JPRS ID: 10052 JAPAN REPORT

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• Sequence Number: 29
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JP~S L/10052
15 October 1981
Ja ~n Re ort
p p
(FOUO 59/81)
Fg~$ F~l~EIGN BROADCAST I~VFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10052
15 October 1981
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 19/81)
_f
CONTENTS
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Suzuki Politics Analyzed
(Ikuzo Tajiri; BUNGEI SHUNJU, Aug 81) 1
Political Union Viewed by Co2umnist
- (Takehiko Takahashi; MAINICHI AAILY NEWS, 17 Sep 81) 14
Liberal-Democratic Party Launches Membership Drive
(Takehiko Takahashi; MAINICH I DAILY NEWS, 23 Sep 81) 16
Formation of New Political Group Welcomed
(Editorial; MAINICHI DAILY NET,~S, 25 Sep 81) 18
Sonoda-Gromyko Meeting Analyzed
(Editorial; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 25 Sep 81) 21
ECONOMIC
Private Capital Outlays Reported Running High in FY 81
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 23
Fujitsu Fanuc Lauded as Most Corporately Sound
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 25
SCIEHCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Government, Academia, Industry To Develop Microprncessor
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUt], 5 Aug 81) 27
Market for New Information, CaTmnunication Systema Grows
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, 31 Aug 81) 29
Japanese Auto Industry Views Rising Problems
(DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA, Sep 81) 31
- a - [III - ASIA - 111 FOUOJ
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' Automotive Electronics Era Foretold
(DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA, Sep 81) 37
_ Use of Robots in Car Making Described
(DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA, Sep 81) 41
Technological Interchanges Among Businesaes Spread
(DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA, Sep 81) 45
- World's Largest Coal Liquefaction Facility To Be Developed
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 ~ep 81) 50
World's Car Electronic Sophistication Race Grows
(JAPAN ECOrOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 51
Prices of 64K RAM Chips Drop
_ (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 53
Semiconductor Production Rises in First Half of 1981
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 54
t3ritish To Set Up Minifax Venture
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 55
Japanese, Swiss Firms Form Venture for Carbon Fiber Material
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 56
Nissho To Enter Biotechnology Induatry
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 5~
New Technology Produces Cheaper Steel Deoxidizing Ferrosilicon
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 58
Hard, Tensile Type Glass Developed
_ (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 59
Huge Electromagnet Insures Stable Current Flow
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 60
Amorphous Silicon So'!ar Cell To Be Commercialized
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 61
Way To Double Efficiency of Heat Exchangers Devised
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 15 Sep 81) 62
Briefs
Biotechnology Industry Growth 63
- b -
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
SUZUKI POLITICS ANALYZED
Tokyo BUNGEI SHUNJU in Japanese Aug 81 pp 110-122
[Article by Ikuzo Tajiri, political affairs critic]
[Text] No Political Enemy for Time Being
They say his castle is built on sand. Perhaps so, but the political relationships
surrounding Prime Minister Suzuki (see separate chart) appear to be surprisingly
i stable.
- First, there is apparently no political enemy on the horizon, as seen from the Suzuki
administration. Moreover, the opposition groups appear to be re;arding it with
a warm understanding. If the rumors that Suzuki will retire before his time is
up is true, who will steF forward to bring him down?
- It is very doubtful whether it revealed his true intention, but former Prime Minister
Tanaka, the most powerful figure in political circles, w~s recently quoted in the
newspapers as follows: ''You know, Suzuki was elected by a unanimous party vote
and, unless he himself decides to quit, his premiership is based on the premise
of a long-term regime. ~He was urged by everyone to run, although he had de:clined,
so we must support him to the end. I believe absolutely that there is no cne who
would pull him down. If there is, that persons' political career would be ruined.
Suzuki is not stumbling at all." (YOMIURI SHIMBUN 21 June)
. Such hyperbole makes one wonder. The same Tanaka was reported six months ~~go to
have said, "We recommended Zenko ~Suzuki), but he turned out to be a misfit." Per-
haps Tanaka himself might turn out to be the very ringleader of a"Movement to topple
- Suzuki." The future is diff icult to predict.
- However, the portion ln Tanaka's statement which says, "Unless Suzuki himself decides
to quit," is true. Since there is no political adversary in sight, it depends on
whether conditions could be created under which Suzuki would be forced to voluntarily
announce his resignation. This could turn out to be a strong factor in Suzuki's
favor, if he were to be pushed into a corner.
Eisaku Sato announced his resi~nation under comparatively benign conditions. Never-
theless, it was after a record reign of l years and 8 months, when the public had
tired of the Sato government. When he was elected to his third term as party presi-
dent (a fuil 6 years), even his brother Nobusuke Kishi recommended that he quite,~
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saying, "It is enough. It's time to retire." Yet, he continued to reign for nearly
another two years. It was therefore relatively easy for him to "resign."
Because subsequent administrations have been, without exception, plagued with potiti-
cal enemies and were shortlived, they were in effect built on sand. No one could
predict that Kakuei Tanaka, who made an auspicious start with the restoration of
Sino-Japanese diplomatic relations and boasted a support of over 60 percent, would
succumb in 2 years and 5 months. He was criricized by Takeo Miki and Takeo Fukuda,
and his government collapsed because of critirism against his money politics. During
the next Miki administration, a"topple Miki movement" by the entire party began
soon after his inauguration, and he walked a tight rope but persevered for 2 years.
Fukuda's chances were obstructed by Masayoshi Ohira. Oh~~a was exhausted by his
political feud with Fukuda, and he di.ed suddenly. Thus, although they were regarded
as full-fledged regimes, they were both sho~tlived. The regimes were fraught with
the unforeseen and dangerous vicissitudes of fate. Although the Suzuki administra-
tion could not possibly be an exception, it is difficult to predict whether it will
be longlived or shortlived.
The Suzuki administration will welcome its first anniversary on 17 July. Since
it is the halfway mark of the first term, talks can be expected to begin concerning
a successor. Especially with his return homefrom the Japan-U.S. summit talks in
mid-May as a waterched, the atmosphere within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
has suddenly changed. The erstwhile talk of his re-election has disappeared into
thin air and has been replaced by talk of an early retirement.
~ Keys to Chart on p 111
(1) Political Correlation (9) Miyazawa (17) New Liberal Club

~ Chart (10) Kishi (18) Komeito Part T
(2) Nakasone y
~ (3) Tanaka (11) Nakagawa (19) Japan Socialist Party
- (12) Miki (20) Japan Communist Party
(4) Suzuki ~13) Rokusuke Tanaka
(5) Fukuda ~21) Suzuki Administration
(14) Sonoda (22) Close relationship
(6) Komoto (15) Democratic Socialist (23) Ordinary relationship
(7) Watanabe Part
(8) Sakurauchi y ~24) Weak relationship
(16) United Social Democratic
Party
Similarities Between Sato, Miki and Suzuki
Before making any judgment concerning the longevity of the Suzuki administration, I
wil.l attempt to typecast it. One can see it as a cross between the Sato and Miki
administrations. Noboru Takeshita (former iinance minister), a Tanaka faction cadre,
pointed out the similarity between Sato and Suzuki as follows. "Mr. Suzuki is basi-
cally a cautious man. Although the Suzuki regime may give the impression of being
unreliable, it survived the extraordinary Diet session (last fall) and it has gained
confidence by formulating this year's budget (FY-81). I think it will continue to
~ mature. Through my own experience, I feel that the Sato Cabinet, which was formed
in November 1964, matured after undergoing the test in the Diet, There may be some
people who find fault with Mr. Suzuki's approach to politics and with his outlook,
but that is because he lacked the opportunity to explain his convictions before being
inaugurated as prime minis*_er and president to the LDP. In the past, an election
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was held for the party president, and the winner had a chance tQ explain his beliefs
beforehand. Mr. Suzuki did not have such an opportunity. The Sato administration
came into being with Mr. Ikeda's abdication. At the outset, Mr. Sato's interpellations
in the Diet were read from a prepared text and he did not provide strong leadership
to his followers. He resorted to 'wait-and-see' politics. It was similar to
Mr. Suzuki's case."
Subsequently, political conditions changed considerably, and major problems arose
- in succession, including the difficult Japan-U.S. relations, administrative reform
for which the Suzuki regime is "staking its political life," and the personnel changes
in November which are bound to raise havoc. tt is certainly true that Prime Minister
Suzuki faces severe times. Nonetheless, Takeshita's theory is basically correct.
Suzuki's "politics of harmony" p.laces priority on overall peace ra.ther than exer-
cising leadership, and it is similar to Sato's "wait-and--see" politics. The main
difference is that, as a landmark of the regime, administrative reform is for Suzuki
what the return of Okinawa was to Sato.
