JPRS ID: 9813 WORLDWIDE REPORT NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS DRUGS

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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 52
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/ 10075
- 26 October 1981
~J SS R ~e ort
p
MATERIALS SCIENCE AP~D ME r~ALLURGY
(FOUO 5/81)
F~lS FOREIGN BRO~ADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10075
- 26 October 1981
USSR REPORT
. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
~ (FOUO 5/81)
_ CONTENTS
COATINGS
High-Temperature Protection of Materials 1
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
~'olymers and Polymer-Based Composite Materials in Industry 8
New Book on Composite Materials 12
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Stress-Strain Testing of Mater~als at High Temperatures 18
NONFERROUS METALLURGY
Present, FS~ture of USSR Titanium-Magnesium Industry 22
POWDER METAZLURG~:
Titanium Powder Metallurgy 30
MISCELLANEOUS ~
Kinetics c~f High-Temper~ature Failure of Materials 33
- a- [III - USSR - 21G S&T FOUO]
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COATINGS
HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROTECTION OF MATERIALS
Leningrad VYSOKOTEMPERATURNAYA ZASHCflITA.1~IATERIALOV in Russian 1981 (sigued to
press 8 Apr 81) ~p 2, 299-303
~ [Annotation and table of conte~ts from book "High-TemperaLure Protection of
Materials", edited by Academician M. M. Shul'ts, Doctor of Technical Sciences A. I.
- Borisenko, Candidates of Technical Science.s Ye, A. Antonova and A. Ya. Sitnikova,
Doctors of Technical Sciences S. S. Solnts~v and N. P. R13aritonuv, USSR Academy
of Sciences Institute of Silicate Chemi~trg~ imeni I. V. Grebenshchikov, Izdatel'~tvo
"Nauka", 1900 copies, 304 pages]
[Text] This volume is based on s~holarly papers presented at the Ninth All-Union
Conference on Heat-Resistant Coatings. These papers contain the results of the
latest research conducted in the area cf obtaining protective coatings for
structural materia].s. They present the physicochemical principles of obtaining
and investigating the properties of temperature-stable protective and other
special coatings in met311ic and nonmetallic structural materials. Various types of
coatings are examined: diffusion, plasma, detonation, dross-firing, low-temperature
hardening, etc. Considerable attention is devoted to a description of inethods of
bonding and testing coatings in various corrosive media. ~
This volume is intended for scientists, engineers and technicians working in the
area of development of highly efficient means of protecting structural materials in
various operating conditions.
Table of Con~:ents Page
General .
Borisenko, A. I., and Vyashchenkq K. A. Di~fusion Processes at the Metal-
Coating Interface 3
Antonova, Ye. A.; Kayalova, S. S.; Pevzner, B. Z.; Sazonova, M. V.; and
Sitnikova, A. Ya. On the Genesis of Phases in Heterogeneous Inorganic
Coatings Obtained by Suspension-Firing Technology 8
Ivanov, Ye. G. Thermodynamic Principle.s of Calorizing 20
~
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= Prokoshkin, D. A.; Barzov, A. A.; Loakutov, V. S.; and Karasov, A. A. Study
of Cracking of Oxide Films on MoSiz by the Acoustic Emission Method 25
6vatovskaya, L. B.; Sychev, M. M. and Yukhnova, 0. G. The Cuncept of Bond
Nonsaturation and Some Problems of Obtaining Materials 31
Gorbatenko, V. Ye.; Rat'kova, V. P.; and Berestova, Ye. Application of
M~thods of Planning Experiments in Synthesis of Heat-Resistant Enamel
Goating
34
Svatovskaya, L. B. Boridothermal Synthesis of Materials 40
Berezina, N. N.; Belikov, A. M.; and Vorontsov, Ye. S. Change in Activation
- Energy in the Process of Growth of a Zr02 Film 42
Gorbatenko, V. Ye.; Donchenko, D. M.; Guziy, V. A.; Kushnarev, A. S.;
Tkachev, A. G.; and Tkacheva, 0. N. Methods and Inetruments for Znvestiga--
tion and Monitoring of the Properties of Fnamels, Coatings, and the
Quality of Enameled Producte 46
Tsygulev, 0. 'V.; Sosnovskiy, L. A.; and Astakhova, Zh. A. Investigation of
High-Temperature Creep and Creep Limit of a Niobium Alloy with Combined
Coatings in an Oxidizing Medium 50
Antonova, Ye. A., and Semenov, S. A. Effect of Ultraeonic Oscillations on
Flow of Ni-Cr-Si-B-C Melts on the Surface of Steel 53
Kizhner, M. M.; Mizonov, V. M.; Kuzhovkov, Ye. G.; Tolstopyatov, R. V. and
Shkolyar, P. S. Microinhomogeneoua Residual Stresses as a Caa:~~ of
_ Failure of Glass-Enamel Coatings 56
Lysenok, L. N.; Kuznetsov, A. I.; Vasil'yev, L. I.; Bakhtiyarov, A. Sh. and
Lukashevich, M. A. Structural-Chemical Role of Iron in i~eaction Processes
of Sealing of Titanium With Iron-Cantaining Non-Alkaline Aluminum-Boron-
Silicate Glass~s 61
Guseva, I. V.; Mashchenko, T. S.; Borisenko, A. I. Chemical Precipitation
of Coatings WitY~ the Inclusion of Filamentary Fillers 66
Gorin, L. F. Criterion for Quantitative Evaluation of the Effective:iess of
fieat-Resistant Coatings 68
- Diffusion Coatings
Martsenyuk, I. S.; Kaplina, G, S.; Braun, S. M.; and Borisava, A. L. Ad-
hesive Interaction of Specimens of Borated Steel with Preliminary Iron
Plating
71
, Tsirlin, M. S., and Kasatkin, A. V. On Obtaining Coatings with the Partici-
pation ~f Liquid Phase 74
2
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Tsirlin, M. S., and Krasovskiy, A. I. Protecting Niobium and Molyb.ieflum
From High-Temperature Oxidation 79
Sosnovskiy, L. A.; Kaplina, G. S.; Astalchova, Zh. A.y and Korol', Ye. A.
Combined Silicide Coatings on Niobium 83
Abraimnv, N. V. Investigation of th~ Effectiveness of Certain Heat-Resi~ting
Diffus~,on Coatings on Nickel Alloys 86
Go.ryachev, P. T.; Genel', V. A.; Makarova, I. A.; and Gorbunov, N. S. Dif-
fusion siliconizing of Steel with Silicon Oxide 90
Mudrava, A. G.; Gorbunov, N. S.; Medko, Ye. K.; Bayeva, L. S.; Moroz, V. V.;
and Aleksandrova, V. V. Effect of Diffusion Nickel Saturation on the
Structure and Properties of Carbon Steels 93
Mudrova, A. Gorbunov, N. S.; Moroz, V. V.; Medko, Ye. K.; Ba,yeva, L. S.;
and Yashin, V. A. Diff usion Titanium Coating and Its Application in
- Shipbuilding and Ship Repairs 96
Sprayed-On Coatings
Movchan, B. A., and Mala.shenko, I. S. Employment of Electron-Be~n Vaporiza-
tion for Obtaining Heat-Resistant Coatings 99
Klimenko, V. S.; Skadin, V. G.; and Borisova, A. L. Methods and Results of
Diagnosing the Proces3 of Detonation Spraying of Coatings 103
Bartenev, S. S.; Fed'ko, Yu. P.; and Nedel'ko, V. Ye. Dependence of the
~ Filtration Factor of Uetonation Coatings of Aluminum Orides on the ~om-
position of the Deton~ting Gas Mixture 109
Borisova, A. L.; Klimenko, V. S.; Shiyanovskaya, I. Ye.; Kudrevich, R. A.;
Skadin, V. G.; Astakhov, Y~. A.; Zverev, A. I.; and Gol'dfayn, V. N.
Phase Transformations During Detonation Spraying and Their Effect on the
Wear Resistance of Aluminum Oxide Coatings 112
Borisava, A. L.; Borisava, Yu. S.; Braun, S. M.; and Martsenyuk, I. S. In- ~
vesti.gation of the Adhesive Interaction of Plasma Coatings of Eutectic
Alloys on High-Temperature Corrosion-Resistant Steels 115
K~rpino~, D. M.; Zil'berberg, V. G.; Vyal'tsev, A. M.; and Kukhtarevaa
T. V. Plasma Coatings of Refractor~ Oxides and Their Compositions 120
Karpinos, D. M.; Zil'berberg, V.' G.; Chekhovskiy, A. A.; amd Paderno, N.
' Investigation of Conditions of Producing and Properties of Plasma Nickel-
Chrome Coatings on Ob~ects of Spherical Shape 124
~ Kitayev, F. I.; Lekarev, Yu. G.; and Litvinenko, V. N. Thermal State of
Particles During Plasma Spraying of Me~al-So1id Lubricant Coatings 128
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Kitayev, F. I.; Tsidulko, A. G.; Rusanov, V. M.; and Litvinenko, V. N.
Plasma Coating of Ti-Ni Composition for Protecting Titanium Alloys
Against Wear 132
Kulik, A. Ya.; Zakharov, N. I.; and Mezernitskiy, A. Y+i. Plasma Oxide
Coatings on Diesel Engine Parts 134
Alekseyev, V. V.; Goryachkovskiy, Yu. G.; Karasov, A. .A; and Loskutov,
V. S. Plasma 5pray~~g of a Heat-Resistant Coating onto Graphite 137
- Polyakov, S. P.; Kravetskiy, G. A.; Pozdeyev, G. A.; Konokotin, V. V.;
Komarov, B. V.; and Gorbatenko, E. V. Plasma-Flame Spraying of Protective
Coatings onto Gra~hitized Electrodes 140
Goncharov, E. V.; Bakman, L. L.; Degtyarenko, V. N.; Dashkevich, I. P.;
Synnrov, V. F.; Shelina, T. A.; and Ta2nnykh, K. M. Applying Protective
Coatings in a Stream of Induction Plasma ~nto the Surfaces of Metal 144
Beketov, A. R.; Svistunov, V. V.; Obabkov, N. V.; and Shurygin, V, S. Some
Features of Obtaining Temperature-Stable Coatings by the Technique of
_ Spraying on Materials with a Stream of Low-Temperature Plasma 148
Karpinas, D. M.; Zil'berberg, V. G.; Vyal'tsev, A. M.; Kalyuzhnyy, A. D.;
and 5hu1'ga, 0. V. U1:ilization of Plasma Coatings in Tape Advance
Assemblies of Video Ta~e Recorders 152
Kopylov, V. .I.; Shatinskiy, V. F.; Strongin, B. G.; and Varvus, I. A.
