JPRS ID: 10118 MONGOLIA REPORT STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION OF THE MONGOLIAN NATIONAL ECONOMY

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JPRS L/ 101 18
16 Navember 1981
- Mdn ~I ia Re ort
g p
CFOUO 3/81)
STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION
OF THE N~ONGOLIAN NATIONAL ECONOMY
_ Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATIC~N SERViCE
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JPRS I,/10118
16 November 1981
MONGOLIA REPORT
(FOUQ 3/81)
STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION
OF THE MONGOLIAN NATIONAL ECONOMY
Moscow AKTUAL'NYYE PROBLEMY SOTSIALISTICHESKOY iNDUSTRIALIZATSII MNR in Russian 1980
(signed to press 3 Oct 80) pp 58-97
- /Chapter 3 by Tserengiyn Gurbadam from book "Urgent Problems of the Socialist In-
dustrialization of the MPR," Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", 1,500 copies, 127 pages/
/Text/ Chapter 3. The Electrification of the National Economy
Electrification is playing an important role in the solut~on of the problems of the
completion of the building of the material and technical base of sacialism and the
introduction in production of the latest achievements of science and technology.
The scientific analysis of the development of the productive forces and the trends
of development of technology enabled V. I. Lenin to draw the conclusion that elec-
trification is the basis of technical progress. V. I. Lenin emphasized: "/Communism
is Soviet power plus the electrification of the entire country/ /in italics/."1
Lenin's ideological legacy is also of invaluable importance because, in personally
supervising the work on the formulation of the plan of the State Commission for the
Electrification of Russia, he not only substantiated the need for the electrifica-
tion of the country as the decisive material condition of the transition to coumiu-
nism, but also defined concretely the principle concerning the xole of electrifica-
tion in the creation of the material and technical base of socialism and the accomp-
lishment of scientific and technical progress. Along the path of electrification,
which was indicated by V. I. Lenin, the Soviet Union made noteworthy gains in the
building of socialism. Histurical p*_-actice confirms that it is the only correct
path of the development of pzoductive forces.
~ In the European socialist countries the power base of mature socialist society is
being formed on the basis of the achievements of the present scientific and techni-
= cal revolution; while in tne Soviet Union power engineering ia being develuped under
the conditions of the creation o~ the material and technical base of communism. The
experience of these countries convincingly shows that only on the basis of electri-
fication is it possible to solve such complicated aocio-economic problems as the
overcQming of the substantial differences between mental and physical labor, the
city and the countryside, the creation of the material and tec'hnical base of social-
, ism and its transformation in the future into the material and technical base o�
communism. .
1. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch." /Complete Works/, Vol 42, p 159.
1 [TII - ASIA - 106 FOUO]
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_ � vn Vrr~~-~nl. V.~G Vl\Ll
= A fundamenral relationship, a specific sequence in development exista between the
electrification and industrialization of a country and the development of the mate-
rial and technical base. It is possible to consider the electrification of the
economy to be, on the one hand, a prerequisi~e and the basis of industrialization
and, on the other, the result and a criterion of industrialization and scientific
and technical progress. Electrification has become the heart of the building of
the economy of socialist society and plays a leading role in the development of all
the sectors of the national economy and in the accomplishment of technical progress.
In its economic policy the ?~RP is ~teadfastly guided by the main principles and
deductions of the theory of Marxism-Leninism on the role of electrification in the
creation and development of the material and technical base of the new society. It
believes that the successful solution of such important socio-~conomic problems as
the industrialization of the country, the acceleration of scientific and technical
progress, the increase of the efficiency of social production, the change and im-
provement of the structure of the sectors of.the national ecanomy, as well as the
acceleration of the rate of development of the productive forcea of the country,
the gradual convergence and equalization of the level of economir_ devalopment with
the level of highly developed countries is directly depenc?.ent on the scale of the
work on the electrification of the national economy. The ~ain directions of elec-
trification were reflected in the MPRP Program. The need for the leading rate of
- development of the fuel and power industry is also indicated in it.
The problems of creating a reliable fuel and power base of the national economy and
of bu.ilding electric power stations and electric power transmission lines were de-
fined concretely in the decisions of the 16t~ and 17th MPRP Congresses and in the
- long-range and current plans. This is making it possible to strive for the more
and more complete meeting of the increasing needs of the national economy and the
- population for electric power and fuel.
1. Ar? Analysis of the Level of Electrification of the National Economy
- In prerevolutionary Mongolia manual labor predominated, livestock served as the
motive power and means of transportation, while firewood and pressed dung served as
the main s~urces of fuel and power.
This attests that Mongolia of those times with resp~ct to the power base was at the
lowest level of development.
In the process of building the material and technical base of socialism the new
power industry was created. Whereas in 1921 only 800 tons of coal were mined at the
only coal mine of the country and 12,000 kWh of electric power were generated at the
only diesel electric power station, now a fuel and power industry has been created,
which has become one of the technically most advanced sectors of the national econ-
~ omy. It accounts for one-third of the fixed capital, more than 10 percent of the
industrial production and the nur..ber of workers in industry. Approximately 40 pe~-
cent of the capital investments being channelled into industry go for the develop-
ment of this sector. In 1967 the first electric power system was established in
the Central Region of the MPR. In this region one-third of the total population of
the repub?ic resides and fourth-fifths of the electric power are generated. Ther~-
fore the creation of the power system is of great importance for the accelerated
development of the economy and culture of this most important economic region of
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the country. The connection of the Central Power System with the power system of
the Soviet Union promoted the further development of the power base of the MPR na-
tional economy. This is another vivid confirmation of the international import~ance
of the ~ndication of V. I. Lenin that "modern advanced technology requires /the
electrification of the entire count-Jy--and a number of neighboring countries/ ~n
italics/--according to a/single/ /in italics/ plan..,."2
Measures on the concentration of the installed capacities of electric power stations
and the centralization of electric power supply are being implemented gradually.
Whereas in 1965 the installed capacity of the largest electric power stations was
36,000 kW, in 19~U it was 148,000 kW. The construction of high-voltage electric
power transmission lines with a tension of 35~ 110 and 220 kV, the length of which
at the en3 of 1978 exceeded 1,700 km, is being carried out at the same time as the
work on increasing the capacity of electric power stations. Great changes have
also occurred in the technical equipment of electric power stations.
~ A national labor fr~rce of workers, employees and en~ineering and technical person-
_ nel, who are successfully working at modern electric power stations and mines and
are solving complex problems of the management of production and the development of
the sector, has been trained during the years of popular power.
As a:esult of these qualitative and structural changes the level of electrifica-
tion is increasing rapidly. During the past decade alone (1970-1980) the genera-
tion of electric power increased 2.65-fold and its average annual growth was
10.2 percent. Such a rapid increase of the generation of electric power is mszking
it possible to reduce the gap in the indicators of the per capita generation of
electric power in Mongolia as compared wi*_h countries which are developed with re-
spect to power engineering.
