JPRS ID: 10058 TRANSLATION SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060035-3
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• Sequence Number: 35
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10058
19 October 1981
Translation
SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLQGY POLICY
F~IS FOREIGN BROADCAST If~l~ORMATION S~RViCE
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J~RS I,/10058
19 October 1981
SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
This non-serial report contains selected translations ~f Russian
articles on the planning and administration of Soviet research
and development and the introduction of scientific achiev~ments
into industry.
CONTENTS
~
Fedoseyev Report at USSR Acaderqy of Sciences~ Annual General Meeting
(P. N. Fedoseyev; VP;STNIK AKADII~III NAUK SSSR, Jul 81) 1
_ Selected Speeches From 1981 General Annual MeEting of USSR Ac~,,derr~y
of Sciences
~ (VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, Jul 81) 19
- Markov on Department of Nuclear Physics, by M. A. Markov
Velikhov on Acadetr~y Work, by Ye, P. Velikhov
Vinogradov or_ Info:mation Transfer, by V. A. Vinogradov
_ Belyakov on Basic Reseaxch, by V. P. Belyakov
Zhavoronkov on Incomplete Research, by N. M. Zhavoronkov
Glebov on Interdepax~mental Coop~ration, by I. A. Glebov
Increasing Effectiveness of WZ~s in S&T Work
(S. Ya. Svirskiy; VESTNIK AKADE~III NAUK SSSR, Jun 81) 31~
AzSSR Acaderr~y of Sciences Scientific Research Development
(VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR, May 81) 38
' ' a - [I - USSR O FOY70] .
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UDC 300.53
FEDOSEYEV RF.PORT AT USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES' ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
- Moscow VE~TNIK A_KADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 11-27
[Report by Academician P. N. Fedoseyev, vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sci-
ences: "The 26th CPSU Congress on the Taska of Science in the New F~ve-Year Plan")
- [Text) The 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which took
place under circumstances of great political enthusiasm, was a notable event in the
life of our party and of the Soviet people, of the fraternal socialist countries,
and of the international communist and workers' movement. The general party forum
of the CPSU was a phenomenon of true epochal significance, which will have a power-
ful and favorable influence on the course of future historical development.
All progressive mankind followed the work of the congress with profound attention
and hope; the eyes of all champions of free~dom and happiness among peoples, of
peace and detente, and of friendship and cooperation among nations were turned
toward the Kremlin Palace.
A vivid demonstration of the enormous international authority of the CPSU and the
vitality of principles of internationalism was the attendance at the congress of
delegations from 123 communist workers' and na~ional-democratic parties and organi-
zations from over i00 countries of the world and apeeches at the congress by repre-
, sentatives of these parties and organizations.
The work of the 26th CPSU Congress demonstrated with apecial force the indestructible
_ unity of the party, its solidarity behind the Central Committee headed by the dis-
tinguished leader of our party and of the international communist movea~ent and the
faithful successor of the great work of Lenin, the General Secretary of the CPSU
Central Committee, Comrade Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev.
'I'he report given at the congress by L. I. Breahnev received unanimous approval by .
the delagates of our party and the Soviet paople and all Soviet scientists and h~s
roused extreme interest all over the world. This is a party document of program
significance, a notable contribution to the theory and practice of scient~ific comEnu-
nism. The congress resolved wholly and fully to approve the report by Cumrade L. I.
Brezhnev the Report of the CPSU Central Committee and to make this ,eport the
basis for the worl: of zll party organizations.
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The report by Camrade L. I. Brezhnev provided comprehensive elucidation on the
activities of the party in realizing the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, general-
_ ized the experience in building communiem, pointed out the vast achievements of our
country during the last decade, deeply analyzed the economic changes and social pro-
cesses that took place during this period, vividly depicte~? the prospectj for the
future movement of our country on the road to building communism. The report gave a
Mar,;~;t-Leninist analysis of the present international situati~n and the world revolu-
tionary process, defined the tasks in the struggle for peace, detente, and coopera-
tion among nations and far social progress.
"Today," said Leonid I1'ich, "the world situation requires new, additional effor~s to
eliminate the threat of war and to strengthen international security." And it is
quite natural that these afforts proceed above all from our party and from the first
country of Gocialism in the warld, which is putting into practice the principles of
Leninist external policy. Lvidence of this are the new, exceptionallq important
proposals made by Comr3de L. I. Brezhnev from the high rostrv~m of the 26th CPSU
Congress. These propc~sals represent the further development of the Program for
Peace, developed by the 24th and 25th CPSU Congresses and express the will and
- aspirations of the Soviet people.
~ Soviet scientists fully share and warmly ~upport the genuinely humanistic Program
for Peace proclaimed by the party. The general meeting of the Academy of Seiences
unanimously approves L. I. Brezhnev's proposal to create an authoritative interna-
tional committee which could show the vital necessity for averting nuclear catas-
trophe. It can be said with satisfaction that many noted foreign scientists also
welcome this proposal. We must make all effort for the world community to bring
this about.
I would especially like to speak about the truly creative and profoundly optimistic
atmosphere in which the 26th CPSU C~ngress took place. We all understood the
unusual enthusiasm and fervor which greeted Leonid I1'ich's report and the excite-
ment and pride when the delegates spoke of the vast accomplishments of the party and
the people during the past pariod and about the successes ac:hieved in all sectors in
the building of communism. At the same time, the reports and speeches, with all the
directness and frankness that is the cuatom of our party, dealt with shortcomings,
ommissions, and unsolved pr~blems so that effective measures can be taken for
overcoming the difficulties that arise in the path of our movement toward the great
goal.
The decisions of the 26th CPSU Congre~s, which can quite rightly be called historic,
have embodied the basic principles of the party's internal and external policies and
have provided a comprehensive and specific program for the economic and social
development of our country during the llth Five-Year Plan and the period to 1990.
These decisioiis continue the basic strategic line set by the 24th and 25th CPSU
Congresses and express the continuity of our movement from five-year plan to five-
~ year plan on the road to communism and the consistant course tow~rd the steady
improvement in the people's well-being. At the same ti~e, they reflect the special
features of the present stage of developed ~ocialist society and also new demands
being placed on the management of the economic structure and social development.
All the work of the 26th CPSU Congress provides the Soviet people with the orienta-
tion that the chief tasks of the new five-year plan and of the whole ten years
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ahead can be accomplished only on the basis of intensifying social production and
- increasing the effectiveness and quality of wnrk, of aceslerating scientific-techni-
cal progress, of impro ving labor productivity, and of raising the level of social and
- labor activity o~ the Soviet people.
- In examining the questions relating to intensification of civil production, one can
distinguish three decisive areas. First, strict economy of all ki.nds, more effective
_ utilization of all materials and energy, and elimination of waste in the economy,
including agricultural products. V. i. Lenin said that economic work requires
"thriftiness." This thought was stressed by L. I. Brezhnev, who said, at the con-
. gress, that economics must be economical. Secondly, there must be fuller utiliza-
tion of productive capacities, the elimination of waste of workers'time, and better
organization of production and labor. Thirdly, th~re must be more improved, more
productive machines, mechanisms, assemblies, and automatic systems, and the develop-
- ment and application of more effective technology.
The 26th CPSU Congress paid a gr~at d~al of attention to the tasks of further d~vel-
oping science and, on this basis, accelerating acientific-technic~l progress. "The
- party of communists," Comrade L. I. Brezhnev stressed in his report, "proceeds from
the assumption that building a new society is simply inco~nceivable without science."
The congress indicated the necessity to move all economic sectors to the advanced
frontiers of science and technology. This goal of the congress is the concretiza-
tion of the historic task of organically uniting the achievements of the scientific-
technical revolution with the advantages of socialism.
'The scientific-technical revolution is expanding under the circumstances of a
heightened struggle between t~ao world systems when, on the one hand, ti~.e power and
world influence of the forces of socialism, national liberation, and social pro-
gress are growing and, on the other hand, the general crisis of capitalism is
' intensifying and all its contradictions are deepening while, at the same time, the
aggressiveness of imperialism is strengthening.
Under present conditions, imperialist strategista are putting especially large
stakes into the utilization of scientific-technical aehievements and an arms race.
The successes of the scientific-technical revolution are themselves being directed
more and more toward creating monstrous meana for mass annihilation of people and
- toward the incitement of war h ysteria. Under these conditions, the question of
increasing the effectiveness of our civil production on the basis of utilizing all
- possible achievements of the scientific-technical revolution is the pivotal problem
not only for the development of socialist society but for all of human civilization.
The imperialists calculate that, by relying on a developed production base, on a
high scientific-technical potential and qualified pereonnel and by intensifying their
robbery of economically poorly developed countries and exploiting the workers of
their own countries, and by increasing their military power, they can occupy a
dominant position on the fr~nts of the scientific-teehnical revolution and achieve
economic and military supremacy over the whole world.
American imperialists intend to use their scientific-technical base and military
force for purposes of leading the capitalist world and as a pressure lever on young
national states to interfere with their movement toward social progress, applying
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a11 means, even up to armed interWention, against libe;ration move~ents. But the
main intent of American imperialism is to bui3d up armaments and scientific potential,
particularly military scientific potential, to surpass the de�ense potential and
retard the economic growth o� the Soviet Uninn and countries of the socialist frater-
nity, to undermine tlie historic worldwide aehiavements of real socialism, and to turn
back the course of the historical process.
- Allotting increasing financial resources, technical equipment, and qualified person-
nel to thP development of scientific-technical potential, the Americ~n. imperialists
are trying at the same time to slow down the developmQnt of 3oviet science in the
most imp~rtant ar.eas. Under various pretexts (sometimes under the banner of pro-
tecting "human rights" and sometimes under the pretext of the "Soviet military
threat" or "U.S. national security"j, American rulers limit and roll back scientific-
technicsl relations with the Soviet Union on those problems in which they think that
the scientific achievements of their country ~re more advanced th~n the achievements
of Soviet science are. As is known, American authorities have placed an embargo on
the sale to the USSR of many types of scientific-tecnnical equipment ared various
materials. In the same vein, they have put pressure on other capitalist countries,
trying to bring about the isolation of Soviet science from the overall progress of
world science and technology and to establish a kind of scientific-technical blockade
against our country and the countries of the socialist concord.
It can be stated with confidence that all Soviet scientists will take active parc in
the solution of the main tasks in the two basic areas which Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev
spoke about in his speech to the 26th CPSU Congress the creation of communism and
the strengthening of peace on Earth.