Heat Resistance and Relaxation Proper::ies of Solids with Plasma Coatings 155
- Obabkov, N. V.; Sorokin, V. G.; Guznov, B. N.; Beketov, A. R.; Svistunov,
V. V.; and Shurygin, V. S. Temperature-Stable W aar-Resistant Coatings
Containing Chromium Borides 159
Solov'yev, B. M.; Degtev, G. F.; Gasik, L. N.; Vashkevich, F. F.;
Zhuravel', V. I.; and Dudenko, A. N. Comparative Investigations of the
Properties af Heat-Resistant Coatings Obtained by Electric-Arc Metalliza-
tion and Plasma Spraying 164
~ Dekhtyar', L. I.; Loskutov, V. S.; Gorshkov, B. N.; Lazarenko, G. P.;
Kudryavtsev, Yu. P. Ignat'kov, D. A.; Murav'yev, A. I.; and Khanin,
_ A. Ya. Methods of Determination and Principal Properties of Plasma-
Sprayed Coat~ngs of Nichrome 167
- Sokolova, T. V.; Kozlova, I. R.; Derko, Kh.; Kalyada, T. L.; and Sokolov,
, A. A. Investigation of the Parameters of Porous Structure and Phase Com-
position of Plasma Coatings Based on High-Temperat~ire Oxides 172
Dross-Firing Coatings
Svirskiy, L. D.; Bondarenko, T. S.; Bragina, L. L.; Gordiyenko, Ya. I.;
Zhukovin, V. I.; Kazakevich, V. M.; Latysheva, M. M.; and Prikhod'ko,
L. I. Some Results of Investigations in the Area of Heat-Resistant Coating,s 178
4
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Petrenko, M. I.; Ryabov, S. I.; Prokt~palo, M. G.; Nikolayeva, L. V.;
Borisenko, A. I.; and Kha.shkovskiy, S. V. Industrial Protection of
Niobium Hot Closed-Die Forging Blanks 181
Sazonova, M. V.; Gorbatova, G. N.; and Kurapova, N. I. Study of the Condi-
tions of Formation and Heat Resistance of Silicon Carbide and Boron-Base
Coatings an GMZ Graphite 184
Borisenko, A. I.; Pugach, T. N.; and Ivanov, A. A. High-Temperature
Protective Coating for Tantalum A].loys 188
Khashkavskiy S. V.; Borisenko, A. I.; Nikolayeva, L. V.; Yefimova, L. N.;
ar.d Lazukin, V. B. Interaction in the Metal-Coat3ng System During
Facing 191
_ Antonova, Ye. A., and Sinay, L. M. Interaction of Elements in a Mixture
of Ni-Cr-Si-B Powdera During Heating 196 .
Borisenko, V. A., and Sitnikova, A. Ya. Interaction of Components in a
Glassceramic Coating Layer 201
Sedmale, G. P.; Sedmalis, U. Ya.; and Tsimdin'sh, R. A. High-Temperature
_ Pro~.ective CoatingS Based on A~uminosilicate-Phosphate Systems 205
Sazonova, M. V., and Smirnova, G. T. Zr02-Mg0-Si02 Coating for Porous
_ Magnes~a Ceramic 208
- Ban'kovskaya, I. B., and Sazonova, M. V. Decrease in Gas Fermeability
of Porous Ceramic With Magnesium Oxide-Based Coatinge 212
Kayalova, S. S., and Baykova, G. V. Influence of the Composition of
Silicate Liquid Phase on the Properties of Coatings Obtained by the Ad-
sorption Deposition Method 214
Dmitriyev, V. S.; Nikolayeva, L. V.; Borisenko, A. I.; Lapenkova, V. Ya.;
- Kvasnevskiy, I. P. InvestigatioY! of a Glassceraffiic Insulation Group
for ~ligh-Temperature Electrical Winding'Wires 218
Kolganova, V. A.; Nikolayeva, L. V.; Borisenlw, A. I., and Lapenkova,
V. Ya. Investigation of High Heating-Resistance Wirea with ~eramicglass
Insulation 221
Nikolayeva, L. V.; Belova, I. V.; Vyashchenko, K. A.; and Degen, M. G.
Interaction of Lanthanum Oxide with So:.uti.on-Type Glasses 225
Gorbatenko, V. Ye.; Tkachev, A. G.; Svetlichnyy, 'V. A.; Kushnarev, A. S.;
- and Tkacheva, 0. N. Study of Gassing in an Enamel Melt During Firing 228
Pevzner, B. Z.; Dzhavuktsyan, S. G.; Piller, M. D.; Dyagilev, A. N.; and
Zagaynyy, V. K. Pyroceramic Seals 231
5
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Kuznetsov, A. I., and Suykovskaya, N. G. Glassea for Sealing Electrical Con-
nectors 236
Uahgkov, D. F., and Kuznetsc~~ra, A. I. ~namels for Pratective-Decorative
Coatings on Aluminum Alloys 239 ~
Venzel', L. I.; Kudrayvtseva, G. A.; and Rudenko, L. V. On the Rel.ation- ~
_ ship Between Stressed State of Enamel Coatings and Temperature Stability 243 '
Popov, N. N. Fractuxe of Steel at the Interface With a Gaseous Medium and a ~
Thin Layer of Silicate Melt 246
Law-Temperature Hardening Coatin;s
Kharitonov, N. P. Investigation of the Structure and Properties of Organo-
silicate Coatir_gs 252
Bova, Ye. A.; Kharitonov, N. P.; and Patyayev, Ye. A. Effe;,tiveness oF Em-
ployment of Organosilicate Coatinga 255
Starodubtseva, N. N.; Nakhapetyan, R. A.; Glebova, I. B.; Spiridonov, V. I.;
Ostrovskiy, V. V.; and Kharitonov, N. P. Physi.:ochemical Methods of
- Investigation of Organosilicate Coatings 262
Ostrovskiy, V. V., and Kharitonov, N. P. Theoretical and Experimental Data
on Increasing the Heat Resistance of Organosilicate Coatings 267
Kiivtsov, V. A.; Kharitonov, N. P.; Khudobin, Yu. I.; Stepa~ov, K. N.;
- Andreyeva, N. A.; and Chipenko, V. Z. Employment of Organosilicate
_ Materials in Thermophysical Monitoring Sensors 272
Krotikov, V. A.; Filina, L. V.; and Kharitonov, N. P. Investigation of
Phase Transformations of the Polpmer-Silicate Base of Organosilicate
Coatings, Taking Place at Temperatures up zo 140U�C 274
Leongard, A. D.; Potapov, A. P.; .Stepan~ov, K. N.; KY:aritonov, N. P.; and
- Khudobin, Yu. I. Heat-Resistant Organosilicate Coatings in Thermo-
electric Heater Elements 2~~
Dmitriyev, V. S.; Stepanov, K. iJ.; Kharitonov, N. P.; Kvasnevskiy, I. P.
Heat-Resistant Electrical Insulation Coatings and Adhesives for
Protection and Joining of Pera~endur-Tj?pe Alloys 280
Stepanov, K. N.; Kharitonav,N. P.; Basuyeva, Ye. V.; Degen, M. G.; and
Polyakova, V. G. Influence of Oxides on the Microstructure and
Strength Characteristics of Organosilicate Coatings 28q
Pashchenko, A. A.; Sviderskiy, V. A.; and Tkach, V. V. Heat-Resistant
Coatings with Elevated Bioresistance 288
- Borisenko, A. I.; Kuznetsova, L. A.; Perveyev, A. F.; and Troshkin, S. V.
Some Data on the Light-Res{stance of Diffusely Reflecting Coatings 289
6
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Sychev, M. M.; Krylo~, 0. S.; Medvedeva, I. N. and Bogoyavlenskaya, G. A.
Heat-Resistant Adhesives Based on Inorganic Bonding Ageats 293
Sychev, M. M.; Komarova, G. I.; Svatovskaya, L. B. and Yukhnova, 0. G.
Binders Based on Inorganic Polymer Solutions 296
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'svto "Nauka", 1981
3024
- CSO: 1842/1
~
~
7
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_ COMPOSITE MATERIAIS
UDC: 678.675
E'OLYf4ERS AND POLYMER-BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS Il~ INDUSTRY ~
Kiev POLIMERY T KOMPOZITSIONNYYE MATERIALY NA, IK~i 05NOVE V TEKHNIKE in Russian 1981
(signed to press 2 Feb 81) pp 2-4, 179-180
[Annotation, foreword and table of contezts from book "Polymere and Composite
Ma*arials Based on Them in Technology", by Dmitriy Moyseyevich Karpinos and
� Valentina Ivanovna Oleynik, UkSSR Academy of Sc~en~es Institute of Prob].~ms of
- Materials Science, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1500 copies, 180 pagesJ
[Text] This monograph synthesizes advances in the development ~nd investigation of
polymeric materiale in the last 15-20 yeara in the USSR and abr~ad.
Alongside growth in production and expansion of areas of application of traditional
polymeric materials (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, phenolformaldehyde,
epoxy, polyester and other resins), an industry of new polymeric materials is begin- '
ning to develop in all countries (pol;yimidea, polyphenylene.sulfide, polyester
- sulphones, poly~henylene oxide, AB~-plaseics, polyurethanes,etc); in addition to
glass fiber as a reinforcing element for polymer-base compoeite materials, the
manufacture of which is steadily increasing, new reinforcing fibers are appearing in
tk~e industry of various countries carbon, silicon carbide, boron, organic (poly-
amide hydrazide, polyoxyquinoline, polyphenylene, et~).
The authors examine polymers and reinforcing companents manufactured and used in in-
clustry, their properties, types of products manufactured, output volume, cost, area
of application, modern methods of reinforcement and modern concepts on the mechanism
of failure of polymer-base composite materials under various load conditions.
This volume is intended for a braad group of specialists working in the area of
materials science.