The two men also share a~ommon lack of political enemies within the LDP party. In
Sato's ~ase, soon aftEr his inauguration as prime minis*_er, his powerful rivals,
Ichiro Kono, Bamboku Ono and others, died in succession, and he was afforded the
~ opportunity to solidify the rase for a longl'ved regime. In Suzuki's case also,
his regime started out with an unanimous and suprafactional support by the party
(although not an aggressive support), and there was rio powerful "rival worth note.
Again, h.e was like Miki in two aspects: Tenacity and an astute strategy in winning
public support. According to Michiharu Nakamura (vice president of the German Food
Products Import Association), who is close to Suzu?ci as a junior alumnus of the Japan
Fisheries Institute, "He is not necessarily a so-called 'nice guy.' Even today,
~ people tend to see him in that light, but he is not so naive. He has always been
lowkev and very ineptin promoting himself, but he possesses the peculiar tenacity
of a native of the Tohoku region. He never changes his attitude or posture, and
always carries out what he proposes to do. He has managed the party for ten years
as chairman of the party's general affairs, and is an expert in timing. He is more
knowledgeable than anyone concerning party affairs."
Party members generally agree with this evaluati~n, although with slight variations.
Suzuki's tenacity is considered "positive" in comparison to Miki's "negative" tena-
city. They share a srubborn streak which is lacking in other powerful figures like
= Tanaka, Fukuda, Ohira and Nakasone.
Although Miki frequently had his back up against the wall where he would have been
forced to quit, he never admitted it. At the climax of the "topple Miki movement"
in September 1976, Miki dismissed the anti-Miki members of the Cabinet and dissolved
. the Diet. He took the tough stand of splitting the party and went to the voters
for support. He thus persevered against the anti-Miki forces and stayed alive. It
was the so-called "9-10 affair." Until he took responsibility for the defeat in
- the general elections in the same year, riiki prolonged the life of his administration,
albeit for a short time. It is difficult to foresee the kind of crisis Suzuki will
encounter in the future, but like Miki he will surely not give up easily. In such
a case, he wil]. probably like Miki give "public support" as his reason For hanging
on. Moreover, unlike Miki, Suzuki does not maintain a factional position which puts
the party majority in the opposition, but has the backing of the so-called "mainline
faction" (KOCHIKAI), which gives him an advantage over t4iki.
~
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_ llespite His Brand As a"Stupid Monarch"
Altho~gh Miki is a totally different type of man from either Sato or Miki, he would
have a chance in prolonging his reign if he could combine the common traits o� those
astute men. An analysis of the character of the Suzuki admin istration would indicate
at least such a possibility. Meanwhile, however, there are some glaring shortcomings
in Suzuki, compared to Sato and Miki.
There are doubts cast on his.fitne~s as a prime minister. Ma sayuki Fujio, a labor
minister known for his sharp tongue, recently labeled him "a stupid monarch."
It is unclear as to wliich half of the label was given greater emphasis, but it clever-
ly expresses Suzuki's strengths and weaknesses. Soon after h~ became prime minister,
- Suzuki often stumbled in his speeches. He committed errors in his Diet interpellations
concerning economic growth figures, and he addressed U.S. Amb assador Mansfield as
"your Excellency, the President."
At the time, vuices were frequently heard within and outside the LDP that "he doesn't
even have figures and data on basic state mangement in his head. At this rate, his
Cabinet won't last long." He assiduously memorized data written on cue cards by
his secretary and read studiously from his notes in Diet interpellations in order
not to be ~aught with mistakes.
Gradually acquiring self-confidence, he would before long expo se his weakness con-
cerning foreign affairs which is not one of his fortes. For e xample, there was the
trouble over the Japan-U.S. joint statement and Foreign Minister Ito's resignation
in assuming the responsibility. Also, the confrontation betwe en Suzuki and the
- Foreign Ministry in which emotional struggle within the Suzuk i faction became involved.
These issues have become extremely refracted, but in effect his image of ignorance
in foreign affairs bordering on "stupidity" remains.
Criticism toward Suzuki spewed forth from the LDP. For instanc e, Raizo Matsuno stated,
"Suzuki simply does not understand. If Mr. Shigeru Yoshida, who was very particular
concerning foreign affairs, was alive, he would have given him a loud scolding. Japan
h:is always placed top priority on ?apan-U.S. relations since the end of the war and,
_ whenever the relations do _1ot run su!oothly, it acts as if it had a tumor in its aorta.
Japan and the United States are separate nations and it is str ange that one should
criticize the other because it finds itself in a tight situation. To simply explain
its position to the other should suffice. What it is doing may mend things for the
- time being, but it will bring grave problems in the future. Suzuki sees only the
ups and downs of Japan-U.S. relations, and ends up making a se ries of mistakes.
He began with a mistake regarding the joint statement. He threw an unwarranted pebble
intothe water and created waves. ~ne wave led to others. Nex t was the Ito resigna-
- tion. Foreign affairs should essentially be handled by the pr ime minister. In any
era, tf~e main actor in foreign affairs is the prime minister h imself, while the posi�-
tion of the foreign ininister is like that of a parliamentary v ice min~ster from another
government ministry."
However,there is also sympathetic argument. A Dietman of the LDP in charge of foreign
affairs remarked, "In retrospect, his ASEAN tour was a mistake. Mr. Suzuki went
there and became overconfider.t. He also tried to strengthen h is initiative in foreign
affairs vis-a-vis the United States. But there are many aspects of foreign affairs
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which are difficult to influence through individua~ power alone. Usually, circum-
stances facing the nation at the time become the deciding factor. The prime minister''s
overconfidence proc~sced the turmoil over the Japan-U.S. joint statement, but I think
Mr. Suzuki regained himself just before his European tour.
In any case, things went too smoothly during the six months after his inauguration.
He gained self-confidence in the ASEAN countries. But if he has returned to his
former self of caution and harmony as the result of the recent cirsis, it means
he has passed his test at an early stage. The fact that he is now aware that indi.vid-
ual power cannot in any large measure influence foreign affairs indicates that l~e
has learned his lesson."
This is completely different f rom Matsuno's contention that foreign affairs should
be managed by the prime minister, but Suzuki was unmistakably to~.ssed about by for~eign
affairs during this time. He appeared *.o be affected by his trou~bles and returned
to his former self during the European tour in June, where h~s lack of conf idence
was reportedly conspicuous, showing him a pitiful figure.
It would be worth watching which of the two attributes of "stupid" an.d "monarch"
comes to the fore in the future. Will he c~~ntinue as a cross between Sato and Miki,
_ and show the strong side ~f a"monarch," or will he succumb to his failures. by being
"stupid?"
Will The Suzuki-Tanaka-Fuecuda Alignment Last?
Among the so-called three elements of "fortune, dull-wit and spirit," grabably 70
percent of the fate of an administration is decided by "fortune." Althaugh one may
mourn, "If only Fukuda had not been careless," or, "~f only Ohira had not died so
suddenly," it was probably to a large degree a matter of fate.
It would be meaningless to speculate whether Suzuki would be blessed in the future
with good fortune, or whether he will be forsaken by fortune, but as far as the
circumstances in which his administration wasformed are concerned, they were unmistak-
ably very fortunate. Even when those around him asked after Ohira's death, "Don't
you think it's your turn?" Suzuki was evasive, saying, "I would like to be the
one to appoint a prime.minister. I would like to be the most influential party
member, but I am not the prime minister type." In the end he reportedly said, "I
am no longer able to avoid the appointment." Whether or not that was his real state
of mind, the realization of "Prime Minister Suzuki," which had no~ been in the thoughts
of anyone including himself, became a fact before anyone was awar.e of it, Tliis
can only be described as good fortune.
There.are three keys to predicting the stabili~y of the Suzuki administration as
it enters its second year. First, the factionaZ relations within the LDP, especially
the transition in the balance between the three main factions the Suzuki, Tanaka
and Fukuda factions which support the Suzuki regime.
Secondly, the manner in which the administrative reform will be carried out. And,
third, the ties with such extra-party forces as the national consensus and the opposi-
tion parties. These three factors will decide the fate of the administration while
deeply interacting with each other.