With respect to the main indicators of electrification the MPR is among the 10 coun-
tries of Asia best supplied with power. As is evident from Table 7, in the early
- 1970's the MPR was considerably ahead of the countries of the Near East, Far East
and Africa in the average level of such most important indicators as the per capita
consumption of en~rgy resources and electric power and the installed capacity of
� electric power stations per 1,000 people. Here it is necessary to note that in the
1950's with respect to these indicators the economy of the MPR was at approximately
the average level or even below the average level of these countries.
During the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1976-1980) a number of most important measures,
among which are the construction of a large-capacity coal pit at the Baga nuur de-
posit, the renovation of operating mines and pits, the construction of a large�
thermal electr.ic power station and the inerease of the capacity of Thermo-Elec-
tric Power Station No 3 in Ulaanbaatar, are being implemented for the purpose of
further strengthening the power base of the country. In 19$0 the volume of coal
mining will come to 4.6 million tons.
In 1~80 *he genera~ion of electric power will exceed 1.5 billion kWh. More than
half a century following the triumph of the People's Revolution was needed for this
achievement. In acc~rcl~nce with the anticipated growth rate of electric power con-
sumption not more ti~an S years will be needed to generate the second billion, and
only 3 vears for the third billion.
' 2. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch.," Vol 44, p 280.
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Table 7
Indicators of the Level of Electrification of the MPR and Other Countries*
Per capita consump- Per capita consump- Installed capacity
tion of energy re- tion of electric of electric power
sources, kg of con- power, kWh stations per 1,000
ventional fuel p~eople, kW
Countries Y~ars 1950 1960 1970 1974 1950 1960 1970 1974 1950 1960 1970 1974
- I~R. 122 540 888 1046 29 111 413 528 15 64 175 179
Countries of Far East. 130 238 488 552 76 166 423 515 19 37 91 123
Countries of Near East 147 340 804 1023 32 98 315 434 12 33 86 113
Countries of Africa. . 189 254 309 359 74 146 247 309 18 39 67 ~5
*
Calculated according to the data of the UN statical collection "World Energy Sup-
plies 1950-1974," United Ivations, New York, 1976.
All these facts vividly attest to the increase of the scale of electrification of
the national economy. However, along with these obvious gains there are also un-
solved problems, This is especially evident if we proceed from the tasks of com-
pleting the creation of the material and technical base of socialism.
Taking into account the diversity of processes of electrification and the lack of a
universally recognized method of determining its level by means of a single genert~l-
izing indicator, it is expedient to use a system of indicators for analyzing the
level of the electrification of the national economy. It is possible, in our opin-
ior~, to express the level of the electrification of the national economy quantita-
tively by a system of such indicators as ehe total volume of production of all types
of energy; the potential capacity of the fuel and power complex; the per capita
generation of power, including electric power; the power-worker and electric power-
worker ratios; the structure of the power balance; the degree of coverage of the
- territory by the Fower system; the density of the generation and consumption of
electric power per km2 of area of the country; the indicators of the electrification
of agriculture, industrial technology and traneportation. Let us dwell on these
indicators in more detail.
The Potential Capacity of the Fuel and Power Complex and the Per Capita Generation
of Power. The scale of development of the power base to a large extent depends on
[he degree of study of energy resources and their develo~,ment. By early 1980 the
geological prospecting at nearly 40 coal deposits had been campleted. The detailed
exploration of the .:oal reserves at the Taban-Tolgoy deposit is being carried out.
Mongolia is rich in ~coal, which both now and in the future will be the basis of
power generation. In 1979 50 percent of the coal was cansumed by thermal electric
power stations, about 20 percent was consumed in construction and industry, 25 per-
cent was consumed in municipal services; the remainder was used as fuel in agricul-
ture.
Highly mechanized coal pits, for exa~nple, the Sharyn Gol pit, have been built and
are in operation in the republic, new powerful coal pits are being built. The de-
velopment of coal mining is ensuring the increase of the capacity of electric power
stations. By the beginning of 1980 there were 7 thermal and more than 1,300 dj.esel
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electric power stations, the total capacity of which is about 360,000 kW. They
supply electric power to all cities, aymag, somon and state economy centers and a
large portion of the agricultural brigad2s.
The volume of the generation of electric power in 1980 will have increased as com-
pared with 1940 by more than 70-fold, while the production of ^.oal will have in-
= creased by nearly 15-fold. The generation of electric power daubles approximately
every 5 years, while its average annual growth rate during the period of 1950-1979
was 13 percent. Let us note that in recent years the average annual growth rate
of the world generation of electric power was more than 7 percent, and the volv~e
of world electric power consumption doubles every 10 years.
In 1~80 in the MPR the per capita generation of electric power will be 1,100 kWh,
which is less than in the CEMA member countries.
Mongolia, although among the countries with a low per capita consumption of electric
power, in the per capita production of coal exceeds the average world level and ttte
level of the member countries of the European Economic Community (EEC).
Table 8
Per Capita Production of Coal, kg of Conventional Fuel*
1965 1970 19)5 1976
Mpg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 910 1065 1142
CEMA member countries. . . . . . . . . < . . . . . . . . 2042 2118 2185 2208
EEC member countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795 1375 1487 1Q73
World average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 652 644 650
*
Calculated on the basis of the data of the Cen~ral Statistical Bureau attached to
the MPR Council of Ministers and the statistical yearbooks of the member countries
of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance of the corresponding years.
The Structure of the Power Balance. The power balance of the MPR during the years
of popular power has undergone significant quantitative and qualitative changes.
Whereas on the eve of the People's Revolution firewood, all kinds of scrub and
pressed dung were the main fuel and power resources, in 1979 in the overall struc-
ture of the power balance coal made up more than 60 percent and fuel of petroleum
origin made up 25 percent. The trend toward the "mineralization" of the power bal-
ance by tt?e systematic replacement of urganic fuel with high calorie mineral fuel
is continuing.
The Degree of Coverage of the Territory by the Power System and the Density o� the
Generation and Consumption of Electric Power Per km2 of Area of the Country. As
has already been noted, an electric power system, which covers mure than 10 percent
of the territory of riongolia, is in operation in the central part of the republic.
Small-capacity electric power stations, which are isolated from each other, operate
in ottier regions. The electric power system in the aymag centers is based for the
most part on diesel eluctric power stations. A system of centralized heat supply
is being developed in the cities of Ulaanbaatar, Darhan, Choybalsan and Erdenet.