Table of Content_~ p~ge
Foreword 3
Intr~duction 5
- Chapter 1. Present State and Development Trends in the Manufacture of
Polym~xs and Polymer-base Composite Materials in the USSR and
Abroad ~
8
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- Principal Features of Development of the Polymeric Materials Industry in
the USSR 8
Polymeric Materials Abroad ~ 11
The Reinforced Plastics Industry Abroad 12
New Polymeric Materi~ls 21
Chapter 2. Thermastable Polymers aad Composite I~iaterials Based on Them 28
Polyimides 29
Chemical Structure and Methods of Obtaining Polyimidea 30
- Commercial Polyimide Resins 33
Co~ercial Molding Polyimides 46
= Chapter 3. Thermoplastic~ in Industry 53
Polyurethanes 61
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Plast~ce 64
Pulypheny].ene Sulfide 67
Aromatic Polysulphones 75
Chapter 4. Reinforcing Filamerts for Polymer-Base Compoaite Materials 81
~ Carbon Filamente 82
Organic Filaments ~1
Boron Filaments and S~licon Carbide Filaments 95
Aluminum Oxide Filaments 96
Chapter 5. Methods of Reinforcement and Mechanism of FatlurP of Polymer-
Based Composite Materials 97
Reinforcing With Filamentary Fillers 97
Types of Filamentary Reinforcement 100
Types of Filaments 102
Matrices in Composite Reinforced Materials 103
Mixed Reinforcement (Hybr,~d Compositions) I06
Mechanism of Failure of Filamentary Polymer-Base Composite Materials
in Various Conditions of Application of Load 107
Compressive Failure 108
Tensile Failure o# Filamentary Composite Materials 111
Shear Failure of Filamentary Compoaite Materials 113
Buckling Failure of FilamEntary Composite Materialg 115
Influence of Interlaminar Stressea on Failure of Laminated Materials 116
Filled Polymers 117
Influence of Environmental Conditions on Polymer-Based Composite
Materials 124
Chapter 6. Modern Methoda of Proceseing Polymeric Materials Into Finished
Products 132
- Processing in a Viscous-Flow State 135
Processing in a Highly E33stic State 148
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Methods of Manufacturing Products of Reinforced Plastics 154
Processing Oriented RNinforced Plastics and Randomly Reinforced
- Molding Materials Into Finished Producta 158
processing Polymeric Materials by Sintering 161
Applying Powder Polymeric Coatings 162
Employment of Polymeric Materials in Bearings 165
Thermoplastics [11] 165
Setting Polymers, Thermosetting Reains and Other Materials 166
Bibliography 1~2 ~
FOREWORD
The last two decaa~c~ have noted remarkable advances in tiie materials science of
polymeric materials. A number of polymers have been synthesized,the heat resistan~e
, and thermal stability of which up to 100�C exceede the corresponding values of
traditional polymers. This qualitative leap forward has been achieved due to ad-
vances in planned synthesis. The materials obtained on the basis of these
polymers can operate at a temperature of 260-300�C for several thousand hours with-
out deterioration of properties; they include the polyimides, for example. A number
of thermoplastic polymers have been synthesized, characterized by the ability to
operate for an extended period of time at a temperature of 200-260�C, by radiation
_ resistance, dimensional stability, creep resistance,~chemical stability, and other
properties essential in industry which make it possible to replace metals with
these materials (phenylone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester sulphones, etc). New
reinforcing components for composite materials have been developed carbon, boron,
silicon carbid~ filaments, filaments of aluminum oxide, organic f lbers (polypara-
phenylene, polyoxaline, polyamide hydrazide, etc), which expand possibilities of
developing composite materials with a large range of properties. New kin~is of
reinforcement are being employed, such as hybrid reinforcement combini~g different .
types of reinforcement, which leads to the development of composite matprials with
a felicitou~ combination of properties. Success has been achieved in investigation
of the mechanism of failure of composite poYymeric materials, which also makes it
possible to develop materials with improved properties.
At the present time there is no single source which discusses sufficiently fully
questions pertaining to new polymeric materials in com~ercial manufacture. A book
by N. A. Adrova, M. I. Bessonov et al, entitled "Poliimidy novyy klass
termostoykikh polimerov" [Polyimides a New Class of Thermostable Polymers]
synthesizes data on polyimidea obtained up to 1968. In subsequent years a number of
new types of polyimidea were developed in the USSR and abroad, information on which
is contained in various arCicles. "Spravochnik po plaeticheskim massam" [Guide to
Plastics], in two volumes, published in 1975 under the editorehip of V. M. Katayev
et al, contains {nformation on new thermoetable polymers polyethylene tere-
phthalate, polycarbonates, polyaxylaCes, and phenylone, manu�actured by Soviet in-
dustry, but many other new polymeric materials are a1.so utilized in the world
plastics industry.
10
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The purpose of this volume is to present a synthesis of world experience in the
development of new polymers and polymer-base composite materials in the last 15-20
years. This volume examines materiala which have found practical application,
are manufactured b}~ industry, or are on the wa~ toward commercia.l manufacture.
An analysis presented in Chapter 1 on the state of and development trends in the
polymeric materials industry, conducted on the example of industrially developed
(USSR., United States, the Scandinavian countries, Austria) and some developing
countries indicates that this industry is a rapidly growing, promiring branch of
production. In addition to the manufacture of traditional polymeric materials
(polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyeater, epoxy, phenoloformaldehyde
- resins, etc), new polymeric materials have been developed and produced by industry
in the last 10-15 years (polyimides, polybenzimidazoles, pyrrones, polyphenylenes,
ABS-plastics, polyrurethanes, polycarbonates, aromatic polyamides, polysulphones,
polyphenylene sulfx~e, etc). New types of reinforcing elements for composite
polymeric materials have been developed and are being manufactured.
Chapter 2 describes new thermostable plAStice (polyimides). The chapter describes
the history of development, level of industrial production, growth prospects, and
types of products being manufactured and developed in the USSR and abroad (the
following resins: 5kybond, pyraline, Qx-13, P13N, P105A, NR-150, polyimide 208A,
SP-6, SP-12, SP-95, kainol, PM-67, PM-69, and others). Metihods of processing,
hardening operations and the properties of end products are described, with examples
_ of application in the aircraft industry, machine building and other branches of in-
- dustry.
Chapter 3 examines new thermoplastics and composite materials based on them, dis-
cusses principal products, properties, methods of processing, and areas of ap-
plication. Polyurethanes, ABS-plastics, polyphenylene sulfides and polysulphones
are described in detail.
Chapter 4 contains rese~rch results on new reinforcing filaments for polymer-base
composite materials. The discussion includes the principal methods of obtaining
filaments and the types of filaments employed for reinforcing polymers. Carbon
filaments are described: history of development, production.methoda, types of
pr.oducts manufactured abroad (tornell, modmor, grafil, etc), production volume, cost,
development prospects, properties, areas of application, as weli as new organic
filaments manufactured by foreign industry (nomex, kevlar, X-500). Tileir chemical
structure is given, as well as production process, properties, production volume,
cost, and examples of application. Various components of f:Lxed-wing and rotary-
= wing aircraft in the manufacture of which caxbon-containing plastics are employed
_ are analyzed.
Chapter 5 describes modern methods of reinforcing polymer-base composite materials,
and modern concepts on the mechanism of failure of reinforced and filled polymeric
materials under various loading conditions; as we11 as in conditions of environ-
mental influence.
Chapter 6 describes the principal modern methede of processing polymeric materials
into finished products, the epecific features of proceasing new polymeric materials,
and development trends in manufacturing methods.
COPYRIGHT: ILdatel~tvo "Naukova dumka", 1981
3024
CSO: 1842/176
11
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UDC 669.71
NEW BOOK ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Moscow KOMPOZITSIONNYYE MATERIALY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 7 Apr 81) pp 2-4,
288-292
[Annotat3on, foreword by Academician N. M. Zhavoronkov and table of contents from the
book "ComposiCe Materials", chief editor, USSR Academ;~ of Sciences corresponding mem-
ber A. I. Manokhin, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 2,350 copies, 294 pages]
[Text] Annotation. This collection presents results of theoretical and experimental
work on basic directions in the problem of composite materials. It is drawn from ma-
' terials of the 4th All-Union Composite Materials Conference and examines the physico-
chemical properties of coated and uncoated reinforcing materials, the thermodynamics
and kinetics of the inte~action between reinforcing and matrix, the structure, pro-
perties and technolagical features of manufacturing and testing both structural and
special-property composite materials with filament, laminate and dispersion reinforc-
ing based on metal, ceramic, carbon and polymer matrices, methods of joining compo-
site materials, and some areas of application. Research resulfis are presented on the
mechanics of composite materials, strength under shorr-term and long-term load, types
of failure and corrosion behavior of composite materials, and problems in planning
and designing items with complex shapes. The work is intended for a broad range of
= scientists and engineers, designers, metallurgis~.s. techno~ogists and material~; spe-
ciali~ts working on the development, production and application of structural mater-
ials in new equipment.
Foreword. The development of new composite materials with filament, laminate and
thin-dispersion reinforcing, betCer physicomechanica~ and special physicochemical
properties, will lead to a qualitative leap in scienfiific and technical progress, not
only in aviation, space and ship-building technology, but also in nachine bullding,
power engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, radio engineering, transport,
construction and other branches of the national economy.
Over the past five years, we have ach~eved some auccess in developing the theory and
technology of obtaining composite materials and reinforcing media, the theory of~non-
homogeneous media and optimum reinforcing, the physics and mechanics of strain hard-
ening and strength in composite materials with a broad spectrum of structures~ pro-
perties and areas of applicat~.on.
Whereas super-strength, rigid, lightweight, filament-reinforced composite materials
were called the materials of the future in the early 1970's, they are already the ma-
terials of today.
12
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A number of questions of the physicochemical theory of the contact interaction of
matrix and reinforcing material s, principles of choosing plasticizing, barrier and
technological coatings for reinforcing materials and technological methods of app~y-
= ing them, and efficient new pro cesses for obtaining composite materials have been
worked out. Much research has been done on the mechanisms ~f strain hardening, de-
formation and failure of filament composite materials under various load conditions.
A number of filament composite materials with polymer, metal, carbon and ceramic ma-
trices reinforced with boron, carhon and metal filaments, laminate and dispersion-
hardened materials have been developed. Threadlike crystala combined with continu-
ous filaments have found applic ation in composite materials with polymer matrices.
Industrial production of boron and various carbon and organic filaments, tY~reads and
strips, tungsten, molybdenum and other filaments has been set up, as have the produc-
tion of several threadlike crys tals, the experimental production of silicon carbide
filaments and high-strength metal filaments and the pilot-industrial production of
plasma-sprayed intermediate composifie materials and others.
Industrial technology has been developed for producing sheets and certain other types
of intermediate dispersion-hardened composite materials, filament (aluminum-boron fi-
lament) and polymer composite materials, as has pilot-industrial technology for ob-
taining thin deformation-alloy foi,ls by rolling in a s~perplastic state. Intensive
work is being done on obtaining and studying the properties of composite materials
with directional eutectic struc tures. Research, development and production of a ~
number of new composite materials with special physicochemical properties, as we11
as of refractory and heat-resis tant ceramics and other materials, have been developed
substantially.
Glass-, boron- and carbon-plas tics, materials of the carbon-carbon type, dispersion-
hardened metal-ceramic material s and others t~re alrea~ly being used widely.
In rec~en.t years, we have set up the production of inte~ediate composite materials
on a metal base, of the aluminum a11oy - boron or bors3k filament type, in the form
of plasma monofilamenCs which are then used to manufacture pipe and cylindrical hous~-
ings by hot pressing and sheet s by pack rolling. Using such production as a base,
we are currently doing the technological-design development needed to expand the pro-
duction of intermediate produc t s and filaments for reinforcing them.
The USSR Academy of Sciences has paid a great deal of atCention to setting up and co-
ordinating fundamental and app 1 i~d research on compoaite materials here. The mater-
- ials published in this collect ion, from the 4Ch A11-Union Conference organized by
the USSR Academy of Scien~:es' ScienC~.fie Council on Structural Materials for New
EquipmPnt, Scientific Council on Synthetic Materials, Metallurgy Institute imeni A.
