JPRS ID: 9807 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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JPRS L/ 10069
23 October 1981
USSR Report
EIECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(FOUO 1 1 /81)
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NOTE
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JPRS L/10069
23 October 1981
USSR REPORT
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERTNG
(FOUO ii/sl)
, CONTENTS
COMMUNICATIONS, COMMiJNICATTON EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS,
NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING,
INFORMATION THEORY
Detection and Measurement of Narrow Band Radio Signal
Frequency Against Interf erence Background in
Acoustical Opto-Electronic Spectrum Analyzer 1
Precise Measuring of Radio Signal Carrier Frequency at Output
_ of Acoustical-Optical Frequency Gate in Presence of
' External Additive Interference 12
i
Complex Signal Reception Against a Background of White Noise
~ and Spectrally Concentrated Interference Using Parallel
Channels 21
Signal Processing by Means of Magnetastrictive Transducers........ 29
I PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
I '
i Collection of Papers on Semiconductor Devices and
' Microelectronics 32
I Fundamentals of Designing Microelectxonic EQuiPment............ 4.. 40
' Handbook on Calculating Noise-Suppression of Digital Data
Transmission Systems 43
Microprocessors 46
Multichannel Communications Systems 48
- One-Way Computer Storage 53
- a- [III - USSR - 21E S&T FOUO]
~ ��!~T ~\fT l/
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Optical Communication Cables 55
Planning Automatic Intercity Telephone Exchanges.................. 58
Radio and Television Transmitting Station Equipment............... 62
Solid Magnetic Voltage Converters for Radio Power Supply........ 65
Television Data Display Dpvices................................�... 67
Theory of Soli.d State Electronics and Integrated Circuits......... 69
= Theory and Techniques of Radar Data Processing Against the
Background of Interference...................................... 72
Wideband Analog Cowmunication Systems With Complex Si;gnals........ 81
Cryoelectronic Receiving Modules Usi.ng Hybrid Tnfrared Band
Charge Coupled Devices.......................................... 83
b
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COMMUNICATIGNS, COMMiJNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS
AND TRANSMITTERSO NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA
TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY
UDC 621.391.193
DE':ECTi0i3 A."1D MEAStiREMFNT QF ;1ARROTd BA:;D R_kDIO SIGNAL FREQLTET?CY. AGAIZdST
IPdTERFEF,E"TCE BACKGROiT.VD TN ACOLTSTICAL OPTQ-FL�CTROTTIC SPECTRUM ANALYZER
Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIICH UCHEBrTYKH ZAVEDENIY: R.ADIOELF.K.T_R.ONIKA in Russian Vol 24,
:q0 4, Apr 81 (manuscript received 12 May 80, after revision 14 Oct 80) pp 26-33
[Article by A.S. Gurevich and G,S. Nakhm anson]
[Text] The anslysis of a narrow band radio signal and a
narrow normal random process by means of an acoustical opto-
electronic spectrrim analyzer is treated. Expressions are
~ derived for the detection characteristics and the statistical
characteristics of estimates of the signal frequency for the
case of reception against a background of external noise and
internal interference from the opto-electronic system of the
spectrwt analyzer.
Increusing Attention is being devoted to acoustizal opto-electr.onic devices
[1-41 and others at the presenC time in the design of optical system for inform-
ation processing. Such devices are acoustical optc-electrcnic spectrun analyzers
(AOES), which take the form of a cambination of an acoustic:al optical processor
(AOP) and an opto-electronic (OES), which perform the simultaneous analysis of
the received signals in a wide range of frequency in real time. In this case, the
quality of the analysis of the received signals (the detection characteristics,
the precision of the measur-ement of the signal spectrum parameters) depends sub-
stantially on the impact of external and internal n,oise. One of the methods of
improving signal analysis quality is the choice of the appropriate circuit con-
figuration for the opto-electronic system.
The reception of a narrow band radio signal and a aarrow band random process
against a background of internal and external noise by an acoustical opto-
electronic spectrum analyzer is treated in this paper, where the circuit of the
analyzer is shown in Figure 1. The detection characte:istics and the ultimate
measurement precision for the center frequency of the spectrum of the received
signals are analyzed.
1
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The acoustical-optical processor, AOES, which
iYes is shown in Figure 1 consists of an ultrasonic
j ^ y r;,~~u
<
~ fLJ4i~ ~ light modulator (UZMS), a device for informa-
4' r:,nd'' tion input to the AOES, 1, and an integrating
r lens, 2, with a focal distance of fL. The
b 1, is a good
22
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(3)
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approxunat.ion at a Rice distribution, i.e., the distribution of the envelope of
the sum of the gaussian narrow band process and the quasiharmonic oscillation with
= a constant amplitude and arbitrary phase, which is called the nonguassian inter-
~ ference component iu the follawing. Distribution (1) makes it possib le to analyze
all of the charact:ristic statistical situations which arise in the individual
- frequenc.y rha�nels, *rom the case of interference with a probability densitq
having r"'1a:tLmtun entropy (gaussian noise) , to the case of interference with minimal
entroNti� (har~:~.onic interference where m
Using the cxiterion of the signal/interference ratio, we shall treat the analysis
and sy-,:tllesis of one network section given the assumption that the desired non-
linear characteristic ef the inertialless nonlinear element is approximated by
J the binomial:
, f (x) _ c, (x czx3)' (4)
where cl and c? are certain coefficients.
The charactertstic (4) is convenient in that on one hand, it is easily realized
and is "min:imaily noniinear" in the sense of generating the number of combina-
tion ha r,nonics, and on the other hand, in accordance with [3,5], is a good approx-
imzition of the optimal nonlinear functions obtained when solving the general
pro`12em of structural synthesis for nongaussian interference, which is most fre-
quently encountered in radio engineering practice.
By substituting (2) in (4), we will find the process which is concentrated in
the first spectral band:
ft (X) = c, 1+ 4 C. (a2 -f- 2Rz)1 a cos (c~,t 4 c2 R2a cos X
~
i[ (2(ilp - (il,) t - 2(pp + (pj + 4 C.QZR COS [(2(il, -(ilp) t - 2(pa+ (pp] +
(5)
+ T C2 (R' T 2Q2) 1 R COS ((ilpt - ~P~1 � I
J
:ier,2 ar,d subsequently, the k subscripts are omitted.
In c:.cmuntc,ltzons s~~stems with angular modulation, that portion of the output
:requ-_:~c~; fl(~:), which repeates the phase strucCure of the signal at the input,
must ee equnted to the useful signal at the output of the inertialless nonlinear
elemer.t. The f irst ter.n in (S) satisf ies this condition:
s c, I 1~-- ~ C. (a2 -F 2RZ)~ a cos (W,t (6)
out ~
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The remainint terms ef the sum (5) make a contribution to the output interference.
11e shall find the amount of "system gain", defined as the ratio of the average
signal and interference powers at the output, normalized for the analogous value
at the input [6]:
A=( Q' Q'l .
~ Op 1out ` ~P
n
(7)
Since the output signal amplitude is a random quantity, the output signal power
must be determined as the square of the average over the entire set:
1)2,
4s out - QsBUx = 2CIa2 ((az 2R=) 3 4 cZ (g)
The corner braces indicate averaging using distribution (3).
We shall define the output interf erence power as the difference:
QpOll~- `Ifi(X) (9)
OU
By carrying out the averaging and substituting (8) and (9) in (7), we obtain:
2
_ I1 + 4 cz (a- -f- 2S~)I
A = , I-F 2 Cz (mz9 -j- 2a2) I6 ~(m,S2z 5a2rnzS? 5a~) (10)
mz = 1+ m; m3 = 1-}- m+ m2 ; 52 =(Rz).
Th e problem of synthesizing the inertialless nonlinear element characteristic
reduces to the deteraiination of c2, which maximizes (10). By studying (10) for
the naximu:n, we find:
~p _ (q4 - Q_) � (q4 - 9:)2 (QfQi - 92Q3) l93 - 91~
2 (9:93 - Q1qi) ~
- q, = 2(m.S2 2a'); 42 = 16 (m,S22 5a2m_2 ; 5a4);
3 9
93 = 2(a= + 2n); 94 = 6(a2 2S2)`�
24
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The small signal case, where the signal/interference ratio at tlie isiput is
a= a2/St � 1, is of the greatest practical interest, and then:
�4 Xa (11)
. 12 3 ~j '
_ (1- 4') --~(1- m~Z-(2m2-m3)(1- ~ 1
4 ~
~o = (2r.:2 - ma) (12)
- By substituting (12) in (10), we have:
(1 - 2~)?
A'""` = 1 - 2%0 (m2 2a) M. (m, 5m2(Z) .
When m= 1(gaussian interference), Xp = 0, Amax = 1, i.e., the nonlinear charac-
~ teristic degenerates into a linear one. When m� 1; ap = 1+ 0.5m; AIIax _
= m/(1 + ma) � 1, i.e., a considerable gain is observed because of the suppres-
~ sion of the nongaussian interference component.
! In case the signal is masked by the nongaussian interf erence component and with
a large signal/noise ratio at the input (ma � 1), Amax = 1/a. This actually
means that the cross-modulation product of the signal and interference, observed
~ at a frequency of (2c~ - ws), the power of which is equal to the signal power,
: makes the major contribution to the output interference.
' When the signal is much less than the gaussian camponent of the interference
i (m � 1), the gain is Amax = m. Consequently, along with the suppression of the
nongaussian interference component, a decrease in the signal/noise ratio by a
factor of two is also otiserved.
Formula (10) characterizes the gain with the assumption that tihe output filter
passes all of the output process components without distortion.
However, if the carrier frequency of the spectrally concentrated interference,
c,:P, does not coincide with the center frequency of the fiiter, mp (frequency
mismatched interference), the "generalized system gain" of [6] will be even
greater by virtue of the suppression of the spectral components of the
"combination" noise which fal.ls outside the "transmittance passband" of the
output filter.
In the general case, the c~ inertialless nonlinear element parameters depends
not only on the power parameter of *he interference S2, but on its distribution
parameter m. However, this has an impact on the conversion result only for
small values of m.
25
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(1)
+(5) Lw 08
4) 0,4
AK-2
0
Figure 1.
Key: 1. F11 [input bandpass
filt2r 1];
_ 2, BNE1 [inertialess nonlinear The analysis and synthesis of the
element 11; nonlinear elements performed here
3. F21 [output bandpass filter 11; having the characteristic (4) demon-
4. SF [matched filter]; strated that with the action of non-
5. F1L [input bandpass filter L gaussian spectrally concentrated
(L is the number of channels)]; interference, the signal/interference
6. AK-1 [channel analyzer 1]. ratio in a channel in the case of
optimal nonlinear processing increases
by a factor of A, because of the
suppression of the nongaussian component of the concentrared interference, which
exceeds the level of the signal and fluctuating noise. Since this result can be
no further improved by means of any kind of conversion, subsequent processing
reduces to the optimal linear combining of the outputs of all of the channels
with weights of (2]: clk = Sk out/4pk, Where Sk out is the signal component. Qpk
is the interference power at the output of the k-th channel. In accordance with
(11), it follows fram (6) that cli < 0 in the channels'impacted by the concentrated
interference, since in these channels, si out < 0, and conversely, cli =
a,/Qi in > 0 in those channels where there is no interference.
are depicted
A block diagram of the adaptive multichannel filter
Figure 1. It contains L channels, in each of which
output FZ bandpass filters, controlled by the inertialless nonlinear element and
a variable gain amplifier. The analyzer of the channel (AR-1) identifies the
channels impacted by the spectrally concentrated interference. In the channels
where is no interference, the nonlinear circuit of the inertialless element is
disconnected (linear mode). In the remaining channels, the parameters of the
inertialless nonlinear element are adjusted in accordance withthe othedanalysis
algorithm (the nonlinear mode). The channel analyzer (AK-2) Performs
of the voltage readouts at the outputs of the bandpass filters and establishes
the weights with which the voltages are entered into the common sum.
We shall give the calculation of the reception noise immunitq using parallel
channels, taking into account the subsequent processing of the camplex signal
in a matched f ilter (SF) in two extreme cases: a) The concentrated interf erence
is an independent sine wave which is not amrtitude modulated; b) All of the
interference takes the form of gaussian oscillations with rapidly changing
amplitudes, and have identical dispersions while their total power is constant.
26
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It is assumed that the signal and the.signal and the noise have uniform spectral
densities in the passband occupied by the complex signal.
We shall introduce the coefficient Xk, which characterizes the degree of sup-
pression of the "combination" noise as a function of the degree of tuning mismatch
between the carrier frequency of the concentrated interference and the center
frequency of the filter: Awk � ILI)pk - (100� In the absence of interf erence and
in the case of its maximum frequency difference, ak = 0, since Awk = lwk -w1c+11�
Then the maximum signal/interference ratio at the output of the optimum combi4ing
system is equal to:
L
C _ 2 _ 2nk C ~n )ed: One~x = 1 + hA (_ff ~k. �
ut ksi 'fn
ouC
(13)
It is not difficult to show that in case (a), the ratio Qout at the output of the
matched filter, in accordance with (13), is equal to:
t
q~ = 1-L L~ 1+%2BqBX,
ou'~ � in
�:l
I qin is the signal/noise ratio at the receiver input; B is the complex signal
base [7].