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First, the situation within the LDP which has lacked serenity. Koichi Kato (former
chief Cabinet secretary), who managed the affairs of the younger Suzuki faction
members, sees the present conditions as follows. "I am aware of active rumors that
the Suzuki regime is stumbling because of the Ito resignation issue. My feeling
is that the administration has sufficiently overcome both the Ito issue and the
treatment of the Reischauer testimony. It has made an 80 percent or 90 percent
recovery from the damage received from these issues. I think party conditions sur~-
rounding the Suzuki government have settled down beyond expectatic-~s. Commotion
prevailed within the LDP for eight years under four party presidents, following
the forming of the Tanaka government. And it reached a climax during the last yea.r
of the Qhira regime. In effect, Mr. Ohi.ra bore all the agony within the party and
died on his cross. Like Christ, he bore everything and died. After the storm sub-
sided, peace and stability, and an absolute majority, remained. From the standpoint
of party strife, a recess period had begun.
However, since the LDP is an energetic party, I feel sure that it has the ability
to recover from the eight years of fatigue, within a year, and to again pit one's
energy againsr another. But, in order to do so, it is necessary for thc anti-Suzuki
forces within the party to concentrate somewhere. At the moment, such a phenomenon
is not clearly seen. Therefore, I think the present quietness will co;itinue for
some time."
It is quite a wishful outlook. But, as far as the ostensible impression is concerned,
it is close to Kato's view. Despite incessar~t rumors of a shortlived government
and a popular theory concerning party succession, there are no anti-Suzuki forces
or prominent successor candidates in sight.
;Vonetheless, a subtle undercurrent of movement is beginning to manifest itself.
Although the Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda alignment, which supports Suzuki, is closely knit ~
- as the political correlation chart shows, how long will it continue? Toshikazu
Fukuya (former Lower House membe~~�), a political pundit, analyzes the cannection.
"The Suzuki Cabinet is already forsaken by those other than the direct Suzuki follow-
ers. On surface, he is supported by the three factions, but the Fukuda and Tanaka
fa~.~ions cont~nue their support merely because they prefer to remain in the present
lukew~rm state of affairs. In other words, botl-? Fukuda and Tanaka want to avoid
_ a change in party presidents. They also feel they would like to keep u.i absolute
majori.ty. It is convenient to continue a'calm and windless' state of affairs based
on an absolute majority.
Hc~wever, the important leadership not forthcoming from the prime minister/party
president. Therefore, in order to o:fset it, the bosses of the major party factions
tighten the reins on their factions. Unless they do so, all hell will break loose
("A hundred poer_s will sing''). Also, Mr. Fukuda could continue as faction leader,
_ and Suzuki will isten to him. Mr. Kishi's retirement and Mr. Miki's gradual loss
of power over factional affairs indicate that Mr. Fukuda could retain control as
tfle 'shadow prime minister.'
As for Kakuei Tariaka, I think he is of a similar frame of mind. Under present condi-
tions, he could continue to rule over party affairs as leader of the largest faction,
and he could move Suzuki around at will. In fact, he succeeded in tying Susumu
Nikaido down in one of the three majar party posts. Nonetheless, it is perhaps
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well that u balance exists between the Tanaka and Fukuda factions, but if a singTe
crosc;-purpose should occur, the situation could explode instantly. In that sense,
the Suzuki government is a castle built on sand."
!iowever, only six months earlier, when the Tanaka faction was expanding rapidly
_ and those inside and outside the party were watching Tanaka's moves and relations
betwe~nthe Suzuki, Tanaka and Fuku3a factions, the same Fukuya said, "Suzuki is
presently close to Mr. Fukuda. One might say, the two were stuck together. As
_ in the case of everyone else, once a person is inaugurated as prime minister, he
tries to become independent from Mr. Tanaka's influence. This is also true in Suzuki's
case. He declares his reluctance to be under Mr. Tanaka's influence. As for
Mr. Tanaka, he evidently feels he wants to restrain Suzuki, so he takes the off~n-
_ sive by setting up Nikaido. Of course, Mr. Tanaka did not necessarily abandan
Suzuki. As for the views of the various party facCions regarding the aggressive
steps taken by the Tanaka faction, the Nakasone faction probably felt uneasy, while
_ the Suzuki faction was afraid and the Fukuda factian was shocked."
- Also six months ago, a young Dietman of the Suzuki faction said, "From the standpoint
of relations between the forces supporting the Cabinet, Mr. 5uzuki cannot stick
close to Tanaka. That is the difference from relations between Tanaka a~nd Ohira,
because Mr. Tanaka was the only ally of Mr. Ohira. However, even Mr. Ohira d~epended
on himself and did not adhere to Tanaka. He put a stop to Tanaka's heavy pressures.
In Mr. Suzuki's case, Mr. Tanaka is not his only ally. He does no't st.ick closely
to him, which angers Mr. Tanaka. But Mr. Tanaka should know best ~he circumstances
surrounding the birth of the Suzuki Cabinet. The public thinks that Mr. Tanaka
created it, but a close scrutiny of the moves r,~ade at the time indicatethat it was
- formed only after Mr. Fukuda, who had remained quiet, raised t~is hand to gesture
that 'Suzuki is okay."`
_ Through such testimonies, it is apparent that the Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda connection
- ~aas rocking with tension six months ago. Today, there is a discrepancy between
"peace and serenity" (Kato) and "a castle built on sand" (Fukuya}, but a tentative
balance does exist.
It was Suzuki's tiold decision to approach Fukuda which brought a change six months
ago. He looked to Fukuda for guidance as his mentor, and asked Fukuda to visit
the United States to pave the way for his own Japan-U.S. summit meeting. The then
Foreign Minister, who was disturbed by this, remarked, "It should be the task of
- the foreign minister. Moreover, what could his purpose be in using Mr. Fuk~ida,
- who was Mr. Ohira's political foe?" This became a factor later in Ito's resignation.
A honeymoon relationship between Suzuki and Fukuda was glaringly evident, close
enough to conjure up a shadow Fukuda Cabinet.
_ When he paid a courtesy visit (~~n 6 June) to Fukuda's private residence prior to
- his European tour, Suzuki chatted at length in the sitting room with the Fukuda
couple, and Mrs. Fukuda said to him as he was leaving, "Hold your chin up, Suzuki-
san."
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. It was during the height of criticism against Suzuki on the Japan-U.S. issues. It
was also rumored in political circles that he must have revealed his frustrations
to the couple and recei~~~d words of sympathy.
Suzuki's strategy in flattering Fukuda to the skies has worked. At first, Tanaka
intended to restrain Suzuki, who refused to bend to his will, and tried to enlarge
his own faction through force tactics. Whereupon Suzuki, instead of recoiling,
dared to repel Tanaka and mare openly sidied closer to Fukuda. If Tanaka were to
push any farther, Suzuki and Fukuda would totally unite and create a fission in
the Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda alignmen~. There was even the apprehension that Tanaka
would become isolated.
T:~at would spell trouble for Tanaka and, as Fukuya says, it was advisable tor Tanaka
to "continue the status quo."
- Tanaka retreated, and the temporarily ominous atmosphere was cleared to permit a
return to the comparatively stable Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda tri-factional alignment.
Although Fikuya talks of a castle built on sand, one should not overlook Suzuki's
astute intraparty control tactics seen in this tug-of-war episode. Instead of try-
- ing to maintain a balance with both Tanaka and Fukuda, his tactic of pushing Tanaka
back by drawing closer tc Fukuda gives ar. insight into his tough nature. Rather
than a"castle built on sand,'' one should see the alignment as ~a impregnable tri-
an~le, where the interests of Suzuki, Tanaka and Fukuda are balanced.
Fukuda's Post-Suzuki Goal
It is true that a new development has recently become apparent. A sort of co'lu-
sion has appeared in the Tanaka-Fukuda relations, which was thought to have been
_ maintained with Suzuki as the middleman. Especially noticeable is the chan~;e in
- Fukuda. On his lecture tour in the United States (late March), Fukuda stated,
"The domestic scene in Japan today is unusually stable. Mr. Suzuki is a respected
man, who is astute in political management. There is no possibility of his admini-
stration stumbling in the face of attacks by the opposition. The problem lies with
th~ part~~ in power If something should happen and a pretext should be made to
impugn Suzuki, there is no clearcut candidate who could fill the post-Suzuki slot.
,Tapan'S political situation will continue to be quiec and stable for some time."
He thus publicized the stability of the Suzuki administration and confirmed his
- ch~nces for reelection. Also, on his return home on 8 April, Fukuda made a grandiose
spe~ch before 120 Dietmen at a meeting to report on his trip, which was held in
= a large hall in the LDP headquarters. He clarified his all-out support for Suzuki.
"We clo not at all intend to imitate the Reagan adm~nistration but I think Mr. Suzuki's
admitiistrative reform is the greatest proposal since the Hamaguchi Cabinet's great
coup. First of all, we.must unify the party members and ra11y support by all means.