A heat siipply system has also begun to be developed in aymag centers, although in
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~ them there is still no unified centralized heat supply syst~n and numerous small de-
partmental boiler houses are being preserved. The efficiency of the use of fuel and
energy resources can be increased substantially with the development of centralized
heat supply.
As of 1978 there are 0.2 kW of electric capacity and about 900 kWh of electric power
per km2 of territory of the MPR. Such a situati.on, on the one hand, is explained
by the vastness of the territory and the low population density of the MPR and, on
the other, characterizes the inadequacy of electrification, especfally in rural re-
gions.
~ The Electrification c+f Agriculture. By 1978 the total power capacity in agriculture
' came to 2.1 million hp. Its total exceeded by many times the installed capacity at
the electric power stations of the country. This attests to the rapid development
of nonstationary power engineering in connection with the "motorization" of the la-
bor of rural workers. The mechanization of the labor of livestock breeders and the
further developMent of farming will undoubtedly lead to an increase of the consump-
tion of electric power in agriculture.
2. The Main Directions of the Further Electrification of the National Economy
The state of the economy of the country as a whole and the level of industrializa-
tion substantially influence the rate of development, the structure and the dis-
-i tribution of the fuel anc~ power cocaplex. In turn, the level of its development,
the provision of the needs of the national economy with energy resources and the
economic indicators of the production, transportation and consumption of electric
power and fuel have a decisive influence on the development of the economy.
= In the area of the electrification of the national economy the new gains indicated
in the MPRP Program have to be coped with.
It is a matter of the assurance of the leading rate of development of the fuel and
power industry by the maximum utilization of i.nternal resources, the increase of the
- number and capacity of electric power stations, the construction of high-voltage
electric power transmission lines, the organization of centralized power systems in
_ a number of regions of the country by the working of deposits of hard coal and the
use of other typesof fuel and sources of energy, as well as of the more and more com-
plete satisfaction of the dema;�ds of the national economy and the population for
energy and f uel.
It remains, f irst, to complete the initial period of electrification and to improve
- substantially and strengthen the existing power base of the national economy; sec-
cond, on this basis to carry out extensive electrification; third, to shift gradual-
ly to the solution of the problems of thorough electrification. Of course, con-
- siderably more time will be required for the accomplishment of extensive and thor-
ough e.lectrification than for the completion of the industrialization of the country.
~ The prospects of the development of electrification in thE MPR have already been
studied in a number of works. Thus, "The Plan of the Power Supply of the MPR for
1965-1970 With Allowance Made for the Further Pr.ospect," "The Plan of the Develop-
ment of the Power System of the Central Zone of the MPR for 1971-1975 With Allowance
Made for the Prospects to 1980" and "The Plan of the Heat Supply of the City of
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Ulaanbaatar for the Period of 1971-1975 4~ith Allowance Made for the Prospects to
1980" were drafted jointly with planning organa of the USSR. A group of specialists
of the CEMA member countries elaborated a forecast to 1990 of the fuel and power
balance of the MPR and "Preliminary Considerations for a National Program of the
Development of Electric Power Engineering of the MPR to 19y0." The main directions
of zhe development of power engineering of the country for the future are being
elaborated with the assistance of scientists of the Soviet Union.
The questions connected with the forecasting of the long-range level of conaumption
of fuel and power and the more precise specification of the fuel and power balance
on the basis of the study of the reserves of fuel and ener83� resources were taken
into account first of all when elaborat~ng the proapects of the development of elec-
trification. The careful substantiation of the plans of the power supply of the
country, the heat supp~y ~f the main cities and centers, the location of fuel and
power enterprises and the use of water resources in power engineering and the analy-
sis of the trends of development of power engineering were also carried out.
The consideration of new trends is necessary, for example, when selecting the types,
capacities and sites of electric power stations. Whereas previously heat and elec-
tric power stations were built directly in the regione of the consumption of power
~ and ran on brought-in fuel, under the conditions of the vigorous development of
electric power engineering the need for their construction in the immediate vicinity
of deposits of fuel has arisen. This circumstance is dictated by the need to re-
duce the expenditures on the delivery of fuel, as well as to decrease the level of
pollution of the air basin.
The question of the establishment of such basic technical and economic ratios as
the coefficient of the lead of the growth rate of the output of the fuel and power
industry as compared with the growth rate of th~ national income and the gross in-
dustrial output, the proportion of the capital investments in this se~tor in the
total amr~unt of capitial investments in the national economy, the proportion of etand-
by capacities in the total amount of capacities of poc~er equipment and so on is of
theoretical and procedural importance when formulating the long-range ar~d annual
plans of the development of power engineering.
At this stage of developmer.t the establishment of the coefficient of the lead of
the development of power engineering with respect to the need of the national econ-
omy for power is a fundamentally new question which is governing the development of
this sector during the current five-year plan; at the same time this question is
clasely connected with the specific nature and economic potential of the country,
which requires a comprehensivp calculation and study, on the basis of which its
optimum value c~uld be determined. Here a careful study of the experience of the
fraternal socialist countries and other industrially developed states is necessary.
Some scientists of the Soviet ~Jnion consider correct an increase of the genpration
of electric power by 15-18 percent for every 10 percent increase of industrial out-
_ put. According to data of the United Nations, a 1 percent increase of the indus~
trial gross output of world production accounts for a 1.3--1.4 percent increase of
- the generation of electric pewer.
By the end of the current, initial period of electrification of the MPR a relative-
ly developed power base should be created in the Central Economic Region of the
country, the supply of rural inhabitants with high calorie, transportable fuel, as
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well as the supply of el~ectric power should be improved substantially in all the
econumic regions.
Here the concentration of the capacity at electric power stations, the increase of
the voltage of electric power transmission lines and the centrali2ation of electric
power supply will be of great importance. Of course, the concentration of capaci-
ties in electric power engineering depends to a very great extent on the concentra-
tion of the capacities of the consumers. Therefore t~e concentration of electric
power engineering of the MPR has and will have its specific features and difficul-
ties, since the power consumers of the MPR are characterized by great diversity;
a low density of the electric power loads transferred over the entire territory of
the country distinguishes them.
Under such conditions the poss{_bility of concentration is limited.
The appearance in the future of new ~ndustrial centers with a comparaiively large
consumption of power creates, as was stated above, not only the ~condition of the
concentration of the capacity, but also the condition for the centralization of
electric power supply and the deveiopment of the power system. For example, the
creation of a power system, which will cover the territory of 13 aymags, is planned
in the Central Ftegion of the MPR. The creation of such a power system wi11 make it
possible to complete in the shortest possible time, with fewer expenditures and~at
a high technical level the initial period of the electrification of the MPR and to
transfer electric power from the Central Region to the eastern and southern ~arts
of the country. This, in turn, will have a decisive influence ~n the improvement
of the distribution of the productive forces in these regions, the use of natural
resources and their comprehensive development.