A. Bay kov and the All-Union Order of Lenin Scient3.f ic Research Institute of Avia-
tion Materials, sum up work on the problem as of 1978 and outline ways of further de-
veloping it.
Tab1e of Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. General Problems
Fridlyander, T. N.
Properties of ComposiCe Mat exia7.s and ~~fectiveness of The~.r Application
Shorshorov, M. Kh.
Physicochemical Interaction of Components in Comgos3te Materials
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Portnoy, K. I.
Present Trende in the Development of. Compoaite Materials
_ Gunyayev, G. M.
besigning High-Modulus Polymer Composites With Predetermined Properties
Mashinskaya, G. P., and Perov, B. y.
Composite Materials On An Organic Fibers Base
Karpinose, D. M., and Tuchiz~skiy, L. I.
High-Temperature Composite Materials
Kostikov, V. I., and Kolesnikov, S. A.
Carbon-Carbon Composite Materi.als
- Makeyev, V. P., and Yershov, N. P.
Principles of Designing Composite Material Products
Chapter 2. Reinforcing Filaments
Shorshorov, M~ Kh., Sawateyeva, S. M., Chernyshova, T. A., Kobeleva, L. I., P1et-
- yushkin, A. A., Ivanova, L. M., and Sultanova, T. N.
Technological Coatings On Carbon Filaments
Varenkov, A. N., Kostikov, V. I., Mozzhukhin, Ye. I., and Shimanyuk, V. T.
Fonning Silicon Carbide Or Titanium Coatings on the Surface of Carbon-Graphite
Filaments
Kilin, V. S., Dergunova, V. S., Shorshorov, M. Kh., Antipov, V. I., Krivtsun, V. M.,
and Kotelkin, A. S.
~ Various Barrier CoaYings On Carbon Filaments
_ Tsirlin, A. M� Zhagach, A. F., Shchetilina, Ye. A., Balagurova, A. M., Posokhina,
E. G., and Obolenskiy, A. V.
Morphologic Features of Boron Threads
Tsirlin, A. M., Alekhin, V. P., KAlesnichenko, S. V., and Yusupovy R. S.
F.ffect of Boron Fil.ament Defect~ On Initial-State Strength and In Composite Ma-
terial AD1-V
Shorshorov, M. Kh., Sawateyeva, S. M., Chernyshova, T. A., and Alekhin, V. P.
Developing Filament Coatinga for Composite Material Reinforcing
Mostovoy, G. Ye., Kobets, L. P., Frolov, V. N., Timoshina, L. N., and Martynova,
Ye. L.
Effect of Test Temperature on Stabiiity of Carbon Filament Mechanical Properties
Shorshorov, M. Kh., Katinova, L. V., Manuylov, V. F., Kudinov, V. V., Sokolov, V.
S., Tsirlin, A. M., and Tseplyayeva, T. N.
- Nature and Dynamics of Change in Boron and Borsik Filament Strength During Plasma
Spraying, Heating and Plastic DQforming
Semenov, B. I., Kruglov, S. N., and Tishchenkova, Ye. F.
Strength and Failure When Stretching Wire Reinforced With Stee1 and Boron Fila-
ments
Chapter 3. Composite Materials With Metal Matrices
Kostikov, V. I., Antipov, V. I., Krivtsun, V. M., Koshelev, Yu. I., Filimonov, Ye.
F., Sawateyeva, S. M., and Tatiyevskaya, Ye. M.
Wetting Carbon Filaments With Metal Matrix Melts
Varenkov, A. N., Kostikov. V. I., Mozzhukhin, Ye. and Shimanyuk, V. T.
Obtaining a Composite Aluminum-Carbon Filament Material From Plasma Tntermediate
Products By Hot Pressing
Stroganova, V. F., Gorodetskaya, L. A., and Tokar'~ Ye. M.
Composite Material of the Magnesium-Baron System
- 11~
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Chubarov, V. M., Salibekov, S. Ye., Griblcov, A. N., Batrakov, V. P., Grachev, L. V.,
Komissarova, V. S., Denisov, B. S., Bo?gova, G. I., Yegorova, N. V., and Sadovnikov,
S. N.
Operational Characteristics of Boraluminum Composite M.aterial VKA-1
Sakharov, V. V., Salibekov, S. Ye., Romanovich, I. V., Sledkov, V. K., Nikolayeva,
T. B,, and Mukaseyev, A. A.
Interactior.i of Boron Filament With Aluminum and Its A11oys In Diffusian kTelding
Aref'yev, B. A., Gur'yev, A. V., Gorina, N. F., Grib~COV, A. N., Yepikhina, N. M.,
and Nosko, I. N.
Structure and Properties of Hot-Rolled Boraluminum Sheet
Shor~horov, M. Kh., Kolesnichenko, V. A., Anan'yev, A. I., Kamyshkov, A. S., Gor-
elov, M. G., Godin, V. M., 'Trutnev, V. V., Terent'yev, I. M., and Dolgalev, B. Ye.
Mechanicai Properties of Longitudinally Reinforced Composite Aluminum-Boron Fi-
lament Pipe
Bele~tskiy, V. M., Krivov, G. A., Yatsenko, M. I., Kudinov, V. V., Galkin, Yu. A.,
Katinova, L. V., and Tseplyayeva, T. N.
Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Unidirect{onal Filameat Material On a
Metal Matrix
'~rutnev, V. V.. Terent'yev, I. M., Potapov, V. I., Maksimova, L. I., Vasil'yeva,
T. K., Shebanov, V. V., Godin, V. M., and Antipov, V. I.
Pressing Aluminum-Boron Composite Materials In Contact Fusion
Kudinov, V. V., Aref'ye~r, B. A., Galkin, Yu. A., and Kalita, V. I.
Mechanical Properties of the AD-1 Matrix Obtained By Plasma Spraying
Kolpashnikov, A. I., Pavlov, Ye. A., Kiselev, V. A., Shiryayev~ Ye. V., and Ko-
cheshkov, I. V.
_ Process ~or Obtaining Curved Boraluminum Shapes
Tikhonov, A. S., Manuylov, V. F., Aref'yev, B. A., and Galakhov, A. V.
Princ~ples for Calculating Deformation Param~ters for FilamenC Composite Materials
Gribkov, A. N., Solov'yev, V. P., Smirnov~ V. I., and Chichkov, Yu. N.
Certain Deforc~ation Features of Filament Composite Materials With Metal Matrices
Karpinos, D. M., Kadyrov, W. Kh., and Moroz, V. P.
Strength of Composites On An Aluminum Base At Cyclical I.oad
Manuylov, V. F.~ Tolstaya, M. A., Mukhina, M. G., and Gryunval'd, M. P.
Corrosion Behavior af Boraluminum Ob~ained By Rolling
Meshcheryakov, V. N., Popov, I. A., and Zhamonova, V. I.
Interaction of Componenta in Filament Composite Material On An NT50 Base Rein-
forced With.Tungsten Wires
_ Meshcheryakovr V. N., Bakarinova, V. I., Makhmudov, K. D., Aleksandrov, A. A., and
- Faustov, N. I.
- Obtaining Vacuum-~tolled Titanium-Molybdenum Wire Composite Material
Karpinos, D. M.. Kosolapova, T. Ya., Listovnichaya, S. P., Ba~akhnina, V. N.,
_ Dzeganovskiy, V. P.. and Matsera, V. Ye.
Interaction of Zircon Carbide With C'hromium At High Temperatures
Ant3.pov, V. T., Rybal'chenko, M. M., Sedykh, V. S., Kriventsov, A. N., and So1ov'-
yev, I. A.
Structure and Properties of Filament Compo~~te Material With a Nickel-Based Alloy
Matrix ReinPorced W:iCh Tuugaten 6~Iire
Beletskiy, V. M., Krivov, G. A., M~1'nikov, R. V., Tsapenko, D. N., Romashko, I. M.,
Katinova, L. V., Kudinov, V. V., and Ustinov, L. M.
Strength of Aluminum-Boron Composite Material Compounds Obtained By Precision
Contact Welding
" 15
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Fridlyander, I. 1V., $eletskiy, V. M., Krivov, G. A., Romashko, I. M., Stroganova,
_ V. F., Yudina, S. A.~ and Konovalova, N. A.
Use of Unidirectional Metal Composite Material As Qverlapping
Savitskiy, Ye. M., and Baron, V. V.
Composite Super~~.uuctors
Ivanova, V. S., Kop'yev, I. M., Volkov, V. N., and Busalov, Yu. Ye.
Mechanical and Functional Prop2rties of Friction-Resistant Composite Material
for Slip Bearings
Semenenko, V. Ye., and Somov, A. I.
Composite Microstructure Formation During Electron-Beam Recrystallization of Re-
fractory Systems Based On Niobium and Nickel _
Kalashnikov, Ye. V., Sidorova, T. A., Guts, Z. A., Andreyev, A. A., Korkin~ I. V.,
and Smirnov, V. V.
Growth and Structure of Eutectic Metal - Transfer Metal Carbide Composite Mater-
ials
Pirogov, Ye. N., Artyukhina, L. L., Konoplenko, V. P� Svetlov~ I. L., and Khus-
netdinov, F. M.
Calculating Stresses and Constructing Cyclical Deformation Diagrams for Heat-
Fatigue Load In Composite Materials
Skorokhod, V. V., Panichkina, V. V., and Konchakovskaya, L. D.
Shrinkage In Caking Dispersion-Hardened Molybdenum Alloy Powders
Babich, B. N., Kustov, Yu. A., and Portnoy, K. I.
New ~IDU3 Dispersion-Hardened A11oy On Nickel-Chromium Base
Chapter 4. Composite Materials With Polymer Matrices
Kobets, L. P.
Effect of Surface Treatment of High-Modulus Filaments On Compatibility With Poly-
mer Binders
Trostyanskaya, Ye. B.~ Babayevskiy, P. G., and Bukharov, S. V.
Improving Polymer Matrix Rigidity and Its Effect On the Mechanical Properties of
Composite Materials
Polyakov, V, L. ~
ResiduaJ. Stresses and Certain Queatians on Compoaite M~terial Strength
Gunyayev, G. M., and Khoroshilova, I. P.
Effect of Epoxide Matrix Composition On Properties and Technological Effective-
- ness of Carbon Plastics
Sorina, T. G., Surgucheva. A. I., Buyanov, G. I., Finogenov, G. N., and Yartsev,
V. A.
Behavior of Carbon Plastics Given Complex Load-Environment Effect
Gunyayev, G. M., Rumyantsev, A. F., Fed'kova, N. N., Mitrofanova, Ye. A., Chekina,
Z. F., Stepanychev, Ye. I., and Makhmutov~ I. M.
Optimizing Composition and Structure of Reinforcing Bi- and Tricomponent Compo-
site Materials -
Geller, A. B., and Perepelkin, K. Ye.