Scientific-technical progress in our country has as its highest goal a steady rise
in the material and cultural level of people's lives and serves their fundamental
interests. Scientific-technical progress is a powerful force for the growth of
modern productive capabilities; it creates favorable new conditions for building the
supply and equipment base for communism, and for lifting the people's well-being and
improvement of the social structure and social relatious, for improving labor condi-
tions and everyday life for the people and the comprehensive development of the
_ personality, and also for improvement in the natural environment in which man lives.
Characterizing the achievements of the Soviet people in building the aupply and equip-
ment base for communism and the role of science in the development of productive
forces, L. I. Brezhnev sCressed: "The scientific-technical revolution is developing
in depth and breadth, changing the appearance of many factories and whole economic
sectors. Soviet science occupies a leading position in the most important fielda of
_ knowledge."
Scientific achievements h~ve been the basis for the further devel.opznent or new
creation in such fields as atomic machine building, space technology, electroni�s and
microelectronics, ehe microbiological industry, laser technology, the production of
artificial diamonds and other synthetic materials; the utilization of natuxal resources
and the distribution of productive forces have been improved; and social rela~ions
have been made better.
Without the very active and direct particip~tion of ~cienee and without acceleration
of scieutific-technical prograss now in the more complex conditions of the 1980's, it
is not possible to successfully develop the economy and tu accomplish large social
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tasks. Th~refore, the acceleration of acientific-tachnical progress is truly a key
problem in the development of our country under present conditions. "The country
has a serious need," said Comrade L. I. Brezhnev in the 3u~nary Regort of the CPSU
Central Committee, "for the efforts of 'big science,' along with work on theoreti-
cal problems, to be concentratAd on the solution of key economic questions and on
discoveries that can introduce genuinely revolutionary changes in production." This
- is a clear program for the development and pr~ctical utilization of the achievements
of science, including fundamental science, which is the chief source of technical
~rogress.
The achievements of science and technology can and must compensate for the growing
additional ex~enditures of labor and resources in the economy that are related to
having to use fuel and energy and saw materials �rom remote places that ar~ difficult
to reach. The accomplishment of this economic task is becoming a matter of first-
priority importance, because the effective exploitation of the new eastern regions
of the country is dependent upon it. Scier~tific-technical progress is called upon to
overcome still another difficulty to provide high rates of growth of production
in the face of a noticeable reduction in growth of labor resources caused by un-
favorahle demographic shortfalls in the next few years.
~ At the 26th CPSU Congress, L. Z. Brezhnev stressed that "the development of science
is the basic of basics for scientific-technical progress."
The documents of the congress note the $rowing significance of the scientific-techni-
cal potential of the country and outstanding achievements in fundamental and applied
research.
A review of the development of science during the past five-year plan was given in
the address of the congress bq the president of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, and in the speeches of a number of delegates. The
most important results were reflected in the messages of greetings to the 26th CPSU
Congress from the USSR Academy of Sciences and the union republic a�ademies of
sciences and in the many reports by scientific institutions. Reading these materials,
one can graphically visualize that significant forward progress is being achieved
over a broad front of science. Scientists reported to the congress about fuller and
more precise understanding of the objective development patterns in nature and
society, about deeper penetration into the bowels of the Earth, into the fabric of
the social orgar.ism, and into cosmic distances and the structure of the atom, and
about successes in learning of the galaxy and elementary particles, the life of
living cells and the growth of crystals.
Social scientists reported about research on centuries past and proapects for the
future, on the basic moving forces and suecesaive stages of the historical procesa,
on the intensifying crisis of the outdated capitalist system and the laws for build-
ing the ascending communist structure, and on the structure and functioning of the
new social organism from material production to political and ideological super-
structure and to literature and art.
_ Reports of fascinating interest were given on new data that scienti~ts have gained
about energy from the sun and the atomic nucleus, new methods for treating and
welding metals, the creation of artificial materials, on tha development of new
computing methods and equipment, on the improvement of machines to replace physical
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labor and to make intellectual labor easiQ~, oa the application of lasers and glass-
fiber light carriers for the transmission of information, on new chemical reagents
and biotechnology, on the creation of highly productive plants and wonder-working
druga, and on the protection and rational utiliaation of the environment and worTd
oceans. In short, we have a rich, meaningful scientific ~ccumulation and good
prospects for future progress in science.
_ Socialist society, vitally interested in expaxiding ~he scientific-technical revnlu-
tion, can and must create more favorable conditions to make it possible. As was
noted at the congress, however, we do not always exploit the advantages of socialism
for the development of science, for increasing its effectiveness, or for accelera-
ting scientific-technical progress.
The proposition that science is a direct productive force has become a lite~~l
truth. But this proposition must necessarily be tiad with the understanding that
science becomes a direct productive forc~ only when it is embodied in the means of
production and in technological developments and, subsequently, iM the production
of material wealth. "The close integration of science and producCion," stressed
L� I. Brezhnev, "is an urgent requirement of the present epoch."
Unfortunately, in the implementation of scientific achievex?ents and in the intro-
ductior~ of innovations into mass production, many difEiculties arise. Ttie Soviet
_ Union has enriched the world with many discoveries which have foreordained basic
improvement of the techniques and technology of production, but we ourselves, in a
number of instances, are backward in the timing and the s~ales of application of
these progressive technological methods. The congress commissioned an analysis of
_ the reasons for the intolerable sluggishness in assimilating prospective develop-
ments.
In analyzing the reasons for sueh a situation, it is nece~sary to consider a number
~of circumstances, including technical-economic ones. It often happens that develop-
ments of new technology do not provide obvious technical and eco~omic advantages in
comparison with existing techniquea and technology. In large part, this is caused
by imperfections in the cost-accounting system, under which it is unprofitable for
erterprises to make products cheaper becaus~ this 'le~ds to warsening of production
indicators for the evaluation of their activity. The 3uum~ary Report by the Central
Committee to the 26th CPSU Congress pointed out this circumstance with complete
definity. In a number of instances, new technology causes an increase in t~he cost
~ of manufactured items insofar as expenses for the production of new machinery and
equipment increase substantially but their productivity increases less than the
price increases. As a result, this leads to unjustified growth in the cost of end
products in all the sectors that employ auch technology. Intolerabl.e lack of
coordination also exists in Che methods and criteria for evaluating the effective-
ness of capital investment in new technology.
The analysis of these kinds of problems has lor~g occupied a large group of economic
scientists. A substantiated answer, however, has still not been given to the basic
economic questions of scientific-technical progress.
Under present conditions of our country's economic development, enterprises should
be vitally interested in utilizing the achievements of science and technology. The
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central planning and administrative bodies aRd ~he USSR State Committee for Science
and Tecttnology, as indicated to the congress by L. I. Breahn~v, "should clearly
formulate practical tasks that require maximum attention from scientists. At the
same time," continued L. I. Brezhnev, "science itself should be a constant 'disturber
of tranquility,' pointing out the sectors where stagaation and backwardness have
been noticed and where the present level of knowledge provides an opportu~ity to mov~2
forward rapidly and successfully. How to turn this work into an integral part of
the management mechanism must be thought through."
Exceptional importance must be attached to the assignment by the congress to the
USSR Acalemy of Sciences, the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, and
the ministries to conduct an ev~luation of the scientific and design bases of various
sectors of the economy and to make proposals tor cer~tairi regrouping of acientific
iorces.
- As is known, the USSR Academy of Sciences and the republic academies give a large
amount of attention to the search for new methods and forms for introducing the
results of scientific research into the economy. During the course of this ~:ork,
new forms are arising for cooperation by academy scientific institutions with
ministerial institutes and industrial enterp�rises and organizations. The Siberian
Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences has aehieved significant successes in
uniting science and production. Valuable experience hap been accumulated at the
Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, the scientific institutions of which concentrate
their efforts on the purposeful development of those fundamental and applied
z~esearch projects that provide the basis for creating conceptually new technology
leading to fundamental transformations of production processes. The experience of
the Siberian Department and the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences have been approved
by the CPSU Central Committee.
The improvement of forms for relations between science and production must be
constantly in the sphere of attention of the USSR Academy of Sciences and of its
departments and scientific institutions.
Experience shows that difficulties in imp~.ementing the achievements of science can
be overcome by improving the organization and control of acientific research and
the system and mechanism for interaction among science, technolugy, and production.
During the past two decades, much has been done for the solutioii of these problems,
and effective forms have been found for integrating science and production. Con-
tinuous special-purpose program planning is being implemented with the aim of
uniting science and production. The 4rafting of special-purpose complex programs,
as was stressed at the congress, will provide the possibility to unite the efforts
of scientists, producers, and minisrrq workers in solving the most important
scientific-technical problems and to reduce the time-lengths for creating and
assimilating new t~chnology.
During the last five-year plan, the USSR Academy of Sciences took active part in
work on ~11 scientific-technical programs out of 209 programs approved Ly the USSR
State Committee for Science and Technology for 1976 to 1980. The Academy of
Sciences was the head agancy, responsible for the fulfillment as a whole, for such
- important programs as "World Oceans," "Molecular Biology," "Scientific and Technical
Information," and "Seismology and Earthquake-Resistant Construction." The USSR
Academy of Sciences conductec~. a large amount of work on the energy program.
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Under rhe llth Five-Year Plan now beginning, it ia intended to implement 160
scientific-technical programs. Projects und~r oint
ministries and agencies are being conducted bq ~cien~ificrinstitutionssof1the~USSR
Academy of Sci~nces. Academician A. P. Aleks~r~drov, the pr~sident c~f our academy,
covered this well in his speech to the congress. Research on special-purpos~ programs
must constantly be at the center of attention of our scientific institutions, depart-
ments, presidiums of scientific centers, and affiliates of tr.e Academy of S~x~nces.
One of the effective forms of science-production integr~tion are scientifi~-~ro3uc-
tion associations. The experience of the best :f these, which operate iM laxge
_ industrial centers of the country, shows that they al'ow more rapid ~ntrod~~tion in-
to practice of scientific achievements and engineering developments. Representatives
from Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Belorussia, and many other delegates Q~aok~ about this.
However, things are not always like this everywhere. One reason for this is,
evidently, that the economic aspects and questions of interaction ha~e still not
_ been fully adjusted with respect to the scientific, planning-design, and production
units that have entered into scientific-production associAtions. There are often
instances where ministries obligate the enterprises tl~at enter into an association to
fulfill their usual production program that is unrelated to the task~ df introducing
the achievements of science into production. The congress asked for an end to such
practice. Every scientific-production assoeiation, said Co~mrade N. A. Tikhonov, the
chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, ~t the congress, should become a large
center for ^_reating and manufacturing new high-quality products and for improving
_ technology and the organization of production.