The search for means of using efficiently natural and secondary sources of energy
- and, consequently, the improvement of t~e structure of the power balance are one of
the most important national economic tasks. Here the i~rmulation of a long-range
power balance, which would be the basis for the determination of the feasible loca-
tion of new industrial enterprises, is of great itcportance.
In the solution of the problems of improving the structure of the power balance of
the country the intensive expansion of the open.-cut mining of coal, the launching of
prospecting work for the exploration of such natural energy reaources as petroleum,
natural gas and oil shale and the establishment of the energy resources of rivers
are the priority directions.
At the present stage of the industrialization of the MPR the rapid development of
the coal industry is of especially great importance. Coal should become the main
type of fuel. The problem of the gasification of coal and its trextment for the
obtaining of liquid and gaseous fuel and of the liquefaction of coal by means of
hydrogeneration or heat dissolution i~ arising. In this respect coal should be-
come for the MPR not only the main type of fuel in the next few years, but also the
fuel of the future.
Hydroelectric power stations would play an important role in the improvement of the
structure of the power balance and the meeting of the peak part of the load curve.
However, the reserves of water resources as a source of power have been studied
little. According to preliminary estimates, the basins of the Orhon, Selenge
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:~nd M~~rc~ii rlv~~rti ~illcl rl~c� Egi.yn Col hold energy reserves in the amourut of 3.3 million
kW, wi~ i le tl~e Onon and Keriilen rivers hold reserves of about 0. 6 mil3.ion 'kW.
The most efficient means of electrifying MPR agriculture are: the connect3on of
some portion of the stabla consumers to the central power system, the canstruction
of diesel electric power stations, as well as the use of the lateat achievements of
"small-scale power engineering."
Here it is necessary to take into account the fact that under the present condi-
tions of Mongolia, where for the present a porti~n of the population still leads a
nomadic way of life, it is impossible to electrify all the regions i~n a short time
by the building of electric power transmission lines and large electric power sta-
tions. In this connection the need is arisir.g to perform resear~ch work on the
study of the feasibility of building small-capacity electric pnwer stations and of
using all possible sources of energy. The introduction in the daily life of rural
inhabitants of the achievements of science and technology presumes the search for
advanced methods of heating, lighting, as well as the supply of power for household
needs and household equipment.
The creation and efficient organization of a system of the power supply of sma11
consumers who are dispersed over a large distance, e~pecially iivestock breeders
living in yurts, are a complicated scientific and technical. problem oi the develop-
ment of pawer engineering of the MPR.
Fur these purposes it is possible to u~e extensively coal and brick fuel, as well
as to introduce gradually in daily life heat-retaining ~iectric ovens, liquified
gases arid so forth. Along with this in regions poor in fuel, such as the Gobi, the
use of electric boilers for centralized heat supply is of great importance. More-
over, such new sources of energy for the MPR as the energy of small rivers, the
- wind and the sun can be used for the supply of electric power to local small con-
sumers.
The energy of small streams is one of the renewable sources. In the massifs of
Arhangay, Bayan-olgiy, Ubs, Hobsgol and Hentiy Aytnags there are more than 3,500
permanent streams with a total length of about 60,000 lun. The use of mobile micro-
hydroeYectric power stations on these streams seems possible.
In recent years a pilot batch of mobile hose mic:ohydroelectric power stations with
a unit capacity of 0.5 and 1.5 kV, which are designed for the supply.of electric
power to dispersed agricultural consumers with a small unit load, was developed and
produced in the USSR. These plants meet the conditions of the supply of electric
power to nonstationary agricultural consumers. Using large natural inclines, the
head of water, which is necessary for the operation of the microhydroelectric power
station, is created by means of a flexible hose. The use of a flexible hose, which
is a part of the assembly of the microhydrolectric power station, eliminates the
performance of excavation and earth moving.
The results of the tests conducted in the USSR on the pilot batch oF microhydroelec-
tric power stations under generating conditions (among shepherds and herdsmen)
show that the installation of these hydroelectric power stations is accomplished in
2-3 hours. The microhydroelectric power etation ia simple, reli.able and safe in
operation. Under winter conditions it operates reliably to a temperature of -35~ C~
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The resource:~ of solar energy are another source of renewable energy resources in
rhe MPR. Accarding to the data of the altas of the heat balance of the woxld, the
total solar ra;iiation a year on the territory of the MPR is 100-140 kcal/cm2 a year,
while the numbex of sunny days a year is 100-300 more than in the zone of the USSR,
which is at the Qame latitude as the MPR. The resources of solar energy in the
MPR are making it possible to use solar energy extensively for the desalinization
of water, its heating, the drying and cooling of various items, the cultivation of
vege~ables and fodder plants in hothouses.
In some regions of the country there are opportunities to use the wind as a source
of energy. The wind is a free eneY~gy source. Therefore among some people the
opinion still exists that the power obtained by mear.s of a wind mill is also prac-
tically "free." A peculiarity of the wind as an energy source consists first of
all in its variability, the great changeability of the velocit}~ and, consequent?y,
the energy. Wind power plants are used most often as a power drive among agricul-
tural consumers, for example, as watering places, mills and so forth.
~n rec:ent years wind electric power stations, including high-speed wind electric
power stations like the Berkut, as well as units of the series of general-purpose
wind e].ectric power plants (UVEU's) with a unit capacity of 4 and 16 kW, have been
produce~3 in the USSR.
The r~ain ~rawback of this type of sources of electric power is their dependence on
the availability and velocity of the wind. Therefore their use for the supply of
electric power to agricultural consumers with set schedules of electric power con-
sumption is possible only when batteries and standby sources of el~ctric power are
available.
It is quite understandable that the use of the enumerated sources, which are united
under the overall concept "small-scale power engineering," may be mainly of a sea-
sonal nature. Therefore the more reliable supply of power to numerous nonstation-
ary consumers in rural areas is necessary. In all likelihood it is possible to con-
sider gasoline and diesel electric power stations as one of the main reliable
sources of electric power for such consumers.
Gasoline and diesel electric power stations of a small unit capacity, which it is
possible and more convenient to use for the supply of electric power to nonstation-
ary agricultural consumers, especially for the needs of livestock breeders, are be-
ing produced or are being developed in the CEMA ~ember countries an~i other countries.
T:ie accomplishment of electrification is, in the words of V. I. Lenin, "the first
important step an the path to the communist organization of the economic life of
- society." He believed that "electrification is the most important of all the great
tasks facing us."3 In carrying out this behest of Lenin, the MPRP and the Mongoli-
an peaple are gradually solving the problems of the electrification of the country.