_ Temperature Deformations of Caxbon, Organic Reinforcing Filaments and Composite
Materials Based on Them
Yershov, N. P.
Designing Components Using Composite Materials With Polymer and M~ta1 Matrices
Kalinnikov, V. A.
Using a Linear Statistical Mode1 to Optimize Production of Composite Filament
Material Components.
16
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Trostyanskaya, Ye. B., Shishkin, V. A., Novikov, V. A., and Goncharenko, V. A,
Using Polymer Rivets and Welding to Join Polqmer Composite Materials
Chapter 5. Composite Materials With Carbon and Ceramic Matrices
Sobolev, I. V., Kavun, T. N., Kiselev, B. A., Nosal'skiy, V. V,, P;sarenko, G. S.,
and Skvortsova, N. V.
- Change In Properties of Glass- and Carbon-F~.lled Polymers During Pyrolysis
Karpinos, D. M., Grosheva, V. M., Morozova, V. N., Listovnichaya, S. P., Morozov~ .
Yu. I., Dzeganovskiy, V. P., Yakovlev, K. I., Kalinichenko, V. I., Klimenko, V. S.~ ~
and Mikhashchuk, Ye. P.
- Composite Materials Based on Ceramic Reinforced With Refractory Ceramic an3 Me-
tal FilamEnts
Karpinos, D. M., Rutkovskiy, .A. Ye., Morozav, Yu. I., Ivashin, A. A., Yakovlev,
K. I., and Luzhanskiy, G. A.
Silicon Carbide Filament - Quartz Glass Composite Material
Krasulin, Yu. L., Timofeyev, V. N., Ivanov9 A. B., Barinov, S. M., Domoratskiy,
V. A., and Asonov. A. N.
Shell-Structure Type Highly Refractory Ceramic
Chapter 6. Strength and Methods of Testing Composite Materials
Ustinov, L. M., Vinogradov, L. V., and Z'namnova, V. I.
Effect of Brittle Interlayers on Strength of Filament Composite Materials With
a Plastic Matrix
Ovchinskiy, A. S., Sakharova, Ye. N., Kop'yev, I. M., Bilsagayev, N. K., and Sa-
ve1'yeva, S. A.
- Analysis of Dynamic Effects When Redistribut;ng Stresses and Digital Computer
Simulation of Fail.ure in Meta1 Composite Materials With Curved Filaments
Penkin, A. G., and Gusev, 0. V.
Developing an Acoustic Emission In~tallation.for Testing Composite Materials
Gusev, 0. V., Penkin, A. G., and Shorshorov, M. Kh.
_ Effect of Intermetallide Interlayers on Acoustic Emission Parameters When
Stretching Aluminum-Steel Composites
Mikhaylov, V. V., Zaytsev, G. P., Sorina, T. G., Zyryanov I. A., and Ivanova, L. A.
Mechanics of Failure When Stretching High-Strength Reinforcing Plastic Elements
With Surface and Open Cracks
Zhigun, I. G., Dushin, M. I., Yanfilov, B. V., Ivonin, Yu. N., and Tanevskiy, V, V.
Effect of Concentrators on Strength of Composite Materials
Skudra, A. M., Perov, B. V., Mashinakaya, G. P., Bulavs, F. Ya., and Deyev, I. S.
MicrostrucCural Features of Organoplastic Failure and Their Effect on Strength
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981
11052
- CSO: 1842/150
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MECHANICAI, PROPERTIES
UDC: 620.1.05:620.171.3
~TRESS-STRAIN TESTING OF MATERIALS AT HIGH TEMPERATURBS
Kiev MEKNANICHESKIYE ISPYTANIYA MATERIALOV PRI VYSOKIKH TEMPERATURAKH in Russian
. 1980 (signed to press 16 Dec 80) pp 2-4, 206-208
[Annctation, foreword and table of contents from boolc "Mechanical Testing of
- Mater~als at High Temperatures", by Mikhail Mironovich Aleksyuk, Valentin Alekseyevich
Borisenko and Valeriy Petrovich Krashchenko, UkSSR Academy of Sciences Institute of
Problems of Strength, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1750 copies, 208 pages]
[Text] This monograph examines methods and equipment for testing materials employed
in new equipment under conditions sfmulating actual operating conditions. The
authors describe new methodological solutions and corre~ponding unique equipment and
devices for investigating refractory and composite materials across a broad tempera-
ture range (from 20 to 3000�C) aizd range of rates of deformation.
The authors examine problems of experimental investigation of har.dness, character-
istics of elasticity, short-term and long-time "tensile, compressive, and bending
strength. The authors describe systems of providing force and temperature loading
conditions and present examples of their calculatione. Particular attention is
- focuseu on ensuring accuracy of ineasurement of temQeratures, loads and deformations
in der.ermining the stress-strain characterieCics of materials in conditions of a
vacuum, inert and oxidizing media.
This volume is intended for scientiats, engineere and technicians wor.king in the
area of investigation of the mechanical properties of materials of variAUS classes.
Table of Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. General Principles and Features of Test Equipment for Studying
Strength of Materials at High Temperatures 5
1. Methodological Features af Stress-Strain Tests at Accelerated Rates
of Deformation and High Temperatures 5
2. Method of Therm~l Calculation of Heatera 11
3. High-Output Heater Voltage Regulation 19
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Chapter 2. Investigation of Hardness of Materials up to Temperatures of
3300�IC 22
_ 1. Fundamentais of Method of Measuring Hardneae of Materials at high
Temperatures 23
' 2. Method of Studying the Hardness of Materials at Temperatures up to
3300�K 29
3. Mechanical Fundamentals of Hardness Teats 36
4. Equipment for Studyiiag Hardneas of MatErials Across a Broad
_ Range of Temperatures 42
_ 5. Problems of Damageability and Selection of Indenter for High-
Temperature Tests of Micro- and Macrohardness 51
6. Indenters for Mea~uring Ha~rdness of Mater~als at High Temperatures 55
7. Accuracy of Determination of Hardness of Materials at High Tempera-
tures
Chapter 3. Investigation of i:he Microhardness of Materials up to a Tem-
perature of 2300�R 63
1. Equipment for Investigating the Microhardness of Materials 63
'L. Method of Investigating the Microhardnese of Refractory Compounds 70
Chapter 4. Investigation of Strength Characteristics and Kinetics af
Deformation of Mat~rials at High Temperatures 76
1. Equipment for Studying Tensile Strer,gth of Microspecimens at Tem-
- peratures up to 3300�K
2. Equipment ror Investigating Creep and Lor..g-Time Strength of
RefraGtory Materi2ls 87
3. Equipment for Investigating High-Temperature Cyclic Strength of
Structural Materials 90
Chapter S. Investigation of Strength of Materials in Conditions of High
Temperatures Under Tensian-Compresaion, With Simultaneous
Determination of Microhardness 95
1. Equipment for Investigating the Strength of Materials Across a
Broad Range of Temperatures 96
2. Equipment for Investigating the Strength of Materials Under
- Tension-Compression With Simultaneous Determir..ation of Microhard-
ness 98
3. Method of Investigating High-Temperatuxe Micronardness of Materials
on a Mikrat-4 Machine 107
4. Method of Iiigh-Temperature Tensile Testing of Materials 112
- Chapter 6. Investigation of Strength and Plasticity of Materials Under
Tension Across a Broad Ramge cf Temperatures and Rates of
Deformation 122
1. IP-10 Machine for Investigating Strength and Deformability of
Materials at Rates of 10-5-10-1 seconds in a temperature range of
170-2300�K 122
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2. Equipment for Testing Materials at High Rates of D~formation, High
and Low ~emgeratures 136
3. Equipment for Investigating the Eardness of Materials at Various
Loading Rates Across a Broad Range of Temperatures 139
4. Equipment for Stress-Strain Testing of Fibers 144
_ Chapter 7. Investigation of tha Stress-Strain Characteristics of Com-
posite Materials Across a Broad Range of Temperatures 148
1. Method of Determining Stresses in an Adhesive Compound 148
2. Investigation of the Szrength of an Adhesive Bond in a Complex
Stressed State 152
3. Equipment for Dete.rmining the Strength of Adhesive Compounds 155
4. Equipment for Testing the Strength of an Adhesive Bond Between
Constituents of Compoaitions 159
5. Equipment for Inve.atigating the Stress-Strain Properties of Non-
_ Metallic Materials at Temperatures of 170-570�K 166
6. Equipnent for Investigating the Stress-Strain Properties of Non-
Metallic Materials at Temperatures from 80 to 870�K 171
7. Thermal Calculation of Cor~vective Heating of Specimens 179
� 8. Equipment for Stress-Strain Testing of Heat-Protective Materials
with Unidirectional Heating 188
_ Bibliography 192
FOREWORD
Deve?opment of the modern machine building industry and especially power, aero-
nauti~al and rocket engineering is connected with the developmer~t of new heat-
resistant structural and protective materials ~apable of operating under condi-
tions of high temperatures and mechanical loading close to maximum. In connection
with this,scientific research aimed at determining the patterns of behavior of
structural materials employed for componenta operating at high temperatures has
become considerably more important. Performance of such research is dis-
tinguished by a high degree of complexity and requires elaboration of new
methodological devices in conducting experiments and building appropriate test-
ing equipment.
The conditions of stress-strain tests have become extended in recent years.
Problems of stability or variability of the physical structure of a material in
the process of deformation are acquirir~g primary significance.
The complexity and diversity of the physicomechanical processes taking place in
a deformable solid lead to ambiguous end resulte, which are manifested in the form
_ of unexpected failure or unwarrante3ly high mechanical resistance. A correct ex-
planation of the behavior of a material under load and, what is more important,
_ prediction of this behavior are possible only after determining the physical es-
sence of the processes which take place. In connection with this, such widely
known operating factors as degree of complexity of stressed atate, rate of
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deformation, broad range of temperatures, degree of physicochemical activeness of
the environment, etc, should be examined from the atandpoint of their influence on
the structura2. foundation of the material and through it on the observable
mechanical properties.
- M,~dern materials science is offering technology a large num~er of materia3s of the
most diversified function. Many of these materials are employed for the manufacture
of critical machine parts, some a~p utilized as reinforcing elements in the form of
wires, filaments, foils, coatin~s, and laminations, which in turn can be components
of complex macro- and microheterogeneous materials, forming the heterogeneous
structure of the majority of alloys or matrices and hardeners in composite materials.
;
Investigation of materials in narmal conditione is performed with traditional
methods on standard equipment. Development of new methods, however, has also
required new design solutions.
