoks [State Institute for the Planning of
Establishments of the By-Product Coke Industry] for an installation for the
production of i~nolded coke for the Dnepropetrovsk coking by-product plant:
work on partial briquetting of the coal charge before coking and obtaining
nonoven types of coke for sintering, ferroalloy, casting and chemical produc-
tion: and improving processes and designfng apparatuses for the recovery and
processing of chemical products from coking.
Much attention wi11 be given to capital construction. In 1984, provision has
been made for the construction and co~issioning of a coking battery at the
Altay Coking By-Product Plant, the completion of work on starting up coking
battery complexes at the Zaparozhye and Avdeyevsk coking by-product plants
and the Chelyabinsk rietallurgical Pl~nt, and also advance work for recon-
struction of batteries at the coking by-product production facilities at the
Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine, the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, the
Zaparozhye Coking By~ Product Plant and the pitch and coking installation at
the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.
At the November Plenum comrade L. I. Brezhnev said: "At the center of our
ef.�orts sl~ould be tlie mobilization of the workers to fulfill the tasks of the
final year of the Five-Year Plan." In response to the decision of the CPSU
Central Committee plenum and the USSR Supreme Soviet second session, Soviet
workers in the coking by-product industry will direct all their efforts and
energy during 1980 to shockwork to fulfill the plan of the final year of the
lOth Five-Year Plan.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metall.urgiya", "Koks i khimiya", 1980
9642
CSO: 1841/180
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CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN 1980
Moscow KHIMICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian No 6, Jun 80 pp 323-327
[Article by L. A. Kostandov, ministry of chemical industry: "Performance
Should be Improved Compared With the Past"]
[Text] The present year 1980 is an important link in the implementation of
tasks of the lOth Five-Year Plan as a whole. A~t the November (1979) Plenum.
of the CPSU Cemtral Committee L. I. Brezhnev pointed out that 1980 is "not
only the final year of the current five-year plan period but also the base
on which the next five-year plan is substructured. It is a year of active
preparations f~r the 26th Party Congress. The work accomplished and the tasks
for 1980 should be assessed from precisely these positions."
In the first four years of the current five-year plan period, as was pcinted
out at the Plenum, major advances have been made in solving the problems of
socio-economic development of the Soviet Union as formuZated by the 25th
Party Congr~ss. A major contribution to the cause of further strengthening
of the nation's economy has been made by chemical industry workers.
During those four years the industry's enterprises produced output that was
27.53 million rubles greater than during t'he same period of the preceding
five-year plan. The r~ational economy was provided with an additiona? 81.8
million tons of fertilizers, including 35.4 million tons of nitrogenous
fertilizers, 29.5 million tons of phosphoric f.ertilizers, and 21.1 million
tons of potassic fertilizers, as well as 568,300 tons of chemical crop
protectants, 3,657,000 tons of plastics and synthei�ic resins, 1,198,000 tons
of chemical f ibers, and 2,800 mtllion ~ubles worth of consumer goods and
cultural and economic goods. The variety of chemical output was markedly
broadened and its quality improved.
- The lOth Five-Year Plan period has been a period of rise of various new
types of large-scale chemical production, including mineral fertilizers and
the corresponding raw materials. Chemical-industry workers and allied
collectives were warmly congrat.ulated by General Secretary of the CPSU
Central Committee L. I. Bre2hnev for their notable accomplishment in putting
into operation the most important large-scale chemical industry facilities.
L. I. Brezhnev's words of welcome were addressed to participants in the
construction and preterm activation of large-scale complex fertilizer pro-
duction facilities at the Almalyk and Cherepovets chemical plants, the
Voskresensk Subdivision of Minudobreniya [Mineral Fertilizers], the Novomoskovsk
Subdivision of Azot [Nitrogen], acrylic acid nitrile facilities at the Saratov
Subdivision of "Nitron,'' and other major new construction projects of chemical
industry.