The USSR Academy of Sciences and the U~SR State Committee for Science and Technology
tc,gether with the economic ministrie, should examine and resolve questi~ns relatin
to the improvement of work of scienrific production assaciations and should deter-g
mine the mechanism for utilizing the results of fundamental research.
- The institutes of the Department of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
the Institute for State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in turn, must give
_ practical scientific-methodological ~ssistance to the [TSSR State Committee for
Science and Technology, to the USSR Ministry of Finance, and to the economic minis-
tries in the improvement of the legal-economic mechanism for the fun~tioning of a
scientific-production association.
Improvement in the organization of scien*_ific research largely depends on its
rational and efficient coordination. As is known, the 25th CPSU Congress gave a
responsible assignment to the Academy of Sciences to coordinate all scientific work
_ in the country, Such an assignment to the USSR Academy of Sciences, as the center
for theoretical and fundamental research w~s related, first of all, to the rowin
_ significance of fundameutal science as the basis for scienti�ic-technical progress
and, secondly, to the increasing role of special-purpose program plannir~g. AftAr
25th CPSU Congress, the coordination of scientific research was strengthened and the
relations were improved with the specialized academies of science, with higher
schools, aiid with ministerial scie*~tific-research it~stitutions. The topical se~sions
- of the general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences had important signifi~ance in
this regard. One was a session of the general meeting of the USSR Academy uf
Sciences (December 1978), with participation by the All-Union Academy of Agricultural
Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin and the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, at which there were
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- discussions of the tasks of Soviet science in i~aplementing programs for tha further
development of agriculture in the counL�ry. Another was a joint session of the
- general meeting of our academy an~ the general maeting of the Academy of Medical
Sciences (November 198~), wt~ich examined questions relating to the developmznt of
fundamental research for medicine and public h~alth. Extr~mely useful in the
cont2xt of coordinating scientific research was a session of the December general
meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at which there w~re discussions of the
tasks of science in solving urgen*_ problema in the development of the economy. This
work should be continued and should be improved.
Significant work has also been done on the coordination of scientific research
performed at the country's higher educational institutions. In a joint decision of
the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the board of the USSR Mini_stry of
Higt?er and Secondary Specialized Education "On Iwproving Relati~ns Between Higher
Schools and the USSR Academy of Sciences," me~sures were outlined for the further
_ development of research in WZ's and for expansion of the practice of joint scienti-
fic research by academy institutes and WZ's.
The 26th CPSU Congress pointed out the necessity for. ~aore effectively using the
scientific potential of higher schools and for reducing the gap in material support
between academy and WZ science. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the
training, raise the qualifications, and improve the certi.fication of ~cientific and
' scientific-teaching personnel, and provide all possi~le support to the development
of mass scientific-technical creativity.
The transition to the intensive path of development relates not only to production,
but also to science. Intensification of research activity has become an imperative
necessity. Calculations and verifications conducted in connection with t1~e drafting
of the Complex Program for Scientific-Technic~l Progress to 1990 and 2000, show the
inevitability of retardation of the growth in numbers of scientific associates and
in the total number of all workers in the sphere of science. The material and
_ financial resources for science are also limited. Therefore, today, two inter-
related problems stand out with special sharpnesa: the intensification of scienti-
fic research and the guarantee of priority to the development of the decisive areas
of science.
The intensification of scientific research preeupposes improvement in technical
support to science and wider use of computera. Decisions of the congress provide
- for strengthening the experimental and experimental-production base for scientific-
research and planning-design organi.zations. It is planned to significantlq increase
_ the production of instruments, equipment, sutomatian hardware, reagents, and
preparations for the cond~~t of scientific research.
Putting the principle ~f priority into practice is acquiring decisive significan�e.
This means that provision must be made for concentrating scientific efforts and
resources on the main areas on which depend the progreas of science and the solution
of key problems in social-economic development and for specializing the activities of
- the republic academies and scientific centers on the areas of scientific ~levelopment
that hold the most prospects. The concentration of scientific resources is necessary
also for the attainmznt of world levels, eapecially in zhose areas where our back-
wardness would be ~articularly intolerable. In other words, the whole system of
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scientific research must, as L. I. Brezhnev pointed out at the 26th CPSU Congre~s, be
- significantly more flexible and mobile, intolerant of fruitless laboratories
and institstes The CPSU Central ~ommittee," he said in his Summary Report to
the congress, "is in favor of further increasing the role and re~ponsibility of the
USSR Academy of Sciences and improving thE organization of the whole system of
- scientific research." Constant improvement is needed in the network and structure
of scientific institutions, in ~.ccord with the requirements of scientific-technical
progress as well as timely deter~ination of tr~nds and changes in the direction of
research and development.
~ In view of the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress, it is necessary to make re-
search programs and planned tasks for scientific developments more concrete and to
put the priority principle into practice. In this regard, the USSR Academy of
Sciences should keep the whole front of science within its purview, should not allow
backwardness in any area, and should not overlook the possibility for creative
- breakthrough in some secto: which, at a given time, may not seam hopeful b~t in the
- long run could yield good results.
As is knowri, according to a decision of the CPSU Central Committee, the draft
"f3asic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1981 to
1985 and for the Period to 1990" was published at the beginning of December 1980 for
- national discussion. This discussion took place all over the country with extreme
liveliness. A large number of criticisms and suggestions to the text of thE docu-
merit were expressed. This is clear evidence of the broad development of democratism
in our country and of the practical participation of the popular masse~ in the
r~solution of important state questions.
Tt~e scientists nf the country, including those of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
the academies of sciences of the union republics, actively participated in the
discussion of the $asic Directions.
In the final text of the "Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development
of the USSR for 1981 to 1985 and for the Period to 1990," which was approved by the
26th CPSU Congress, a large number of criticiams and additions proposed by the
US;~R Academy of Sciences were taken into account. Thus, the necessity for pushin
ahead the development of fundamental research was stressed; of important signifi-g
cance in this regard was the addition concerning the necessity to assure the
development and implementation of the Complex Program for Scientific-Technical
Progress, which obligates the Academy of Sciences to increase attention to this
extremely responsible work. The draft Basic Directions were also amended to
incl~.ide the thesis concerning the strengthening of interaction among the social,
- natural, and engineering sciences. The importance of this thesis is related to the
growing scale of scientific problems and to the necessity for their complex treat-
ment, to the prospect~ fQr research on the edges of various fields of science and,
finally, to the strengthening integration of sci~nce and production.
As experience shows, in the drafting of the Complex Program for Scientific-Technical
Progress, substantiation of prospects for the solution of great economic problems
is possible only with agreement between the social-economic and scientific-technic~l
aspects. On the one hand, the existing build-up in the development of science and
technology largely predetermines possibilities for solving social and economic
.
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problems; un the other hand, the progreas of science and technology itself,
especially in the long run, must be subordinated to the requiremants for the social-
economic development of the country and must m~ke pos~ible the solution of large
economic problems.
A number of proposals by the USSR Academy of Sciences were taken into a~count in the
formulation of areas for scientific research in the natural and social sciences
and also in sections pertaining to the development o� industry, agricultur.e,
distribution of productive forces, and others.
Indeed, not all of the proposals could be :included in the Basic Directions, but they
should be taken into consideration in work practice. The appropriate decisions were
adopted by the 26th CPSU Congress.
We all gave attention to the purposeful determination in the Basic Directions of the
tasks in science and technology during the perio3 before us. The development of
science and technology must be, in still greater measure, subordinated to the
solution of the most important problems in the future progreas of Soviet society and
to accelerating the transition of the economy to the road of intensive development.
The documents of the congress fully and specifically defined the chief areas in the
development of the fundamental sciences and also the tasks relating to the solution
of the urgent problems of scientific-technical and social progre~s on which the
efforts of the workers of science should be concen~rated. It is intended, first of
all, to assure the development and implementation of special-purpose complex pro-
grams for the solution of the most important sciantific-technical problems, to
substantially reduce the time involved in creatiug and assimilating new technology,
and to strengthen mutual relations between science and production.
Among the basic scientific areas is foreseen the development of mathematics and an
increase in the effectiveness of its use for applied purposes. One of the basic
problems of modern scientific-technological progress is the development and improve-
ment of computer technology, with which is tied a whole complex of autounatiou and
control problems.
_ Knowledge of the microstructure of matter h~s been and remain~ one of the chief
fundamental problems of science. A deeper understanding of the structure and
characteristics of the interaction of elementary particlea, undoubtedly, would be
a very great step in conquering the forces of nature, like those that resulted from
the discovery of the structure of the atomic nucleua.

~ Broad experimental and theoretical research is foreseen in the physics of the
atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions. A large amount of attention will be given to
the development of accelerator technology, research facilities, and automation of
nuclear physics experimentation.
To increase the effectiveness in the use of large experimental facilities such as
research reactors and accelerators, it is necessary above all to reduce as much as
possible the time it takes to install them. Delay in construction sharply reduces
the scientific value of the experimental data produced on ~uch facilities.
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Decisions of the congress plan fos the further development of the fuel-energy
complex. They provide for ~mprovement in the stru~tuze of the ~uel-~nergy balance
and rapid development of nuclear power, including ~he creation of atomic electric
stations with fast-breeder reaction, which allow more effective use of nucl~~r fuel.
As Comrade L. I. Brezhnev said in the Summary Report of the CPSU Central Committee
to the 26th CPSU Congress, "Life requires continuous searehing for conceptually new
sources of energy, including the creation of the basES for thermonuclear power."
_ Therefore, in the five-year plan that is beginning, we must achieve the intensive
development of research on high-temperature plasma and on the problem of controlled
thermocuclear synthesis. Projects also will be continued~on laser and electronic
thermonuclear synthesis and also on solvin$ import~nt engineerin~ problems of
thermonuclear power. Science, including fundamental scieiice, is called upon to
play an important role in improving methods for transforming energy and also for
= improving existing methods and developing new methods for energy transmission.
Having made proposals for research in physics of solids, quantum electronics, optics,
and radicphysics, the Academy of Sciences must increase its attention to these
problems and successfully implement its proposals. Research on the physics af semi-
conductors must provide for the development of the physical and technological bases
of microelectronics and for the improvement of existing semiconductor instruments
and the creation of new ones. A large amount of attention must be given to
- research on the complex of problems in the physics of soliss, which opens up
increasing new prospects for many sciences and productian.