We must carry out the reform in a crowning glory, but it would be a crowning glory
for the reform and not for the Suzuki government."
- However, two months or so later, Fukuda clearly changed his tune. Apparently becon~ing
conscious of his chances for a post-Suzuki government, he is reportedly approaching
Tanaka to form a Tanaka-Fukuda alliance which excludes Suzuki.
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i
Recently, wh~n asked about the future of the Suzuki government, Ful:uda replied as
iF he had forgott2n about Suzuki's reelectiun question, "It would be unethical
- to say there is no one except Mr. Suzuki (as a suitable prime minlster), so I won't
say there isn't. Nonetheless, since we are confronted.by many problems at home
and abroad, I don't think a change of administration would be good. Let's take
care of next year's problems next year. Things might change by then, you know.
In any case, we expect Mr. Suzuki to exert his full energy t~ward the solution of
the problems. If he succeeds, the stability of the Suzuki government will be en-
hanced." (YOMIURI SHIMBUPI 24 June 81)
Fukuda thus switched from a posture of f utl support for Suzuki to that of a bystand-
er. Also, when asked in the event of a f all of the Suzuki government whether he
would be ready to form a Cabinet, if urged by the party members, Fukuda tentatively
replied in the negative, "I don't want to join the mudfight. I have had enough
of that. I am interested, but I won't stick my nose in." (YOMIURI SHIMBUN 24 June
81)
- It was a superf icial remark made in an interview. He reportedly told his close
_ associates, "It won't be long for Suzuki now. Japan-U.S. relations have deteriorated,
thanks to Suzuki. The political test does not rest on administrative reforms or
- personnel management, but on Japan-U.S. relations. There is no administration which
caused relations with the United States to decline and lasted long. Suzuki cannot
pass the test, unless he handles matters very astutely, but our guess is that it
will be diff icult. I may be urged to take over, but I cannot accept if it is only
for a short period. If given three years, I may be induced to try mending Japan-
U.S. relations." These words indicate his strong ambition.
With Fukuda inclined to run, there is no reason for Tanaka not to respond. Rumors
were circulating in political circles that Tanaka said, "After Suzuki, there is
no one but Fukuda or Nikaido." Whereupon Fukuda is said to have replied immediately
with great flattery, "Mr. Tanaka is a gifted politician, who is one of a kind in
thirty years.'' It is typical of the political world that, if necessary, a still
more brazen lip service can actually take place. .
There has b~en a history of fierce struggle between Tanaka and Fukuda, and Fukuda
knows well that Tanaka will not easily lend a helping hand to his resurgence. But
in the political world, once a struggle begins for power, a different atmosphere
usually takes over. It is not unusual for yesterday's enemies to join hands.
In a hypotheCical movement to support Fukuda for reelection, the posture of the
Tanaka faction the largest LDP faction woutd be decisive. The reason is,
whether it is an aggressive or passive support, the party direction would be greatly
influenced simply by a clarification of non-opposition to the movement. There is
a wide variation between support and nonsupport, and the subtle shades of difference
between the factions would determine the direction the political struggle would
t ake .
If Tanaka had really spoken of the alternatives of "Fukuda or Nikaido," it would
indeed be big news for Fukuda. The reason is, since it is common knowledge that
the materialization of "Prime Minister Nikaido" would be difficult for the moment,
and if that was truly Tanaka's intention, an early Suzuki retirement would hasten
Fukuda's chances. It is only natural f or the Suzuki-Fukuda relationship to become
unhinged.
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Of course, tiie Tanaka side has other plans. It is probably like a Tanaka faction
cadre has stated, "In effect, Mr. Tanaka's aim is ultimately to.restore himself
to power. Toward such a goal, which administration is best as a successor? Should
he fight against Fukuda, or should he join hands *.~ith him? Mr. Tanaka's considera-
tions all start out from such a base."
It is probably Tanaka's intention to drive a wedge betweenSuzuki and Fukuda, and
t~ take the initiative in the Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda alignment. That fact that Fukuda
has begun to aspire to the post-Suzuki premiership has given Tanaka an opportunity
to move towards his goal.
Fukuda, ar.d of course Suzuki too, can continue to play the psychological Suzuki-
Tanaka-Fukuda alignment game while reading Tanaka's strategy. The surfacing of
the post-Suzuki movement has sparked increased activity in the three-way game. Yet
it car?not be considered to be necessarily disadvantageous to Suzuki.
As Kato has stated, the time is still distant before the party factions would engage
- in infighting and the anti-Suzuki forces would unite to launch a full--fledged "topple
Suzuki movement." Meanwhile, Suzuki is more adept than Fukuda in manipulating the
party members in the psychological game, and it would be interesting to see what
moves Suzuki will make in his second term, after the Suzuki-Fukuda honeymoon in
his first term has ended. .
According to Michiharu Nakamura, he met Suzuki before the latter's trip to the United
States, and he said, "You seem to be getting along with Mr. Fukuda. Is it for real?"
tJhereupon Suzuki answered, "I believe he is quite sincere. That's the reason why
I am being sincere. That's all."
This exchange is interesting, because it is typical of Suzuki. It contains the
nuance that, if Fukuda's sincerity is suspect, Suzuki's attitude could also change.
- It reminds one of Suzuki's pragmatism. One could say, the fact that he does not
try to apply the unreliable yardstick of whether or not the relatio^ship is rQal
gives one an inkling of Suzuki's basic strategy in organizational control.
Ei~~~a will the Suzuki-Tanaka-Fukuda coalition change in the future, and will it lead
to the disintegration of the Suzuki regime? Or, will it become further stabilized?
The answers are inseparable from the second and third keys.
Debate on Administrative Reform: Is It Feasible Or Not?
~dhether he succeeds or not, the Suzuki administration will be remembered forever
for its hand in administrative reform. If the proposed plan is successful, he may
make a glorious exit, just like Sato after the return of Okinawa. On the other
hand, despite his successful revision of the U.S.-Japan mutual security pact, Kishi
reluctantly relinquished his government under duress.
Tanaka used his successful restoration of Japan-Sino relations to move ahead. Suzuki
is conceivahly the same type as Tanaka. If he moves on the righttrack, his administra-
tion will gain strength, but he must be prepared to resign if he fails.
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The second key is administrative reform. First, let me quote Koichi Kato's words.
"Regarding Suzuki's statement that he wil.l 'stake his p~litical life,' people say
it is preinature to make such a statement, or that he probably let his tongue slip
without realizing its grave significance. Seriously, however, the Suzuki Cabinet
had only two alternatives: To increase taxes or to economize. This year, there
= were several large targets, such as corporate taxes and automobile taxes. But
- next year, there will be none. The only alternative left is to economize. Consider-
ing only the budget issue, even if Mr. Suzuki were not the prime minister, administra-
tive reform would have unavoidable. I believe the Suzuki administration is capable
of accomplishing it."
Suzuki himself has repeatedly stated, "Isn't it true that, of the two al:ernatives,
administrative reform is the only route?" However, there are many ways, slow or
- quick, to carry it out.
There is some danger, as Kakuei Tanaka has pointed out, "If it was during the Ohira
regime, he might not have said anything like 'staking my political life on administra-
tive reform.' I think Ohira would have considered administrative reform too formidable
a task and settled for non-recognition of any increa~e in budget expenditures. If
the Suzuki Cabinet is capable of implementing administrative reform in three years,
- Ohira might ha~~e taken six years. Ex-bureaucrats are not likely to do anything
_ drastic with the bureaucratic system. In that sense, some party politicians do
resort to policy measures which are somewhat extreme." (Interview in ASAHI SHIMBUN,
19 June)
Tanaka's theory on the reform of.the Japanese Islands was also a party politician's
brainchild. The administrative reform plan is probably an attempt which is similar
to Miki's reform of the political funds control act and the anti-trust act. They
are all attempts to maintain the status quo.
Criticism of the administrative reform plan, which is tied to vested interests,
is steadily rising within the LDP. Toshikazu Fukuya says, "I don't believe the
administrative reform contemplated by Suzuki is feasible. The LDP is a political
party whose farm poli.tics and subsidies have garnered votes. A serious implemet~-
tation of administrative reform would shake the very foundations which prop up the
LDP. There is no reason why Suzuki should do that. After all, he has made quite
a big~:~how. He was estatic with an absolute majority as his support. Although
he stresses a'politics of harmony,' I believe in reality it is the exact opposite.
I don't believe the administrative reform plan will make any headway."
The debate leans toward an "impossible" view, rather than discussing the merits
and shortcomings_of administrative reform itself.