Even during the unfavorable previous year, despite various objective reasons
which complicated the branch's performance as a whole, many pacesetting
callectives succeeded in so organizing the activities of their enterprises
that they not only fu].filled but also overfulfilled plan-set tasks and adopted
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socialist pledges. These included the Plastpolimer NPO [Nongovernmental
Organization for Polymer Plastics] in Okhta, the Shostk?+~skoye "Svema,"
the Ster~~~~mak "Sada," the Lithuanian Ltivbytkhim, and other production
associations. The best of these--the crews oi 18 enterprisea of the branch--
_ were rewarded of their outstanding performance in 1979 with Challenge Red
Banners of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Coux~cil of Ministers, the
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, and the Komsomol Central Committee,
and 15 of these were listed on ehe All-Union Roll of Honor at the All-Union
Exposition of Achievements of the USSR Economy.
However, o~xr accomplishments could have been greater had not it been for major
shortcomings and interruptions in the branch's performance. In 1979 the
output of the enterprises of the Ministry of Chemical Industry fell short of
the goals by more than 9 million tons of mineral fertilizers, 326,000 tons of
plasti.cs and synthetic resins, 88,000 tons of chemical fibers, and 87,000 tons
of paints and lacquers. Moreover, the branch's workers failed to satisfy the
demand for consumer goods. The underfulfillment of the plan as regards the
principal types of production has resulted in underfulfillment of targets for
the volume of sales of output, profits, production cost, and labor productivity.
Of course, the past year was extremely unfavorable and difficult: the severe
winter and the shortages of heat an3 energy complicated the work of the enter-
prises. The branch found itself in a difficult situation owing to stoppages
in the supply of raw materials and gas as well as in the deliveries of freight-
cars. However, th e lag of chemical industry cannot be exglained by ob3ective
causes alone. Much depends on ma~or intern~l shor~comings, poor work discipline
and technological discipline, and an insufficiently high level of organizational
work.
The timely and just criticism addressed to the Ministry of Chemical Industry
by General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee L. I. Brezhnev at the
November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central ~oimnittee, obligates us to critically
assess the Ministry's performance last vear. The causes that engendered such
a major lagging of our branch behind the outlined goals must be most responsibly
analyzed.
A thorough analysis of all the causes of unsatisfactory performance of the
branch last year revealed several principal causes that prevented the branch's
workers from operating smoothly and fulfilling all the state tasks. These
causes are, chiefly, the unsatisfactory rate of conatruction of new pro~ects
and utilization of new productive capacities, violations of rules for the
maintenance of technological equipment, unsatisfactory organization of repair
services, inefficient use of raw materials, ineffective performance of
scientific research institutes, and the occasionally-encountered formalistic
attitude toward socialist labor competitian.
But it cannot be said that the situation in our U~anch is all bad, that there
are no accomplishments. Of course, they exist. Last year much as been done
to put new capacities into operation, such as, e.g., 14 ammonia production
units with a capacity of 450,000 tons each and 18 mineral fertilizer production
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units. In addition majar facilities for the production of polyethylene,
phtalic anhydride, and raw materials for plastics k?ave b~een put into operation.
Various steps have been taken to speed up the construction of pro~ects built
on the basis of compensation agreements.
Nevertheless the targets set for the year were large~y underfulfilled. Of
the scheduled new 354 production units, 186 were not put into oper.ation, i.e.,
nearly one-half, which markedly complicated the targ~ted development of the
branch and led to imbalance in the supply of raw materials to the newly
activated facilities.
To some extent the underfulfillment of the cons'truction plan was affected by
shortcomings in the performance of subcon~ractors and hence also by a marked
lag in construction and installation operations. But that was only one reason.
The fate of chemical-industry projects largely r:epends on the client himself--
the Ministry of Chemical Industry. Ot~r design organizations often delay
providing blueprints and tolerate errors, which in its turn entails design
revisions. Certain enterprises often d3sregard the deadlines for equipment
deliveries, and in some instancss we encounter facts of un~ustified increases
in cost estimates of construction and an uncoordinated activation of discrete
facilities and supply of raw materials for them. All this has resulted in
the failure to compZete one-third of the projects through our fault.