Comrade L. I. Brezhnev's report to the party congress stressed that it is machine
huilding, first and foremost, that flings open the doors for what is new and
, advanced in scientific and engineering th:ought and embodies what is new and advanced
in highly effective, reliable machines, instruments, and technological production
_ lines. Machine building is the main base for bringing into reality the achievements
of science and technology. At the same time, m~chine building is the field in which,
to a greater degree than in any other, a technical base will be created to produce
the equipment of the future. Therefore, in the five-year and ten-year periods, a
large complex of problems will be developed to improve the quality, reliability, and
pr~ductivity of ~rachinery and to reduce their materials content and energy consump-
tion. Great hopes in this regard are being placed on the scientific institutions of
the Academy of Sciences.
In the general theory of machines, wo.�k will be done on problems relating to the
creation of automatic manipulators, including industrial ro~ots. Work is to be
, broadened on the theory of automatic-action machine systems.
- Research on control problems will receive intensive development. Significant
attention should be given to the development of the scientific bases for the auto-
mation of scientific research and experimentation.
In the five-year period now beginning, important tasks in chemical science must be
accomplished. A large amount of attention muat be given to ~he development of the
theory of chemical structures, reactive capability, and chemical kinetics. The first
priority problem will remain the problem of producing new polymers, physiologically
active substances, composite materials, and other products with given co~plexes of
properties. Special significance is being acquired by the development of technologi-
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cal processes that provide complex and full maximum u~ae o� raw materiaZs and which
prev~ist the pollution of the environment, and ~ha development o� methods �or pro-
ducing liquid fuel �som solid fuels. Ir?creasingly important signific~n~e is being
acquired by the service time of various materials in mgnufactured items and by the
- protection of inetals from corrosion and polymers from aging.
The Basic Directions stress the necessity for furthez~ understanding of the mechanism
for physiological, biochemical, and genetic processes of living things, th~ improve-
ment of inethods for the prevention, dia~noeis, and treatment of common diseases,
and the develcpment of new remedies, preparati.ons, ~nd medical equipment.
_ Successes of fundamental research in the biological sciences, especially its physi-
- cal and chemical areas, have provided intensive development of traditional applied
areas such as technical biochemistry, technic~l micsobiology, synthesis of biologi-
cally active compounds, and have opened up conceptually new possibilities for
solving a large number of practical problems. ~~netic engineering has come about
and is already providing its first prac;tical results. BiotEChnology, an area with
- important future prospects, has been formed, with orientation toward the use af
biological agents and processes for practiczl pusposes. The Basic Directions pro-
vide for the concentration af efforts on the development of biotec:inical processes
for production of products used in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
In the five-year period now beginning, work will be developed for introducing highly
producti~e varieties of plants, strains of livestock, and cultures of microorganisms
and for creating new physiologically active substances for the needs of agriculture
and medicinP.
The development of research is envisaged in the fields of the rational ~~tilization
- and conservation of ttie country's land and water resources and the chemicalization,
mechanization, electrification, and automation of agriculture. Long-range programs
have been drafted in these very import~nt area~. New academy scientific institu-
- tions have been created: The Institute for the Social-Economic Problems in the
Development of the Agrarian-Industrial Complex of the USSR and the Institute of
Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms are beginning operation in
Saratov.
Scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences are participating in the development of
, the USSR food program for 1981 to 1985 and for the period to 1990, which is being
implemented according to the decision of the October (1980) plenum of the CPSU
Central Committee and thP 26th CPSU Congress. The fulfillment of research related
to the implementation of this program is a most important tdsk for academy scientific
institutions.
Research will be developed in the fields of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and
mining scierzces. This research is directed toward "explaining the geological struc-
= ture and history of the development of the Earth and earth's crust and also toward
evaluating the conditions for the origin, distzibution patterns, and rat=_+~nal me~ns
of utilizing in the economy of important groups of useful minerals.
During the new five-year plan, there will be a continuation of the stndy and mastery
of cosmic space in tha interests of developing science, technology, and the economy.
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With the aid of space technology, research will be conducted on a larger scale on
natural resources and on processea in the atmosphere and Earth's surtace.
A characteristic of mature sociali5m, as Comrade L. I. Brezhnev has pointed out, is
_ the closer interrelation between the developm~nt of the economy and the social-
political progress of society. And this re~uires further intensification in the
development of social sciences and significant strengthening of research in the
humanities.
Being gui.ded by the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, Soviet social scientists in
. the last five-year plan concentrated efforts on the development of urgent problems
in Marxist-Leninist theory, the patterns and trEnds in the developmsnt of our
society, construction of the supply and equipment b~~e for communism, improvement
in production relations, changes in the ~ocial ~tructur~ of society, and the .r.,onsoli-
dation of the socialist form of life. A large amount of attention has been given to
working on urgent problems in the further development of Soviet democracy, the
improvement of nationality relations, and fraternal cooperation of nations under the
- conditions of mature socialism. Social scientists of the USSR Academy of Sciences
have taken active part in the analysis of theoretical problems relating to the new
USSR Constitution and in work on the development of legislative activity based ~n it.
In their research, social scientists have made a definite contribution to the
development of the concept of developed socialism. During the past five years,
serious scientific works have been created that are devoted to the history and
theory of socialist society, illuminate the experience of world socialism, and reveal
the patterns of the world revolutionary process. As noted in L. I. Brezhnev's
report, there is some good research on tt?e history of the international workers'
movement, the present stage in the general crisis of capitalism,and the development
of state-monopoly capitalism. Serious steps have been made in the study of present
international relations. In a word, as L. I. Brezhnev has said, a large amount of
~~ork has been done and it deserves recognition. Far from everything is satisfactory,
however, in the field of social sciences. Unfortunately, the tendency toward
scholastic theorization noted at the 25th CPSU Congress has not been fully overcome.
Works in philosophy frequently repeat and prove well-known truths instead of
analyzing the new phenomena of life. Often, research by social scientists is re-
placed by contrived "innovations" and by the conetruct.ion of different variants of
_ systems of categories that often differ only in the sequence of presentation. Much
time and effort are wasted on fruitless discussions surrounding some conceptions and
definitions in philosophy, sociology, political economy, and in some other fields too.
At the same time, new events and trends in socialist economics and in the political
life of society are being inadequately analyzed, and the task bequeathed by Lenin of
- working out a theory of materialist di.alectics as a total world-view and methodolo~i- ~
cal system is b~ing accomplished too slowly, and public opinion is being studied
, poorly. A lar~e amount of attention i~ required by the problems of the soc~al
consequences of the scientific-technical revolution and of communist mass education

- in close relationship with the social-economic policies of the state, and many others.
- The Summary Report by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev ie a notable model of the enrichment
_ and further creative development of Marxist-Leninist theory. In it, the paths for
the further overall progress of the society o� developed socialism are outlined, its
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_ characteristics are provided integration, and apecificity i~ given to such funda-
mental problems as the feature$ and proapects �or the development of the supply and
_ equipment base for developed ~ocialism, with Eonsi.dergtion o� the requirements for
the intensive type of growth in production a.nd in achievements o� the scientific-
technical revolution, of the dialecti.cs o� the interaction of ecoaornic, social,
political, and spiritual processes, and of the sequence of stages o� developed
socialism and communism.
On the basis of the generalization of the experience of developing the social-
class structure of our society during the last decade, the Summ~ry Report of the
CPSU Central Cotmnittee to the 26th CPSU Congress pointed out the real possibility
that the formation of a classless stru~ture of ~ociety will take place largely and
basically within the historical fraznework of mature eocialicm. A substantial
theoretical contribution will be made thereby to Marxiat-Leninist teaching on the
correlation of the two phases of the formation of communiam from the point of view
of the development of their social structure. With consideration of this perspec-
tive, largely new analysis should be done on problems such as the convergence of the
_ two forms of property, the wiping away of differences between city and country and
- between intellectual and physical lstbor, prospects for the development of the
political system of socialism, and so forth.
In our multinational state, science must c~refully consider nationality questions
_ and the strengthening of friendship among peoples. The dialectics of nationality
relaeions during the stage of developed socialism consists of moving toward thQ full
integration of nations and nationalities, not through ignoring or wiping out their
- national-cultural distinctions, ~ut on the basis of their gradual convergence and
the development of each of them on the basis of fraternal cooperation and mutual
understanding.
Many new positions are contained in the sections of the~Summary Report of the CPSU
Central Committee that speak about strengthening the material and spiritual bases of
the socialist form of tife and the forming of the new man and about the development
of the world socialist system.
- Of principal importance is the idea of the close interrelation between social-
economic policy and party mass education work and of the necessity for building all
work for improvin~ the socialist form of life and for overcoming negative manifesta-
tions in people's conduct on the solid foundation of social-economic policy.
The congress stressed with new force the international character of aocialism and
gave attention to the necessity for countries of the socialist fraternity "to learn
= from one another." Characterizing the dynamics and basic directions of development
- of the world socialist fraternity, after pointing out that both in the internal
development of each socialist country and in the development of their cooperation
with one another new tasks and problems constantly appear, L. I. Brezhnev noted th~t
it would be incorrect "to pain.t, a picture o~ the present socialist world in solid,
holiday colors. There are als�, c~mplications in the development ~f our countries."
The 26th CPSU Congress gave a profound and scientifically based answer as to the
reasons for and the ways o� overcoming these complications.
L. I. Brezhnev's repo*-t and the materials of the 26th CPSU Congress have given a
scientific analysis of new phenomena in the world of c~pitalism, the features of the
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present stage in the general crisis of capitalism, the growing political role of
developing states in the world arena, ~nd urgent probl~ms in ~he international
communist and workers' movement.
The totality of the problems on which the efforts of social scientists need to be
focused was formulated in concentrated form in the Summary Report of the CPSU
Central Committee to the 26th CPSU Congress and in the "Basic Directions for the
Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1981 to 1985 and for the Period to
1990." A number of important tasks suggest the generalization of the experience
of the revolutionary-rFOrganization activity of the CPSU and the internation~l
communist and workers' movement. The completion of fundzmental works on the
history of the CPSU and on the theory and history of the inter:iatio?tal workers'
movement have important significance in thi~ regard.
At the center of theoretica3. activity, there must be work on the problems of
dialectical and historical materialism, scientific communism, and political
economy. The laggi.ng work on fundamental works on these problems must be speeded
- up. Research activity must be raised to a new level at institutes of the humani-
ties, especially at institutes of philosophy, sociological research, and a number
of others also. The All-Union Conference on the Philosophical Questions in the
Natural Sciences in April should be conducted at a high scientific level; it should
generaYize and advance work on basic world-outlook and methodological problems in
contemporary science. We attach much signific~nce to the philosophical and mEthod-
ological seminars which involve hundreds of thousand~ of scientists and carry out
important research and mass-education �unctions.