3. The Complete Mechanization and Automation of Produ.:tion Pr~cesses, the Improv2-
ment of Production Technology on the Basis of Electrification
- At the present stage of the building of the material and technical base of social-
ism in the MPR the problem of increasing labor productivity is acquiring particular
3. V. T.. Lenin, "Polr_. sobr. soch.," Vol 40, p 156.
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urgency, sin~~e the avallable manpower reaources cannot enaure without this the nec-
essary scale of development of production and the nonproductive gphere. The in-
crease of labor productivity is being achieved primarily on the basis of the intro-
duction of advanced equipment and rechnology, the automation and complete mechaniza-
tion of production processes and the electrification of production. These direc-
tions of the development of productfon are interconnected.
The works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism contain valuable assumptions and
methodological approaches to the study of the problem of the improvement of the
technical base of production and the change of the nature and conditions of labor
in the case of the mechanization and automation of production processes on the basis
- of electrification. Speaking about labor productivity as the most important and
main thing for the triumph of the new social system, V. I. Lenin emphasized the need
for the extensive use of technology, this decisive means of increasing labor produc-
tivity.
"The more highly technology is developed," he wrot~, "the more the manual labor of
man is supplanted, being replaced by a series of more and more complex machines...."4
K. Marx repeatedly emphasized the importance of machine technnlogy and its role in
the acceleration of the rate of progress of productive forces and in the use of
scientific knowledge in product.ion. "As a machine the means of labor," K. Marx
- noted, "acquires such a physical fo~ of existence, which governs the replacement
of human power by the powers of nature and of empirical routine techniques by the
conscious application of natural science."5
The saving of national labor by means of technology and the facilitation of the la-
bor of workers are being achieved first of all by means of the complete mechaniza-
tion of production processes. Complete mechanization, in turn, is a mandatory pre-
requisite of the automation of production in all sectors of the national economy.
New technology presumes the use of an advanced processing method. Only in this
case is it possible to achieve a significant increase of labor productivity.
The development of the complete mechanization and automation of production is being
carried out on the basis of its electrification. Electric power is the only power
carrier which is capable of providing the required speed and connection of produc-
_ tion operations in the case of the complete mechanization and automation of pro-
duction.
The MPRP and the MPR Government aCtach great importance to the further improvement
of the technical base of production and to the increase of the level of the mechani-
zation and automation of production processes--the basis of the increase of produc-
tion efficiency and labor productivity and the improvement of product quality. The
importance of technology, which always played an important role in the development
of social production, is especially increasing during the present peried, when the
problems of completing the building of the material and technical base of socialism
are being solved. As a result of the steps taken in all the sectors of the national
economy modern technology is being introduced extensively, the number of completely
mechanized industrial enterprises is increasing with each year. In 1979 about
4. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. ~obr. soch.," Vol 1, p 100.
S. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch." /Works/, 2d edition~ Vol 23, p 397.
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250 c~~mplc~tc~ :~u[~mi~trd i~nd s~mi-.iutomACed lines, more thtsa l~UOU aucutuat ir u~Hrl~lnae+
and semi-autumatic equipment were in operation at industrial enCerpriaea.
The ~evel of the mechanization of production in the national economy has increased
significantly, first of all at power, coal, mining and wool pr~cessing enterprieea,
in flour milling and at meat combines. According to the level of the mechanization
of labor-consuming job~ and the automation of productian processes power engineer-
ing holds one of the leading places. Practically all the processes at electric
power stations, except the unloading of coal from cars, today are completely mecha-
nized. At Th er mo-Electric Power Station No 3 in Ulaanbaatar this process was
mechanized after the placement into operation of a car tipper.
The main and auxiliary equipment of. electric gower stations is equipped with elec-
tronic governors and technological protection, automatic field rheostats have been
- installed on the generators, electric power transmission lines are equipped with
high-speed relay protection and automatic reconnection equipment, the substations
, of key consumers are equipped with automatic connections of reserve power supply.
Such features of power generation as the simultaneity of generation and consumption,
the brevity of technological processes and the ever increasing demands on the reli-
ability of power supply dictated the need for extensive automation along the entire
"generation-transmission-distribution and consumption" chain of electric power and
- thermal energy. With respect to the level of automation of the main production
processes at heat and electric power stations (management, protection, monitoring
and warning) the MPR zs at the level of the other CEMA member countries.
In recent years measures aimed at the mechanization of operations and the facilita-
tion of the labor of miners have been taken at coal and mining enterprises, which
have labor-consuming production processes. One of the major achievements of recent
years in the area of the mechanization of labor in the coal industry is the use of
mechanized stope complexes with small-cut continuous miners, which considerably in-
creased the labor productivity of the miners. The average daily productivity of
one longwall increased 4.2-fold as compared with a longwall equipped with a wide-
~ cut continuous miner and wooden supports. Powerful walking excavators and other
types of modern mine transportation equipment are being used in open-cut coal min-
_ ing.
The mining industry of the country is a sector which is equipped with highly pro-
ductive modern equipment. The new stage in technical progress in the sector is
connected with the estaUlishment of joint Mongolian-Soviet enterpriaea. Thus,
powerful highly productive equipment, which is produced in the USSR (excavators,
drilling rigs, dump trucks with a laad capacity of 40 tons and other equipment),
is being used at the Erdenet Mining and Concentration Combine for the gerformance
of mining. The labor productivity here is at the level of the best foreign enter-
prises of this sort. Highly productive Soviet-made equipment is also being used
at the mines and open pits of the Mongolsovtsvetmet Association.
- A number of ineasures on the increase of production efficiency, the improvement of
the quality and the enlargement of the assortment of goods on the basis of the in-
troduction of advanced equipment and technology have been implemented in light in-
dustry, owing to which considerable progress has been achieved in the area of the
mechanization and automation of production.
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�
In the wool processing industry, for example, twin-blade carpet looms, highly pro-
ductive spinning and doubling machines, draw looms, automatic and semi-automatic
spinning machines, machines for the dyeing of wool and chemical fibers unde?- pres-
sure, units for nonwoven materials and other model equipment have been introduced
and assimilated. The complete mechanization of the transportation of wool between
the operations divisions has been carried out.
Highly productive and special sewing machines, semi-automatic machines and ironing
- presses and presses for sizing have been introduced in the sewing industry.
Considerable technical progress has been achieved in the leather footwear and fur
industry as a result of the introduction and assimilation of individual types of
modern equipment, for example, vibrating staking machines, polishing and dust-
removing units for the surface coloring of leather, electronic measurer~ of the
area of finished goods, machines for the lasting of the toes of footwear by the
_ sizing method and the forming of a shoe which has been stretched on a last, inte-
grated machines for the production of lasts, hydraulic presses, equipment for hot
vulcanization and others.
- In the food industry integrated equipment of automatic action is being introduced,
large mechanized refrigeration services and highly productive flow lines are being
established.