At the prsent stage, it is difficult to predict how it will evalve, so let us put
aside any discussion of its feasibility. However, when the main debate on administra-
tive reform begins in July, the confrontation between the "pros" and "cons" will
_ take on added heat and breadth.
Whether Suzuki will be able to provide leadership in coordinating the debate may
become the test which will decide the fate of his administration. First, there
- is the coordination necessary to draw the line somewhere, and also the question
of how Suzuki will respond when coordination fails and the majority decides the
reform is not feasible.
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Kato says, "Prime Minister Suzuki's method of emphasizing the part~y cons~nsus on
the one hand, and warching pub 1 ic opinion on the other has a low center of gravity,
so there are few factors to cau se a storm to erupt." Nonetheless, a confrontation
between party opinions and pub 1 ic opinion over administrative reform must be seen
_ as inevitable. The third key i s, whether Suzuki will join hands with public opinion
on the "pro" side.
_ Consistent Importance Attached to Public Opinion
In looking back on Suzuki's pol itics during the past year, it has been surprisingly
_ consistent in its attachment of importance on public opinion.. I3is "politics of
harmony" has evolved in a multif acet manner, and it appears to have been given a �
high priority in his political j udgment~.
His response to Tanaka's Lockne ed affair; the storm over constitutional revision;
the American demand for the bol stering of Japan's defense strength; the three non-
- nuclear prinicples; and adminis trative reform when forced to make hard choices,
= Suzuki has acted generally in 1 ine with public opinion trends. Of course, he may
have taken other f~ctors into c onsideration also, but Suzuki's realism has apparently
persuaded him of the safety in s taying close to lines of common sense demanded by
public opinion.
Mrs. Suzuki, who accompanied him on his European tour, spoke in New York of "my
husband, Zenko," revealing his p olitical posture aptly. "He never loses his composure.
He is always like the same, ord inary water temperature. It never turns boiling
hot nor icy cold. Depending on the occasion, the water expanse is broadened or
narrowed; or the speed of the wa ter flow i~ altered. It flows according tc the
terrain and never tries to flow against it. He is like a river which never tries
to cut into the banks, or to cause floods to the people's pred~icamerit-, but flows seren-
ly on.
I think his philosophy is that there are probably many arguments concerning the
defense issue, and that it is no t advisable to confuse people with sudden changes;
that one cannot win over a national consensus by doing so. However, if that is the
national consensus, he will go a long with the flow and maneuver freely. He is not
an obstinate person."
Mrs. Suzuki also spoke about the importance of the national consensus that is,
public opinion. In some aspects, the public opinion connection has made it difficult
for the opposition parties to.at tack him.
It reminds me of the time both t he Upper and Lower Houses conducted a joint investi-
gation into the Reischauer testimony. Such Diet polemists as Masashi Ishibashi
(former secretary general) and Takahiro Yokomichi (executive secretary of the special
committee on anti-base measures) of the Japan Socialist Party concluded after a
discussion of ways to attack Suzuki, "We shouldn't hurt him too much. If we destroy
him, a more hawkish prime minist er from the farther right might show up."
Junya Yano, secretary general of the Komeito Party, also said, "This could be tlie
most dovish administration to come out of the LDP."
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If Suzuki should be pushed to the wall by being repelled by the LDP factions, it
is not inconceivable that the opposition parties would rally around to support him.
As thepolitical correlation chart shows, the opposition forces stand close to the
Suzuki ad~r~inistration, and not in confrontation. Especially the four centrist par-
ties the Komeito, Democratic Socialist Party, New Liberal Club and the United
Social Democratic Party are close enough to ride on the same bus. The pro-Suzuki
public opinion surrounds him at the outer fringe. Therefore, Suzuki's political
position is not necessarily unstable.
According to recent opinion polls conducted by the newspapers, the ASAHI SHIMBUN
shows 36 percent in supFort and 39 percent in non-support. The YOMIURI SHIMBUN
shows 37 percent in support and 42 percent in non-support. The non-support figures
thus surpassed the support figures for the first time. However, the MAINICHI SHIMBUN
showed a slightly larger number in support, with 33 percent in support and 31 percent
in non-support. Considering that the polls were taken during the height of the
Japan-U.S. controversies and the nuclear issues, the support figure should not be
deemed as being low. It could turn upward in the event of a controversy over admini-
strative reform. The problem lies within the LDP, where frequent storms are brewing
against the outside. However, Matsuno says, "Everyone in the party is watching
to see whether Suzuki will succeed in winning national support. The reason is,
it may affect themselves some day. If they can win in the next election with Suzuki
as their leader, they will support him. If they feel they will lose, they will
instantly demand a change in leaders. They are all alert to this. In that sense,
the Suzuki administration could be said to be standing at the crest of a precipice.
It is said, a politician in charge of a government is powerful, but if he loses
the people's support he will roll down the hill like a snowball." .
If Ma.tsuno has accurately described the atmosphere within the LDP, Suzuki, who seeks
- a union with public opinion, might be surprisingly longlived.
The "Suzuki style," which became a household word a year ago, has finally begun
to bare its contour. Even if he is destined to resign prematurely, his manner of
retirement will be interesting to watch.
COPYRIGHT: The Bungei Shunju Ltd, 1981
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- POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
POLITICAL UNION VIEWED BY COLUI~IIST
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS i~i English 17 Sep 81 p 2
["Nagatacho Doings" column by Takehiko Takahashi: "Unified Communion of
_ 'Ex-LDP' and 'Ex-JSP
[Text] In the world of politics, in- Under such a situatian, there the "coalescence of middle-of-
stead of action being taken is no opportunity for the New the-road influences." Before
based on a theory, there are Liberal Club to appear on the , this plan could make headway,
of ten cases in which action is stage. The only thing it can do is another plan by the NLC and
taken first and a theory formed to wait for the next. general USDP to form a unified intra-
later based on that action. election with the hope that the Diet communion has moved
_ The Ne~v Liberal Club and LDP's strength will decline. In ahead.
United Socialist Democratic preparing foc that day, the In the House of Represen-
Party are no exceptions to this. NLC's own influence must be tatives, the NLC has 11 seats
In the case o( the New Liberal strengthened. ~ and the USDP only 3. When
Club, it was at a time when the This situation also appiies to ' combined they total only 14.
Liberal-Democratic Party was t h e K o m e i t o a n d t h e T h e.y r a e k t h e 1 o w e s t
following the path of a decline Demacratic Socialist Party. numerically among the op-
that the NLC was formed, That is why DSP's Chairman position parties. Forming a
centering on Yohei Kono, in a Ryosaku Sasaki is calling unified intra-Diet communion
manner tantamount to for- repeatedly tor a"coalescence would not be ot� much advantage
saking the LDP. of ~ middle-of-the-road in- to the HLC. Nevertheless, the
w'hat would be the best way to fluences." aim might be to apply a brake
p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e a d- At one tfine the DSP hinted at on the "coalescence of middle-
ministration^ This must have readiness- to join a coalition of-the-road parties" advocated
been the thought uppermost in government if a call were by DSP Chairman Sasaki.
the minds of the NLC leaders at issued bv the LDP. If the New Liberal Club were
that time. If the LDP were to Komeito Stance to coalesce wpt~ the Komeito
lose its majority to a greater and DSP, o sition would
extent because of the birth of The Komeito is outwardly arise within the ranks of the
the NLC, the LDP w�ould be taking an a^ti-LD? stance, but NLC. It might even lead some of
_ torced to ask for NLC's inwardly if the LDP were to call the members to withdraw from
cooperation in forming a upon iE to join a coalition the KLC and join the LDP. And
coalition gor�ernment. The ~lLC government, the Komeito too yet, if the NLC remains
would then be able to par- would like�to accept. Togethe~` befuddle~i, the movement tor
ticipate in the go~~ernment with the LDP, there are several "coaiescer~~ of middle-of-the-
under more fa~orable con- places, including the Tokyo road influer~~s" will gain
ditions than as one faction of the metropol~tan assembiy and momentum and the NLC might
LDP. locai assemblies, where the become isolated among the
Contrary to this calculation Komeito is the. government opposition parties.
by the NLC, however, the party and it is well aware of Theretore, it conceived the
Liberal�Democratic Party how advantageous it is to be the idea of forming a unified intra-
today possesses a stable government party. Diet communion with the
majority in both the House of DSP Chairman Sasaki has USDP, even if that party has
Representatives and the House four parties-komeito. DSP, only three members, in order to
of Counciilor~, vLC and IISDP-in mind for forestall the "coalescence of
ll~
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middle-of-the-road influences." Socialist Party have racentiy
- T h e U n i t e d S o c i a l i s t become no difierent than the
Democratic Party is an in- LDP in their approach to a
fluence that seceded from the neigP,bor country and the
Japan Socialist Party. ln its course of strengthening
policies or constitution, it military capability. If the New
stands midwa}� between the Liberal Club were to join the
DSP and JSP. Since the NLC is Komeito and DSP, it would be
inherently a conservative dragge~ by the two parties' -
_ party. it is strange, from the nolicies and the spirit of the
theoretical standpoint, for it to ~NLC's founding would be lost."
leap over the JSP, whose Since the United Sceialist
policies are close to those of the Democratic Party has no voice
LDP, and to clasp hands w~ith in the Diet r~~ith only three
the [;SDP. members. it would like to
\'evertheless, rather than combine w�ith the I~LC and
theory, aa attempt is being become able to take part in
made to act first and then affix discussions.
a theory afterward. This theory For the "ex�LDP" and "ex-
would be: "The New Liberal JSP" iMuences to join hands
Club has a more liberai position might well represent an age of
than the doves of the Liberal- "dropout from ideology." In the
~ Democratic Paity. The NLC ~is case of a political party. the ~
critical ot the LDP. The reality seems to be that
Komeito and Democratic ideologyisonlyincidentai.