_ Research should be continued on the theoretical questions and prospects in the
development of socialism, the creation of the supply and equipment base for
communism, improuement in production relations, the intensification of the economy,
and the increase in effectiveness of civil production for the ~purpose of achieving
high end economic results.
One urgent area of scientific investigation in the next few years remains the
development of ways to raise further the level of management in the economy, the
introduction of advanced methods for socialist administration, fuller combining of
centralized control with economic independpnce and initiative of enterprises, and
more effective interaction between ministerial and regional planning and control.
It is necessary to speed up work on creating an organizationally smooth mechanism
for complex special-purpose planning, for the elimination of agency barriers, and
for assuring the needed level of responsibility for the fulfillment of the planned
measures by appropriate ministries and agencies and the timely support of programs
with efficient management and supply and equipment resources.
Conceptually important significance is being attached to research on problems of
communist mass education and the comprehenaive and harmonious development of the
personality and o� the socialist form o� li�e.
- For national education, mass education, and cultur~l construction, there is great
significance for the development of the whole complex o� historical sciences and
research in the �ields of psychology and ethics and literature and language.
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In a number of basic areas of ~cientitic research, there are proposals for studying
the pattern of developmEnt of the world aocialist system, the pYOblems of socialist
economic integration, and external economic relations. In accord with th~ direc-
- tives of the congress, it is necessary to activate substan~ially the ~tudy of the
experience and the most important trends in the intern~l political li�e of the
brother countries of socialism and of prospect~ �or strengthening socialist inte-
- gration and the development of international and socialist division o~ labor.
The complication of the world economic ~ituation, the strengthening intesrelation
, and mutual influence of ecanomic and political processes in world development, and
the persistent attempts by the aggreasive imperialist circles to poison the inter-
_ national atmosphere and to intensify confrontation an3 military hostility in inter-
national relations attach paramount importance in the research work of social
scientists to deep and specific study of varioua ~spects of world economic develop-
ment, to the economies of capitalist and developing couMtries, and to the further
development of inethods and methodologies fos forecasting social-ecmnomic and
political world trends. There must be analysis of class movements and internal
political contradictions in the citadels o~ imperialism ~nd specific explanations of
the reasons for the interisification of its aggressiveness. The significant
strengthening of the role of developing countries in intern~tional life requires the
uniting of the efforts of international specialicts of various types in complex work
on the problems of the social-economic development of "third-world" countries,
questions relating to the democratization of the international economic order, and
negative e~fects of neocoZonial practicea of taultin~tiona? corporations.
i S~cial scientists, in their rese~rch activity, should keep in mind the decisions of
the 26th CPSU Congress on introducing necessary changea and additions to the CPSU
- Program now in force. This has to do with generalizing new experience in the
building of socialism and communism and with giving deep scientific characteristics
to the development of socialiat society as a historically necessary, natural stage
in the formation of the communist structure, and with reflecting the conceptually
important phenomena of international life. All of this requires active research by
social scientists on the real problems in building co~unism and the world revolu-
tionary process.
The urgent task of social s~ientists is to intensify criticism of anticommunism, of
bourgeois and revisionist concepts of social development, and to unmask the falsi-
fiers of Marxism-Leninism and all possible anti-Soviet fabrications in hostile
' propaganda.
L. I. Brezhnev's report directed attention to the noticeable intensification of the
ideological struggle in the present world. "For the West," he said in the Summary
Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 26th CPSU Congress, "it is not just the
opposition of ideas. It sets in motion a whole syatem of ineans c~lculated to under-
mine the socialist world and break it apart. Tize imperialists and their accomplices
are systematically conducting a hostile campaign against socialist countries. They
blacken and pervert everything that takes place in these countries. For them the
most important thing is to turn people away �rom socialism."
Scientific analysis of and propaganda on the adnantages o� socialism, the socialist
form of life, and socialist culture, mass education in Soviet patriotism and devo-
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,
tion to communism, the developmQnt of the bases for wo~ld outlook, and methodologies
for ideological work and struggle are the paramount obl.igation of scientists,
especially of our institutes o� the humaniti~s. We cahnot allow and must persist-
ently overcome underevaluation of this work and passivity in this matter.
_ In the fulfillment of the tasks placed before Soviet science, scientific cooperation
with foreign scientific institutions, first of all with the scientists of secialist
_ countries, can be a substantial reserve. The decision~ of the 26th CPSU Congress
provide for all ~ossible development of ~cientific-technical relations with social~st
= countries. The utilization o� ehe advantages of the international division of labor,
the total scientific-technical potential of the countries of the ~ocialist fraternity,
_ and the organization of joint research on urgent problems have great significance
both for our country and for ~ther socialist countries. Valuable experience has been
accumulated in this regard. It is neceasary in the future to develop and improve
the forms for cooperation, to develop and implement joint programs in the natural
and social sciences, and to increase the effectivene~s of research.
Proceeding from principles of peaceful coexistence of states with differing social
systems, the decisions of the congress provide for bringing about scientific-techni-
cal relations with capitalist countries. We will continue the implementation of
existing agreements for scientific cooper~tion and to develop cooperation in work
on global scientific problems such as environmenCal protection, research on and
peaceful exploitation of space, the study of world oceans, and others.
Ttie discussion of the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress and of the conclusions and
actions of the USSR Academy of Sciences, of course, are not limited to the present
session of the general meeting of the USSR Acade~y of Science~. It apparently would
be advisable to discuss questions relating to the dev~lopment of "big energy" in the
light of decisions by the 26th CPSU CongrQSS, at a special session of the academy.
The proposals for conducting sessions in the not tioo distant future on questions
relating to new engineering and technology and al$o on mineral resources, and on �
environmental protection and ecological problems deserve attention.
It is necessary also to conduct scientific conferences jointly with other scientific
institutions on such important topics as "The 26th CPSU Congress and the Development
of Marxist-Leninist Theory" and "Urgent Problems in Education ~nd Mass Education in
the Light of the Decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress."
Our publishing activity and the work of our numerous journals, various scientific
societies, and councils must be subordinated to the fulfillment of the decisions of
the congress.
All ranks of Soviet scientists unanimously assure the CPSU Central Committee and the
General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, L. I. Brezhnev, personally, that
they will devote maximum efforts toward the fulfillment o� the historic decisions of
the 26th CPSU Congress and will always wholeheartedly sesve our socialist Motherland,
the consolidation of hES power and ~uthority, and the strengthening of peace through-
out the world. .
COPYRI~HT: Izdatel'st~o "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
9645
CSO: 1814/49
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= SELECTED SPEECHES FROM 1981 GENERAL ANNUAL MEETING OF USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Markov on Department of Nuclear Physics
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Rusaian No 7, Jul 81 pp 62-64
ISpeech by Academician M. A. Markov to the annual general meeting of the USSR Academy
of Sciences]
[Text] In my speech I would Iike to touch only on several problems that face the
Department of Nuclear Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the current five-
year plan.
During the five year plan, the Leningrad "PIR" research nuclear reactur will be put
into operation; it is analogous to the grench reactor at Grenoble, which is operated
by the FRG, France, and Britain that is, we have a national center of enormous
importance which requires new forms for organizing scientific research. For this, it
is necessary to create an appr~priate coordination council, to have a housing fund
for taking care of s~ecialists coming from other cities for various time periods, and
so forth.
Also during this five-year plan, another unique facility will begin to go into opera-
tion a meson factory, analogous to one in the United States, which is operated by
more than 200 institutes. This facility will be of interest to many of the natural
science departments of the acadeffiies of sciences. In the operation ~f such a multi-
- purpose facility, important scientific organization problems will also arise, and they
are of the type with which we still do not have much experience.
The third large structure that will be completed during this five-year plan is the
Baksan neutrino station.
Thus, the Department of Nuclear Physics is faced with huge scientific-organization
tasks. One of them, following the directivea of tre 26th CPSU Congress, is the
maximum compression of the periods for finishing the above-mentioned structures. The
department hopes for substantial aid in this from the presidium of the USSR Academy
of Sciences.
As for research that is being conducted in the department, it can be reported that
about 50 cases have been registered in which n~utrinos come from the other side of
the Earth, that is, passing through the whole globe.
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There are not many statistics, but still they give interesting results, particularly
with respect to so-called neutrino oscillation. Research at tc?is station p~rmits
making a conclusion about the lifetime of a proton: T> 1030 years.
Leading scientists working in the field of theoretical physics are now engaged in
building a fundamental theory that unites all interactions into a principle. In this
connection, in a number of theories the result appears as a corollary that the
proton is unstable and its lifetime is less than 1030 years. The unique r~sult
produced at the Baksan st;atic,n shows substantial influence on the theory, canceling
out a number of theoretical schemes.
Modern science is characterized, on the one hand, by narrow specialization and
differentiation of scientific areas and, on the other hand, by the introduction into
these narrowly specialized fields of the results of often very broad research. The
- introduction to other fields can take place through the methodologies that arise in
nuclear physics and then turn out to be unusual~y effeetive for these narrow areas.
For example, is it an accidental circumstance that the Academy of Sciences originated
the idea of creating a united council of the Academy of Medical Sciences and our
_ academy for the utilization in medicine of the fundamental rese~rch produced in m~ny
fields of science? This applies not so much to fundamental research of recent times
but to results produced over the long history of these seiences.
A story of Academician A. L. Mints' comes to mind, about the improvements and the
instruments he made on his own initiative for medical scientists on the basis of
results long known in a given field but not known to the medical scientists.
It seems to me that we are obligated to medical scientists. Using our aehievements,
they can raise medical equipment and work conditions in medicine to a level that
could make the possibilities of inedicine phenomenal. This also pertains to other
- fields of science.
, A Scientific Council for the Applic~tion of the Methods of Nuclear Physics in
Related Fields has been created in our department. The possibilities and conse-
c~uences of applying nuclear methods in other fields are almost unlimited and the
effects of application, tremendous.
- The results that nuclear rese~rch has produeed and continues to produce 3hould be
_ valued. Although it began as abstract and fund~mental research, not having pr~cti-
cal connections, it permitted the creation of inechanisms and possibilities for
observations that have turned out to be e.ffective in many fields of science.