In spite of the definite gains in the mechanization and automation of production
processes in many sectors, as a whole the state of inechanization and automation
does not meet present requirements. In industry about 50 percent of the workers
are engaged in manual labor. The level of inechanization at aymag food combines and
brick plants is especially inadequate. The inadequate mechanization of repair,
loading and unloading operations and int:aplant transportation is ths most ck~arac-
' terist~c bottleneck in the mechanization of production in all. the sectors of the
national economy.
The mechanization of production processes in such an important sector of the na-
tional economy as animal husbandry is acquiring partic;ular importance.
Difficult physical labor is still being retained in the performance of some basic
and auxiliary operations. Along with the introduction in production of automated
and mechanized assembly lines, loading and unloading operationa and intraplant
transportation should also be mechanized by means of the uae of mobile materials-
handling devices.
Although machines and equipment, which make it possible to completely mechanize and
automate production processes, are being introduced in all the sectors of the na-
tional economy, the production process as a whole at enterprises often is sti11 not
covered by complete mechanization. The partial mechanization or automation of pro-
duction processes at times has the result that it is necessary to increase the num-
ber of those working in that area of production, in which labor is still not mecha-
nized. The advantages of individual highly mechanized processes in some sector of
the national economy to a considerable extent are reduced by the presence of proc-
esses with a low level of inechanization.
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In ~ome sec[urs uf tl~e naCiunal economy with an extensive liet of itenta, t~n individ-
ual nature of production and a great complexity of technological processes the com-
plete replacement of manua~ labor in basic production is not achieved even with
complete mechanization. The point is that the expenditures on the development of
machines for some operations exceed by many times the impact from thei.r use. The
level of inechanization in this case is determined both by the technical potentials
and by the economic feasibility. For the MPR with ita small population practical
and theoretical research on questibns of the effectiveness of the automation and
mechanization of production and management is of especially great importance. The
study of the economic problems of inechanization and automation and the drawing up of
the corresponding proposals are of no less importance than the development and im-
provement of equipment.
The conditions characterizing complete mechanization are not stable. The technical
base of production is constantly being improved. On the basis of the definition of
mechanization as the process of the replacement of manual labor by the work of
machines, as well as of obsolete machines by improved machines, it is expedient to
distinguish, first, primary mechanization, which comes to replace manual labor, and,
second, the secondary, higher stage of inechanization, when its level is increased
by the replacement of functioning means with new, more productive means.
In rhe former case it is a matter of the development of inechanization "in breadth,"
in the iatter it is its development "in depth," which pertains to both partial and
complete mechanization. �
This differentiation is of substantial importance for the study of the nature of the
mechanization of production, the choice of its ways and means and the evaluation of
the socio-economic results. At present prim.ary mechanization, which is character-
ized by the introduction of machines in the ma~in productior~ processes, is being im-
pJ.emented in many sectors of the MPR national economy. Much work has to be done on
primary mechanization in auxiliary processes a.nd operations.
As a result of the implementation of primary mechanization labor productivity is
increasing sharply. It would be incorrect, however, to believe that pritnary and
secondary mechanization should proceed in a strict sequence. In the MPR they are
being implemented both in sequence and in parallel or even without the first stage.
The higher level of inechai~ization is characterized by the fact that some types of
machines are replaced by others, by equipment of greater capacity and productivity.
~ Now along with mechanical ~~:onnectors hydraulic, pneumatic, electronic, electromag-
netic and other connectors are being used extensively in the designs of machines,
which ensures a high stability and quality of the machines and in the end substan-
tially increases the productivity of the tools of labor.
Whereas the release of workers of manual labor is decisive in mechanization, for
automation this is not the main specific trait. In the changeover to automation
the center of gravity shifts from the problem of the replacement of the manual la-
bor of man in the technological process to the problem of the replacement of his
mental functions by equipment. Moreover, in the case of automation it is important
to ensure the continuity of the production process in the case of an advanced tech-
nological mode.
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At all the stages of the improvement of automat{on equipment, in the use of semi-
automatic and automatic equipment and automatic li~les we have attempted to increase
the degree of continuity of the work. A qualitative ~ump was recently made in this
direction. The development of automatic equipment with a feedback system (ma~hines
wi.th automatic control and ad~ustment) increased significantly the continuity of its
operation. ~
At the present stage of the building of socialism in the MPR both the complete
mechanization and the automation of production processes are equally important.
Thi.s is also the heart of the technical policy in this area. The scientifically
sound planning of the constructioii of new industrial enterprises, the r~novation
and modernization of operating ones. is of great importance for the pursuYt and im-
plementation of such a policy. The drafted plans should ensure the complete mecha-
- nization and aut~mation of production processes. Taking into accounting the great
social and economic importance of automation, when constructing new enterprises its
level should correspond to the level of the enterprises of developed countries. In
industry the devslopment and adoption of aut~mated control systems of technological
processes will also be of great importance.
_ Complete mechanization and automation are making it possible to radically improve
and facilitate working conditions, to eliminate difficult physical, and then all
unskilled, manual labor in the performance of basic and auxiliary production opera-
tions.
Under present conditions, when the number of production enterprises and the list of
products being produced by them are constantly increasing and multilateral rela-
tions are developing on the domestic and foreign markets, the problem of the mecha-
nization and automation of computing and calculating work and the mechanization of
administrative labor as a whole is pressing. As the achievements of scientific and
technical progress are introduced in different sectors of the national economy,,the
need arises for the automatic control and regulation of various technological proc-
esses and the operating mode of machines.
, The effectiveness of the management of the national economy is inseparably con-
nected with the questions of the development of automated control systems, the in-
troduction of modern computers for the gathering, storage and processing of infor-
mation, as well as the extensive use of mathematical economics methods. A State
Computer Center is already in operation in the MPR.
A computer station, which is equipped with amall Robotron-1720 and Robotron-4201
computers for the primary and integrated processing of information and the produc-
tion of machine carriers, is being established in the production association of the
~ leather footwear industry. An automatic control syetem of production is being
adopted for the first time at the joint Mongolian-Soviet Erdenet Mining and Concen-
tration Combine. The use of modern automatic data processing equipment and mathe-
matical economics methods will make it possible to increase the effe~tiveness of
the solution of the main problems of the management of the production operations of
the combine.
The establishment of computer centers and computer stations is the begining of much
work on the improvement of the management of the economy and the automation of the
processing of economic information. However, the organization of the centers does
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not entirely solve the problems of the centralized automatic processing of state-
wide, scientific and technical information and the mechanization of the calculating
work of industrial enterprises and institutions. Therefore, the eatablishment of
collective-use computer centers and computer stations, which are equipped with
modern computer hardware, and the mechanization of data proczssing on the basis
the extensive use of small computers are an.immediate task.