As is well known [71, the maximum signal/interference ratio is achieved in the
' case of ideal coherent compensation for the interference and is equal to:
qmaY 2BQin'
- The curves for the ratio qout/42 are plotted in Figure 2 as a function of the
m
_ number of i.mpacted channels Z/L or three values of Xu = 0, 0.5 and 1(u = 1,Z)
are the solid lines. The maximum disadvantage of adaptive nonlinear filtering
as compared to ideal compensation amounts to 3 dB in all when Z/t. = 1 and 1u = 1.
tdhen au = 0, an adaptive nonlinear filter is not inferior to an ideal interference
compensator.
Curves borrowed fram [8] are shown in Figure 2 with the dashed lines for compar-
ison with other well known reception methods. Straight line 1 corresponds to
reception directly with the matched filter. Function 2 characterizes the noise
immunity of a quasi-optimal amplitude equalizer with rejection of the spectrally
concentrated interference, while curve 3 is for an adaptive linear filter. It
can be seen from the graph that the gain in the reception noise immunity for the
case of optinal nonlinear processing in the chanriels has a more substantial
effect at greater values of Z/L, i.e., in the case of greater saturation of the
radio channel with concentrated interf erence, something which is quite important.
27
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In case (b) and with optimal processing, the signal/interference ratio at the
matched filter output coincides with the signal/interference ratio at the output
of the linear adaptive filter, since c9a = 0, k= 1,L (curve 3).
It should be noted in conclusion that in a real interference situation, which is
characterized by the presence of concentrated interf erence with different statis-
tical properties, one can substantially boost the reception noise immunity using
parallel channels by virtue of optimizing the nonlinear processing in each of
the channels. One of the design solutions can be the algorithm for adaptive
nonlinear f iltering found in this paper, which makes it possible in a r.umber of
cases to obtain a result close to ideal compensation for spectrally concentrated
q
interf erence.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. I:otel'nikov V.A., "Teoriya potentsial'noy pomekhoustoychivosti" ["Potential
Noise Immunity Theory"], Moscow, Gosenergoizdat Publishers, 1956.
Andronov I.S., Fink L.M., "Peredacha diskretnykh soobshcheniy po parallel'nym
- kanalam" ["The Transmission of Digital Messages via Parallel Channels"], Moscow,
Sovetskoye Radio Publishers, 1971.
3. Antonov O.B., "Optimal'noye obnaruzheniye signalov v negaussovykh pomekhakh.
Obnaruzheniye polnost'yu izvestnogo signala" ["The Optimal Detection of Signals
}n `Iongaussian Interference. The Detection of a Completely Rnown Signal"],
TiADIOTEKHNIKA I ELEKTRONIKA [RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS], 1967, 12,
Vo 4, p 579.
4. Tikhonov V.I., "Statisticheskaya radiotekhnika" ["Statistical Radio Engineering"],
Moscota, Sovetskoye Radio Publishers, Moscow, 1966.
5. Antonov O.Ye. Ponkratov V.S., "Podoptimal'noye obnaruzheniye slabykh signalov
na fone amplitudno-chastotno-modulirovannykh pomekh" ["Subopeimal Detection of
Weak Signals Against a Background of Amplitude and Frequency Modulated Inter-
ference"], RADIOTEKHI3IKA I ELEKTRONIKA, 1975, 20, No 1, p 182.
6. Zyuko A.G., "Pomekhoustoychivost' i effektivnost' sistem svyazi" ["Noise
Icununity and Efficiency of Communications Systems"], Moscow, Svyaz' Publishers,
1972.
7. Tuzov S.I., "Statisticheskaya teoriya priyema slozhnykh signalov" ["The
Statistical Theory of Complex Signal Reception"], Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio
Publishers, 1977.
8. Barakin L.Ye. "Pomekhoustoychivost' sistem svyazi s shumopodobnymi signalami"
("The Noise Inununity of Communications Systems with Pseudonoise Signals"],
ELEKTROSVYAZ' [ELECTRICrV. COMMUNTCATIONS], 1979, No 1, p 42.
- COPYr.IGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1981.
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UDC 621.374.55
SIGNAL PROCESSING BY MEANS OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY: RADIQELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 24,
No 4, Apr 81 (manuscript received 3 Jan 80) pp 98-99
[Paper by V.P. Garmash]
[Text] Functiional electronics devices are widely used in modern radioelectronics
[1]. Such devices include magnetostrive transducers, for which any parameter
which governs the conversion efficiency is made variable along the direction of
wave propagation [2].
The mechanism for generating the pulse characteristic of a pair of magnetostric-
tive transducers is shown in Figure 1.
A waveguide made of a material which posseses the magnetostrictive effect and is
magnetically biased by virtue of an internal or external magnetization, is
depicted in Figure la.
The input and output transducers are made in the form of single turns 1 and 2.
When a current pulse (delta-pulse) is fed to transducer 1, a mechanical stress
wave ap appears by virtue of the magnetostriction effect, which in passing by
transducer 2 excites a voltage pulse e in the latter. If the conversion effect
is the same at all points in the waveguide, then assuming the position of the
transducers to be variable, we obtain: e' = e(t - x/v - y/v - L/v), where v is
the wave velocity.
If the transducer is made in the form of a coil with a variable pitch, then the
e.m.f. enclosed between planes spaded dy distance apart on a portion of a turn
will be: de = Wye'(t - x/v - y/v)dy, where Wy is the tangent of the slope angle
of the turn (or what is the same thing, the winding density). The sign of Wy is
determined by the direction of rotation of the coil. The e.m.f. from one turn
of the input transducer is equal to:
9s
h= f Q'ye' - x/u - y/v) dy.
bi
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In an analogous manner, when using a complex winding at the input transducer,
the expression for the total e.m.f., is:
r, ys
e - ~ `IS'=W,e' (t - xJo - y/v) dudx.
x, 91
(1)
The functions WX and Wy are by definition real quantities. By equating expression
(1) to the requisite pulse characteristic E(t), we obtain the equation for the
determination of WX and Wy.
Thus, the functions WX and Wy realize the linear conversion of the signals e(t).
Assuming that Wy is specified, we obtain the simpler function:
(2)
t Wxe' (t - x/u) dx.
The pulse:response has been recorded for transducers made in the form of single
- turns and placed on a waveguide made of 015 mm [decimal point not given in
original] wire. Biasing of the transducers was used to make the form of e(t)
independent of x and y.
Ttze calculated and experimental pulse characteristics of a pair of magneto-
strictive transducers with a specified distribution of terms (Wy and WX) are
mathematicaltmothere
dels
- shown in Figure �Tthe correspod ence possible
is high precision in
of magnetostrictive transducers with"long" coils.
12T.
L e(tl
(a) Q
1
dy
(b) a
r igure 1.
Wj W e f ~
theory
e e
A t t
e(t) ea.rntp
experiment
Figure 2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Soldatenkov V.A., Svistunov Yu.A., "Funktsional'noye ustroystvo - progressivnoye
napravleniye mikroelektroniki" ["The Functional Device - A Progressive Trend in
Microelectronics"], Moscow, Sovet.skoye Radio Publishers, 1970, 11 pp.
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2. Garmash V.P., "Korrektsiya impul'sa magnitostriktsionnoy linii zaderzhki,
primenyayemoy v sistemakh obrabotki informatsii" ["Pulse Equalization for
A Magnetostrictive Delay Line Used in Aata Processing Systems"], Paper
deposited in the TsNIITEIS, No. 21-83-89, 1972. 3. Zakhar'yashchev L.M., "Konstruirovaniye liniy zaderzhki" ["The Design of
Delay Lines"], Moscow, Energiya Publishers, 1972, 192 pp.
COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1981.
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31
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PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING
COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS
UDC 621.382
COLLECTION OF PAPERS ON SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND MICROELECTRONICS
Kiev POLUPROVODNIKOVAYA TEKHNIKA I MIKROELEKTRONIKA: RESPUBLIKANSKIY
MEZHVEDOMSTVENNYY SBORNIK in Russian No 33, 1981 pp 103-107
[Annotation and abstracts of papers in the collection "Semiconductor Engineering
and Microwave Electronics: Republic Level Interdepartmental Collected Papers",
Editor-in-Chief S.V. Svechnikov, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Semiconductors, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka"]
' [Text] Papers on the components of radio electronics equipment as well as opto-
electronics and microelectronics devices based on semiconductors and dielectrics
- are printed in the selection. The designs of new semiconductor devices, nonlinear
systems and multilayer structures are described. Data are given on the properties
of the various semiconductor materials and f ilm systems. The steady-state charac-
teristics of semiconductor devices are analyzed; the influence of various actions
on the characteristics of the semiconductor devices is discussed.
The book is for scientific staff inembers, graduate students and engineers working
in the field of semiconductor technology and microelectronics, as well as students
- in the advanced courses of physics and radio physics departments.
UDC 621.382.2+0.0001.5+539.293.536.5
PROPERTIES OF A SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL USED IN MOS INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ELECTRONICS
(SILICON)
[Abstract of paper by Litovchenko, V.G.]
[Text] The characteristics of silicon material used in integrated circuit elec-
tronics are analyzed taking two factors into account: structural defects (predom-
inantly point defects) and oxygen impurities. The specific features of the
behavior of the properties of silicon plates are noted for the case of thermal
action, high temperature oxidation, the influence of the dielectric layer (o)cYde,
nitride) at the surface and a comparison of various types of defects is made with
the qualitative indicators for various types of devices. Figures 10;
references 60.
32
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UDC 621.382
FIELD EFFECT MEMORY TRANSISTORS WITH ELECTRICAL UNIPOLAR DATA REWRITE
[Abstract of paper by Dobrovol'skiy, V.N., Nevyadomskiy, V.I., Ninidze, G.K. and
Yarovoy, S.I.]
[Text] Field effect insulated gate memory transistors are surveyed, in which the
data write and erase are accomplished by electrical unipolar voltage pulses. The
various structures of such devices are described, the physical processes occurring
in them are treated and the parameters are indicated. When designing memories,
the use of these transistors can substantially simplify the solution of circuit
design problems as compared to the case where transistors are used with different
polarities for writing and erasing. Figures 8; references 68.
UDC 621.315
A STUDY OF THE METALLIZATION OF MOS STRUCTURES BY MEANS OF SECONDARY IQN MASS
SPECTROMETRY
[Abstract of paper by Didenko, P.I., Marchenko, R.I. and Romanova, G.F.]
[Text] The results of a study of the physical and chemical state of the A1-S102-Si
system using secondary ion mass spectrometry are generalized. It is shown that
the nature of the energy distribution of secondary ions for the major component s of
the mass spectrum depends substantially on the planar inhomogeneity of the separa-
tion boundary between the metal and the dielectric. The degree of change in the
structure of the dielectric film depends on the mpthod of applying the metal
electrode, something which is reflected in a change in the degree of hydration and
the electrical strength of the S102 layer. A structural model of the A1-S102-Si
system is discussed. Figures 5; references 9.
UDC 621.383.4
PARAMETERS OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SANDWICH STRUCTURES BASED ON LIGHT
SENSITIVE FILMS OF CADMIUM SULFOSELENIDES
[Abstract of paper by Kaganovich, E.E., Maksimenko, Yu.N. and Svechnikov, S.V.]
[Text] The resistance and reactances of an equivalent series circuit for two
types of light sensitive sandwich structures are studied as a function of fre-
quency, bias voltage and illumination. The first type of structure is fabricated
using CdSe films deposited in a vacuum; the second is based on CdS powders with
binders precipitated in a centrifuge.
It is shown that thc real component of the impedance decreases with a rise in the
frequency (200 to 2. 105 Hz) from the value of the direct current resistance to
a value close to the contact resistance. The existence of regions of working
33
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parameters is established (frequency, bias voltage, illumination), in which the
equivalent resistance in light exceeds its dark value. A sharp rise in the equiva-
lerit capacitance is observed as compared to the geometric values in step with
increasing illumination and bias voltage at 1ow frequencies. The conclusion is
drawn that the equivalent circuits are different for the two types of structures.
Figures 4; references 4.
UDC 621.315.592
MEMORY EFFECTS IN MOS STRUCTURES DUE TO THE ACTiON OF RADIATION
[Abstract of paper by Kiblik, V.Ya., Lisovskiy, I.P., Litvinov, R.O. and
Litovchenko, V.G.]