At the same time, in examining the work of the council, the regular session of the
department concluded that the efforts made were insufficient, considering the tasks
and possibilities opened up by nuclear methods in various fields of science. In this
connection, there seems to be interest in the proposal by the president of the USSR
Academy of Sciences, Academician A. P. Aleksandrov, to use specialist personnel from
various institutes to work directly for this council: In this way, the possibilities
of the counc;il could be significantly broadpned and its ~~ctivities could be made

"'F`'~ more effective. The appropriate departments of the Aeademy~of 5ciences should
support. this initiative and select qualified and enthusiastic worker~ who would
accomplish this responsibl.e and very serious task.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Veatnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
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Velikhov on Academy Work
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No.7, Jul 81 pp 70-72
[Speech by Academician Ye. P. Velikhov to the annual general meeting of the US5R
Academy of Sciences]
[Text) The pledge of success for Soviet science is the deep mutual understanding and
mutual confidence that has existed traditionally among scientists, the party, and the
gcvernment from the beginning of the Soviet state and was demonstrated in the very
clear Summary Report by the CPSU Central Co~ittee to thE 26th CPSU Congress. The
report, as is known, mentioned questions th~t pertain to the internal developmQnt of
Soviet science. These w711 b~ discus~ed at special sessions devoted to the develop-
ment of power, machine building, and other questions posed in the Summary Report of
the CPSU Central Committee.
I would like to dwell on several particular problems related to the internal develop-
ment of science and pertaining primarily to academy projects. The re~ort by the
chief scientific secretary of the academy, G. K. Skryabin, sets forth the activities
of the Academy of Sciences, but I would like to add one stroke to the list of recent
achievements of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
I am speaking of thermonuclear research, particularly about the fact that at the
beginning of the 1970's, TOKAMAK, a new scientific area began to develop, the
concept for which was worked out under the direction of Academician L. A. Artsimovich
at the Institute of Atomic Energy imeni I. V. Kurehatov. It must be stated that at
first several trends developed simultan~ously for the magnetic containment of plasma
but, by the end of the 1970'~, tokamak projects reached the level that now the
International Atomic Energy Agency (a rather conservative organization because it
includes many physicis~s from small countries that have cautious policies) recog-
nized that the scientific foundations actually existed for entering into the
construction of the first technological thermonuclear reactor. Such work was begun
and is being conducted under the direction of the Internat.ional Atomic Energy Agency
in Vienna. This reactor is based on the TOKAMAK concept.
Finally, in September 1980, the United States passed a law on the development of
controlled thermonuclear s~Mthesis. It is foreseen that in 1990 a demonstration
facility will have been created and, by the end of the century, the first experiment-
al industrial facility which, according to an estimate, will cost 20 billion dollars.
And it can be stated with satisfaction that, in this instance, one of the largest
_ national scientific programs of the United Statea is based on the TOKAMAK concept,
which was proposed by Soviet science.
Returning to our urgent matters, we must discuss a queation that relates to the
effectiveness of research, first of all, of that which fully lies within the juris-
diction of the Academy of Sciences. It is very important to support the research of
leaders. We talk much about the need to support those that lag, but we a~so must
not forget the leaders.
_ I will introduce some examples from among the projects of the Section for the Physi-
cal, Engineering, and Mathematical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in
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As is known, in earth astronomy, we have had somewhat modest succeases that are
related to the difficulties of creating instruments for space research. But there
is one very important area the so-called gamma bursts in which clear proof
has been produced that ~a~na bursts are related to neutron stars, and a number of
physical parameters have been defined. TGe Physico-Technical Institute imeni A. F.
Ioffe and the Institute for Space Research have produced significant information on
neutron stars. Thus, with relatively modest expenditures, thanks to the inventive-
ness of the scientists, our country has preeminence in this area. Some other
areas can be named. They include the very interesting work by the Institute of
Physical Problems imeni S. I. Vavilov on quantum cr~ystals; we also have preeminence
in this area.
~ A large amou~nt of attention should be given alao to an area of research that is
developing in the Academy of Sciences and in higher schools (the Institute of the
Physics of the Earth imeni 0. Yu. Shmidt, the Institute of Crystallography imeni
A. V. Shubnikov, and Moscow State University) the study of gravitational waves.
It is based on the works of Professor V. B. Braginskiy and on achievements of the
Institute of Crystallography in producing sapphire crystals. In this field, one of
the greatest discoveries of our time could occur and, even if negative results were
achieved, it is still very important and interesting work which must be supported,
, the more so since expenditures on it are fully within reach.
We should turn our attention to still another important project being done at the
Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the USSR Ac~demy of Sciences (FIAN). At
the very beginning of research on thermonuclear synthesxs there were two concepts -
tokamak and the stellarator, which American scientists started to develop. But,
having met difficulties, they closed down this project and, despite warning by
Academician L. A. Artsimovich about the good prospeets for such work, they switehed
completely to tokamak. And only at FIAN was it shown that if you really analyze
the topology of magneti^ fields in compl~x physical phenom�na, then this area does
not yield bad results. Later, this was confirmed by research canducted in the FRG
and Britain. FIAN work in this area is also worthy of large support.
~'~ry important research, the idea for which came fr~m Academician L. A. Artsimov~ch,
is being conducted at the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute on a smrsll "Tuman"
tokamak. This, evidently, is one of the quickest ways to create plasma in small
volume for studying hot thermonuclear reactions. These projects lie within the
range of the economic capabilities of the academy, and financing for this special
purpose must be supported.
In addition, the Academy of SciencRS can create a large experimental base that will
allow solution of the problems relating to support for the work of the large

J telescope.
In the future five-year plan, large experimental facilities, such as the Baksan
neutrino observatory and the PIK reactor in Leningrad, will go into operation. The
Institute of the Physics of High Pressurea has created a large press, but it must be
stated that this facility and the support ~f its projects require quite large
budgetary expenditures.
I want to touch on the quesrion of comFuter technology, We have a Coordination
~ Committee on Computer Technology, but the t#cademy of Sciences must pay more attention
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to the development of projects in thia field. Important projects related to the
physical principle of creating elements are conducted in three of our institutes:
FIAN, the Institute of Radioelectronics, and the Leningrad Physico-Technical
Institute. But we need to turn our attention to two circumstances. First, the
projects need to be coordinated so that scienti~ts engaged with this problem are
tied in with those who are developing the architecture of the machine. Academician
B. N. Petrov has taken steps in this direction, and we need to carry this work
through to the end.
- Secondly, it is necess~ry to create in the institutes their own technologic~l base
for implementing the tasks in developing instruments. It is important that a
technological base be created and central.ized for these projects.
Let me say a few words about machine building. A decision should be made on the
question proposed by Academician A. I. Tselikov, that is, following the example of
the coor.dination center for computpr technology, to create a coordination center
for machine building, which would unite the work of the Department of Mechanics and
Control Processes, the Department of Physical Chemiatry and the Technology of
Inorganic Materials, and the Department of General Physics and Astronomy. In
addition, it must rely on large industrial institutes that are prepared to cooperare
with the Academy of Sciences.
Finally, as noted at the 26th CPSU Congress, insufficient ~ttention is being given
in the Academy of Sciencea to the development of the material b.3ce, particularly to
design bureaus. The situation must be correeted during the current five-}rear plan.
The solution of this important problem will allow overcoming the difficulties related
to the introduction of new technology into production which now affect the sale of
licenses and, correspondingly, the acquisition of necessary instruments abroad.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vesi^ik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
Vinogradov on Information Transfer
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 76-78
- [Speech by V. A. Vinogradov, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
at the annual general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences]
[Text] A. P. Aleksandrov, in his opening remarks, and P. N. Fedoseyev, in his
report, clearly and thoroughly dealt with the characteristic features of the new
stage of development of Soviet science related to the needs of the country under the
conditions of mature socialism; they showed the large scale of the tasks put before
the Academy of Sciences in the documents of the 26th CPSU Congress, especially in
tha program report by the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade
L. I. Brezhnev, which has historical eignificance.
In the "Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for
- 1981-1985 and for the Period to 1990," attention is given to the necessity for
- improving collection means and systems and the transfer and processing of information.
The necessity for automating information systems and networks in the field of
social sciences is dictated by the growing role of theae aciences, and by the
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necessity for operation~lly processing ever increasing volumes of primary iaforma-
tion both in the conduct of sci~ntific research and in decisionmaking at all levels
- of management.
Information systems and networks ~re a part of the economic structure with which the
country will enter t:~e 21st Century. We must keep this in mind today as we lay the
foundation for their development.
The presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in recent years, has done much for
improving information in the social sciences, which have become an important condi-
tion for raising the theoretical level of scientific research, for improving the
teaching of social sciences, and for strengthening the effectiveness of ideological
work.
The Institute of Scientific Information for the Social Sciences of the USSR Academy
of Sciences published 4676 titles of information publications with 25 thousand
printed pages trom 1976 to 1980. These publications contained bibliographic informa-
tion on 1.2 m~llion Soviet and foreign books and articles, over 45 thousand detailed
abstracts of current Soviet and foreign works in the social science~, and about one
thousand review materials.
Durin~ the last two years, just with respect to the problems "Developed Socialist
Society" and "The International Revolutionary Movement of the Working Class," over
1'LO information publications were put out. The institute as a whole purposefully
provided information for research and development on 55 current, primarily complex,
problems in Soviet social sciences.
The institute undertook efforts to provide information to representatives of the
natural sciences and a wide scientific community. Information publications have come
out on the social and ideological problems r~f ecology, philosophical questions in
the natural sciences, problems in the organization of science in foreign countries,
the effectiveness of scientific research, and questions of scientific creativity.
These publications are well known to members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
'!;~e institute is working on a program for expanding and deepening information
activity stemming from the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress.
T'he institute is actively developing international relations with countries of the
socialist fraternity. A special place here is occupied by the International Informa-
tion System for the Social Sciences of the Academies of Sciences of the Socialist
Cuuntries (MI~'ON), an agreement for the creation for which was aigned in 1976.
Within [he framework of this system, joint abatract and bibliographic publications
are put out; progressive forms and methods for information work are being developed;
and automated information systems are being devised.
- This work was evaluated positively by the Conference of Vice-Presidents of the
Academies of Sciences of Socialist Countries on the Social Sciences, which took
place in June 1980 in Prague. The secretary of the Czechoslovak Co~unist Party
Central Committee, Josef Gavlin, h ighly praised the significance of MISON in an
article, "The Growing Role of Social Sciences," published in 1980 in the journal
"Problems of Peace and Socialism."