In addition to the technical aspect, the complete mechanization and automation of
production have an aspect which is conne~ted with the change of the nature of labor
and the role of man in the production process. The new equipment and technology
require a new worker. A person, when participating in the production process, now
does not directly affect the object of labor, but is linked with the latter through
a complex technical system. The worker is removed, as K. Marx predicted, from the
technological process itself. The number of workers engaged in mental labor, which
is saturated with a great intellectual content, ie increasing rapidly. With the
development of science and technology profound structural changes are occurring in
aggregate national labor, the use of simple labor is decreasing and the area of
application of complex labor is expanding considerably.
This process takes the form of the gradual increasing of the proportion of skilled
- and highly skilled personnel and the decrease of the proportion of unskilled work-
ers.
Under the influence of technical progress all the components making up the produc-
tion process undergo progressive changes. Technology is one of the most important
components and at the same time is often the most "conservative."
The technology of industrial production up until the last decade was developed
- ~long the line of the greater and greater subdivision of operations. The mechani-
cal methods of machining--cutting, gXinding and so on--played the main role here.
_ A turn j~ production technology, which was simultaneously both a con~equence and
a prerequisite of the efficient use of new means and ob3ects of labor, is now tak-
ing place. Production technology is being developed by the changeover from dis-
crete (noncontinuous) multioperational processes of machining to continuous proc-
esses of high precision, which are based on the physicochemical and biological proc-
essing of the objects of labor in the presence of closed flow~charts with the com-
plete processing of the intermediate products. As practice shows, the automation
of the production process without a change in the production technology does not
provide the proper impact.
The radical improvement of the technological principles of the processing of mate-
_ rials is a social ne~essity, it serves at the same time as a powerful stimulus for
the designing of new tools of labor. In this connection we should quote the words
of K. Marx, who directed attention to the importance of not only tools of labor,
but also the technological process. "Economic eras," he wrote, "are distinguished
not by what is produced, but by /how it is produced/ /in italics/ (emphasized by
us--Ts. G.), by what means of labor."6 The importance of the technology of "how
- it is produced" is especially increasing in our times. The changeover from modern
tools of labor to fundamental~.y new tools can be accomplished only on the basis of
- a comprehensive approach, the introduction of fundamentally new technological
6. K. Marx and F. Engels, "Soch.," 2d edition, Vol 23, p 191.
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processes. The technology predetermines the nature of the interaction between the
tool of labor, the object of labor and the worker, which is subordinate to the main
goal--to transform the ob~ect labor into a finished product by means of the tool of
lsbor. The improvement of the methods of the output of products, the development of
new types of production and the improvement of its organization are the ma.in conte~lt
of technological progress. As a result of the development of technology on the ba-
sis of the achievements of science new types of materials and energy are being used
in production, technological methods are being based on new principles.
The application of science in all the sectors of production and the increase of the
- level of its technological effectiveness are being advanced as one of the main fac-
tors of the acceleration of the development of the productive forces of the MPR.
Owing to the technical and economic policy of the party and the government modern
technology is being introduced in the sectors of the national economy and new types
- of technology are being developed. However, in spite of the placement of new enter-
_ prises into operation and the renovation of operating ones, the probiem of the use
of new technology has not yet found a comprehensive solution. The use of chemical,
biochemical, electrical, physical and other advanced technology is typical of new
and renovated enterprises. At the same time mechanical technology still predomi-
nates in some sectors of industry. Thus, at a number of enterprises of light and
the food industry the group of processes with a mechanical technology is more than
55 percent, while the proportion of chemical technology fluctuates within the range
of 2-9 percent and that of electrical technology--2-6 percent. The predominance of
mechanical technology aC such enterprises causes the incomplete processing of raw
materials and materials and lenghtens the production cycle. The improvement of
product quality is being complicated due to the inadequate introduction of automated
systems of the monitoring and regulation of technolc~gical processes and due to the
violations uf the flow charts, which are still encountered.
In countries with a great scientific and technical potential theoretical and ex-
perimental work is being performed on an extensive scale for the purpose of develop-
ing fundamentally new technological processes, the technological basis of the
changeover to integrated automated production is being formed. The development of
= technological progress in the r~R both by the introduction of new technology and
by the improvement of the technology being used presumes their optimum combination.
For the most complete utilization of the gotentials of advanced equipment it is
- necessary to ensure the adoption of new technological processes.
The use of diverse equipment, which converts electric power into thermal energy,
affords a great opportunity to transform the technology of many sectors of the na-
tional economy. The electrification of technological processes is connected with
the need to perform a certain amount of work on the use of currents of superhigh
frequency, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, ultrasonics, superhigh and superlow
temperatures, electron and ion beams, laser and radioactive rays and other methods,
which are based on electric power. This especially pertains to works, which use
fast-spoiling raw materials and produce products wh~ch are not to be stored for a
long time. The trzatment of food products with ultraviolet rays, that is, the use
of the so-called method of cold sterilization, promotes the preservation of the
quality of fast-spoiling food products during the period of storage in warehouses
and at stores in the presence of temperatures above 0� C. With the treatment of
_ products by this method the losses are less than in the case of storage in
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r~~tri~;~�r:itut-~. '1'ha� tiuc~�c~:;sful soluCl~n uf this problem will lead to ma~jor chaibbe~
in the technology oE the present refrigerating industry.
Such methods of raPid thawing (methods of internal heating) as the microwave, di-
electric and electrocontact methods, which are based on the dielectric properties of
the frozen products themselves,~are being used in industry. These methods differ
from traditional methods by the prevention of the excessive increase of the tempera-
ture in tl~e surface layers of.the product, the decrease of the moisture loss and
the shortenin~ of the duration of the process of thawing.
The deep freezing of food products in a medium of liquid nitrogen and khladon-I2
(freon-12) in recent years has proven itself to be a promising method of processing
food products.
The great shortening of the duration of freezing, the decrease of the drying, the
simplicity of the used equipment and the improvement of the public health state of
production are an advantage of this method, which in the end increases the quality
and cost effectiveness. With the introduction of this method under *_he conditions
of the riPR particular attention is being devoted to the problem of the creation of
_ a refrigerator chain from the producer to the consumer, without which it is impos-
sible to solve the problem of the c~mplete retention of the initial qualities of
food products.
The use of infrared radiation for drying and heating is important in the production
technology of a number of sectors of industry. The use of this type of radiation
when drying products notonly requires considerably less time as compared with the
methoci of steam and hot air drying or with the ordinary natural method, but also
makes it possible to free production areas, to improve working conditions, to in-
crease the product quality, to decrease the production cost and, finally, to change
over thP production process to a continuous flow system.
In the food industry the use of ultrasonics makes it possible to eliminate high
temperature sterilization, which guarantees the complete retention of all the nu-
tritive and taste properties of products.