The branch's performance is also adversely affected by the slow utilization
of production capacities. Thus, of the 238 newly operating production units
as of 1 January 1980, 40 are being utilized behind schedule and some of their
r_apacities have long remained underutilized. As a result, in 1979 production
- for the national economy fell ahort by about 220 million rubles.
At the same time, an analysis of the progress made in utilizing production
capacities, conducted by the Administration for Science and Technology,
jointly with the Orgkhim Trust, demonstrated the feasibility of preterm
utilizafion of these capacities. In particular, this is feasible at the
Novomoskovsk and Novgorod subdivisions of "Azot," at the Samarkand Super-
phosphate Plant, and at the Cherepovets and Perm' chemical plants.
The slow utilization of new capacities is often due to short~,ge of skilled
personnel and gross violations of rules for the maintenance of technological
equipment. This results in prolonged stoppages of not ~ust discrete facilities
but entire shops.
L. I. Brezhnev said that, "At the present stage the price of stoppages, shoddy
work, and errors is totally different. A half-hour's stoppage by a man with a
shovel is one thing, but a half-hour stoppage by the same man when operating
a heavy-duty excavating machine, a combine, or a tower crane, is another.
There is simply no comparison."
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Thus, at the Bereznikovskiy Nitrogen Fertilizers Plant, the ~nonia facility
stnod idle for 200 days in 1979, and thus the output of affinonia fe11 short by
200,000 tons or by 800,000 tons in terms of mineral fertilizers. At the
_ Nitrogen Fertilizers Dorogobuzh Plant, tt:e output of mineral fertilizers fell
short by 600,000 solely owing to the breakdown of a turbocompressor, also in
1979.
There occur frequent instances of violations of equipment maintenance rules
at the Leningrad "Pigment" NPO, and at the Balakovskiy, Keday, Konstantinovskiy,
Chardzhou, and Uvaravsk chemical plants. 0'wing to such violations, more than
45 percent of the entire pool of electrical motors has to be repaired annually
at the enterprises of the "Fosfor" All-Unior~ Association.
Clearly, each enterprise should systematically monitor the level of equipment
maintenance and take prompt and needed measures to raise it. ?11 this should ~
be of unflagging concern to the heads of tY~e All-Union industrial associations.
A well-organized repair service is highly important to a highly productive
perfo~ance of any enterprise. Much work has been done in the branch to
develop interplant repair organizations, which last year assisted in carrying
out 449 shutdown repair operations. Sometimes, however, the repair services
of enterprises are merely transferred to the ~urisdiction of these organizations,
with~ut even adequate specialization in types of operations.
A major oversight in the organization. of intraplant repair services has been
- the dispersal of repairmen among technological shops and types of production.
As of 1 August 1979 the basic shops accounted for 49.5 percent of fitters
and 46.8 percent of electricians for equipment repair. As a result, the
leve]. of the centralization and thus also of the specialization of plant repair
services proved to be totally inadequate given the existing manpower shortage.
It is highly important that the work of repairmen be evaluated according to
quality rather than volume of operatians performed. After all, oitl.y a smooth
operation and satisfactory state of equipment can serve as the criterions for
assessing the performance of repair services.
The quality of repair largely depends on the supplit~s of spare parts; their
shortage affects the performance of the entire branch. Here, too, the~e exists
unexploited potential. Thus, certain managers diaperse amoug many enterprises
the machine tools allocated for the production of spare parts, instead of
concentrating these tools at the appropriate bases. It happens fairly often
that the workers of supply divisions poorly utilize the limited funds assigned
to them. For example, at the Soyu2osnovkhim All-Union Association the funds
for chemical equipment were utilized only 70 percent in 1979, and at the
Soyuzkhimvolokno All-Union Association, they were utilized even less--66 percent.
In this matter greater on-the-spot personal initiative is needed.