COPYRIGHT: MAHINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
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NUR nFFiC'IA1. t)SE ONI.ti'
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
LIBERAL-DEMOCRATIC PARTY LAUNCHES MEMBERSHIP DRIVE
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 23 Sep 81 p 2
["Nagatacho Doings" column by Takehiko Takahashi: "LDP Members Dwindle to One-
Tenth"]
The thoughts that people have biguous. It is said that 1,510,000 candidate. would require the
[Text] are accompanied by bolh- party members participated in recommendation of 50 Diet
"pius" and '�minus" factors. the preliminary voting but the members belonging to the LDR.
R'hat was once considered �`a question arose as to how many If the number ot candidates was
good idea" to solye a problem of them actually paid the dues less than ~three: a preliminary
ma,y~ later t~~rn out to be �~a themselves'' Doubt was also vote by all party members'
dud." raised as to whether or not would not take place. The party
a gaod example is the some of the names were fic- dues were also raised to 3.000
revision o( the Liberal- titious. - yenannually.
Democratic Party's system for After much introspection on Under this system, and when .
_ -election of the party president. this election, a revision of the the actual situation of the LDP
Vot so long ago the LDP system was studied. Not is: considered. there is prac-
~ decided to have the party knowing what kind of system tically no possibility of a
president elected with the ~ would be newly adopted, tbose pre'iminary vote being held.
- participatian of afl party , intending to becnme candidates Under such circumstances,
members. This was evaluated tor party ~ president made there would be little mearing to
highly as being unprecedented frantic efforts to gather party paying 3,000 yen in c:ues. On the
in conservativepolitics. ~ members who would support other hand. if a~would-be
in the tirst election held under them. As the resuli. the party candidate were to defray the
this system, there w�ere four membership sK�elled to 3 dues for his foUowers, it would
candidates-Takeo Fukuda, miltion. It ~ti~as said . that 1 amount~to a very bi~ sum' and
1~Iasayoshi Ohira. Yasuhiro million of them supported would be a waste if .the
Nakasone and Toshio Komoto. Komoto. ~ preliminary vote were not held.
~ preliminary vote was to be ~ Because of~such a situatton.
held to determine the two Without Election the LDP membership fell
leading candidates for the party After the sndden death of conspicuously. Although there
presidencc. The Diet members Ohira, however, the Suzuki were 3 million members at one
attached to the LDP would then administratlon was newly time. it has dwindled to one-
cast their ~�otes to select one of established. Zenko Suzuki tenth or 300,000 at present.
- the tu�o as the party p~esident. ~ became the party president~ The Party members have also
The result of the preliminary without an election. a revision decreased in the Gumma
voting placed Ohira in first of the sy~stem (or choosing the P r e f e c t u r e a n d H y o g o
place and Fukuda second. party president was carried Prefecture constituencies of
J Fukuda thereupon declined to out, centering on Hajime Director General Nakasone
be a candidate in the main Tamura, chairman of the of the Administrative blan-
election. :lccordingly Ohira LDP's National Organization agement Agency and Di-
became the party president and Committee. rector General Komoto of the
assumed the reins of otfice. It w~as decided that voting Economic Planning Agency.
This was a surprising result would take place in the ~~'ho are looked upon as in-
for the peopie. ltoreover. the preliminary election on three fluential candidates to succeed
real situaUon of registered candidates For the party party president Suzuki. The
party members w�as am- preside~nt. !~Ioreover, each only places where the LDP
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- membership has not fallen off c~mmemoration."~n-
� seem to be Saitama and struction of halls was started in
Shizuoka prefectures. some places. But the party
- Parr.yfinanceshavesuftereda members have dwindled.
- severe blow from this falling ofi teeling that there is little
oi membership Annuai du2s of ineaning in being a party
3.Ono yen multiplied by one member if we can't participate
- million members would amount in the election ~f the party .
to 3 billion yen. Two-thirds of presid~nt." ~
this. 2 billion .ven. are returned When Tamura formulated his
to local branches of the LDP. revision plan. it was regarded
A decrease of. l billion yen in as a brilliant idea. But today the
income is a bitter pill for the ~itality of the LDP has fallen
LDP headquarters to swallow, and ~trouble is being en- .
but the local branches are the countered financially. The
ones ~~~ha ~cill suf(er more. "minus" aspects of the revision
- ~ ~ . plan are drawing atten~ion. .
`Organized Party' The Liberal�Democratic ~
Among the local branches. . Party is endeavoring to gather
there were some which once Party members by designating
declared. "the Liberal- October as "a month for
Democratic party has tinaUy p~moting the acquisition ot
become an organized political part~r members." It is doubtiul
party. Let's build a hall in whether great expectations can
be placed on this movement.
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120/16 ~
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. 17
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- POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
FORMATION OF NEW POLITICAL GROUP WELCOMED
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 25 Sep 81 p 2
[Editorial: "New Political Group"]
[ Text ] An amalgamation of two small political parties is ~
- merely a slight change in the political ~~orld but,we
hope that it will become a harbinger of new waves in
Japanese politics.
The New Liberal Club and the United Social
Democratic Party have formed a new group called
the ;;Shinjiyu Club-~Vlinshu Rengo" cliterally, New
~Liberal Club-Democratic Alliance> in the ~House of
Representatives. The g*oup comprises 13 members
- ~ and remains the smallest party in the Lower House.
We cannot expect a new ~political phase by its ac-
tivities in the Diet. The question, however, is whether
or not the energy to form the ne~v group would prompt
full-fledged political ' movements which may come
next. .
In a statement issued at the inaugural ceremony,
= the group said it aims at doing away with the rule
established by the Liberal-Democratic Party, which
had won an overwhelming victory in the June elec-
_ tions of the House of Representatives and House of ~
Councillors in 1980~, and also at concentrating political
forces which can replace the present LDP govern-
ment. ~
Originally, the goal was specified by the four
middle-of-the-roaders, including the Komeito and
Democratic Socialist parties. In the process of con-
cQi~tration, the two smr ller parties were left out. The
four parties could not un~te themselves because of the
ditference of vie~vs on diplomatic and defense policies
between the Komeito and the DSP.
An amalgamation of political parties is a difficult
thing and cannot be implemented in a simple way.
- For example, one of the 11 NLC members refused to
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join the new group, saying: "The new group
~ represents a merger with a political party which has
a different political ideology from mine, and this is
- against my political philosophy and against the will of
the voters who voted for me."
We support the merger because the new group's
politlcal target to put an end to the LDP rule is in
ac^ordance with the.general voters' wishes. We also
believe that the Japanese political,setup centered on
the Liberal-Democratic and th~ 3apan Socialist
parties for more than 25 years has brought about
inIIexibility and corruption.
In this sense, the birth of the new group is not the
~ completion but the start of a~ ne~+ ,~olitical trend. We
want to emphasize that the merger, wil~ end up as
`�news in,brief" in political circles if the new group
fails to prompt a wide-scale amalgamation of the
middle-of-the-roaders as a whole and form a new
political group to replace the LDP govern~nent.
One thing we want to reemphasize here is that
such. an amalgamation must be put into practice
based on solid principles and ~ot in a hasty manner.
In the joint statement, the group said that it will try to
check an easygoing trend to expand military strength
and a right-leaning tendency. It also confirmed that
the group will faithfully follow the three non�nuclea'r
principles.
We hope that the new group will fairhfully follow
~ the nonarms expansion and non-nuclear principles.