[Text] The characteristics (sign, density, localization) of a charge incorporated
in a dielectric means of radiation, as well as the parameters (density, energy
distribution) of the surface states of a Si-Si02 separation boundary created in
- MOS structures by gamma and ultraviolet (W) radiation are studied by means of the
volt-faraday and the volt-ampere functions of the photoemission and contact
potential difference. The analysis of the results obtained and their comparison
for the cases of various kinds of radiation and irradiation conditions makes it
possible to draw definite conclusions concerning the specific features of the
formation and charge of electrical memory centers. Figures 7; references 13.
UDC 622.383.52
POSITIONALLY SENSITIVE PHOTOCELLS BASED ON CHALCOGENIDE TYPE CADMIUM (ZINC)
COPPER-CHALCOGENIDE HETEROSTRUCTURES
[Abstract of paper by Komashchenko, V.N. and Nedostup, V.N.]
[Text] The properties of positionally sensitive biphotocells (PChF) with a trans-
verse photoelectric effect are described, where these are fabricated based on
- thin film polycrystalline chalcogenide type heterostructures of cadmium (zinc)
copper-chalcogenide. It is shown that the positionally sensitive photocells which
were studied are characterized by a large dynamic range of the travel character-
istic and high values of th e slope of its linear portion, high resolving a:id
detecting powers, as well as an operational speed, low temperature and tILmewise
_ drift which are independent of the illumination of the light probe. Their fabri-
cation technology is rather simple and economical. It allows for the fabrication
of positionally sensitive photocells with a preset region and shape for the
spectral sensitivity, as well as photosensitive elements of various shapes and
sizes. Figures 2; tables 1; references 12.
34
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UDC 621.382r
ON OPTTMIZING THE BARRIER HEIGHT IN SCHOTTKY RECTIFIER DIODES
[Abstract of paper by A1'perovich, Ye.A., Bocharnikov, M.Ya., Vol'fson, E.Ye.,
Panichevskaya, V.I., Rozhdestvenskiy, G.F. and Strikha, V.I.]
[text] The optimum height of the Schottky potential barrier is calculai.ed by
working from a minimum of the power dissipated in Schottky barrier power diodes.
The influence of the parameters of the semiconductor, the inr.eymediate layer and
the metal-semiconductor (MP) separation boundary on the optimum barrier height is
analyzed. It is shown that by appropriately changing the parameters of the
model for the metal-semiconductor contact, the parameters of the rectifier diodes
can be adjusted. Figures 4; references 2.
UDC 621.382.2.029.64.001
THE INFLUENCE OF BORON ION DOSAGE ON THE ELECTROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
IN-CHANNEL SAPPHIRE MOS TRANSISTORS
[Abstract of paper by Lokshin, M.M., Lyashenko, A.F. and Pelepets', P.I.]
~ [Text] The threshold voltage, drain-substrate breakdown voltage and drain-source
leakage currents of n-channel MOS transistors on sapphire are stuided as a unc-
i
~ tion of the dose of boron ions implanted in the channel region. The experimental
i results are compared with the calculations. Figures 3; ref erences 10.
UDC 621.383.2
A STUDY OF THE ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AN Si-Si02 SYSTEM OBTAINED BY THE
OXIDATION OF SILICON IN WATER VAPORS
! [Abstract of paper by Denisyuk, V.A., Panin, A.I., Popov, V.M. and
Sukhostavets, V.M.]
' [Text] The volumetric generation lifetime Tgo, the effective generation lifetime
Tge, the rate of surface generation of minority carriers Sg, the density of struc-
tural defects with poor dielectric strength (NDP) in the oxide as well as defects
with an anomalously high generation rate (AVSG) of minority carriers in Si-Si02
systems are stuaied where these systems are obtained by oxidizing silicon in
water vapors in a temperature range of P= 800 - 1,000 �C. In samples obtained
with T= 900 �C, and stabilized FSS's [not further defined], the least generation
activity level was established (tgo = 1.2 � 10-5 sec; Sg = 10 cm � sec-1), the
- minimum density of defects with a poor dielectric strength was found as well as a
lack of the formation of centers with an anomalously high rate of minority carrier
generation. Figures 3; references 17.
35
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UDC 621.315.592
SPECIFLC FEATURES OF THE RECOMBINATION PROPERTIES OF LARGE DIAMETER SILICON
BE1RS, USED IN MICROELECTRONICS
- [Abstract of paper by Litovchenko, N.M � I1'chishin, V.A. and Aleksandrov, V.T.]
[Text] A comparative study is made of the recombinational properties of large
and small diameter silicon bars obtained by Czochralskiy's technique which contain
oxygen in a concentration of about 1018 cm-3.
It is shown that recombination in large diameters bars is controlled by oxygen
complexes which lead to a substantial difference in the lifetimes of electrons and
holes. The concentration of recombination centers in such rods is substantially
nonunifcrm over their diameter. Figures 1; references 5.
UDC 021.315.592
' THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE SPECTRA.L DISTRIBUTION OF THE PHUTO-
SENSiTIVTTY OF Cdp,2Hdp,8Te C1tYSTALS
[Abstract of paper by Vlasenko, A.I., Matsas, Ye.P., Lyubchenko, A.B.,
Sal'kov, Ye.A. and Shachenko, A.V.]
[Text] The spectral characteristics of the photoconductivity of Cdp,2Hgp,gTe
crystals are studied where various surface treatments are used for the purpose
oE ascertaining the possibility of controlling their photosensitivity in a region
of from 2 to 14 micrometers. The treatments utilized have a substantial impact
on the signal amplitude and the form of the photoconductivity spectrum, where a
correlation is observed between a decrease in the signal at the maximum photosensi-
. tivi.'.y and an increase in the photoconductivity in the short wave region. It is
stiown that the minimum surface recombination rate of S= 350 cm/sec is observed
in crystals with electrically polished surfaces; all other treatments lead to
a value of S and order of magnitude or more greater than this level. It is
presupposed that the bulk lifetime in the sur.face layers of the crystals being
studied is not constant and depends on the surface treatments to qualitatively
explain the effectG observed. Figures 1; tables 2; references 14.
UDC 621.384.3
TNE CONVERSION OF INFRARED TO VISIBLE RAllIATION BY ELECTROLUMINESCENT p-n
STRUCTURES BASED ON GALLIUM PHOSPHInE
- [Abstract o� paper by Lyubchenko, A.V., Puzin, I.B. and Sal'kov, Ye.A.]
(Text] The possibility of converting the IR radiation of low power C02 lasers
(am = 10.6 um) to visible radiation (am = 0.7 um) by means of industrial p-n
structure light diodes based on gallium phosphide is regorted. The conversian
effect is based on the temperature dependence of the electroluminescence intensity
of the light diode structures and consists in a sharp increase in the radiation
36
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intensity of the latter with the action of IR radiation. The effect is observed
at room temperaL-ures. Figures 4; references 14.
UDC 621.382.2
THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA RADIATION ON THE VOLT-AMPERE CHAR?CTERISTICS OF SCHOTTKY
DIODES BASED ON GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE EPITAXIAL STRUCTURES
- [Abstract of paper by Konakova, R.V. and Faynberg, V.I.]
[Text] The results of the influence of C060 gamma radiation on the volt-ampere
characteristics of Au-nn+-GaP Shottky barrier diodes, fabricated using nn+ gallium
phosphide structures obtained by the method of liquid phase ep itaxy, are given.
The diode structures were breadboarded avalancre transit time diodes based on
galliurii phosphide. Figures 1; references 5.
UDC 621.396.963.3+621.326.001.24
ON A DYNAMIC MODEL OF MZNIATURE INCANDESCENT I,AMPS FOR OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICES
[Abatract of paper by Boguslavskiy, R.Ye. and Severinovskiy, N.S.]
[Text] Expressions are d erived with precisicn sufficient for engineering calcula-
tions which describe the transient characteristics of miniature and subminiature
incandescent lamps used at light sources in opto-electronic d evices. A system of
dynamic parameters is proposed �or the lamps as well as a procedure for their deter-
mination by very simple experimental means. The pulsed mode excitation mode of
the lamps is analyzed and basic expressions are derived for calculating it. The
necessary conditions for realizing the dynamic memory storage mode in scanned
matrix structures based on incar.descent lamps are determined. Figures 4;
references 4.
UDC 537.311
A TRANSPARENT CdU ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROLUMIIIESCENT FILMS
~ [Abstract of paper by Vlasenko, N.A., Visheva, T.P., Gergel', A.N. and Komarov,
V.V.]
(Text] The influence of temper.ature and the duration af annealing for CdF2 films
obtained by thermal vapor deposition in a vacuum on their resistance is shown. As
- a result of heat treatment, Cd0 films can be obtained with a resistance of 50 to
100 o}ims/cross-section and a transparency of about 85%. Such films were tested as
transparent electrodes for ZnS;~Mn electroluminescent films. A uniform contact
luminescence of up to 200 cd/m was obtained. The electrode sustains a current of
�p to 10 mA/nm2. Figures 3; references 8.
37
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UDC 621.383:539.1.74
A STiTDY OF DEEP LEVELS IN p-TYPE SILICON USED FOR THE FABRICATION OF NUCLEAR
RADIATION DETECTORS
[Abstract of paper by Voyevoda, G.P., Dubrovenko, M.Ya., Litovchenko, P.G. and
- Kibkalo, T.I.]
[Text] Jo:rir stud:tes of the structural and electrophysical properties of disloca-
tion free silicon used for nuclear radiation detectors are presented. The para-
meters of the deep centers are determined in various regions with differing concen-
trations of small and large clusters. The different influence of A clusters and
B clusters on the properties of the detectors'is established. Figures 2;
- references 3.
UDC 621.383.539.1.74
THE INFLUENCE OF A NONUNIFORM CLUSTER DISTRIBUTION ON THE PARAMETERS OF SURFACE
BARRIER DETECTORS
[Abstract of paper by Barabash, L.I., Berdnichenko, S.V., Litovchenko, P.G.,
Neymark, K.N., Osadchaya, N.V., Skorokhod, M.Ya. and Fal'kevich, E.S.]
[Text] The electrophysical parameters of nuclear radiation surface barrier detec-
- tors are studied as a function of the structural perfection of the raw high resis-
- tance silicon. The study of the structural defects of the dislocation-free sili-
con was made using X-ray diffraction topography in conjunction with decoration of
the defects as well as by means of selective etching. The influence of A and B
clusters on the level of the working bias of the detector and its energy resolu-
tion is demonstrated. Figures 3; references 3.
- UDC 621.383:539.1.74
A MULTICOMPONENT TELESCOPE BASED ON p-Si FOR SPECTROMETRY AND IDENTIFICATION OF
CHARGED PARTICLES OF INTERMEDIATE E13ERGIES
[Abstract of paper by Balakin, V.D., Barabash, L.I., Berdnichenko, S.V., Kibkalo,
T.I. and Kirnas, I.G.] , [Text] Experimental data on charged particle spectrometry using a semiconductor
telescope are given. Completely depleted silicon detectors using especially
pure and compensated silicon were used as the collection detectors in the
telescope. The results obtained for the energy resolution show the advantages of
r.tiis type of telescope, which are due to the increased radiation and timewise
stability af the collection detectors made of p-silicon with thin insensitive
input and output layers. Figures 4; references 5.
38
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UDC 621.383:539.1.74
A STUDY OF CHARGE LOSSES IN THE NEAR-SURFACE REGION OF THE SENSITIVE LAYER OF
Ge(Li)-DETECTORS
[Abstract of paper by Balakin, V.D., Petrosyan, E.Ye. and Pashchuk, N.N.]
[Text] Results of a study of the near-surface region of Ge(Li) coaxial detectors
by means of a collimated beam of alpha particles are given. The correlation be-
tween the charge losses and the nature of the distribution of the electrical
field intensity in the sensitive region of the detector is demonstrated.
- Figures 2; references 5.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova diunka", 1981.
8225
CSO: 1860/370
39
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UDC 621.396.6.049.76.001
FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGNING MICROELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Moscow OSNOVY KONSTRUIROVANIYA MIKROELEKTRONNOY APPARATURY in Russian 1981
(signed to press 4 Dec 80) pp 20 302-303
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Fundamentals of Designing
Microelectronic Equipment", by Aleksandr Petrovich Nenashev and
Leonid Aleksandrovich Ko ledov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaa"', 15,000 copies,
304 pages]
[Text] Annotation
General problems, singularities and the methodology of designing microelectronic
equipment are explained. The construction of modern microelectronic components--
caseless hybrid integrated circuit (IC) elements and diacrete electronic com-
ponents---are given. Design methods are�considered for insuring temperature con-
ditions of sections and units, protecting them from moisture and mechanical over-
_ loads, and methods and f eatures of internal and external microelectronic equipment
conf iguration.