Chemical technology is affordin~ new prospects, since a large portion of the chemi-
cal processes take place continuously in closed equipment; semimanufactures and
finistied products are transferred by the least expensive type of intraplant trans-
portation--pipelines. Chemical technology is being used more and more extensively
not only at chemical plants, but also at enterprises of the most diverse sectors of
industry, as, for example, the leather, the shoe, the sewing and the food industries.
Tl~e fncrease of the level of chemicalization can be accomplished by the assin~ila-
tion of new chemical methods of the production of output and the improvement of ex-
isting technological processes. The use of enzymes is urgent. In highly developed
countries enzymes have already found application in more than 30 sectors of indus-
try. The use of enzymes shortens the production cycle of many types of products
and increases their quality noticeably. In particular, it is possible to use the
enzyme method in tanning when treating hides, which increases the yield of plant
wool and improves working conditions. For the imprQVement of bread and meat prod-
ucts it is also necessary to conduct further research on the use of enzymes. The
pilot experimental center for microbiology and entomology attached to the meat
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canning combine in Ulaanbaatar has begun the production of various enzymes and bio-
logically active substances from endocrine-enzyme raw m.aterials.
An enzyme shop, in which new modern technology is used, is in operation at the al-
cohol, starch and molasses combine in Dzuunharaa.
The production of enzymes and biologically active substances and their use in pro-
duction are the basis of the creation of a new and advanced microbiological sector.
In the technology of tanning in recent years more attention has begun to be devoted
to the improvement of the combined methods of tanning with the use of chromium,
aluminum, zirconium and titanium salts and synthetic tannins, which are not harmful
to the health af man. The complete use of valuable scraps and the improvement of
technological processes when coloring products with cold-resistant and polychromaLic
bright dye are also one oi t~ie main tasks of the leather industry.
Chemical methods of attaching the sole of a shoe have practically replaced the tra-
ditional method. Thus, in 1963 the glue method was introduced; in 1979 it accounts
for nearly 90 percent in the total volume of output.
Table 9
Proportion of Methods of Binding Shoes
(percent of total) .
Methods of binding 1960 1970 1979
Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 89.2
Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 21.0
Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 31.5 10.8
Sandal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3
= Underside . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3
The use of new materials for the sole is another direction of the chemicalization
of the technology of producing shoes. The production and processing of microporous,
as well as leatherlike rubber are comparatively inexpensive. Whereas 35,000 man-
hours are required for the processing of the leather for the production of 2,000
pair of. shoes, 3,400 man-hours, or one-tenth as much, is required for the sewing o~
the same number of shoes with the use of material produced by the chemical method.
Along with the introduction of new types of advanced technology the skillful combi-
nation of traditional methods of the production of consumer pro~ucts with scientific
and technical achievements is also required. In Mongolia, for example, the tradi-
tional method of producing dried meat (borts), which is based on the principle of
natural sublimation--under the conditions of the lower atmosphere pressure and low
air temperature during the winter period--has been used since times of old. The
combination of the traditional method of producing dried meat (borts) with modern
Freeze drying will make it possj.bl.e to expand the production of this valuable food
product. A number of favorable techniques, which make it possible to use efficient-
ly the components of milk, exist in the domestic technology of producing Mongolian
national dairy products. For the purpose of improving and mechanizing this tradi-
tional technology two specialized plants have already been built in the country.
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J

~
The improvement of the technology of repairing equipment and producing spare parts
is an urgent problem. The machine processing of parts should be replaced by elec-
= tric processing: erectric welding, electromachining, the electric-spark and elec-
- txohydraulic machining of inetals.
The creation of closed technological processes, of so-called waste-free technology,
which ensures the complete use of raw materials, is another important direction of
the improvement of technology.
It is important to combine the introduction of advanced technologies with efficient
- means of the reuse of waste products, especially those made of agricultural raw
materials. For example, the waste products of the meat, dairy, milling and eleva-
_ tor, alcohol and other sectors of the food industry upon further processing are
valuable fodciers for livestock.
The intr~duction of the results of scientific and technical progress in production
~ in many ways is governed by the level of the improvement of the methods and means
of the technological preparation of production. The higher its level is, the more
rapidly and economically the assimilation of new items is accomplished and the
higher the quality indicators of production and the output being produced are.
The creation of a unified system of the technological preparation o� production will
promote the increase of production efficiency. This is an important problem, the
solution of which is conducive to the shortening of the length of the entire cycle
oi planning a:3 the preparation of production for the output of an item with stable
indicators of quality, which meet the needs of the national economy. The improve-
ment of the system of the technological preparation of production not only provides
an appreciable social and economic impact, but also is of decisive importance for
the adoption of automated control systems and the improvement of th~ management of
the national ecor~omy.
- The party and the government are persistently pursuing a policy of the systematic
updating of the products being produced and the increase of their technical level
and quality. By the beginning of 1980 16 percent of the industrial output was be-
ing produced with the State Seal of Quality. A number of ineasures aimed at tt~e in-
crease of product quality and the improvement of quality control have been imple-
mented in recent years. A unified system of the certification of product quality
and a system of the planning and stimulation of the increase of product quality
have been set up. The organization of the quality service at all levels of manage-
ment of the national economy nas been improved, a system of product quality control
is being adopted at individual enterprises. The development and adoption of an in-
tegrated quality control system according to the experience of lea3ing Soviet enter-
prises and the development on this basis of a unified product quality control system
in the national economy are a pressing problem.
T'he role of standardization and state standards as the technical standards base for
the most efficient use of the available resources and the practical introduction of
the latest achievements of science and technology is increasing. By the beginning
of 1980 97 percent of all the products being produced were regulated by state and
sectorial standards.
In recent year a unified state system of standardization has been set up, the plan
of standardization has become a component of the national economic plan, intersec-
torial systems of standardization are being developed.
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1'lic furlh~~i~ l~upruv~�cnc~nt uf the system uf ~tandardiaation and th~ Increase~ Ch~
scientific and technical level of standards are of fundamental importance for the
increase of the efficiency of social production and the improvement of product
quality. The systematic updating of the standards, the elaboration of advanced and
lE~:ding standards, the carrying out of overall standardization and the introduction
of the goal program method of planning in the work on standardization are an impor-
tant condition of the solution of this problem. The increase of the organizing
role of standardization is inseparably connected with the adoption in practice of
- the standards of enterprises. The main function of the standards of enterprises is
- the assurance of the effective adoption and strict observance of state and sectorial
standards by the appropriate correlation of their requirements to the specific nz.ture
of the enterprise.
The solution of the main problems of the improvement of production technology will
increase not only the technical level of products, but also the overall technical
- level ot industry of the MPR and ther~by will play an important role in the in-
crease of the efficiency of social production.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Ekonomika", 1380
7807
CSO: 1819/1 END
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