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One of the results of our activity during the last five-year plan was the forma-
tion in the country of a system of information with distributed data banks. Along
- with the Institute of Scientific Information on the Social Sciences of the USSR
Academy of Sciences (INION) as the chief all-union center, this system includes
several national ministerial centers, particul~rly on cultural problems, republic
centers of scientific information on the social sciences created under the presidiums
of the union-republic academies of sciences, and also information services of
scientific and higher educational institutions. Thus, the necessary preconditions
= have been created for effective functioning and interaction of the central data b~nk
- at INION and specialized data banks that accumulate data according to their spheres
of activity.
The task for 1981 to 1985 will be to put into full operation an automa.ted informa-
tion system for the social sciences. However, on the basis of existing technology,
this is not possible all our resources have been exhausted. The planned capacity
of the INION system is calculated for the processirtg of 300 thousand documents a
year, but the capacity of magnetic diaks that the institute has permit the intro-
duction of only 50 thousand;the storage in the data base available to consumers in
� a regime of direct computer interaction is only 12 to 15 thousand documents. The
picture is approximately the same with display units.
The 26th CPSU Congress paid special attention to the necessity for concentrating
efforts and resources under the llth Five-Year Plan on the main areas and on the
trig~er points. P. N. Fedoseyev stressed in his report that the concentration of
resources in science must first of all be in areas with the best prospects.
In our opinion, it is necessary in the shortest time (one or two years) to fully
equip large information centers that have shown a capability to accomplish tasks at
the current world level. �
The presidium of the USSR Academy h~s created the Joint Information and Library
Cour.~il of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under the chaira~.anship of Academician
Yu. A. Ovchinnikov, vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The first
meeting of the council showed what a large number of questions need to be resolved
- in the near future. It seems to us that all of the electronic technology available
to the academy should be distributed with consideration of this council's recom-
mendations.
Work on creating present-day automated syetems for social sciences is a complicated
complex of scientific-technical problems. We are counting on growing assistance
from the presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR State Coasnittee for
_ Science and Technology. The solution of this probl~m will help achieve more
successful development through Soviet social sciencea of important theoretical and
- practical tasks put before us by the 26th CPSU Congress.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestni.k Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
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Belyakov on Basic Research
Moscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 82-83
[Speech by V. P. Belyakov, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
to the annual general meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences]
[Text] Tne report by P. N. Fedoseyev has already pointed out the great significance
of implementing fundamental research in praetice.
Among the fundamental sciences whose successes directly influence scientific-
technical progress in various economic sectors and in variou,~ technology sectors,
there is a relatively young science, cryogen~cs, which is engaged with methods for
producing cold at temperatures from 0 to 120 K and with research on pracesses that
take place at these temperatures.
It must be said that this science has become the basis for the d~velopment of
cryogenic and, to some degree, vacuum technology, and cryogenic technology has
played a large role in the creation of new technologies in metallurgy, chemistry,
and power, and, of course, it will also pl~y this role in the future. In the
economy, especially in metallurgy and chemistry, there are more than 500 air-
fractionating farilities, which support the production of steel, iron, and nitrogen,
and help significantly to reduce expenses and raise labor productivity at metallur~i.-
cal enterprises.
But are we fully using the existing achievements?
In metallurgy today we use very advanced oxygen convertor methods to smelt, in all,
about a third of our steel, at the same time that, for E.xample, in Japan, ihey use
it for 100 percent and, in other developed capitalist countries, for over 90 percent.
It is important to make wider use in metallurgy of the ne~a highly effective method
for producing steel. The Academy of Sciences and the 3tate Committee for Science
and Technology must have a substamtial inf.luence on this.
Let us take the food program. Here, it has already been seated that it is important
not only to create, but to store and preser~e what has been grown. A powerfu].
means for nroviding long storage of food products is the application of liquid
nitrogen. A great deal of attention is being given to this means for storing,
transferring, and transporting. In our country, ana?ogous prcjects are only in an
inirial stage. In recent years, they have begun to use this method in the U'.craine,
_ but the efforts of acientific workers and practition~rs and workers in the fo~3,
_ meat, and dairy industry are needed to disseminate this method as wid2ly as possible.
This will permit the reduction of lossea.
_ Cryogenic technology permits the accomplishment of completely new tasks. Today, a
cryogenic superconducting facility is operating successfully. But it is perfectly
clear that defir.ite efforts are needed for maximum introduction of a~it~mation at
these facilities. It is necessary to replace the immense control system3 which
operate them with systems that are smaller and more convenient to operate.
I think that cryogenic technology will make a large contribution to the development
of power and to the improvement of processes related to superconductivity. This per-
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_ tains not only to MHD-generator~, eupereonducti~ag electrical transmission lanes,
electrogenerators, and high-power cryoengines, but also to hydrogen power engineer-
ing. Undoubtedly, cryogenic techn~ology will help p.rodr~ce liquid Y:qdrogen with
relatively small energy capi~al e;~per.dit~.~rea. ~
Further, V. P. Belyakov dwelled on the problems of sczentific-produc~ion associa-
tions. Such associations effectively aid the ra~pid ~cxeatian and introduction ~f the
newest technology. The problems in introduction of new t~chnology that used to
- exist when scientific institutions and produc~ian enterprises were isolated, da not
exist today. But the economic conditions in. which sc~.entific production associations
operate today in themselves can undermine the b~sis for association activities.
How is the work of scientific-production associations planned? The same as the work
of any series-production factory: with indicatora of profit and volume of production.
How are the prices of manufactured goods determined? ~y the aum oi the cost and
~ standard profit. But for new technology, we n~ed to "forget" for a while about cost.
Cost for new technology is a drag on its devel~pment. A ne~t manufa~tured item
_ should be evaluated not by how much material haa been put into it, but by how much
- better it is than t~he items made before.
.~cademician N. P. Fedorenko has said t~iat various methodologies for calcul~ting the
effectiveness of identical ~uanufactured items come out differently. The Department
' of Economics must turn its attention to the developmen~ of pricing methods that
would stimulate the creation and di~fusion of new teahnology.
- The second question is how to evaluate the activities of s~ientific-production
association~. Planning not by groes ~utput but ~y normative net output in itself
does not answer the c~uestidn for scientific-production gssociations or for enter-
= prises sngaged in the introduction of n~w technology. In essence, you see, the
- voluu~e of profit is planned as before. And to make profit, it is more advantageous
to pz~oduce expensive items with large materials content.
: Thsse small examples show how important and vital the problem is in creating new
; technology not only how to embody an idea in practice rapidly but also how to
stimulate this embodiment with the correct system of pricing and the correct system
= for planning and ev3luating the activities of an enterprise engaged in creating new
= technology.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akadeffiii nauk SS~R", 1981
' Zhavoronkov on Incomplete Research
Noscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 53-86
- [Speech by Academician N. M. Zhavoronkov to the annual general meeting of the USSR
Academy of Sciences)
- [Text) V. I. Lenin said that Marxism is not a dogma, but a guide to action. The
documextts and decision~ of the 26th CPSU Congress, about which Academician P. N.
Fedoseyev spoke vi.vidly in his report, are such a guide to action, as well as an
invaluable creative contribution to the treasure-houae of Marxist-Leninist teachings.
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High evaluation of the role of science and its �ontribution to the b~ilding of
communism and to material ~nd technical progras~ cauaes a feeling of pride and a
feeling of gratitude to the party and governmenC for their conccrn for its develop-
ment. In thi.s regard, a well-known speech by Academician I. P. Pavlov is recalled;
= at the International Physiological Congress in 1935, he said that so much att~rition
was paid science in our country that it forces us, the managers of science, to be in
constant uneasiness as to whether we c~n justify the confidence given us.
Such a rigorous attitude on the part of scientists toward their own work and sucl~ a
high degree of responsibility are still necessary in our time, when the s~ales of
~ scientific-technical research and allotments to science have grown immeasurably. In
1940 these allotments amounted to 300 million rubles, and in 1935 the year of
I� P. Pavlov's speech they were somewhat less. As is known, they have been set
for 1981 at the huge sum of 22.6 billion rubles. Scientific research has become more
costly. This obligates us to be concerned constantll� about raising its effective-
_ ness. The decisive sector today, as stressed in the documents of the 26th CPSU
Congress, has become the introduction of scientific discoveries and inve~tions into
production. The integration of scien~e and production is a vital necessity. Mean-
while, questions about the introduction of new technology up to now have been
literally "the talk of the town."
In his report, Academician G. K. Skryabin recalled how an engine with a forechamber
ignition was introduced; it took nearly 30 years. A number of similar examples
could also be introduced. But there are also instances where new developments are
introduced that later turn out to be worse than the old ones. Therefore, the
distribution of the enormous sums being allotted for scientific research must be
very well thought out and there must be concern for the correct structure of alloca-
tions and expenditures for science. Experience in foreign countries and the
experience of many of our scientific institutes, particularly those like the Insti-
tute of Electric Welding imeni Ye. 0. Paton of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences and the
All-Union Scientific-Research and Planning-Design Institute for Metallurgical
= Machine Building, has shown that about one-third of all allocations should go to
fundamental and applied scientific research and two-thirds to experimental and design
work.
We understand very well that fundamental scientific research not only permits con-
stant improvement in technology, but also can lead to revolutions in production.
_ However, if fundamental and, especially, applied reaearch is not carried through
with experimental and design work, then the efforts are wasted, research results
_ r.emain on the shelf and, consequently, after some time, these results won't be
needed by anyone because at the present rates of scientific-technical progress they
soon become outdated.
A few years ago, on an assignment from the USSR State Committee for Science and
Technology, I became acquainted with the status of scientific research in one of ~ur
industrial ministries and i found that there a total of 18 percent of all allotments
for science was spent on experimental and design work and 2 percent on fundamental
research; all of the remaining funds ~vent to applied research. It is perfectly
natural that the results of this reaearch were not, and could not be implemented
_ because of the backwardness of the experimental and design work.
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In this connection, I would like to eupport those con?rades who have epoken here
with proposals to create a material base at scientific institutea for testing the
results of research projects on an increased scale.
_ A few years ago, Academician A. I. Tselikov wrote an article, "Give the Inetitdte a
Factory." It must be said that this call did not meet with understanding everywhere
. and a number of objections were raised again~t it. But there is no doubt that such
a measure was necessary, at least for those inetitutes that conduct projects on the
synthesis of new substances, develop new m~terials, investigate new technological
processes because, without sufficient etndy o� a process on a large scale, intro-
duction into production, if it t~kes place at all, involves great difficulties.