The book is intended for a wide group of engineers and designers involved in
developing microelectronic equipment. It may also be helpful for students at
institutes of higher learning.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1, General Problems of Microelectronic Equipment Design 6
1.1. Design Features of Electronic Equipment 6
1.2. Factors to b e Considered in Designing MEA [Microelectronic
17
Equipment]
1.3. General Methodology for Equipment Design 19
1.4. Features of MEA Design Methods and Quality Criteria 25
1.5. Evaluating Design Efficiency of MEA 30
1.6. State Standardization System. Uni�ied Design
Documentation System 35
40
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Chapter 2. kardware Base for Microelectronic Equipment 43
2.1. Integrated Microcireuits 43
2.2. IC Requirements and Operating Conditions 50
2.3. Design Configuration and Features of Inatalling Housed IC 53
2.4. Discrete MEA Electronic Components 65
2.5. Caseless Electronic Components and Their Use in Hybrid
IC, Microassemblies and Microsections 83
Chapter 3.
Electrical Interconnection of MEA
105
3.1.
Function and Singularities of Electrical Connection of
Microelectronic Equipment
105
3.2.
Factors Influencing Electromagnetic Compatibility of
MEA Elements and Sections
108
- 3.3.
Electrical Length of Electrical Connection Line
110
3.4.
Signal Distortion During Propagation in Electrically
-
Long Line
112
3.5.
Parasitic Coupling of Electrical Connecting Lines
117
3.6.
Connection Between Design and Electrical Parameters
of Electrical Connecting Lines
120
3.7.
Toleratces of Electr3cally Short Connecting Lines in
Digital Devices
127
3.8.
Tolerances of Electrically Long Connecting Lines in
Digital Devices in Presence of Cross-Talk
132
3.9.
Acceptable Parasitic Capacitance for Amplifier
135
~ 3.10.
Problems To Be Solved in Designing Electrical Connectiont
!
and Solution Methods
137
3.11.
Printed-Circuit Design
137
3.12.
Wired-Circuit Design
165
' 3.13.
Some Design Methods for Insuring MEA Noise Protection
175
3.14.
Electrical Connection Features of Unified Computer System
183
Chapter 4.
Insuring MEA Temperature Conditions
186
4.1.
Influence of Temperature Conditions on MEA Reliability
186
4.2.
Methods of Insuring Normal MEA Temperature Conditions
191
4.3.
Heat-Sink Methods
197
' 4.4.
Selecting a Cooling Method in the Initial Design Stage
206
' Chapter 5.
MEA Moisture Protection
209
- 5.1.
Influence of Moisture on MEA Reliability
209
5.2.
Methods of Protecting MEA From Moisture
211
- 5.3.
Selecting MEA Moisture Protection Method
224
Chapter 6.
Protecting MEA From Mechanical Effects
227
6.1.
Influence of Mechanical Effects on MEA Reliability
227
6.2.
Resistance of Construction to Mechanical Overloads
231
6.3.
Basic Parameters of Shock-Absorbing Syatem
233
' 6.4.
Design and Parameters of Shock Absorbers
236
6.5.
Planning Shock-Absorbing System
242
41
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Chapter 7. MEA Configuration 248
_ 7.1. Content, Role, Methods and Criteria for Configuration 248
7.2. Evolution of Configured Electronic Equipment Circuits 255
7.3. Configuration Singularities of Third- and Fourth-
Generation Electronic Equipment 262
Conclusion
283
Appendix 1.
Unified Design Documentation
System Standards for
31/12/79
285
Appendix 2.
Some State Standards Used in
Designing Microelectronic
Equipment for 31/12/79
290
Appendix 3.
Some Reference Materials Used in Designing MEA
291
Bibliography
298
COPYRIGHT:
Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz
, 1981
6900
CSO: 1860/347
42
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UDC 621.396.621.391.278
HANDBOOK ON CALCULATING NOISE-SUPPRESSION OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Moscow RASCHET POMEKHOUSTOYCHIVOSTI SISTEM PEREDACIiI DISKRETNYKH SOOBSHCHENIY
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 10 Feb 81) pp 2p 230-231
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Calculation of Noise-Immunity of
Digital Information Transmission Systems: A Handbook", by Valeriy Ivanovich Korzhik,
Lev Matveyevich Fink and Kirill Nikolayevich Shchelkunov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i
svyaz"', 17,000 copies, 232 pages]
~ [Text] The structure of optimum and suboptimum decision circuits for various
; channels with constant and variable parametera is described in the handbook in
' a systematized, condensed form. The basic precise and approximate formulas are
~ cited for calculating the probability of errors contained in monographs and
' articles of Soviet and foreign authorg published ta date. Tables of certain
; special functions which are widely used in calculations of noise-immunity and pro-
' grams for computing them on the :Elektronika-B3-21" calculator are given. The
' handbook is for specialists engaged in development and utilization of ineans of
! communication.
Table of Contents
Preface 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
Channels with determinate parameters and
Classification and mathematical models of
Channel with additive white noise
Channel with additive Gaussian noise
Channel with additive non-Gausaian noise
Channel with frequency--dependent constant
(reception under conditions of intersymbo
additive noise 11
additive noise 11
16
28
39
parameters
1 noiae) 52
Chapter 2. Channels with random parameters (phase, frequency,
amplitude) and additive noise 63
2.1. Mathematical description and physical nature of channels
with random parameters 63
43
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2.2. Channel with indeterminate phase and Gaussian additive
noise with uniform spectrum
67
2.3.
Channel with
indeterminate
phase
and additive correlated
Gaussian noise
75
2.4.
Channel with
indeterminate
phase
and non-Gaussian noise
82
2.5.
Channel with
indeterminate
phas-,
frequency-dependent
parameters and white noise
85
2.6.
Channel with
indeterminate
phase,
random mean frequency
and additive
white noise
90
2.7.
Channel with
indeterminate
phase
and amplitude
94
Chapter 3.
Channels with random structure (element reception)
101
3.1.
Gaussian linear stochastic channel
101
3.2.
Channel
with discrete multipath nature
106
3.3,
Channel
with frequency-selective fading
114
3.4.
Channel
with time--selective fading
122
3.5.
Separated reception in channels with random parameters
128
Chapter 4.
Channel with randor. structure (reception in toto)
135
4.1.
Aspects
of approach and relationship to above material
135
4.2.
Channel
w3th random phase
136
4.3,
Channel
with instability and Doppler frequcncy shift
143
4.4.
Channel
with discrete multipath nature
146
4.5.
Channel
with selective fading (isolated reception)
152
4.6.
Channel
with selective fading (separate reception)
160
Chapter 5.
Quantum channels
162
5.1.
Description of optical signals
162
5.2.
Reception o� signals
with ideal photodetection
172
5.3.
Noise-suppression of
signal reception with quantum noise
179
5.4.
Noise-suppression of
optical signal reception based on
total of quantum and
other noises
192
Appendix 1. Major statistical inequalities used to evaluate
probability of error 198
Appendix 2. Some functions used in calculation of noise-
suppression 207
Appendix 3. Programs for computing some functions on Elektronika
B3-21" calculator 213
Basic notations 217
List o� abbreviations 218
- Notations used in circuit diagrams 219
References 221
44
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4k
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Alphabetical index 227
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- CSO: 1860/304
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UDC 681.325-181.48:621.3.049.77
_ MICROPROCESSORS
Moscow MIKROPROTSESSORY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 24 Mar 81) pp 2, 70
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Microprocessors", by
Mikhail Alekseyevich Bedrekovskiy, Nikolay Serafimovich Kruchinkin and
Vladimir Andreyevich Podolyan, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 60,000 copies,
71 pages]
[Text] The possibilities for using microprocessors# their design structure and
the features of their application in specific devices as well are demonstrated
on the basis of a systematic exposition of mater3als reflecting the main properties
and the experience of using domestic and foreign microprocessors.
For a broad circle of readers.
CONTENTS
PreFace 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 1. General organization principles of microprocessors and
microprocessor systems 8
1. Main elements of a microprocessor's structure 8
2. Memory organization. Structure and working principles of
- a microprocessor system 12
3. Main circuit quality jRus. magistral'nost'] 17
4. Interruption 18
5. Direct memory access 19
6. Microprogram control 20
7. Program facilities 23
46
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Chapter 2. Characteristics of microprocesaors which determine the
variety of spheres and peculiaritiea of their application
8. Production and circuitry methoda for the manufacture of
large integrated circuits
9. Characteristics of microprocessors as large integrated
circuits
10. High-speed response
11. Power consumption, dimensiona and weight
12. Compatibility with tranaistor-transistor logic, number of
power supply levels
13. Capacity
14. Addressable memory capacity
15. Reliability and operational stability
16. Microprocessor classification. Main features of foreign
microprocessor sets
Chapter 3. Domestic microprocessor sets
17. Series K580
18. Series K587
19. Series K589
Chapter 4. General questions of microproceasor application
20. Microprocessor application methods. Microprocessor system
classification
21. General recommendations in the selection and application
of microprocessors
~ Chapter S. Examples of the concrete realization of microprocesaor
! systems
' 22. Spheres of application for microprocessor apatems
~ 23. Microprocessors in the control and 3nspection of
production processes.
' 24. Microprocessor systems for expanding the functions and
I . improving the basic characteristics of communications
equipment
25. Microprocessor systems for increasing accuracy and
automation of ineasurements
26. Microprocessor systems in domestic devices and electronic
games
List of literature
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981.
9194
CSO: 1860/346
47
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29
29
32
33
34
34
34
36
36
36
39
43
45
47
48
48
51
54
54
55
63
64
65
68
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UDC 621.395.4
MULTICHANNEL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
Moscow SISTEMY MNOGOKANAL'NOY SVYAZI in Russian 1980
(signed to press 12 Mar 80) pp 2, 437-439
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Multichannel Communications Systems",
by Aleksandr Moiseyevich Zingerenko, Natal'ya Nikolayevna Bayeva and
Mikhail Serafimovich Tveretskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 23,000 copies, 440 pages]
[Text] Principles for designing transmission systems are set out and fundamental
questions associated with build-up of a diverse type of interference in linear
channels and with the design and use of transmission systems with frequency and
time division of channels.
The textbook is intended for the students of communications WZs who are special-
izing in multichannel electrical communicationsl and it may also be useful for
students in departments of automatic electrical communications, radio communica-
tions and broadcasting.
CONTENTS
Preface 3
Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Construction of tranamission systems with frequency 7
multiplexing
Chapter 2. Interference in linear routes and channels 21
2.1. Interference sources and evaluation 21
2.2. Fluctuation interference 23
2,3. Nonlinearity interference 27
2.4. Nonlinearity coefficients and attenuation 29
2.5. Combination oscillations 31
2.6. Attenuation of amplifier nonlinearity given frequency-
dependent negative feedback 33
48
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2.7. The group signal and its statistical characteristics 34
2.8. Noises due to nonlinearity products 40
2.9. Interference from linear transitions 48
2.10. Atmospheric interference 50
2.11. Compander applications 50
2.12. Pulse interference 52
Chapter 3.
Correction of
linear distortions in channels and group
routes
54
3.1.
The concept of
linear distortions
54
3.2.
Correction of
linear distortions in transmission system
channels
59
3.3.
Incorporation
of correctors into channels
62
3.4.
Correctors
70
3.5.
Time character
istic corrections
84
Chapter 4. Automatic level control 86
4.1. Classification, basic definitions and characteristics of
ALC systems 86
4.2, Solitary ALC devices 91
4.3. Operation of ALC systems 106
4.4. Multifrequency ALC systems 114
Chapter 5.
The linear route of transmission systems with FDC
[frequency division of channels]
118
5.1.
Structure of a linear channel. Standardization of
interference
118
5.2.
Amplifier deployment. Natural interference and static
build--up
122
5.3.
Average length of repeater sections
125
5.4.
Interference build-up from linear transitions
126
5.5.
Interference build-up from nonlinearity products
127
5.6.
Average power of insertion interference from a linear
_
channel
132
5.7.
Optimization of preemphasis frequency characteristics
133
5.8.
Optimization of linear level preemphasis
134
- 5.9.
Optimum transmission level
135
5.10.
Requirements for attenuation of amplifier nonlinearity
136
5.11.
Requirements for attenuations of nonlinearity w'Lth respect
to protection from audible crosstalk
138
5,12.
Influence of correction error on channel rioise.
immunity
141
5,13.
Effectiveness of precorrection
143
- 5.14.
Deployment of ALC in the linear channel
146
~ 5.15.
Influence of length of a control section on the average
length of repeater sections
147
5.16.
Influence of temperature changes in coaxial cable
attenuation on ampli�ier load
149
5.17.
Influence of temperature changes in cable attenuation on
channel interference resistance
149
5.18.
Preregulation and its effectiveness
151
49
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5.19. Side flows and their influence on television signal
transmission 153
Chapter 6. Frequency converters 155
- 6.1. Requirements imposed on converters 155
_ 6.2. Passive frequency converters 158
6.3. Active frequency converters 171
Chapter 7. Oscillator equipment 175
- 7.1. General requirements 175
7,2, Master oscillator frequency stabilization 180
7.3. Harmonics generators 185
7.4. Frequency dividers 189
Chapter 8. Transmission system equipment amplifiers 195
Chapter 9.