At the same time, we call for the Komei~o and the
DSP t~ become ~ware of the fact that their recent
statements, which can be interpreted as their support -
for expanded military strength of Japan, run counter
to the public expectation in the concentration of the
moderate groups. , ~
~ What has attracted our attention was the merger
between the NLC, which has been regarded as the
follower ~f new conservatism, and the United Social
Democrats who have a nostalgic feeling for
socialism. Their step indicates that they are pioneers ~
who can put~an end to ideological confrontation. They
have made a choice that they will pursue an urban-
style political party formtala with dovish diplomatic
and defense policies.
Out of the 13 members, Seiichi Tagawa, Yohei
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Kon~ and Toshio Yamaguchi were Liberal-
Democrats before the formation of the NLC some five
years ago and Hideo Den, Y anosuke Narasaki and
Shogo Abe were Socialists four years ago. All of them
were dissenters and their formation of a new group
may forecast political changes.
The new group is not .a nEw party. But group
members will join hands in their parliameatary
activities. We hope that their activities will send a
fresh breeze into the Japanese political world.
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120/16
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
SONODA-GROMYKO MEETING ANALYZED
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in Fr.glish 25 Sep 81 p 2
[Editorial: "Dialog With Moscow"J
[ Text ] Foreign Minister Sonoda's meeting with US Secre-
tary of State Alexa.nder Haig and Soviet Foreign
- :4iinister Andrei Gromyko ~uring the current iJN
General Assembly session have opened the way for
dialogs among the three nations.
At the Sonoda-Gromyko meeting, Japan ~ aud the
Soviet Union agreed fo resnme their administrative-
- level consultations which have been suspended since
1979. They also agreed to reopen regular foreign
ministerial talks. ~ � ~ "
These developments are welcome. However, Gro-
myko again dashed Japanese hopea for the return of
the Soviet-occupied northern islanda off Hokkaido
when he said there was no territorial isaue betweea
the two countriea He accused Japa.n of making such
territorial claims under prodding from China and the
US; saying that Japan was taking steps to become
a military po~er. ~ . .
Gromyko's charges follow the line of SoYiet Pres-
ident Leonid ~Brezhnev w~o told .the 26th general
meeturg of th~ Soviet Communist Party in February '
that Japan's~ diplomatic policy was markd by its
sympathy for the dangerous plans of Washington and
Peking and its leaning toward becoming a military
_ power. ~
Need For Peraeverance ~ ~ ~
Realistically~ the. Japan-Soviet territor'ial issue is
reiated to changes in the international situation.
Japan muet persevere to solve the issue while helping
to promote dialog between the US attd the Soviet
Union and to ease ~?orld tension.
In the 1956 Japan-Soviet joint statement, Moacow
promised to return Habomai and Shikotan islands to
Japan after they conclude a peace treaty. Later, how-
ever, the USSft condemned the signinR of the Japan-
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US security treaty and said it would not return the
isiands unless the US forces witY~3raw from Japan.
In the 1973 Japan-Soviet joint statement, issued by
then prime minister Kakuei Tanaka and Brezhnev,
, the two countries agreed to solve various issues pend-
~ ing since World War II and to conclude a peace treaty.
This friendly~ int,~rlude was broken after a defecting
Soviet pilot landed his MiG in Japaa . in -19'~6� anc~
Japan and ~hina concluded a peace treaty in 1978.
Japan's claims to the northern territories have
nothing to do with either the US or China. Th~ Soviet
Union has been changing its stand by relating the
territorial issue to the international aituation, Moscow
- appears to be haunted by the phantom of collusion
among Japan, China and the US, which does not exist.
Back To Basics
When the administrative-level consulications are re-
sumed, the two countries should return to the line of
the Tanaka-Brezhnev jaint statement. It is quite na-
tural that talks should be held on the basis of an
agreement once reached by the leaders of the two~
countries. , ~
"The unsolved issues pending since World War II,"
as mentioned in the joint statement, are nothing more
than the territorial issue. There are no other unsettled ~
issues between the two countries.
We hope that talks on the territorial issue will
materialize as a result of an easing of tensions
through a US-Soviet dialog and the promotion of dis-
armament. ~
Still, vs�e cannot condone the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan, which is counter to the principles of
peace. Japan cannot easily lift .its sanctions against
the Soviet Union. The Sonoda-Grorr.yko meeting laid
only a thin thread which can lead to further talks.
_ We must try to enlarge this opening to attain our
purpose.
COPYRIGHT: The DAII,Y YOMIURI 1981
CSO: 4120/i6
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ECONOMIC
PRIVATE CAPITAL OUTLAYS REPORTED RUNNING HIGH IN FY 81
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 pp 1,2
~Text] Domestic investment in plant innovations and soaring costs
and equipment by Japanese of energy and to survive severe
corporations looks likely to competitions both at home and
continue at a high level and abroad. Labor saving and new
lead, together with exports, product development are the
the economy's recovery in the top priorities in the investment ~
rest of fiscal 1981 and beyond, programs. Since investment
according to the result of a sur- geared to such purposes is out-
vey of investment programs of side the influence of business
major corporations by the cycles, the surge in private
Nihon Keizai Shimbun pub- plant and equipment expe~di-
lished last week. (An interim tures that started in the latter
_ tabulation of the survey was re- part of fiscal 1978 is considered
ported in the Japan Economic likely to keep its momentum
_ Journal September 1 issue.) for some time to come.
- Planned capital investment Capital investment planned
for fiscal 1981 of the 1,290 firms by manufacturing concerns for
- totaled Y 11,688.9 billion, up 11.1 fiscal 1981 is up 12.7 per cent
per cent over fiscal 1980's ac- from fiscal 1980, according to
tual spendings. In fiscal 1980, the survey, while that of non-
they grew by 2o per cent. Com- manufacturing firms is up 9.7
pared with these corporations' per cent. The sharp rise in
original investment programs manufacturing investment re-
for the fiscal year, surveyed as flects more than 20 per cent in-
of last February, the latest creases in such areas as steel,
figure represents an upward electric machinery, transporta-
revision of 1.6 per cent. tion equipment excluding
- The major source of strength autos, and precision ma-
of capital spendings is the chinery. Among non-manufac-
manufacturing industries, in- turing sectors, electric power
cluding, particularly, steel and ~rms plan spendings 9.9 per
electric machinery. Even such cent larger than last C~sc~1
- sluggish areas as chemicals year, while airtines and fish-
are moving to step up capital eries are slowing investment.
- inveslment, the survey noted. With regard to original in-
Smaller enterprises with a vestment programs for fiscal
capitalization of ~0.5-5 billion 1981 siuveyed as of last Feb-
are also willing to invest vigor- ruary 1, 603 firms, or 46.7 per
ously. cent of all, have revised up-
1'he corporations' mounting ward the planned spendings,
_ interest in new plant and equip- and 266, or 20.6 per cent, have
ment stems from necessity to revised downward.
deal with rec~nt rapid technical The marqin of upward revi-
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sion is 4.9 per cent for the blasaki Yoshida, president of tr�olytic galvanized prodt~cts.
manufacturing industry. The Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Machinery makers are "also
most brillish are electric appli- referring to the acute sense of stepping up investment to meet
ance makers which aze being crisis gripping the industry. strong demand for robots and
compelled to boost production Substantial upward revisions other electronically operated
capacity to keep up with rapid-
ly expanding demand for video Planl& Equipment Investments e9~Pment.
tape recorders (VTRs) and of- P1ann,.diorFiscal1981 As for reasons for revising
fice automation equipment. The planl6 upward investment programs,
volume of investment lanned No. of equipmenf nearly half - 46.1 per cent of
by electric appliance makers So~~ yed i(~ blt
ion)S " all - cited labor saving, in
for fisca11981 has come ahead of ~onstruction b~sis which targets are continually
All industries .........l,z9o i,,~ee upgraded and enhanced as a
that of the steel industry, fol- cexc~. rwwerrrms~ e,o~i c+n.n result of ro r
lowing electric power and auto- ^^a^~fa~r~~~~9 e~9 s,s~s c+i~.� P g ess in utilization
1]lObl~ellldUStT1eS. Non�manufacturing... ~Sl 6,113(+9.7) Of electronics for production
(Excl.powerfirms) ~ 2,~56(+ 9.5) ui ment and systems. Next
A note~~~orthy trend is a siza- Pavme~f ea:~: e9 P
ble upward re~�~sion re rted A~~ ~ntlusiries ...l,se~ i2,os~ c+ia.s~ comes development of new
~ (Excl.powerlirms) e,39t(+~5.0) products.