Methods of investigation of hardness, microhardness, and tensile testing of small
specimens are promising and sometimes the only possible methods for determination
and study of the mechanical properties of materials in small volumes. These tests
can be conditionally assigned to the category of micromechanical methods of in-
vestigation of the properties of materials [121, 128, 166, 205]. Development of
methods of studying the strength of refractory metals at temperatures which are
double to triple the temperature reached in testing equipment (up to 1300�K) was a
highly complex problzm, the solution of which required overcoming major engineering
and methodological difficulties. A group of new special high-temperature high-ac-
curacy testing machines was developed, equipment which eliminates the influence of
harmful extraneous phenomena on the specimens being tested: evaporation and
oxidation of materials, friction in the guides and seala of the micromachines, heat-
ing of force measuring devices, vibration of equipment components and the building,
~ as well as many other factors.
In connection with the necessity of perfoming structural tests simultaneously with
force loading, high-temperature testing mechines are equipped with metallographic
observation devices. The majority of newly designed and built testing machines and
their assemblies are original inventions.
Designs of testing equipment and devices have been developed for investigating the
strength characteristics of structural materials, ae well as certain types of
filamentary composi*_ions, loaded across a hroad range of temperatures and rates of
deformation.
This monograph presenta a survey of strese-strain test~.ng methods and descriptions
of carrespondin~ equipment, with analysis of their design and methodological features.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
3024
CSO: 1842/I77
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NONFERftOUS METAI,I,URGY
UDG: 669.295.721.008
PRESENT, FUTURE OF USSR TITANIUM-MAGNESIUM INDUSTRY .
Moscow TSVETNYYE METALLY in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 55-60
[Article by A. N. Petrun`ko: "Along the Path of Technological Advance"J
[Text] Synthesis of the scientific and production experience of establishment,
development and improvement of the titanium-magnesium industry in the USSR, the
successes of which are universally acknowledged, is extremely important for in-
- novative utilization during achievement of the p 1 a n targets specified for 1981-
1985.
Considerable ground has been covered. The lessons of the past have been useful and
- instructive, and this offers a foundation for recalling several stages in the work
of the All-Union Titanium Scientific Research and Design Institute.
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In August 1956 a GSPI [State Special Design Institute] branch was established in
Zaporozh'ye, based at the Dnieper Titanium-Magnesium Plant. The task of this
branch was to provide engineering design documentation for the pioneer of the
Soviet titanium industry the Dnieper Titanium-Magnesium Plant.
Over a period of two years the institute's designers and engineers built ex-
perimental models of equipment for the p.lant's aecond unit, developed experimental
models of apparatus and equipment, and designed basic and auxiliary production
facilities.
22
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In 1958 the branch was transformed into the Ukrgiprotsvetmet Ukrainian Design In-
- stitute of Nonferrous Metallurgy. Performing basic work in the area of development
of titanium production in the ci.ty of Zaporozh'ye, the institute was also involved
in performing general design activities for other nonferrous metallurgical facili-
ties in the Ukraine. A scientific research component was established as an element
of the institute.
The team of designers and researchers was established by the beginning of 1960, and
the instir-ite's facil~~ies were improved.
The institute's first director was I. S. Zagorskiy, while in the subsequent period
considerable work in the area of institute organization and development was per-
formed by director V. P. Denisov, USSR State Prize recipient, and his deputy for
scientific affairs~ E. Ye. Lukashenko.
In the laboratories researc,h was conducted in the area of improving production of
aluminuni, titanium, and silicone compounds; new meth9ds of analysis and physico-
chemical investigations werp developed.
Research was supervised by candidates of technical sciences L. N. Antipin, S. F.
Vazhenin, I. P. Sorokin, I. A. Grikit, V. V. Rodyakin, S. I. Denisov, and N. A.
Akimova.
Lacking its own experimental facilities, the institute initially conducted research
_ directly on industrial equipment, in laboratories and shops of titanium-magnesium,
alumin�.im, and electrode plants. Enterprise specialists took active part in this
work. The sub~ect matter focus was basically in coniorm.ity with current production
needs, and practical adoption of research results was accelerated. The main thing
was the fact tha~ the work force developed a striving toward close cooperation
between scientists and praduction people, which wae and continues to be of great im-
portance in their work.
The work effectiveness of the institute during this period was also promoted by
- considerable attention toward the institute's needs and activities, and constant
assistance by the directors of DTMZ [Dnieper Titanium-Magnesium Plant], DAM
[Dnieper Aluminum Plant] and DEZ [Dnieper Electrode Plant] P. I. Miroshnikov,
I. K. Strel'chenka and S. M. Goncharenko.
- As the institute grew and the qualifications of the staff improved, scientific re-
- search and design activities in the area of titanium production expanded. In the
period 1960-1965 a number of large-scale design pro~ects were carried out for the
Zaporozh'ye Titanium-Magnesium Combine. There occurred extensive development of
scientific research work in the area of development of enclosed-type ore roasting
furnaces and a process of inelting titanium slags in these furnaces, high-outgut
chlorinators, efficient condensation aystems, high cy:,?ic output reduction and
- separation equipment for obtaining sponge titanium, as well as a number of reaearch
" pro3ects aimed at improving the quality of sponge titanium.
The USSR titanium-magnesium industry was built in a short period of time. Growing
metals requirements dictated a rapid pace of development. This evaked the necessi-
ty of extensive enlistment of talented manpower. An enormous volume of woric
23
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pertaining to designing enterprises and equipment for scientific research as well as
bringing equipment and processes on-stream was performed during the construction of
titanium-magnesium plants: by VAMI [All-Union Institute of Aluminum and Magnesium]
in construction o~ the Bereznikovskiy plant~ b~ Giredmet in construction of the
Ust'-Kamenogorsk plant, and by the Titanium Institute in construction of the
zaporozh'ye plant. A mutual exchange of information. and know-how and the es-
tablished productive cooperation among the sta~fs of these institutes promoted
movement on-stream of the original design capacity of t:~ese enterprises largely in
the Eighth Fiv~~Year Plan.
In 1965 the T~tanium Institute was desig~ated the ].ead branch in.stitute for the
titanium-magn~sium industry and was renamed the All-Union Titanium Scientific Re-
search and Design Institute.
In subsequent years all scientific research topics pertaining to titanium were
transferred over to the institute from VAMI, as were the functions of lead insti-
tute in the production of magnesium. Radical structural changes have taken place
in conformity with the institute's specialization, and its facilities have im-
proved. A significant contribution toward the organization of scientific research
and design pro~ects as well as determina~ion of the main areas of institute ac-
tivity during this period was madeby its director, P. V. Inashvili, its subsequent
director, R. K. Ognev, deputy directors for scientific affairs V. I. Borodin and
N. V. Galitskiy, and chief engineer M. T. Krivoahey.
In 1976 the Bereznikovskiy branch, which is also celebrating its 25th anniversary
this year, was made a component of the Titanium Institute.
Today the Titanium Institute is a lead branch institute, with its own experimental
production facilitiesy performing scientific research, experimental design, de-
sign engineering and technical-economic work, which are def ining the future develop-
ment prospects of the titanium-znagnesium subbranch.
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The institute contains an EDP center, equipped with third-generation YeS-1020 com-
puters and Nairi units, with the aid of which results are processed, engineerin~
design calculations are performed, and automated scientific and technical informa-
tion systems are being created. Greatly utilized in design activities are the
simulation-model method, copyless production of drawings, standard so" cions and
applications.
- Organizational development of the Titanium Institute was accompanied by continuous
improvement in its scientific aud practical activiti~s as well as improvement in
personnel qualifications.
The productive activities of institute personnel have increased. In the 1~3st five
years 287 certificates of invention have been granted, and 69 inventions have been
incorporated into production, with overall savings of 6.7 million rubles. The
institute's pro3ect results are being registered under foreign patents.
Institute staff personnel have published 57 books and pamphlets, and more ~han
1,300 articles in scientific ~ournals. A total of 18 volumes of collected scien-
tific papers and specific-topic volumes have been published, dealing with problems
of improving existing and development of new industrial processes in the produc-
tion of titanium and magnesium.
A total of three doctoral and 45 candidate dissertations have been defended based
- on proje~ts carried out at the Titanium Institute.
The institute staff is continuing to expand and deepen a tradition which was
established in the initial period productive cooperatiQn with enterprises and
institutes in a partnership arrangement pertaining to seeking and adopting major,
important improvements in the equipment and technology of titanium-magnesium
production facilities. This has helped transform the titanium-magnesium subbranch
into a large-scale modern industry employing high-output and high-efficiency
process equipment which makes it pos~ible to achieve guaranteed high product
quality.
A substantial increase in titanium and magnesium productican in the last decade,
1971-1980, has been obtained exclusively by means of renovation of enterprises and
- � modernization of equipment, for the most part w~thout building new facilities, with
utilization of the resulte of scientific and technical pro~ects conducted by the
staff of the Titanium Institute in cooperation with enterprises and other in-
- stitutes of this branch.
In the area of titanium slag processing, projects pertaining to designing and build-
ing high-output enclased ore roasting furnaces and process development were headed
by S. I. Denisov. V. G. Raspopin, V. G. Bryndin, G. M. Shekhovtsev, M. Sh. Reyngach,
and V. V. Asaf'yev participated actively on the working team.
The renovation of ore roasting furnaces conducted in 1980, with their capacity be-
ing increased, is completed. Renovation boosted furnace output at BTMK
[Bereznikovskiy Titanium-Magnesium Combine~, for example, by 51 percent, while
reducing specific consumption of electricity by 14.4 percent; recovery in this
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process was increased by 3.3 percent, and the relative number of workers was
reducpd by 35.
A large aggregate of scientific-technical and design projects was performed on the
process of chloridizing roasting of titanium slage and titanium tetrachloride
treatment. As a result of adoption of pro~ect results, the design output capacity
of shaft and salt chlorinator5 has increased by 34 and 56 percent respectively.
During the lOth Five-Year Plan alone shop output capacity increased by 7.8 percent
as a result of renovation of chlorinators at BTMK, without increasing the number of
personnel. N. V. Galitskiy, A. B. Bezukl.adnikov, and D. P. Baybakov made a substan-
tial contribution toward solving these problems.
Under the direction of N. V. Galitskiy, V. I. Starshenkov, and V. I. Drozhzhev, the
institute worked on improvement and development of new methods of deep treatment of
- titanium tetrachloride and study of the com~osition of the impurities of complex
substances contained in it and methods of removing them. Adoption of research
results made it possible at all enterprises sharply to improve quality of the
product of this process and to boost equipment output. In 1970-1975 enterprises
adopted copperless cleaning of titanium tetrachloride with lower chlorides of
titanium, with employment of a new, more available and cheaper reagent, which
generated more than 1 million rubles in savings. In 1979-1980 there occurred exten-
~ sive investigation of rectification conditions in large-diameter towers. Adoption
into industry of the new towers made it possible to increase output by 50 percent
in this process and to boost to 95 percent output of the top grades of titanium
tetrachloride.