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L. I. Brezhnev pointed out in his speech during the encounter with voters in
Baumansky Rayon of Moscow: "Qne thing is clear: failure looms wherever
people sit with hands folded and await instructions from higher up on every
matter. Conversely, if people boldly tackle tasks and display init~.ative or
support practical undertakings, their success is assured."
Many hea~is of enterprises which underfulfilled their targets refer to shortages
and uneven supplies of raw materials. Yes, for a number of years the branch
has been experiencing major supply problems. Chemical industry periodically
receives inadequate supplies of such materials as zinc metal, pyrite, sawdust,
viscose cellulose, and cardboard. All this prevents a full utilization nf
existing and newly introduced production capacities. Nevertheless a thorough
study of this problem shows that among us there exists an unexploited potential
for a more efficient and economical use of raw materials. But proper attention
is far from always paid to this problem.
It is no secret that a shortage of caustic soda had arisen more than 10 years ~
ago. But at Sumgait that soda has been used in lieu of milk of lime in the
production of epichlorohydrin since 1975, while calcined soda has been used
in lieu of limestone since 1979. This can be in no way tolera~ted.
A large quantity of caustic soda is used for water treatment by the ion
exchange method in ammonia and polyethylene production. This year, e.g.,
- plans exist for using for this purpose 60,000-65,000 tons of alkali in ammonia
production. And yet the Scientific Research Institute of Plastics has developed
a water treatment method based on the use of electroinite membranes which
- serves to markedly reduce or even completely eliminate the use of alkali and
sulfuric acid as well as to reduce the consumption of electrical power and the
liquid waste byproduct. As early as this year it is necessary to test this
method at one of the branch's enterprises.
So far, chemical industry has been wasting a Iot of raw materials. During the
first three years of the lOth Five-Year Plan period, for the Piinistry of
Chemical Industry as a whole the excess consumption of sulfuric acid reached
550,C00 tons; apatite concentrate, 495,000 tons; am.monia, 315,000 tons; caustic
soda, 155,000 tons: and sulfur, 60,000 tons. Instances of spoilage and losses
of raw and other materials still persist, along with the practice of planning
different quotas of raw materials consumption for enterprises using the same
technology and producing thz same chemicals. The standards for the consumption
of the principal types of raw materials at all enterprises should be raised to
the Zevel achieved at the pacesetting enterprises. Then we can produce
additional hundreds of thousands of tons of mineral fertilizers by saving
sulfuric acid, apatite concentrate, and ammonia.
This country is known to have the world's largest fuel and power complex. But,
as stressed by L. I. Brezhnev at the November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central
Committee, "whatever the rate at which we develop power industry, conservation
of heat and energy will continue to be a most important state-wide task."
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Last year chemical industry workers took part in the All-Union Public Inspection
dealing with efficient utilization of material resources. In the course of
thp Inspection 106,193 proposals for conserving fuel, power, and material
resources were submitted. Of these, 85,882 were introduced, producing con-
~ ditional annual savings of 142.2 million rubles. However, repeated inspection
- of the performance of enterprises in 1979 showed that their internal potential ,
for saving fuel and power is far from always and everywhere adequafiely utilized.
For example, of the 52 production facilities inspected, 14 even operated
without setting targets for reducing the consumption quotas for these resources. .
Instances of cor.siderable losses of fuel during its transport and storage and
inadequate use of secondary reso~irces also were uncover~d.
The best indicators of fuel and power savings last year were achieved by the
Dzhambul Khimprom, Novomoskovsk Azot, Yavorovskoye Sera, and Beloruskally
production associations. 'lhirty enterprises failed to cope with the consump-
tion quotas set for them.
Another source for improving the branch's supply situation is the mobilization
of existing inventory surpluses. Unfortunately, these surpluses are growing
instesd of dimtniehin$. They are particularly high at the enterprises of the
All-Union Soyuzkhlor, Soyuzosnovkhim, Soyuzazot, and Soyuzkhimvolokno.