Electrical filters
204
9.1,
General definitions
204
9.2.
Channel filters
204
9.3,
Uirectic,nal filtPrs
209
9.4.
Linear filters
212
9,5,
Parallel operation of filters
212
Chapter 10.
Standard channel-forming equipment
215
Ctiapter 11.
Transmission systems with FDC jfrequency division
of channels]
226
11.1.
Systems for transmission along coaxial cables
226
11.2.
Systems for transmission along symmetrical cables
237
11.3.
Systems for transmission along overhead communications
lines
241
- 11.4.
Systems for transmission along radio relay and
satelite communications lines
246
11.5.
Features of transmission systems for local co3mnunication
lines
246
Chapter 12
. Through connections and channel discrimination
247
12.1.
Through connections
247
12.2.
Channel discrimination
251
Chapter 13
. Television and audio program broadcast transmission
equipment
253
13.1.
General information
253
~ 13.2.
Characteristics of the television signal transmission
channel
254
13.3.
Configuration of the television broadcasting channel
257
- 13.4.
Requirements for audio broadcast transmission channels
262
- 13.5.
Means of organizing auc'_io broadcast channels
264
13.6.
Audio broadcast signal transmission equipment
265
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Chapter 1.4. Mechod for determining audio frequency (AF)/channel
quality for tranamission systems with FDC
14.1. General questionR
14.2. Designing AF channels for cable communications linea
14.3. Designing AF channels organized around overhead
communications lines with non-ferrous metal conductors
Chapr_er 15
15.1.
15.2.
15.3.
lSs4.
].5.5.
15.6.
15.7.
15.8.
15.9.
15.10.
Chapter 16.
16.1.
- 16.2.
16.3.
16,4,
16.5.
= 16.6,
16.7.
16.8.
DESigning digital transmission systems
Features of digital transmission systems
Amplitude-pulse modulation of the f ir st and second type
Selection of the group signal discretization frequency
Pulse-code modulation
Quantization and clipping noises in transmission
systems with PCM
Noises during irregular quantization
Natural interference during group signal quantization
Delta modulation
Delta modulation with companding
Differential pulse-code modulation
Configuration of multichannel equipment with PCM
and TDC Itime--division of channels]
Schematic af the terminal station
Amplitude-pulse modulatora
Spectrum limitation and transient interference in a
group channel with amplitude-pulse modulators
Coders with a linear quantization scale
Decoders taith a linear quantization scale
Codes with irregular quantization scale
Synchronizers. The cycle of the group digital signal
Generator equipment
Chapter 17.
17.1,
17.2.
- 17.3.
17.4.
17.5.
,
17.6,
17.7.
Digital transmission systems. Consolidation and
separation of digital currents
Standardization of multichannel digital transmission
systems
Means of consolidating digital flows
Sche:natic of equipment for consolidating asynchronous
digital flows
Basic assemblies of asynchronous gang ing units
Features of equipment for consolidation of synchronous
digital currents
Introduction of discrete signals into the group digital
channel
A system with PCM for television signal transmission
Chapter 18. The digital linear channel
18.1. Structure of the digital linear channel
18.2. Digital signal codes in transmission lines
18.3. Digital signal regenerators
51
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266
266
267
275
279
279
281
283
286
289
292
295
298
300
301
301
304
306
307
311
313
317
321
322
322
325
329
331
337
338
341
344
344
347
350
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18.4. Requirements for probability of error in the linear
channel
352
18.5.
Digital signal phase fluctuations and their effect
on transmission quality
353
18.6.
Interference build-up in the digital linear channel
355
18.7.
Digital signal distortions and interference at the
regeneration sector
358
18.8.
Pulse form correction
361
18.9.
Requirements for a regenerator cadence synthesizer
365
18.10.
Calculation of the probability of error during
regeneration of a digital signal
370
18.11.
Fundamental mathematical relationships determining
the length of regeneration sectors
373
18.12.
The concept of the hybrid digital linear channel
375
Chapter 19. Equipment with PCM and TDC 378
19,1. Pulse code modulation 12M (IKM-12M) 378
19.2. The IKM-30 379
19,3. The IKM-120 381
Chapter 20. Maintenance work on transmission systems 384
20.1. The line equipment shop 384
20.2. Reliability of transmission systems 399
20.3. Automation of maintenance on main communication lines 400
Chapter 21. Systems for transmission over optical communication
lines. St.atistical transmission systems 413
21.1. Configuration of systems for transmission over optical
communication lines 413
21.2. Components of optical transmission, systems 415
21,3. Brief information on optical transmission systems 420
21.4. Configuration of statistical transmission systema 421
21.5. Noises and distortions in statistical transmission
_ system channels 426
21.6. Parameters of statistical transmission systems 429
21.7. Existing statistical transmission systems 433
List of literature 433
Subject index 435
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"", Moskva, 1980
9194
CSO: 1860/340
52
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UDC 681.3.07
ONE-WAY COMPUTER STORAGE
Moscow ODNOSTORONNIYE ZAPOMINAYUSHCEIIYE USTROYSTVA in Russian 1981
(signed to press 20 Feb 81) pp 20 190-191
[Annotation and table of contents from book "One Way Storage", by
Yuriy Aleksandrovich Avakh and Vladimir Konstantinov3ch Fatin, Izdatel'stvo
"Energiya", 7000 copies, 192 pages]
[Text] New one-way storage with electrical and mechanical informat3on exchange
are examined. The operating principles and distinctive fpatures of storage
elements employing diverse physical phenomena are described, their basic charac-
' teristics are given and the most advantageous areas of application are pointed
out. Methods for computing certa3n units and the interference level in the
number-transfer block are given.
For engineering and technical workers engaged in the design of discrete computers
and control devices.
CONTENTS
Preface 3
Chapter 1. Featur.es and basic characteristics of one-way
storage (OWS) units 6
1. Types of storage 6
2. Structure of one-way storage, area of application and
basic characteristics 11
3. Potential OWS 16
Current OWS 22
Chapter 2. The number-transfer block of a OWS with mechanical
information exchange 26
S, Design features 26
6. Separation of signal from interference 31
7. Means of recording and exchanging information 33
8, Linear communications elements 37
53
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9, Non-linear communications elements 57
10, Combined communications elements 76
11. Optical storage elements 78
12. Blocking storage elements 82
Chapter 3. Features of a capacitance OWS with mechanical
information exchange 94
13. Influence of information capacity on storage
characteristics 94
14. Elimination of the parasite effect of unselected request
buses 102
15. A storage matrix 102
Chapter 4. Semiconductor storage elements of OWS 108
16. Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOP) transistors with
floating c.ut-off 108
- 17. Metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor (MNOP) transistors 111
18. Storage elements based on an amorphous semiconductor 115
Chapter
5. Integral semiconductor One-way storage (OWS)
117
- 19,
OWS's using MOP transistors with floating cut-off
117
20.
OWS's using MNOP transistors
122
21.
OWS based on amorphous semiconductors
128
Chapter
6. Holographic OWS
132
- 22,
General questions
132
23.
The holographic principle of information storage
134
24,
Masks and controlled transparencies
137
25,
Means for information recording and read--out
140
26.
Amplitude and phase holograms. Materials for hologram
recording
145
27,
Redundant recording of holograms
151
28.
The structure and principal characteristics of page
holographic storage
154
29.
Holographic storage with electrical information exchange
167
30,
Holographic storage with tri-coordinate access
170
31.
riatrix of photodetectors
173
32.
Deflectors for holographic storage
176
Conclusion 183
A�terword 185
List o� literature 186
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1981
9194
CSO: 1860/341
54
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UDC 621.391.63
OPTICAL COMS'IUNICATION CABLES
Moscow OPTICHESKIYE KABELI SVYAZI: TEORIYA I RASCHET in Russian 1981
(signed to press 23 Jan 81) pp 2, 153
[Annotation and table of contents of book "Optical Communications Cables: Theory
and Design", by Nikolay Aleksandrovich Semenov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz l",
5000 copies, 153 pages]
[Text] Optical cable (OK) is considered a constituent of an optical data trans-
mission system which determines its fundamental properties. Physical principles
of transmission of wideband signals along OKs containing lightguides (SV) of
various types operating under multiple mode and aingle mode conditions are dis-
- cussed; in some cases the concept of partial waves and beam interpretation in
SV is utilized. Concepts are introduced about variable and emerging waves. A
brief examination is given to typical structural circuits of communications sys-
tems using optical cable and technology for producing optical fibers.
A systematic theory of regular lightguides is evolved; modifications are derived
for dispersion equations, theoretical formulas for phsse and group velocities,
group delay time, attenuation coefficient, power flux distribution. The cor-
responding program for a computer is described and results of calculation are
cited. The question of optimization of the profile of the refractive index of
a gradient lightguide is considered. The effect of lightguide irregularities in
optical cables is discussed: flexures, microscopic bends, lightguide intercon-
nections, interfaces with sources and receivers. Transitional attenuations be-
tween lightguides in optical cables are determined. Analysis of the passage of
signals through optical cable based on chromatic and modal dispersions made it
possible to determine bandpass under various operating conditions. Bagic principles
of optical cable design are formulated and examples of calculations of deformations
in optical cable components are given.
For scientific workers specializing in development of optical cable technology,
communication systems and control systems.
55
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-
Table of Contenta
Introduction
3
Chapter 1.
Principles of construction, properties and basic
components of optical cablea
5
1.1.
Designation and composition of optical cables
5
1.2.
Optical cable caromunicatiuns
10
1.3.
Basic types af lightguides and modal conditions
12
1.4.
Primary parameters of lightguides. Beam trajectory
16
1.5.
Parameters of optical media
19
- 1.6.
Optical materials and fibera
22
_ Chapter 2.
Waves in regular lightguides
24
2.1.
Wave equation. Communications between field components
24
2.2.
Variable and emPrging waves
27
2.3.
Dispersion equation of dual layer lightguide
30
2.4.
Modes of dual layer lightguide
37
Chapter
Parameters of waves in lightguides
42
3.1.
Phase and groups parameters of waves
42
3.2.
Wave power
48
3.3.
Attenuation coefficient
53
3.4.
Frequency characteristics of lightguide communications
-
parameters
56
Chapter 4.
Gradient lightguides
59
4.1.
Arbitrary profile of refractive index
59
4.2.
Graduated prof ile of refzactive index
67
Chapter 5.
Optical cable with irregular lightguides
70
5.1.
Types of irregularities
70
5.2.
Method of coupled power
72
5.3.
Losses in microscopic bends in gradient lightguides
75
5.4.
Losses in microscopic bends of lightguides with graduated
profile
77
5.5.
Losses in bends
79
Chapter 6.
Connections of optical cables and lightguides
81
6.1.
Connections of lightguides and optical cable, with
sources and receivers
81
6.2.
Insertion losses into optical cable
84
6.3.
Losses in connections
89
56
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Chapter 7.
Signal transmission through optical cable
92
7.1.
Causes of signal distortion. Analytical methods
92
7,2.
Signal distortion in lightguides
96
7.3.
Chromatic dispersion
99
7.4.
Single mode conditions
101
7.5.
Multimode conditions
103
Chapter 8.
Connections between lightguides in optical cable
111
8.1.
Coated lightguides
111
8.2.
Transitional attenuation between lightguides in optical
cable
118
Chapter 9.
Design of optical cables
125
9.1.
Exterior effects
125
9.2.
Basic principles and examples of optical cable design
128
9.3.
Calculation of deformations in concentric optical cable
132
9.4.
Deformations in strip core of optical cable
134
Conclusion
'
138
Appendix 1
. Some cylindrical functions
141
Appendix 2
. Program for calculating parameters of lightguide
communications systems
146
List of ab
breviations
148
Ref erences
149
' COPYRIGHT:
Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaa l", 1981.
8617
CSO: 1860/305
57
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UDC 621.395.37
PLANNING AUTOMATIC INTERCITY TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
Moscow PROYEKTIROVANIYE AVTOMATICHESKIKH MEZHDUGORODNYKIi TELEFONNYKH STANTSIY
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 5 Mar 80) pp 2-3, 207-208
[Annotation, foreword (excerpts) and table of contents from book "Planning
Automatic Intercity Telephone Exchanges", by k'anya Bentsianovna Bakaleyshchik,
Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 10,000 copies, 208 pages]
[Text]
Annotation
This book presents the basics of planning automatic intercity telephone exchanges
using type AMTS-3, AM7'S-49 ARM-20, AMTS KE equipment and automatic switching
unit.
The book is intended for engineering and technical workers involved in planning
and operating automatic intercity telephone exchanges.
Foreword
The creation of a nationwide automatically switched telephnne network involves
the construction of automatic intercity telephone exchangea (AITE) and automatic
- switching units (ASU). In the process of being developedt modern technical
autamatic switching facilities are reaching higher quality levels; telephone
exchanges with new capabilities and new switching and control principles are
- being created.