Improvement and modernization of basic industrial equipment in the process of ob-
- taining sponge titanium were accomplished, beginning in 1966, under the direction
of A. Ye. Andreyev, V. M. Mal'shin, and V. M. Skrypnyuk. In a short period of
time, through the unified efforts of scientific personnel, design engineers and
production people, working with specialists from the Giredmet Institute and other
- organizations, high-output, high-efficiency units were de~~eloped, and total renova-
tion of this process was accomplished at all enterprises.
Alongside improvement of equipment, a great deal of work is being done to improve
the quality of sponge titanium. At the present time the quality of sponge titanium
produced by Soviet enterprises is at the level of the finest foreign product,
while the highest-grade sponge, TG-90, has no equal abroad.
A special place in the institute's activitiea is occupied by the search for areas
of efficient application of titanium and titanium alloys in civilian branches of
industry. Resolution of this problem wa~ assigned to the institute in 1969.
Under the direction of S. F. Vazhenin and V. V. Volynskiy, research was conducted
on the employment of titanium at more than 200 enterprises of various branches,
and an extensive campaign was organized to publicize the properties and advantages
of this remarkable metal. As a result, b,y 1976 consumption of titanium in non-
ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petroleum machine building and the chemical in-
dustry had increased more than fivefold. Annual savings from accelerated adoption
of titanium amounted to approximately 3 million rubles.
26
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V. V. Volynskiy, G. A. Kolobov, and Yu. V. Dobrunov were awarded the Ukrainian SSR
State Prize for their work in the area of application of titanium in the chemical
industry.
One of the most important and promising problem areas in which the institute hgs
been working since 1965 is the development of titanium powder metallurgy technology.
By 1970 the theoretical principles of obtaining powders by the electrolysis method
had been elaborated, under the direction of L. N. Antipin, and experimental-com-
mercial scale electrolytic cells had been designed and built. Subsequently these
projects in the area of titanium posader metallurgy were headed by Yu. G. Olesov,
V. V. Nerubashchenko, N. N. Koygushskiy, V. A. Drozdenko, and R. K. Ognev. Through
the efforts of the research teams under their direction, working in cooperation
with the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Instltute of ProUlems of Materials Sci-
ence and the Zaporozh'ye Machine Building Institute, by 1977 a process and equip-
ment had been developed for producing powders and products of powders, generating
savings ranging from 3 to 15 thousand rubles per ton of product. Employment of
_ titanium filtering elements in the chemical industry and in nonferrous metallurgy
is particularly effective. Savings amount to 100,000 rubles per ton of filters.
Highly effective, radical i.mprovements hav~ been accomplished in the area of mag-
nesium production. Working jointly with VAMI, development of equipment has been
completed, as has the total renovation of magnesium electrolysis shops at all
- enterprises of the subbranch, with installation of new, high-output electrolytic
cells without cathode box. This has made it possible to increase their output by
up to 20 percent, to boost output volume without increasing work force, to reduce
specific consumption of electricity by 1400-2000 kilowatt hours, to increase
" chlorine yield by 50 k, !t, to achieve significantly healthier working conditions,
to eliminate laborious cathode replacement operations, and to mechanize sludge
~ recovery. Research is continuing, under the direction of V. N. Devyatkin, Yu. M.
Ryabukhin and G. N. Svalov, on.further improcing the magnesium electrolysis
process, on reducing magnesium and chlorine losses, and on developing methods of
protecting structural components against oxidation and the aggressive action of
the melt.
In recent years the institute staff has done a great deal of work on improving
existing and developing new techniques of treating stack gases, effluents, on
neutralization and utilization of production process chloride waste, which has made
it possible substantially to reduce discharge af harmful material in the environ-
ment.
Stable production of inerchantable hypochlorite pulps has been achieved by im-
_ proving the process of treating chlorine-containing magnesium production gases.
Research has been cnnducted on utilizatioYZ of chloride waste in deep well drilling;
sludge trap sediments and calcium chloride solutions are utilized in the produc-
tion of cements and concrete.
The work accomplished by the Titanium Institute since its establishment has at-
tained a very large scale. At the present time the average annual volume of
scientific research work runs in the vicinity of 4 million rubles, while the total
" volume of design and development work runs at approximately 2.0 million rubles.
Each year the institute presents design-estimate documentation representing a sum
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in excess of 20 million rubles. Savings achieved from adoption of completed re-
search in the last 10 years has almost doubled, amounting to 9,190,000 rubles in
1980. Correspondingly, return on each ruble spent is now 3.95 rubles, in com-
parison with 2.49 rubles in 1970.
The institute's scientific and technical activities in the last 10 years have been
directed toward boosting the technical level of the titanium-magnesium subbranch
and improving the technical-economic indices of enterprises. All production
volume growth, both in titanium and magnesium, was obtained in the lOth Five-Year
Plan solely as a result of reequipping enterprises. Basic technical-economic per-
formance in dices have improved substantially during that same period.
Output of sponge titanium bearing t~e state Seal of Quality increased to 86 per-
cent in 1980, while the figure for magnesium and magnesium alloys rose to 84 per-
cent. Percentage of complete utilization of raw materials improved: it has reached
84 percent in titanium produc~ion, and 88 percent in magnesium production.
_ Further development of this subbranch and improvement in its technical-economic
indices in the llth Five-Year Plan will be achieved both by elaboration and adop-
tion of new technical solutions and improvement of existing industrial processes,
_ and gs a result of reducing the materials-intensiveness of production, achieving
savings in metal and energy resources, and mechanization of manual labor on the
- basis of comprehensive specific programs worked out by the enterprises and the in-
stitute.
Subbranch technical development plans for the llth Five-Year Plan call for further
modernization of basic industrial equipment in all pxocesses, adoption of new in-
dustrial processes, continuous-flow mechanized lines, and creation of the pre-
requisites for total mechanization and automation of production.
A slag granulation process will be adopted in titanium slag melt processing, along-
side further increase in the output of basic process equipmenti, which will make it
possible to eliminate a number of laborious operations and boost titanium recovery
by 1.5-2.0 percent.
An increase in the output of chlorinators and adoption at all enterprises of the
process of deeper treatment of titanium tetrachloride in high-output ecreen rectify-
ing towers will be accomplished in the chloridizing roasting process and treatment
of titanium tetrachloride.
In the reduction and vacuum separation process, efforts are to be concentrated on
bringing on-stream high-output units, deepening reducer treatment, and optimization
of conditions with the employment of automated control systems.
In the llth Five-Year Plan particular attention is to be focused on commercial-
scale adoption of continuous-flow ma.gnesium production. Adoption of this technnlogy
will make it possible substantially (by 20-30 percent) to boost labor productivity
= of basic production personnel and to create the prerequisites for total production
mechanization and automation.
Plans call for a substantial change in solving problems of production waste recovery
in all basic processes.
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Institute efforts will also be focused on creating the scientific-technical fourida-
_ tions of new processes and equipm~nt, including a continuous titanium production
method, the plasmochemical an~' electrolytic techniques of titanium production,plus
a number of others.
Further acceleration of technological advances in titanium-magnesium production
~ will be promoted by a more thorough study of advanced know-how in achieving high
indices, and mutual exchange of experience among enterprises and institutes in the
area of adoption of advanced equipment and processes. ~
The necessity of directingthese efforts is a most important task of the Titanium
Institute in the llth Five-Year Plan.
The tasks facing the work forces of the Titanium Institute and titanium-magnesium
enterprises are large and complex, and the principal task is that of maximum
satisfaction of the needs of the economy in high-qual~ty metals titanium and
magnesium. The high level of personnel skills and qualifications, substantial
experience and know-how in organizing joint projects amassed by the institute and
enterprises of this subbranch, and close cooperation between institute scientists
and production specialists in solving concrete problems constitute a guarantee
of accomplishment of these tasks.
COPYRIGHT: TZDATEL'STVO "i~ETALLURGIYA", "TSVETNYYE METALLY", 1981
3024
CSO: 1842/159
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POWAER METAI,LURGY
UDC: 669.295:621.762
TITANIUM PO[JDER METALLURGY
Moscow POROSHKOVAYA METALLURGIYA TITANA in Russian (signed to press 6 Apr 81)
PP 2-4, 247
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Powder Metallurgy of Titanium",
by Valentin Semenovich Ustinov, Yuriy Georgiyevich Olesov, Viktor Antonovich
Drozdenko, and Lev Nikolayevich Antipin, Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", 2000 copies,
248 pages]
[Tex*_] The first edition of this book came out in 1973. In the second edition the
authors examine the present state and development prospects of titanium p aader
metallurgy. They discuss the technology of the basic processes of obtaining titanium
powders; attention is devoted to the properties of powders and sintered products
made from titanium powders in relation to the method of production, additional
treatment, alloying and precipitation hardening. The authors discuss 3ndustrial
- safety in the nanufar.ture and application of titanium pawders and sintered products
made of such powders. The authors show the technical-econom~.c effectiveness of
powder metallurgy methods in the manufacture of sintered products of powders in
place of cast titanium, as well as from employment of such products (porous and
_ structural) in the nation's economy.
This volume is intended for engineers and technicians working in the field of
titanium powder metallurgy, and can also be useful to gradu~te students and higher
educational institution upper-division undergraduates of the corresponding fields
of specialization. Fifty-two illustrations, 75 tables, 269 bibliographic items.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Metallothermi.c Reduction of Titanium Compounds 5
Chapter 2. Obtaining Titanium Powders by Means of Thermochemical and
Mechanochemical Processing of Metallic Titanium 23
1. Interaction of Titanium With Hydrogen 23
2. Process of Hydrogenation of Metallic Titanium 42
3. New Trends in Thermochemical Embrittlement of Titanium 49
4. Grinding and Additional Processing of Embrittlement Products 51
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S. Breakdown of Titanium Hydride (Dehydrogenation) 58
6. Atomization and Granulation of Molten Titanium ~0
Chapter 3. Electrolytic Preparation of Titanium Powders 77
1. Raw Material and Electrolytes for Electrolytic Production of Titanium 78
2. Designs of Electrolytic Cells and Auxiliary Equipment 91
3. Electrode Processes in Obtaining Powder Titanium on a Cathode 103
4. Influence of Electrolysis Process Cond.itions and Composition of
Electrolyte on Quality of Cathode Metal and Process Indices 115
Chapter 4. Properties of Titanium Powders. Methods of Monitoring and
Control 12~
1. Chemical Composition Z27
- 2. Processing Properties 131
3. Controlling Properties of Titanium Powders 137
Chapter 5. Producing Products of Titanium Powders 143
1. Preparing Preforms for Sintering 143
2. Sintering Powders and Compression Molding I61
3. Intensification of the Processes of Forming and Sintering 173
4. Titanium-Base Composite Materials 182
Chapter 6. Processing of Titanium Powders 185
.l. Employment of Titanium Powders as Component of Charges and Compounds 185
2. Obtaining Porous Products of Titanium Powders 195
3. Gbtaining Compact Products 200
Chapter 7. Fire and Explosion Hazard of Powdered Titanium 209
1. Combustibility of Titanium-Base Powders 209
2. Measures to Prevent Tgniting and Exp~.osions of Titani.um Powders 219
Chapter 8. Technical-Economic Effectiveness of Titanium Powder Metallurgy 223~
Bibliography 234
FOREWORD
The first investigations in the area of titanium powder metallurgy were conducted at
the end of the 1930's, but research in this field did not reach a sufficient degree
of intensity until commercial production of inetallothermic titanium was developed.