We often blame workers in industry for sluggishness and lack of interest in new
methods, new production processes, and so forth. But I think that these indictmen;.~
are far from always just. Of course, there is inertist in industry that slows the
process of introduction, for both objective and subjective reasons. But we must
regard with self-criticism what we, the scientists, propose for introduction. Under
careful examination, it turns out that many of our proposals are incompletely worked
out, are economically infeasible, or ineufficiently tested, and many exampl~s can be
introduced where, on the recommendation of scientista, new processes were introduced
that pro~ed worse than the old ones and led to losses and to a reduction in produc-
tion effectiveness, and so forth.
For example, at one time, the aluminum industry, according to scientists' proposal,
transferred from precalcined anodes to continuous self-annealing ones, and they
talked about this as a gre~t achievement. Actually, such anodes work well in
electric furnaces for producing calcium carbide, where the temperature of the
process exceeds 2000�C. But, in alu~inum baths, the temperature is 950 to 1000�C,
which is insufficient for graphitization of the electrode mass, and the anodes dis-
charged unevenly in cross-section and, as a result, significantly increased the
expenditure of energy and worsened shop working conditions. Now, the industry is
again returning to precalcined electrodes.
Similar instances are nct at a'_I ~dr~. iney just result from ~,~orl.y i:hought-out
proposals and indicate that we seriously need to verify and substantiate our pro-
jects before sending them to industry, and we need not blame the miniatries for
sluggishness when there are any difficulties with introduction.
In this regard, an example for us should be L. Pasteur, 40 years of whose research,
in the words of K. A.'Timiryazev, gave medicine more than did 40 centuries of
practice. Each of his new discoveries he handed over to the judgment of friends
and foes and only after this did he propose it for practical use. Essentially, this
is characteristic of every real scientist.
- The Department of Physical Chemistry and the Technology of Inorganic Materials
devoted two days to a discussion of the results of work by the institutes and other
scientific institutione that it watches over duri~g 1980 and the lOth Five-Year
Plan as a whole, and also of the tasks in the llth Five-Year Plan in the light of
the decisions of the 26th CPSU Congress. But this is only the beginning. It is
necessary, in a very serious way, to again examine all the designated problems and
to concentrate effort on developing the more needed ones and the most hopeful ones
from the scientific and technical-economic viewpoint.
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A special feature of our department is that over h~lf of the in~titute managers are
tied directly to industry, just as the department as a whole is closely tied with a
_ number of ministries and with scientific institutions oriented toward the economic
sectors. Tasks of the department, along with fundamental research projects, are
the syntt~esis of new chemical compounds and the study of their properties and the
study of new inorganic materials: metal a~loys, silicates (cements, glass, and
ceramics), materials with various useful physical or chemical properties semi-
conductors, superconductors, piezoferroelectric crystals, materials for quantum
generators, fiber optics, and other materials.
The Departm~ent of Physical Chemistry and the Technology of Inorganic Materials works
in close contact with the Department o� General Physics and Astronomy, and this is
natural: materials for new technology are created as the result of joint work in
the fields of chemistry, physics, mechanics, tech~ology, metallurgy, and other
related sciences. Such interaction largely determines the many successes achieved
in our work. It would be incorrect, however, to be limited to what has been
achieved. In evaluating our achievements, we need to ask ourselves: Can we say
that we have done everything that we could?
I would like to say a few words with respect to agricultural s;,ience. We have had
; great successes in introducing high-yield varieties of wheat, cotton, and sunflowers.
However, an undeservedly ~mall amount of attention has been given to such crops as
- rice, millet, buckwheat, oats, soy beans, and certain other food and forage crops.
The result of this is their low yield and the large gap between the record and the
average yields. As examples, let me refer to the 1333-centner-per-hectare potato
yield achieved by the team of kolkhoz worker Anna Yutkina in Novosibirskaya Oblast
during the war years, which exceeded the average by a factor of more than 10, and
the~ 203-centner-per-hectare millet yield achieved by the Kazakh farmer Chogonak
Bersiyev, which exceeded the average t+y a factor of 25. Their experience must be
. utilized both by scientists of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences and
directly by the Ministry of Agriculture.
CC%':;:~Hi: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
Glebov on Interdepartmental Cooperation
NIoscow VESTNIK AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 95-97
[Speech by Academician I. A. Glebov to the annual general meeting of the USSR
Academy of Sciences]
[Text] Speaking about the necessity for reaching the advanced frontiers of science
and technology in all sectors of the economy, Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, in his report
to the 26th CPSU Congress, said: "The CPSU Central Committee is in favor of
_ further enlarging the role and responsibility of the USSR Academy of Sciences and
improving the organization of the whole system for scientific research." ~e
chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, Comrade N. A. Tikhonov, stressed in his
report the importance~of more flexible combinations of ministerial ~nd regional.
management and the concentration of efforts on the fulfillment of special-purpose
programs.
The Interagency Coordination Council of the USSR 9cademy of Sciences in Leningrad
� was set up precisely for uniting the creative efforts of scientific-research institu-
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tions and higher educational institutions in the Northwest Region under the aegis
of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Coordination must embrace fundamental and the most
important exploratory research with respect to both national and regional programs
and problems.
Within the framework af the Interagency Coordination Couneil have been created 14
scientific councils on areas in which Northwest scientists can make the largest
contribution to science and technology and, in first priority, to the fulfillment
~ of special-purpose programs and programs for scientific-technical progress of the
State Co~nittee for Science and Technology and th~ USSR Academy of Sciences.
We attach great significance to the interaction of the Interagency Coordination
Council with the presidium and committees of the Leningrad Oblast Council of
Scientific-Technical Societies, and also with thQ central administrations of the
~11-union scientific-technical societies that are located in Leningrad. The Inter-
agency Coordination Council has also concluded an agreement for cooperation with the
Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education. Joint work by scientific
councils and the corresponding committeea of scientific-technical societies, and
also with councils for economic and social development of oblast party committees
open up great possibilitiea for utilizing the results of scientific projects in the
_ economy.
We have been successful in conducting a large volume of preparatary work on problems
in the fuel-energy complex. Almost half of our scientific councils participate in
- this work. The implementation of developments is accelerated by close interaction
with the oblast staff, which operat~s under the Leningrad obkom of the CPSU, with
respect to the complex program for Leningrad organizations, "Increase in Effective-
= ness of the Fuel-Energy Complex of the Country. The coordination of solutions to
scientific problems is under the direction of the Interagency Coordination Council,
while production organization tasks are under the direction of the oblast staff.
Participating in fulfillment of this complex program are 165 organizations, includ-
ing over 50 academy and ministerial scientific-research, design, and technological
institutions, over 40 production enterprises and associations, about 30 planning and
prospecting organizations, and 10 higher educational institutions.
The program, which includes a broad totality of intricate, mutually related scienti-
fic, engineering-technical, and production-organizational measures, has been broken
up into separate subprograms for specific areas: thermal energy and atomic machine
- building, hydroelectric power, the transmission of electric energy, the rational
utilization of fuel and energy resources and the improvement of energy-consuming
technological processes, new means for producing energy, the strengthening of the
country's raw material base, generator building, turbine construction, boiler
construction, and other fundamental research. This research is conducted in close
interaction with the Department for the Physical and Technical Problems of Power
Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In connection with the conduc~t of work on this complex program, attention must be
given above all to problems relating to the solution of one of the most important
state problems the exploitation of the Kansk-Achinak Coal Basin.
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Because of the low calorie content of the Ranek-Achinsk coal, a complex problem hae
ariyen in the creation of boiler oyateme for turbine unit~ with a capacity of
800 thousand kW. The use of traditional means for igniting fuel le~ds to the
necessity of installing boiler systems about 120_m high. As a result of research,
boiler systems of conceptually new design were deYeloped, with a new means for
igniting fuel. The new solution permits reducing the height of boiler systems to
42 m. It is extremely important to accelerate work in this arPa, so that the use of
the old, cumbersome versions will be eliminated.
The transmission of electric energy from the first two electric power stations in
the Kansk-Achinsk Basin with the capaci.ty of 6400 kW each can be accomplished by one
direct-current transmission line of 2250 kV. But the projected rates of development
for this line are patently inadequate. The currenti five-year plan proposes to
limit it to technical-economic substantiation, when there is a real possibility to
move significantly further along: to complete the research and draw up a technical
plan.
To raise the efficiency of electric power stations and reduce environmental pollutioa,
it is necessary to develop research on gas-vapor equipment with the goal of creating
a gas-vapor system T~ith a capacity of 1 million kW, with internal-cycle gasification
of hard fuel.
In the field of generating electrical energy, there have been a number of important
achievements. On the basis of fundamental research on electromagnetic, thermo-
physical, and mechanical processes in generators that employ the phenomenon of super-
conductivity, success has been achieved in creat�ing and testing the first super-
conducting turbogenerator in the world with a capacity of 20 thousand kW and with
liquid-helium cooling of the rotor coils. On the basis of this work, a turbogenerator
with a capacity of 300 thousand kW will be created during the current five-year plan.
By 1990, a machine with a capacity of 1 million kW is foreseen.
It must be stated that superconducting gener~tors will solve two contradictory tasks:
they will reduce weight by about half and simultaneously raise efficiency to 99.3
or 99.4 percent. In addition, the capacity of such machines can be inereased to
5 million kW or more, which is not possible on the basis of traditional solutions.
There is a second problem in the field of power generation. While working on the
development of traditional large-capacity turbogenerators, a conceptually new scheme
for cooling turbogenerators was successfully implemented. In this scheme, the water
is supplied for cooling the rotor coil, omitting the shaft of the machine, which
_ radically simplifies the design and sharply increases the operational reliability of
the machine. This class of machine opens up the nossibility of eliminating the use
of mineral fuel and hydrogen. These machines offer extremely good prospects for our
- power engineering. At the present time, one such machine with a capacity of 800
thousand kW is undergoing final testing at a GRES. The production of a second
machine of this type is planned.
_ I would like to note further that fcr atomic electric power stations, there is great
significance in the research and development being conducted under the curr~nt five-
year plan for creating steam turbines with a capacity of 1 million kW with the
rotating frequency of 3000 revolutions per minute.
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In conclusion, I. A. Glabov aupported the propoeal by P. N. Fedoseyev on t~e
advisability for discussions at sessions of the general meeting of the USSR Academy
of Sciences of urgent problems in the development of the economy, suci~ as power,
technology, mineral resources, and machine building.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka","Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
9645
CSO: 1814/51
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