The present book is the first attempt at a systematic exposition of the basics
of planning AITE and ASU of various types considering their interaction in a
network. As new equipment is developed and assimilatedl it will become possible
to introduce appropriate modifications and improvements to planning methodology.
Table of Contenta
Foreword
Introduction
58
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3
4
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Chapter 1. National Automated Telephone Communication System 7
1.1. General Remarks 7
1.2. Nationwide Automatically Switched Telephone Network 7
1.3. Construction of Automated Intercity Telephone Network 9
1.4. Construction of Intra-Zone Telephone Network 11
1.5. Construction of City and Rural Telephone Networke 14
1.6. Communicating With Departmental Telephone Exchanges and
Mobile Platforms 16
1.7. Long-Distance Numbering 16
- 1.8. Cammunicating With International Exchanges 19
1,9. Types of Exchange and Center Equipment 21
1.10. Methods af Transmitting Line Signals and Control Signals 22
Chapter 2. Order of Planning. Composition and Content of Planning
Materials 23
2.1. Exploratory Work 23
2,2. Technical and Economic Justification 25
2.3. Composition and Content of the Plan 26
2.4. Equipment Lists and Cost Estimates 27
Chapter 3. Fundamentals of Designing AITE and ASU Channels and
Equipment 28
.3.1. General Remarks 28
3.2. Methodology of Calculating Number of Channels for
Long-Distance Telephone Network 28
3.3. Initial Positions for Calculating Number of ZSL
[probably zone txunk line] and SLM [probably 1ong-haul
trunk line] in Intra-Zone Network 34
3,4. Prospective and Installed AITE and ASU Capacity 35
3.5. Service Quality Indicators 36
3.6. General Principles of Calculating Amount of AITE and
ASU Equipmer_t 38
Chapter 4. Brief Information on Planning AMTS-10 AMTS-2 and
AMTS-3 Exchanges 40
4.1. General Remarks 40
4.2. AMTS-1 Exchange 41
4.3. AMTS-2 Exchange 43
4,4, AMTS--3 Exchange 45
Chapter 5. Planning AMTS-4 and AMTS-4-Type ASU 61
5.1. General Remarks 61
5.2. Operational Capabilities of Exchange 61
5.3. Functional Diagram of AMTS-4 and ASU 64
5.4. Establishirg Connections 66
5.5. Characterization of Basic Types of Exchange Equipment 71
5,6. Calculating Amount of AMTS-4 Equipment 97
5.7. Function and Operating Capabilities of ASU 114
59
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5.8. Functional Diagram of ASU and Operation of Devices
During Establistunent of Connections 114
5.9. Calculation of ASU Equipment 116
5.10. Design Features of AMTS-4 and ASU Equipment. Placement
Principles 117
5.11. AMTS-4 and ASU Power Supply 118
Chapter 6.
Planning Type ARM-20 AITE
119
6.1.
General Remarks
119
6.2.
Operating Capabilities of Exchange
120
6.3.
Functional Diagram
121
6.4.
Making Connections
124
6.5.
Tandem Operation of Tao Exchanges
127
6.6.
Brief Characterization of Exchange Equipment
129
6.7.
Calculating Amount of Exchange Equipment
152
6.8.
Design Features of Equipment and Equipment Placement
172
6.9.
Exchange Power Supply
174
Chapter 7.
Planning Quasi-Electronic AITE (Quartz)
174
174
7.1.
General Remarks
174
7.2.
Operating Capabilities of Exchange
7.3.
Functional Diagram and Equipment Makeup of Exchange
176
7.4.
Making Connections
1
79
181
5.
7
Brief Characterization of Switching System
.
6.
7
Common-Channel Signaling System
184
.
7.7.
Calciilating Cost of Long-Distance Conversations
185
7
8.
Accounting System for Telephone Loading and Service
.
Quality Control
186
9.
7
Automatic Service Telephone Exchange
187
.
7.10e
Monitoring and Test Equipment
187
7
11.
Initial Positions for Calculating Quasi-Electronic
.
AITE Equipment
189
12.
7
Construction of Quasi-Electronic AITE Equipment and
.
190
Its Placement
193
7.13.
Quasi-Electronic AITE Power Supply
Chapter 8. Requirements for AITE and ASU Buildings and Spaces 1193
93
8.1. General Remarks
8.2. Initial Data for Planning AITE and ASU Buildings 1193
95
8.3. Climatic Parameters in Technical Spaces 196
8.4. Number of Service Personnel
Chapter 9. Cable Connections at AITE and ASU 198
Appendix 1 200
Appendix 2 202
60
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Appendix 3
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Svyaz l"p 1980
6900
CSO: 1860/344
61
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
205
205
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UDC 621.397.611:621.397.65
RADIO AND TELEVISION TRANSMITTING STATION EQUIPMENT
Moscow OBORUDOVANIYE RADIOTELEVIZIONNYKH PEREDAYUSHCHIKH STANTSIY
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 15 Oct 80) pp 2, 238-239
_ [Annotation and table of contents from book "Radio and Television Transmitting
Station Equipment", by Viktor Konstantinovich Ivanovo Izdatel'stvo "Radio i
svyaz 14,000 copies, 240 pages]
[Text] Annotation
Questions of transmitting network construction are exami.ned, geueral principles
of constructing various types of sta.*_ions are given, the most important pieces
of equipment are examined in detail, and some types of television relays and low-
power transmitters are described. Separate chapters are devoted to measurement
and monitoring equipment and -measurement methods.
The book is intenc'.ed for technical communication training school students in the
course on specialty No. 0706; it may be helpful for a wide group of technical
workers who operate the equipment in question.
Table of Contents
Notation used in text 3
Abbreviations used in text 4
Introduction ,q 7
Chapter 1. Televis3on Broadcast Transmitting Network 9
1.1. Frequency Bands Allocated for TV Broadcast 9
1.2. Principles of Organization of Television Transmission
Network 15
1.3. Component Elements of Transmitting Network 18
1.4. Compatibility of TV Broadcast TranEmitting Facilities 29
1.5. Characteristics of Emitted Signal 32
62
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Chapter 2. Principles of Construction of TV Broadcast Radio 36
Station
2.1. Generations of Radio Stations 36
2.2. General Construction Principles of Image Transmitters 40
2.3. General Construction Principles of Sound Accompaniment
Transmitters and Ultrashort Wave FM Broadcast 48
- Transmitters
Chapter 3. Low-Power Section of VHF Image Transmitters 52
3.1. Exciters 52
3.2. Narrowband High Frequency Section 54
3.3. Modulated Stage 57
3.4. Video Amplification Section 62
Chapter 4.
Wideband High Frequency Section of VHF Image
76
Transmitter
1
4
Distributed-Parameter Lines as Loads for Power
.
.
76
Amplifiers
81
4.2.
Tuned-Circuit Systems in TV Transmitters
91
' 4.3.
I
Power Addition System
' Chapter 5.
'Equipment of Common Section of TV Radio Station
101
101
~ 5.1.
Antenna Feeder Devices
105
~ 5.2.
~
Antenna Equivalent
108
5.3.
Isolation Filters
113
5.4.
Operating Z~ao Stations on a Common Antenna
115
, 5.5.
Auxiliary Radio Station Equipment
Chapter 6. Sound Accompaniment and Ultrashort Wave FM Broadcast 119
Transmitter Equipment 119
6.1. General Considerations �120
6.2. Frequency-Modulation Exciters 124
6.3. Radio-Frequency Section of Transmitters
Chapter 7. New Stations for TV Broadcast in VHF and UHF Bands 1134
34
7.1. General Considerations 135
7.2. "Zona-~II" Television Station 141
7.3. Type ATRS--S/1 kWt Television Station 148
7.4. Construction Features of UHF Radio Stations
Chapter 8. Low-Power Television Relays 160
8.1. General Considerations 160
8.2. Type RPTN--70-12/12 Relay/Converter 162
8.3, Type RPTDA Relay/Converter 167
8.4. RTsTA-70-R/12 Equipment 172
Chapter 9. Test and Measurement Equipment and TV Stations 179
9.1. Types of Measurements and Instrumentation 179
9.2. Ectuipment for Periodic Measurements in Image Channel 3-81
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9.3. Equipment for Periodic Measurements in Audio
Accompaniment Channel
9.4. Equipment for Image Channel Measurement and
Monitoring During Transmission
~
Chapter 10. Measurement of Distortions in Television Station Image
- Transmisaion Sectione
10.1. Meas+irement of Amplitude-Frequency Response and
Matching in Section
10.2. Measurement of Image Demodulator Characteristics
10.3. Measurement of Linear Distortions
10.4. Correction of Linear Distortions
10.5. Measurement of Nonlinear Distortions
. 10.6. Correction of Nonlinear (Differential) Distortions
10.7. Quadrature Distortione
- Appendtx 1. Terms and Definitions Used in Text
- Appendix 2. Electrical and Conetruction Parameters of Oscillator
Tubes Used in Transmitters
Appendix 3. Decibel Conversion of Voltage (Current) and Power
Ratioa
Bibliography
COPYRIGHT: Izdatcl'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981
6900
CSO: 1860/345
v
64
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
195
196
201
201
207
210
215
219
222
225
229
232
233
233
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UDC 621.314.58(088.8)
Iq SOLID MAGNETIC VOLTAGE CONVERTERS FOR RADIO POWER SUPPLY
, Moscow MAGNITTIO-TRANZISTORNYYE PREOBRAZOVATELI NAPRYAZHENIYA DLYA PITANIYA REA
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 2 Oct 80) pp 2, 97
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Magnetic Transistor Converters of
Voltage for Powering Radioelectronic Equipment", by Boris Aleksandrovich Glebov,
Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz"', 8000 copies, 97 gages]
[Text] Variable voltage converters (inverters) are examined, a typical feature
of which is the use of a single magnetic reactor with any number of galvanically
~ separated output channels. Circuits are classified by the principle of adjustment
and cor.trol of er.2rgy on the load. ThP operation of some modifications of vaYiable
~ inverter circuits is analyzed. Methods are given for calculating the basic
characteristics of these circuits and 3ef ining component parameters. For techni-
ca?. 2nginEering workers engaged in development aad aperation of secondary radio
power supply sources.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1.
Principles of constrtiction of energy con�verters for radio
_
power supply
4
~ 1.1,
Basic functicns executed by radio power supplies
4
1.2.
Structural cfrcuits of energj converters
4
1.3.
Basic principles of construction of variable inverters
~
with current input and their classificatian
7
J Chapter 2,
Variable inverters with discrete power cot~sumption and
continuous trarsmission to load
9
= 2,1.
Inverter with d.c. coil in power circuit and additional
switch control with gate conductivity
9
~
2,2.
Inverter witYi additional windings in coil and transfoxmer
27
71 1,3.
Inverter with coil-transformer in power circuit
32
' 2,4.
Inverter control devices providing stabilized output
-
voitage
36
~ 65
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Chapter 3. Variable inverters with continuous power consumption 37
from power source and transmission to load
3.1. General principles of construction 37
3.2. Inverter with multiple section primary winding of
power transformer 38
3.3. Inverter with additional control transformar 49
3.4. Inverter with energy transmission to load across two
transformers 55
_ Chapter 4.
F,
Variable inverters with magnetic a.c. reactor in
60
primary winding
60
4.1.
General Information
4.2.
Simplest inverter circuit
61
63
4
3.
Methods of controlling output power in inverters
.
4.4.
Variants of power section of inverters
67
4
5.
Variants of commutation circuits of power switches in
.
74
- 4.6.
inverters
Variants ot control circuits determining current amplitude
in primary side of inverter
82
7.
4
Properties of inverters with inductively-limited rate of
.
current change
86
88
4.8.
Calculation of energy losses in inverter components
95
References
COPYRIGHT:
Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981
8617
CSO: 1860/307
66
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UDC 621.397.6
- TELEVISION DATA DISPLAY DEVICES
Moscow TELEVIZIODTNYYE USTROYSTVA OTOBRAZHEDTIYA INFORMATSII in Russian 1981 (signed
to press 4 Dec 80) pp 2, 198-199
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Television Data Display Devices", by
I1'ya Naumovich Guglin, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 7000 copies, 200 pages]
[Text] The author examines physical principles of the formation of TV signals of
_ data display by digital methods, classification of TV data display devices, struc-
- tural principles of modern alphanumeric displays, special structural characteristics
of data display devices used in ASU [automatic control systems] and subscribers' in-
formation complexes, inciuding the "Teletext"system. Much attention is given to the
problems of designing microprocessors and specialized data display devices.