At mar.y enterprises, freightcar loading and, particularly, unloading opera~
tions are improperty organized. As a result, freightcar demurrage at enter-
prises of the Ministry of Chemical Industry exceeded the standard by 2.5
hours on the average, and even more at certain plants. For example, at the
enterprises of the All-Union Association Soyuzanilprom freightcar demurrage
averages 10 hours. A particularly intolerable situation in this respect i~as
arisen, e.g., at the Aktyubinsk Chemical Plant, the 5amarkand Superphosphate
Plant, the Kemerovo Subdivision of Azot, the Dzhambul Subdivision of Khimprom,
and certain others. Through the fault of these enterprises, 500 freightcars
daily experienced delays,in unloading: this figure accounts for more than one
half of a11 freightcars experiencing such delays at the enterprises of the
Ministry of Chemical Industry.
At the same time, experience of the leading crews demonstrates that these
losses can be avoided. Great vistas in this respect are opened by the CPSU
Central Committee-approved experience gained by industrial enterprises of
~helyabinskaya Oblast and subdivisions of the South Ural Railroad in reducing
transloading delays of freightcars.
One more factor hobbling the branch's performance should be mentioned: the
unsatisfactory activity of our institutes and enterprises as regards intro-
ducing new equigment. The related plans are consistently underfulfilled both
owing to certain objective causes and to the low quality of the scientific
research performed. This in its turn r~sults in considerable additional
material expenditures. Consider one example. The All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Synthetic Fibers spent more than 5 million rubles on
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developing a technology for the production of polyvinyl chloride staple fibers,
but the quality of the research performed was so low that this innovation has
not so far been introduced. To perfect this technique, the All-Union
Soyuzkhimvolokno Association had to spend an additional i3.5 million rubles,
i.e., nearly three times as much as the cost of the original project. Thr~e
years ago the Callegium of the Ministry of Chemical Industry itad uncovered
major shortcomings in the plar.ning of R&D work, causing the scientific research
Ins*_itutes to dissipate their efforts on minor topics or on projects which
subsequently found no practical application.
_ The performance of the chemical industry in 1979 was the subj ect of discussion
at a general conference by the Collegium of the Ministry of ChPmical Industry
and the Presidium of the Central Committee of the branch's trade union, at
which the existing shortcomings were thoroughly analyzed and measures to
eliminate them as soon as possible and t~ uncover and exploit latent potential
were outlined.
What matters most is that at present the Party sets the goals for the enter-
prise collectives--this is the fullest and most effective means of utilizing
the mighty economic and scientific-technical potential created in this country
and eliminating any obstacles to a maximally productive performance.
In the light of the decisions of the November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU
Central Committee and the postulates and ~onclusions of the speeches of
L. I. Brezhnev, chemical industry workers face great and responsible tasks
_ in 1980. In this final year of the five-year plan we should liquidate the lag
and do everything to fulfill the State plan and the adopted socialist pledges.
An extremely challenging task lies ahead.
The volume of gross output will increase by 10.7 percent compared with 1979.
The output of inineral fertilizers will increase by 25.5 percent; this includes:
nitrogenous fertilizers, by 22.6 percent; phosphoric, by 24.7 percent; and
potassic, by 42.4 percent. The output of synthetic ammonia will increase by
28.5 percent; caustic soda, by 8.9 percent; and chemical fibers and threads,
by 13:7 percant. The producti.on of consumer goods is expected to develop at
a spearheading rate--by 16.1 percent (of which the outpat of synthetic deter-
gents alone, by 34.7 percent), compared with the slaCed 10.7 percent increase
in chemical industry output as a whole.
The production of synthetic detergents should provide an instructive example
to all of us. As everyone remembers well, late last year there arose an acute
shortage of these detergents, largely through the fault of chemical industry
workers. For this we were justly criticized at tt?e November Plenum of the
CPSU Central Comnuttee and in numerous press comments.