Powder metallurgy methods are employed to produce items with properties comparable
with the properties of inelted metal, as we:ll as new materials which are difficult
to produce fram molten metal {gas absorber filtering elements, metal-polymer coatings,
antifriction products, etc).
31 ~
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Devel.opment of the manufacture of high-quality (electrolytic) titanium powders
made it possible to employ commercial-scale processes for producing a number of
sintered items structural components of the engine and instrument engineering in-
dustries, filters, dispersing agents, etc (1). Since publication of the first
edition of this book, the technical-economic characteristics of titanium powder
metallurgy have been defined, requirements on powders have been detailed, and the
principal parameters of the processes of molding, sintering and additional process-
ing of sintered products have been elaborated. It was determined that sintered
titanium products can be produced with utilization of equipment employed in ferrous
powder metallurgy and that of other metals (mixers, grinding and compression molding
equipment, sintering furnaces).
An optimal combination of physical-mechanical, physicochemical and process proper-
ties of titanium and titanium-base alloys is attracting th~ attention of representa-
tives of practically all areas of new technolog~ fram aerospace to msdicine.
The problems which are arising thereby (shortage of titanium, high cost of products,
etc) can be resolved with utilization of powder metallurgy methods.
The development of new processes of obtaining titanium (plasma metallurgy, continuous
metallothermic process, electrolysis) will lead to producing part or all titanium
in powder form, and if so, powder metallurgy will not only supplement the existing
method of mass production of titanium products but will replace it to one d~gree or
another.
The authors have analyzed Soviet and foreign experience in the development and adop-
tion of industrial processes and equipment for obtaining titanium powders and
products from such powders. Since the first edition of this book was published
(1973), a considerable number of scientific research resul~s have been published in
periodicals, especially dealing with new trends in titanium powder metallurgy. A
number of L-heses presented in the first edition on the basis of analysis of data in
the literature and laboratory investigations, have undergone experimental-industrial
testing and verification at that time. Fund~nentally new areas of application of
titanium powders have been determined, such as obtaining refractory titanium com-
pounds by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SVS-process).
Products and materials obtained from titanium powders have been tested in industYial
conditions. All this has dictated the necessity of th~rough revision of this book
during preparation for publishing a new edition.
The authors hope that the raaterials contained in this volume will prove useful both
for engineers and technicians worki~ng in the area of producing and processing
powders and for the users of products of titanium and titanium alloys.
CUPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", 1981
3024
CSO: 1842/151
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MISCELLANEOUS
UDC: 629. 7.036.5 .-536. 3.001. 2(082)
KINETICS OF HIGH-T'EMPERATURE FAILURE OF MATERIALS
Kiev KINETIKA VYSOKOTEi~'ERATURNOGO RAZRUSHENIYA MATERIALOV in Russian 1981 (signed
- to press 30 Dec 80) pp 2-4, 151-152
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Kinetics of High-Temperature
Failure of Materials", by Vasiliy Semenovich Dvernyakov, UkSSR Academy of Sciences,
- Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1100 copies, 152 pages]
(Text] In this monograph the author describes methods of stud~?ing the process of
high-temperature failu~e of, for the most part, heat-protective materials, unde*_-
conditions of radiant, convective, and combined heating. The author presents a
conjugate problem variant for the case of combined heating and condition~ on the
moving boundary of physicochemical transformations within a material in the process
of failure (Stefan condition). The author briefly describes external and internal
regions of interaction of materials in various environments and extensively
presents an experimental base created on the principle of utilization of radiant
energy of the sun (special solar units) and orher sources. The author presents
results of investigations of the process of interaction and shows the fundamental
possibility of estimating experimentally the kinetics of high-temperature failure
of materials.
This volume is intended for scientists, engineers and technicians conducting
research in the area of materials science and design of flying vehicles and engines;
it may also be useful for specialists in related fields of technology, graduate
students and undergraduates at higher technical schoola.
Table of Contents Page
Foreword 3
Basic Symbols 5
Chapter 1. The Process of Heat Exchange and a Survey of Experimental
Equipment (External Region of Interaction) 7
Some Specific Features of High-Temperature Failure of TZM [Heat-
Protective iiaterials] 7
Heat Exchange With a Non-Destructing and Ablating Surface 11
Figuring the Radiant Component of Heat Fl.ow 13
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Experimental Methods and Equipment for Investigating the Kinetics of
Failure of T~M 24
- Special Solar Units (SGU) 29
Chapter 2. Moving Boundaries of Physicochemical Transformations and
Principal Factors of Interactions (Internal Region of Inter-
action) 64
Heat and Masa Transfer Through Regenerated Zones of a Destructing
Material 64
Properties of Materials at High Temperatures 73
Classification of Materials 79
Properties of Individual Constituents of TZM and Their Inf?uence on
- Overall Effectiveness 81
Influence of External Factors on the Process of Interaction 84
Some Features of tt-ie Process of Failure of Materials in Conditions of
Radiant Heating 88
Chapter 3. Substantiation and Derivation of a Conclueion Combining Ex-
ternal Conditions and Proper~ies of a MateLial During Mass
Removal 38
Statement of Con,jugate Problem for Conditions of Combined Heating 98
Model of High-Temperature r~:lure of TZM in Conditions of Combined
Heating 106
- Chapter 4. Determination of Input Data, Evaluation of Criteria, and
Results of Solving Equation (III.27) 114
Interrelationship of External Parameters and Properties of Materials,
Determination of the Range of Their Variation 114
Determination of Values of Criteria of Equatiion (III.27), Equation
Solution and Analysis of Certain Relations 117
Analysis of Extreme Cases of Flying Vehicle Conditions of Flight 125
Chapter 5. Various Conditions of Interactions of Materials With the
Environment and Experimental Methods of Estimating Kinetics
of Failure 129
Analysis of Various Interactions 129
Analysis of Experimental Resulta 132
_ Experimental Method of Studying the Kinetics of High-Temperature
Failure of Materials 134
Bibliography 140
FOREWORD
The contemporary stage of study of the problem of spacecraft entry into dense layers
of atmosphere involves thorough study of the problpms of physics, hydrodynamics, and
~ 34
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chemistry of the phenomena which accompany the process of interaction of a heat-
shield material (TZM) with the surrounding medium. Comparisons of theoretical cal-
culations and experimental data have made it possible to achieve significant
= progress in understanding the structure of the flow field as well as physico-
chemical transfarmations which occur. There has been a substantial improvement in
the accuracy of calculations connected with analysis of spacecraft reentry into the
atmosphere, such as calculations of convective and radiant heat flows, mass
removal and heating of the heat-protective coating, radar cross section of the
trail, etc. In spite of the fact that one can with a fair degree of certainty ex-
tend calculation methods to conditions which substantially differ from those for
which there is a substantial quantity of experimental data, elaboration of inethods
of determining the dynamic interrelationahip of the properties of inedia and materials
with the rate of failure and heating remains an extremely important stage in
selecting an optimal heat shield.
It has now become necessary to seek ways and methode of synthesizing inforn~ation on
. effective, thermophysical, optical and other properti.es of materials in the process
of their disintegration in media with various composition and thermodynamic
parameters. The available large quantity of factual material requires appropriate
classification and convenient forms of compact presentation of experimental and
calculated data.
This book is a result of work performed by the author to~ether with various experts:
industrial engineers who design heat shield materials, the design engineers who
utilize these materials, and teating personnel, who accomplish feedback from ex-
periment results to the formula and proceas of manufacture of the materials.
The author's task was greatly facilitated by the following published monographs:
Yu. V. Polezhayev and F. Yu. Yurevich, "Teplovaya zashchira" [Heat Shielding]
(Moscow, Energiya, 1976); B. M. Pankratov, Yu. V. Polezhayev, and A. K. Rud'ko,
"Vzaimodeystviye materialov s gazovymi potokami" [Interaction of Materials With
Gas FlowsJ (Moacow, Mashinostroyeniye, 1976). Thanks to these atudies, it was
no longer necessary to make a detailed examination of the problems of heat and mass
transfer in high enthalpy flows and solids, the mechanism of absorption of heat and
the physicochemical processes which take place within heat-protective materials.
For this reason the author presents only basic information on the external and in-
ternal regions of the process of interaction of materials in various media, es-
sential for presentation of the bulk of this v~lume elucidation of the
dynamic interrelation of external and internal parameters and evaluati.on of the
possibility of directed influence on the procesa by formula and manufacturing
process techniques during the manufacture of the materials.
This monograph is divided into five chapters, unified by the common idea of compact
presentation of the procesa of high-temperature failure of heat-shield materials
by a mathematical model which reflects the interrelationship of external and in-
ternal parameters with the rate of movement of the boundary of physicochemical
transformations in the material.
Chapter 1 deals with analysis of the process of heat exchange with a non-destructing
surface and ablating aurface of a material (external region of interaction). A
concise picture is presented on the interaction of materials in various media,
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taking into account the influence of the radiant component of overall heat flow.
A brief survey of experimental methods of investigation and equipment is presented;
an examination is made of the influence of external factors on the effectiveness
- of materials; experimental equipment which utilizes the radiant energy of the sun
(special solar units) is presented.
Chapter 2 examines the moving boundaries of physicochemical transformations within
TZM (internal region of interaction), presents the properties of typical TZM by
zones, presents a classification of well-known materials and examines the properties
of individual components of TZM and their influence on heat-shielding effectiveness.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are devoted to substantiation, derivation and analysis of the
solution of an equation which reflect the kinetics of high-temperature failure as a
particular case of con~ugate problems for. conditions of convective and radiant
heating. They also contain analytic expressions of the most typical interactions
of materials in the conditions of various experimental equipment, with comparison
of certain experimental data and solution resulte. These investigations are a
part of the problem of designing engines, heat-etressed equipment and flying
vehicles as a whole.
~ The author would like to express his profound thanks to UkSSR Academy of Sciences
Academician I. N. Frantsevich for his daily attention and discussion of the manu-
script, and to V. V. Pasichnyy, V. S. Tsyganenko, and G. F. Gornostayev for
assistance in preparing individual sections. The author expresses thanks to his
colleagues, you:zg specialists and graduate students for *_heir participation and
critical comments. The author would like to express particular thanks to 0. A.
Teplyakova for her assistance in readying the manuscript for publication.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'svto "Naukova dumka", 1981
3024
CSO: 1842/175 END
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