This book is intended for engineers and technicians specializing in the area of data
display systems in television, computers, telesignalization, and other areas.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Principles of the Formation of Data Display TV Signals 4
1.1. General Propositions 4
1.2. P[ethods of Synthesizing Data Display Signals 10
1.3. Method of Mathematical Logic 12
1.4. Method of Trueness Diagrams 14
Chapter 2. Alphanumeric Data Display Devices 20
2.1. General Propositions 20
2.2. Structural Principles of Alphanumeric Displays 24
2.3. Multifunctional Alphanumeric Data Display Devices 29
2.4. Memory Unit 32
- 2.5. Keyboard of UOI [data display devices] 37
2.6. Discrete Automatic TV Data Display Devices 40
2.7. TV Synchrogenerator for Data Display Systems 44
Chapter 3. Formation of Symbols 55
3.1. General Propositions 55
_ 3.2. Matrix Representation in Forming Symbols 59
67
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3.3. Structure of Symbol Generators Using Matrix BIS 64
[large-scale integrated circuits]
3.4. Some Possibilities of Increasing the Effectiveness of Forming 69
Matrix PZU [permanent storage devices] 74
3.5. Formation of Symbols w ith the Aid of Discrete Elements
Chapter 4. Structural Character istics and Uses of Alphanumberic 81
Data Display Devices 81
4.1. Data Input-Output Units for Computers 85
4.2. Uses of TV UOI in Telegraphy 86
4.3. Formation of Vectorsand Graphical Information
4.4. Formation of Diagrams, Mnemonic Diagrams, and Background 90
Images 92
4.5. Uses of TV Displays in Polygraphy 94
4.6. Uses of TV UOI in Inf ormation Systems
Chapter So
Formation of Graphical Information
96
96
1.
5
General Propositions
.
5
2
Formation
of Graphical
Information with the Aid of Computing
�
.
.
97
3
5
Devices
Formation
of Inclined
Displacement Figures and Lines of
.
.
100
Unlimited
Lengths
105
5.4.
Formation
of Vectors
108
5.5.
Formation
of Circular
Displacement Figures
111
5.6.
Formation
of Ares and
Vectors
Chapter 6. Graphic and Univers al Data Display Devices 115
6.1. General Propositions 115
6.2. Graphic UOI 118
6.3. Universal UOI 120
6.4. Computing Devices of Graphic UOI 125
6.5. Logical Former 130
Chapter 7. Measur.4 _ng and Specialized UOI in Communicatione Engineering 1132
32
7.1. Television UOI in Communications Engineering 134
7.2, Principles of Television Oscillography
7.3. Digital Device for D isplaying Service (Oscillographic) 137
Information w 142
- 7.4. Multichannel Display 149
7.5. Specialized UOI for C ommunication Complexes 154
7.6. Mass Information Reference Service "Teletext" 159
7,7. Devices Developed Abroad 1~2
7,8. "Teletext" with a Variable Composition of Symbols
Chapter 8. Programmed Devices in Data Display Techniques 175
8.1. Microprocessors in UOI 175
8.2. Combining of a Display with a Microcomputer 178
8.3, Structural Principles of IntellecCual Displays 183
8.4. Programmed Logic Ma.trices 186
Abbreviations 188
Bibliography 190
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz"', 1981
10,233
CSO: 1860/342 68
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UDC 621.382+621.396.6
THEORY OF SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Moscow FIZICHESKIYE OSNOVY KONSTRUIROVANIYA, TEKtINOLOGII REA I MIKROELEKTRONIKI
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 5 Mar 81) pp 20 247-248
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Physical Principles of Design and
T echnology of Radio Electronics E quipment and M icroelectronics", by
Aleksandr Andreyevich Shternov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 25,000 copies,
248 pages]
[Text] The foundations of processes determining the operating principles of radio
and microelectronic equipment are set forth. The structure of solids, their
electrophysical properties are examined in detail; contact, surface, acoustic and
optical phenomena are discussed; phase conversions and thin film effects are in-
vestigated.
The handbook for a course in "physical foundations of design and technology of
raciio electronics and microelectronics" is for atudents majoring in design and
production of radio equipment. It will be useful to students in related majors
and to a broad range of specialists in the radio industry.
Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Internal structure of solids 5
1.1. Bonding forces in solids 5
1.2. Crystalline solids 10
1.3. Lattice defects and mechanical properties of materials 15
- Chapter 2. Foundations of zonal theory and statistical physics 19
2.1. Foundations of zonal theory 19
2.2. Impurity levels 25
2.3. Element of statistical physics 27
2.4. Concentration of charge carriers 30
- 2.5. Nonequilibrium carriers 34
69
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Chapter 3. Thermal properties of solids 38
3.1. Thermal oscillations of the lattice 38
3.2. Thermal capacity of solids 44
3.3. Mechanism of heat transfer 46
3.4. Thermal expansion 50
Chapter 4.
Electrical properties of solids
51
4.1.
Mobility of charge carriers
51
4.2.
Electrical conductivity of solids
54
4.3.
Thermoelectrical effects
58
4.4.
Electrical conductivity in intense fields
60
4.5.
Electrical conductivity of double-V semiconductors
61
4.6.
Superconductivity
63
4.7.
Dielectric properties of solids
65
4.8.
Electrical conductivity of dielectrics
69
4,9.
Dielectric losses
70
Chapter 5.
Effects in contacts
72
5.1.
Semiconductor-semiconductor contact
72
5.2.
Metal-semiconductor contact
88
5.3.
Bimetal contact
92
Chapter 6.
Physical processes.in near-surface layers
96
6.1.
Surface states
97
6.2.
Near-surface space charge
99
6,3.
Field effect
103
6.4.
Surface recombinations
106
6.5.
Effect of surface state on mechanical properties of
materials
108
Chapter 7.
Optical effects in solida
112
7.1.
Reflection of emission on surface
113
7,2.
Absorption of emission by solid
117
7.3.
Optical generation of free charge carriers
121
7.4.
Photoconductivity
122
7.5.
Optical emission of solids
125
7.6.
Operating principles of lasers
127
7.7.
Foundations vf holography
129
7.8.
Elements of fiber optics
131
Chapter 8. Magnetic properties of solids 132
8.1. Ferrrnnagnetic properties of matter 133
8,2. Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetiam 136
8.3. Magnetic materials based on rare-earth elements 137
8.4. Magnetic cylindrical domains 140
8.5. Magneto-optical effect 142
8,6. Hall effect 145
8.7. Superconductors in a magnetic field 148
70
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Chapter 9. Acoustic effects on solids 149
- 9.1. Ultrasonic converters 150
- 9.2. Acoustic waves in an elastic medium 155
9.3. Acoustoelectronic eff ects 159
9.4. Use of ultrasonics in technological processes 161
Chapter 10.
Diffusion
163
10.1.
Mechanics of
diffusion
163
10.2.
Laws of diffusion
165
10.3.
Distribution
of diffused matter in a solid
168
- 10.4.
Diffusion in
compounds and polymers
170
10.5.
Formation of
oxide films
171
Chapter 11. Physical foundations of phase conversions 172
11.1. Crystallization 173
11.2. Phase conversions in solid state 177
11.3. Phase equilibrium 182
11.4. Amorphous phase 190
11.5. Molecular phases 192
Chapter 12.
'Physical effects in thin films
197
12.1.
Formation and growth of films
198
12.2.
Epitaxial films
202
12.3.
Films of organic compounds
204
12.4.
Physical properties of thin films
204
12.5.
Electrical conductivity of films
206
12.6.
Superconductivity of thin films
214
12.7.
Thin magnetic films
215
Chapter 13. Physical foundations of hermetization 216
13.1. Wetting of a solid surface 217
13.2. Wetting during processes of soldering and metallization 221
13.3. Adhesion of films 222
13.4. Hermetizing properties of films 226
Chapter 14.
Effects
of intense penetrating emissions on matter
228
14.1.
Formation
of radiation defects
228
~ 14.2.
Effect of
radiation defects on properties of materials
229
14.3.
Helionics
232
14.4.
Effect of
optical emission on solids
237
Appendix
240
References
244
Alphabetical index
245
COPYRIGHT:
Izdatel'
stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981
8617
CSO: 1860/303
71
_ FOR OFFIC"IAL USE ONLY
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UDC 621.396.96.001(07)
THEORY AND TECHIVIQUES OF RAllAR DATA PROCESSING AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF INrERFER-
ENCE
Moscow TEORIYA I TEKHNIKA OBRABOTKI RADIOLOKATSIONNOY INFORMATSII NA FONE POMEKH in
Russian 1981 (signed to press 20 Apr 81) pp 2-3, 410-416
- [Annotation, foreword and tab le of contents from book "Theory and Techniques of Ra-
dar Data Processing Against the Background of Interference", by Yakov Davidovich Shir-
mnn and.Vladimir Nikolayevich Manzhos, "Radio i svyaz 10,000 copies, 416 pages]
[Text] The authors generalized the problems of the optimization of multichannel
and single-channel dEtection, measurement and resolution of radar signals.
Main attention is given to the principles of synthesis and problems of technical re-
alization of various analog and digital detectors and meters of signal parametera
against the background of correlated nonsteady-state interferences, problems of the
adaptation to the conditions of a priori ambiguity, etc. A large number of illus-
trative examples are given.
The book is intended for spec ialists engaged in the theory, design and operation of
radioelectronic facilities and systems.
Foreword
The rapid development of radioelectronics, and the theory and techniques of proces-
sing radar information in partiaular, makes it difficult to generalize various pub-
lications in this area. However, there is an urgent need in generalizing publica-
tions covering the present state of the theory and the prospects for the realization
of ii:s conclusions.
Therefore, the generalization of the "established" and new problems of processing
- radar information against the background of interferences from a single sufficient-
ly general, methodological p osition is an urgent but difficult problem. For example,
the improvement of the element base broadened the poasibilities of multichannel re-
ception. Signals and interfe rence are described by sets of time functions, or by
functions of time and coordinates. Space-time processing of signals against the
background of interference ensuring its effective suppression (not only in radar)
becomes the subject of optimization. Generalization of new problems of such proces-
sing is a substantial part of the goal stated above.
72
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This book is an attempt to solve this problem to some degree. It is based on courses
of lectures on the radar theory: for engineers improving their skills; f or graduate
students and candidates preparing for postgraduate examinations. Special attention
is given to problems which are not always clearly and fully explained in publiAhed
sources: theory cf primary space-time processing of radar information against the
background of correlated interferences with provision not only for the accumulation
of useful signals but also for compensating interfering signals; theory of ineasur-
ing of signal parameters changing and not changing in time against the background of
interference in the process of primary and secondary processing; adaptation theory;
adaptive antennas and moving target selection systems; new methods of coherent pro-
cessing of simple and complex space-time signals digital, optical, and spin me-
thods.
Much attention is given to the compactness, uniformity and simplicity of presenta-
tion of relatively complex theoretical material. The book reflects many years of
teaching experience and personal investigations of the authors in this area. Many
examples are given. The book will be useful not only to engineers and graduate stu-
dents, but also to undergraduate students of vuzes. Materials which until now could
be used by a narrow circle of researchers have now become accessible to many others.
The authors express their gratitude to V. Ye. Dulevich, D. I. Lekhovitskiy and M. B.
Sverdlik for their useful comments.
Contents Page
3
Foreword
1. General Information About Radar Data and Its Processing
1. Fundamental Propositions of the Theory of Multichannel Detection of
Radar Signals
2. Statement of the Problems of the Optimization of Signal Detection
and Methods of Their Solution
2.1. Statement of the Problems of the Optimization of Signal 7
Detection
2,2, Main Indexes of the Effectiveness of Two-Alternative and 9
Three-Alternative Detection 10
2.3. Optimum Criteria of Detection 11
2.4, Optimization of Solutions in Two-Alternative Detection
2.5. Optimization of Solutions in Three-Alternative Detection 14
3. Optimal Detection of a Sampled SiQnal with Known Parameters Against
the $ackground of Gaussian Correlated Interference
3.1. Statement of the Problem. Signal and Interference Models 17
3.2. Algorithms of Optimal Detection of a Sampled Signal with
Known Parameters 21
3.3. The Parameter and Quality Indexes of Tao-Alternative 24
Detection of Discrete Sigr.al Sampling
3.4. Accumulation, Compensation and Interelement Normalization
by the Level of Interference as Component Parts of Optimal 25
Weighr Processing (Example of Two-Element Sampling)
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4. Optimal Multictiannel Detec[ion of a Coitinuous Signal with Known
Parameters Against the Background of Gaussian Correlated Interference
4.1. Transition from Sampled to Continuous Realization 27
4.2. Integral-Matrix Equation of Weight Vector 29
4.3. Basic Results of the Theory of Multichannel Detection of
Continuous Signals and Examples of Its Use 30
4.4. Brief Information on the Theory of Linear Filters of
Continuous Oscillations with Constant Parameters 36
4.5. Coordinated Filtration as a Detection Aperation Against the
Background of Stationary White Noise 38
4,6. Optimal Filtration as a Detection Operation Against the Back-
graund of Stationary Nonwhite Noise 41
5. Special Characteristics of Multichannel Detection of High-Frequency
Signa
5.1.
ls
Complex Recording of Narrow-Band High-Frequency Oscillations
42
5.2.