This year, now that the appropriate associations and enterprises have properly
tackled this problem, the situation has begun to improve. The January and
February plans for the output of the detergents have been fulfilled, although
disruptions in the supply of raw materials to the enterprises still occur.
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~ The plan for the output of consumer goods was examined last January and February
by the Collegium of the Minis try of Chemical Industry. The attention of the
heads of the functional administrations and agencies of the Ministry as well
as of the All-Union production associations has been focused on increasing
personal responsibility for the production of consumer goods and the related
raw materials. The Collegium assigned the heads of the All-Union produGtion
- associations the task of find ing the necessary resources for producing an
additional 60-80 million rub 1 es of these goods this year.
Labor productivity is expected to rise 8 percent this year, owing to a rise in
the technological level of production, the mechanization of labor-consuming
manual operations, and i~provements in the utilization of work time. Meticulour
work with those who display lack of discipline and improper behavior is needed.
It is necessary to work better with people, to pay more attention to their
needs and, above all, not to overlook even one initiative, one labor-saving
suggestion. Then, doubtless, the number of our production pacesetters will
be much greater.
In addition to acceleration of the growth rate of production it is necessary
to further work to uncover the exploit more completely the latent production
potential with the object of increasing the output of the principal chemicals,
assuring the fulfillment of the plan for capital construction, activating new
production capacities and ac celerating their utilization.
The plans for this year, e.g_, provide for putting into operation capacities
- for the production of 10,97 million tons of mineral fertilizers, 1.55 million
tons of ammon~a, 1.89 million tons of s-~lfuric acid, and 1.16 million tons of
plastics and synthetic resins. They also provide for releasing for occupancy
1,446,000 sq m of dwelling ar ea, building institutions with 14,200 vacancies
- for children, increasing the num~er of hospital beds by 1,610, and completing
the construction of various o ther civic and co~unal facilities.
As adopted by the CPSU Centra 1 Committee, the USSR Council of Ministers, and
the All-Union Central Council of Trade Uz~ions, the Decree "On Further Consoli-
- dation of Labor Discipline and Reduction of Personnel Turnover in the National
~ Economy" points out: Under present-day conditions, as the scale of production
increases, ecanomic relations grow more complex, and scientific and technical
' progress increases, there is a corresponding increase in the importance of
every minute worked, of a str ict observance of operating rules, of the formation
of stable personnel at every sector of production."
Hence we face a major task in raising the general discipline and sophistication
of production. Special attention must be given to working with people, providing
them with better working cond itions, and forming stable and smoothly-coordinated
labor collectives.
L. I. Brezhnev said that the fulfillment of the challenging tasks for 1980
"rec~uires creating a highly demanding atmosphere, an atmosphere of well-organized
work and creative attitude toward work in every sector of the national economy,
in every cell of production. To th~s end it is necessary to exploit more fully
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the potential of socialist labor competition by eradicating shortcomings in
its organization and eliminating elements of formalism. It is necessary to
strengthen the attention paid to the educational functions of labor competition
and of the movement for a communist attitude toward work."
Socialist labor competi*ion, which has absorbed the enormously rich tradit3ons
of the communist subbotniks [voluntary Saturday workers] and of the sliock-
worker movement of the first few five-year plan periods, provide boundless
possibilities for manifesting creative activity, initiative, talen.*., and
ability by the toilers within our braneh.
We have quite a few workers of whom we ~an be justly proud. Ma.ny of them
accompli.shed valuable feats and unde~takings. More than 6,000 persons already
have fulfilled their personal five-year targets and started to fulfill the
~lth Five-Year Plan ahe~d of schedule. And Galina Dmitriyevna iJsatenko,
twisting machine operator at the Berdyansk Glass Fibers Plant, already has
fulfilled two five-year plans and this coming November intends to fulfill a
third .
The entire country has heard of the Delegate to the 25th CPSU Congress
T. N. Kruzina, a machine operator at the Kursk Subdivision of "Khimvolokno,"
A. D. Magnitskaya, an extruder operator at the Vladimir Chemical Plant, and
A. V. rosvezhinnyy, a machine operator at the Novomoskovsk Subdivision of Azot.
For their sacrificial labor they were awarded in 1979 the honored title of
USSR State Prize Winner.
Chemical industry workers take an active part in the nationwide socialist
competition for streamlining production, improving quality of work, and ful-
filling ahead of schedule the plans for 1980 and for the five-year period as
- a whole.
' The workers of the OKhta Plastomer NPO, responding by deeds to the CPSU
Central Committee's Decree "On the 110th Anniversary of the Birth of
V. I. Lenin," resolved to complete the five-year plan for volume of output
by 1 September 1980 and to produce an additional 25 million rubles of output
by year's end.
The personnel~of the Nevinnomyssk Subdivision of Azot pledged ~hemselves to
exceed their output target by 30,Q00 tons of mineral fertilizers, of which
7,500 tons by the 110th anniversary of the ~:Irth of V. I. Lenin, by such means
as intensification of production, more effective use of production capacities,
and prolongation of the inter-repair operating periods. What is more, on the
very day of that anniversary the personnel used in their work only the resources
saved.
The Voskresensk chemical plant workers pledged themselves to fulfill ths five-
year plan on 12 December and increase to 11.7 million rubles their overfulfill-
ment of the five-year plan. Ambitious pledges also were adopted by the branch's
other leading enterprises.
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Broadly devc~loping socialist competition for the fulfillment and overfulfill-
ment of the 1980 plan and of the entire five-year plan period, the enterprises
of the Ministry of Chemical Industry coped wi.th the targets for the first two
months of the yedr, and the plan for the sales of principal chemicals has been
fulfilled. These accomplishments must be consolidated. As stressed by
L. I. Bre~hnev at the Ptovember CPSU Central Committee Plenum, our work should
be chiefly geared toward orienting the enterprise crews to attainment of high
quality indicators and struggle for the fulfillment of the approaching plans.
It is necessary ta disseminate more broadly and introduce more actively the
experience gained by the pacesettin~, enterprises as regards the organization
of labor and the management of prcduction, as well as to strive for an
unconditional fulfillment of the targets set by the 1980 plan and thereby
- also to lay the foundation for a successful commencement of the llth Five-Year
Plan period.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimicheskaya promyshlennost 1980
1386
CSO: 1841/208
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COAL GASIFICATION
UDC 628.36
PLASMA GASIFICATION OF COAL
_ Moscow vESTN~K AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 12, Dec 80 pp 69-79
[Artic,le by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences G. N. Kruzhilin]
[Text] Problems of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming
especially timely. A program for development of the fuel and en-
ergy complex was called for in L. I. Brezhnev's annual report at
= the 25th CPSU Congress among the important complex programs, de-
- velopment of which acquires ever greater significance. Fuel prob-
lems occupy a significant position in it. In the decree of the
general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences (December 1979),
at which tasks of the academy in solution of timely problems of
development of the national economy were discussed, the need to
develop new effective methods of producing synthetic motor fuel
from coal is noted. The problem of processing coal into synthetic
natural gas by the promising method of plasma gasification is
considered in the article of Corresponding Member of the USSR
Academy of Sciences G. N. Kruzhilin, given below. The article,
published in the form of a discussion, contains a number of debat-
able propositions. They include an estimate of the maximum capac-
~ ity of LEP [Electric power transmission line), the cost of a ton
of Kansk-Achinsk coal at the mine, the content of C02 and H20 in
the gas generated and technical and ec~nomic estimates, specific-
a11y expenditures for methane and methanol production and the cost
of producing them. The editors propose to continue publication of
materials of specialists in the field of power engineering about
the most ir~portant problems and prospects for development of the
fuel and energy complex.
The method of plasma gasification of coal is still in the stage of development both
in our country and abroad. So far as is known, investigations on plasma gasifica-
tion have been conducted for a number of years in Japan and the United States.*
According to special reports, these investigations are a1,so ~~ing conducted in
rr~est Germany. The ini~~