Approximate Calculation of Integrals of Products of Narrow-
-
Band High-Frequency Oscillations
43
5.3.
Calculation of Cross-Correlation Functions of Random Narraa-
Band High-Frequency Oscillations M[a(t)b(s)] in Linear
Systems with Constant Parameters
44
5.4.
Complex Recording of Oscillations Received, Oscillations of
the Useful Signal, and Oscillations of Interference. Complex
Correlation Matrix of Interference
45
5.5.
Complex Recording of Main Relations of the Theory of the
Detection of Continuous Signals with Known Parameters
46
6.
5
White Noise Model in Narrow-Band Description of High-Frequency
.
Oscillations
49
5.7.
Examples of Synthesis of Multichannel Detectors with the
Use of Complex Rec:ording of High-Frequency Oscillations
50
5.8.
Complex Recording of Filtration Equations of High-Frequency
Oscillations
53
6. Special Characteristics of Multichannel Detection of Coherent Signals
- with
Random Noninformative Parameters
6.1.
Method of Calculating Noninformative Signal Parameters and Its
Application to Detection Against the Background of Gaussian
'
Interference
54
6
2
Likelihood Relation and Algorithm of Optimal Detection of
.
.
Signals with a Random Initial Phase
56
6.3.
Likelihood Relation and Algorithm of Optimal Detection of
Signals with a Random Amplitude and Random Initial Phases
57
6.4.
Block Diagrams of Signals Detectors with a Random Initial
Phase and with a Random Amplitude and a Random Initial Phase
61
6.5.
Quality Indexes of 'Ifao-Alternative OpCimal Detection of
Coherent Signals with Random Parameters
62
7. Optimal Detection of Simplest Incoherent Signals in Gaussian
Interference During Multichannel Reception .
7.1. General Information about Incoherent Signals 65
7.2. Algorithms of Optimal Detection of Incoherent Signals for
the Simplest Incoherence Models 66
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7,3, rtethods of C;11cu1:1eing thr [:ffectivrne,ss oF PavtdaCo4Cirn
Accumulatiun of Incoherent Signals 70
7.4, Examples of Calculating Statistical Characteristics of Output
Voltages and Effectiveness Indexes of PostdetecCion Accumulators 73
7.5. Quality Indexes of the Detection of Incoherent Signala for a
Fixed Volume of Sampling 76
7.6. Quality Indexes of Succeasive Detection of Incoherent Signals 78
7.7. Quasi-optimal Procedures of Binary and Multilevel Digital
Incoherent Accumulation 81
8. Special Characteristics of Synthesis of Detectors of Random Gaussian
Si_gnals Against the Background of Gaussian Interference
8.1. General Problem of the Detection of a Discrete Gaussian Random
Process Against the Background of Discrete Gaussian Interference 83
8.2. Auxiliary Mathematical Propositions 84
8.3. Expressions of the Logarithm of the Likelihood Relation for
Sampled and Contiliuous Oscillationa 87
8.4. Examples of Synthes , of Optimal Detectors of Coherent Gaussian
Signals 89
8.5. Examples of Synthesis of Optimal Detectors of Incoherent
Gussian Signals 91
8.6. Examples of Synthesis of Optimal Detectore of Partially
Coherent Gaussian Signals 97
II. Radar Signals and Modern Methods c" Their Processing
9. Error
and Resolution Functions of Space-Time Coherent Signals. Signals
Without Intrapulse Modulation and Methoda of Their Processing
9.1.
General Relations for Error Functions of Coherent Signals
103
9.2.
Space (Angle) Error Functions
104
9.3.
Time-Frequency Error Functions
105
9.4.
Functions of Error and Ambiguous Bodies of Single Radio Pulsea
Without Intrapulse Modulation
108
9.5.
Methods of Pr.o;:essing Single Radio Pulses Without Intrapulse
-
Modulation
111
9.6.
Error Functions an3 the Method of Processing Coherent Trains
of Radio Pulses
112
9.7.
Principles of Correlation and Filter Processing and Peculiari-
ties of Its Use in the Case of Qu4.si-Continuous Signals
117
9.8.
Special Characteristics of Coordinated and Optimal itesolution
119
9.9.
Weight Processi.ng of Coherent Trains of Radio Pulses
122
10. Frequency Modulated Signals and Methods of Their Processing
10.1 Error Functions of Linear Frequency-Modulated Radio Pulses 123
10.2. Compression of LChM [linear frequency-modulated] Radio Pulses
in Matched Filters 127
10.3. Correlation and Filter Processing with Generalized Heterodyning 131
11. Phase-Manimulated Signals and Methods of Their Processing
11.1, Signals Based on Barker Codes and Multiphase Codes 135
11.2. Signals Based on Linear Recurrent Digital Sequences 138
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11.3,
Continuous 0,iL Signals Manipulated by M-Sequences
142
11.4.
Continuous 0, !,Q Signals Manipulated by M-Sequences
144
11.5.
Pulsed 0, y-L Signals Manipulated by M-Sequences
145
12. New Methods of Digital and Analog Coherent Processing
12.1.
Distinctive Characteristics of Discrete Coherent Processing
146
12.2.
Discrete (Digital) Processing in the Time Region
149
12.3.
Digital Filtration in the Frequency Region
152
12.4.
Fast Fourier Transformation
156
12.5.
Realization and Use of Fast Fourier Transformation
159
12.6.
Walsh Transformation as a Possible Method of Digital Processing
160
12.7.
Numerical Transformations as a Possible Method of Digital
Processing
164
12.8.
New Analog Methods of Processing. 'Two-Pulse Processing
Method with the Use of Spin Echo
166
12.9.
Three-Pulse Processing Method with the Use of Spin Echo
171
12.10.
Possibilities of Using Spin Waves
173
12.11.
Optical Methods of Processing
175
12.12.
Matched Optical Coherent Processing in Side-Looking Radars
with a Synthetic Aperture
180
, III. Principal Propositions of the Theory of Multichannel Radar Measurements
13. Setup
and Solution Methods of Optimal Measurements of the Parameters of
Radar
Signals. Basic Features of Regular Measurements
13.1.
Statement of Problems of Optimal Measurements
183
13,2.
Postexperimental Probability Density in the Bayes Theory of
Evaluation
185
13.3.
Optimization of Evaluations by the Criterion of Minimum Average
Risk. Evaluations of the Maximum of Postexperimental Probability
Density and Maximum Likelihood
186
13.4.
Postexperimental Probability Density and Correlation Matrix of
Errors of Regular Measurements of the Vector Parameter in the
Absence of a priori Data
190
13.5.
Multidimensional Ellipsoid of Errors of Regular Measurements in
the Absence of a priori Data
192
13.6.
Simplest Examples of Point ar.d Interval Regular Bayes Evaluation
193
13.7.
Postexperimental Probability Density and Correlation Matrix of
Errors of Regular Measurements of the Vector Parameter in the
Presence of a priori Data
195
13.8.
Discriminator Methods of Optimal Measurements
197
- 14. Special Characteristics of Optimal Measurement of Time-Constant Param-
eters of Coherent Signals Against the Background of White Noise
- 14,1. Varieties of Measured Parameters and Initial Relations 200
14.2. Likelihood Equations and Reciprocal Correlation Matrices of
, Errors in Regular Measurements of Nonenergy Parameters of
Coherent Signals in the Case of Their Random Initial Phase
and Absence of a priori Data 201
- 14.3. Equations of Generalized Discrimminators of Nonenergy Param-
eters of Coherent Signals in the Case of Their Random Initial Phase 203
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14.4.
Examples of Optimal Nontracking Meters of Delay Time and
Frequency of Oscillations
203
14.5.
Potential Accuracy of Separate Measurement of De1ay Time
and Frequency of Oscillations
205
14.6.
Potential Accuracy of Simultaneoiis Measurement of Delay Time
and Frequency of Oscillations
207
- 14.7.
Time Discriminators
209
14.8.
Frequency and Time-Frequency Discriminators
212
14.9.
Potential Accuracy of Measurement of Angular Coordinates
214
_ 14.10.
Examples of Two-Channel Phase Angular Meters
216
I 14.11.
Examples of Multichannel Angular Phase Meter on the Basis of
~
a Receiving Antenna Array
220
.
14.12.
Example of an Angular Amplitude Meter
221
14.13.
Special Characteristics of Measuring Energy Parameters of
Coherent Signals
223
15. Special Characteristics of Optimal Measurements of Time-Constant
- Parameters of Incoherent Signals Against the Background of White Noi.se
15.1.
General Characteristics of Measuring Time-Constant Nonenergy
Parameters of Incoherent Signals
225
15.2.
Special Characteristics of Using Models of Rapidly Fluctuating
Incoherent Signals in the Theory of Measurements
227
15.3.
Method of Calculating Potential Accuracy of Regular Measurements
of Scalar Nonenergy Parameters of Incoherent Signals Against the
,
Background of White Noise
230
15.4.
Calculation of Potential Accuracy in Measuring the Delay Time
and Frequency of Rapidly Fluctuating Signals
233
15.5.
Special Characteristics of Time and Frequency Measurement
_
with the Use of Incoherent Signals
237
15.6.
Example of a Meter of the Angle of Arrival of Spatially
Incoherent Oscillations
239
15.7.
Example of a Meter of the Angle of Arrival of Oscillations
with Time Incoherence
241
15.8.
Example of a Meter of Differences of Time Delays of a Noise
-
Signal
243
15.9.
Example of a Meter of the Angular Rate of Movement of the
Source of a Rapidly Fluctuating Signal
247
16. Optimal Measurement of Parameters Discretely Changing with Time.
Spec
ial Characteristics of Indirect Measurement
16.1.
Models of the Changes of the Parameters of Signals with Time
24E
16.2.
Gauss-Markov Model of Discrete Parameter Changes
249
- 16.3.
Possibilities of Registering the Interrelation of Random
Elements of a Current Maneuver in Time
250
16.4.
Examples of Simulating Parameter Changes
251
- 16.5.
Altering the Model of Discrete Parameter Changes in Application
to the Case of Indirect Measurement. The Concepts of Filtration,
Prediction and Smoothing of Evaluations
253
16.6.
Linearized Equations and Block Diagrams of the Filtration of
Discrete Estimates in the Case of Direct Measurement
255
16.7.
Linearized Equations and Block Diagrams of the Filtration of
Discrete Estimates in the Case of Indirect Measurement
257
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16.8.
Examples of Syntliesis and Analysis of Meters of Parameters
260
Discretely Changing with Time
16.9.
Combined Optimal 5moothing of Estimates of a Discretely
269
10
16
Changing Paramecer
General Case uL' Optimal Measurement of a Discretely Changing
.
.
271
htarkov Parameter
17. Uptimal Measurement of Parameters Continuously Changing with Time
2~3
1
17
"todel of Continuous Changes of a Parameter
.
.
17.2.
Ctiaracteristics of the Model of Continuous Changes of a
2~5
17.3.
P.irameter
Equations and Block Diagrams of the Filtration During
276
Continuous Estimation
17.4.
Examples of Synthesis and Analysis of Meters of Parameters
2~9
:,ontinuously Changing with Time
17.5.
ComhLned Optir.al Smoothing and Interpolation of Estimates
288
h
17
oC a Continuously Changing Parameter
Inadequacies of "lodels and Divergence of Estimates ef Measured
.
.
289
-
Parumeters
IV, ()er=,
ction-Mezisurement, Adaptation, and Related Problems
lu. Pete
ction-Measurement snd Its Annmalies
293
1
18
Ge::eral Considerations Regarding Detection-Measurement
.
.
. 18,2,
Detection-hteasurement in the Process of Secondary Processing
295
18.3.
of Inforr.iation
Detect.'un-Measurement When Combining Information from Several
29~
Sp;iced Sources. Principle of Identification
299
4
18
~lnorn:ilies of MeasurEment and Detection-Measurement
.
.
18
5
:lnomalies of the Estimation of Dispersion and Mathematical
.
.
Fxpectation by Samples from a Not-mal Se-L. When the Number of
301
Their Elements is Small
~
Variants of the Calculation of Noninformative Parameters of Signals
11?
.
nnd
Intertierence. Adaptation. Nonparametric Detection
d
r
U
'
l`f.l.
n
e
Parameters
Variants of the Calculation of Noninfo*_-mative
304
1
11)
Known a priori Conditions
Incroduction of Non.informati:*e Paramerers into Calculations
,2
,
~
Under the Conditions of a priori Ambiguity
308
309
i`a.i.
I'xamrles oC Calculations of Noninformative Parameters
313
19.4.
19,`;.
;ldaptation
Synthesis of Automatic Noise Gain Control
315
317
_ l,a,r.,,
;implest htethods of Calculating Non-Gaussian Interf.erence
20
3
1U,1,
-;ivr~-'fype Nonparametric Detectors
322
1