~)V ~hC depressed chemical Ill- Manufatfuring 83J 5,715(t18.3) ~
- dustry. The higher investment Non.manufacturing... 15~ 6,~oe c+ e.v~ ~ne significant trend in fisca]
pro~ram stems from the inten- ~E"`'.p0we~~i.ms~ s,~9e+ e.s~ 1981 investment programs is a
Si(yitlg 1'aCe fOI' CBpaClf.y bU11d- Note: Percenta9e change from n:~si sharp rise in outlays for re-
up for fine chemicals and linear ~9eo~: actual spendi~gs i~ search and development, which
parentheses. IS Up 37.9 per eent from last
low density polvethylene. "If in investment programs were fiscal year.
we fall behind in investment also reported by the steel in- (Ti~e survsy is based on in-
under the pretext of business dustry striving for an ever creases in tangible fixed assets
slump, we will lose out to for- larger proportion of pttiducts o~~ ~e ~.~~~ng year.)
eign competitions, which could with higher value added, such
mean demise of the Japanese as seamless pipes and elec-
petrochemical industry," says
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The ~Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/14
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ECONOMIC
FUJITSU FANUC LAUDED AS MOST CORgORATELY SOUND
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 3
[ Text ] ~e most outstanding com- has draw the world's attention. arouse comment that its robots
pany in Japan as to overall rnr- However, Japanese corpora- produce robots. Its market
porate excellence in ~scal 1981 tions face more trouble in the share of numerical control
is Fujitsu Fanuc Ltd., future, such as necessity to siu- devices reaches 75 per cent.
numerical control device mount the rollback of the Second-place Mori Seiki also
maker, with the second and Western world, such as exem- boasts a domestic market
third highest ranking going to plified in the U.S. Reagan Ad- share of over 20 per cent in the
Mori Seiki Co., a NC machine ministration's industrial field of p~oducing NC type
tool maker, and Toyota Motor revitalization policy, and to lathes. Its export ratio reaches
Co, cope with increasing interna- over 60 per cent since it exports
� This is according to the Nihon tional trade frictions. oil drilling equipment to the
Keizai Shimbun's latest check- 'It~e Nihon Keizai Shimbun U.S. and also machine tools to
up of overall corporate stand- strove to obtain an image of aircraft makers throughout the
ings based on fiscal 1980 fin- what exactly was an excellent world.
ancial data with its NEEDS- corporation in fiscal 1981 in the Wlrile its enterprise scale is
CASMA system - Nikkei overall sense by combining its far from being large, Mori's
Economic Electronic Databank ATEEDS system with the earning power is of an extraor-
System-Corporate Appraisal appraisals made by its re- dinary nature since it turns out
System Multi-variate Statis- porters and those of Nikkei high - value-added products .
tical Analysis. Business, its magazine. based on high technology.
It showed that the first two The checkup was directed at The fourth best company was
places were won by corpora- 1,987 companies chiefly listed found to 4e Kyoto Ceramic Co.,
tions which were opening new on the nation's eight stock ex- which has achieved sEVift cor-
demand in the mechanical- changes, with the top 1,000 then porate growth on the strength
electronics ( mechatronics) being selected for appraisal. Of of its integrated circuit
field, in a broad sense, in an- them, the top 50 are as shown in ~ ceramic packages. It com-
~ swer to the new times requiring the table. mands the biggest shaze of the
ecoramization of labor and The survey results showed world's market in this area.
energy. that the excellent companies TDK Electronics Co., top
The assessment also ranked comprised largely those taking maker of magnetic tapes, was
in the top grouping such large the lead in electronics and ranked fifth. This company has
Japanese enterprises capable mechatronics, such as electric a 35 per cent share of the world
of competi ng with the world's e q u i p m e n t, m a c h i n e r y, market for video tape recorder
~ best as Toyoto Motor, Matsu- automobiles and precision tapes, and ZO per cent for audio ,
shita Electric lndustrial Co., machinery, and phar- tapes. It undertakes production
Hitachi, Ltd., and Nippon Steel maceutical firms. in�the U.S.
Corp. Fujitsu Fanuc, the best, was Hitachi Maxwell Ltd., Pio-
. Japan's economy has been found to rate 957 points, or neerElectronicCorp. and Victor
. registering a stable growth nearly double the 500-point Company of Japan also came in
after weathering two oil crises, average mark. This company's within the 20th ranking. 'll~ese
and the soundness of its production system is auto- companies are alike in that
ecoramic fundamentals thus mated to such a degree as to they have orginality in develo~
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_ 50-1'op-Nanking Firms by NEF.US-CASMA Raling
Poinfs
t Fujitsu Fanuc 957 47 Hifachi 7d6
4 Mori Seiki 888 48 Matsushifa Communication
3 Toyota Mator 880 Indusfria~..........,.......... 145
a Kyofo Ceramic 876 28 Hankyu DeparfmpnfStores...... 715
5 TDK Elecironics 860 70 Seven~Eleven Japan 7J7
6 Hifachi Maxell gq0 ]0 Seino Unyu ~37
7 TaishoPharmaceutical BTS ]2 MakitaEleciricWorks.......... )33
8 CnWu Seisakusho 82~ J3 Matsushifa Electric Trading 732
9 Pioneer 821 3r Toyoda Machine Works 791
10 Nippondenso 799 J~ Olympus Optlcel................ 731
10 Matsushita Elecfric Intlusfrial... 799 ~1 CasioComputer 731 ~
~2 Nissan Motor 788 ~7 MarudaiFood................... l30
1~ Fujisawa Pharmaceutical....... 778 3B Wacoal 7Y9
la Mochida Pharmaceutical 770 IB Shiseido 749
15 Kokusai Denshin Denwa......... 768 10 Ricoh 721
16 Victor Co. of Japan 766 ~l Honda MOfor.................... 725
17 Canon . . . . . . 7W ~4 Toyoda Aufometic Loom Works . 744
18 Mafsushita Elecfric Works 761 ShfonOgi 7p7 ~
18 Nilco _ 761 U FuliPhofoFilm................. 721
20 Securify Patrols 757 ~1 Nippon Television Network...... 741
21 Eisai 755 r6 Dai NlPpon Printinp............. 717
T7 Matsushifa Selko 75] A6 Shdrp........................... 717
24 Tokvo Style 753 ~B Bat Denki...................... 111
1a Sony 751 19 Mifsukoshi...................... 113
YS Bridgestone Tire 749 SO Tekeda Chemtcallndusiries,.... 714
26 Green Cross 717 50 MafsusAife Reiki................ 714
ing new fields of business with Ca, edged up to 12th. Hitachi
their strong technological rose from 65th to 27th, and Nip
development capacity. pon Steel, from 201th to 67th.
Seven pharmaceutica! com- Those that rate high in the
panies, including Taisho listing were companies which
Pharmaceutical Co., Fujisawa were producing "strategic
Pharmaceutical Co. and Green type" products and whose pro-
Cross Corp., also "made" the duct share also was high on the
top 50 ranking. Their earnings world market. It was shown
run high on the basis of their ~at financial status of mast of
technological development ~~e top-rate and internationai
capacity. companies were supported tiy
It is also a fact that the ranks ~gh earnings.
of the big businesses which ~ey Were enjoying a"favor-
represent Japan have gone up able cycle" of high earnings -
this time. Toyota Motor, which ~~elopment of high value-
was fifth last year, rose to third. added products, this increasing
Matsushita EI climbed from market share, and again ~
l5th spot to lOth. Nissan Motor garnering high earnings.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/14
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT, ACADEMIA, INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP MICROPROCESSOR
Tokyo NIICKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese S Aug 81 p 1
[Text] A basic agreement has been reached between Matsushita Electric Industry,
Sanyo Electric, Sharp, Mitsubishi Electric, and Osaka University for joint develop-
- ment of a"new microprocessor" with a new logic structure. This plan is being car-
ried out as part of the Kinki district's information industry development project.
The Osaka Trade Bureau and the Osaka Science and Technology Center (Masahiro Wada,
chairman) have decided to give it active support. Since it is the first large-
scale project in the Kinki district with the joint participation of government,
industry, and academia, there are great hopes for its success. The new micro-
processor, which is the leading item to be developed, is planned to be a"non-
Neumann type" computer which can perform high-level parallel processing. It will
be the "Kansai version" of the fifth-generation computer development plan being
promoted by MITI. However, this project is primarily aimed at developing popular
applications. The specific plans will be firmed up this year, and the official
start of the project,~following determination of the operating budget and develop-
ment period, is scheduled for next year.
Intended Mainly for Popular Use; To Begin Next Year
This project came out of the activities of the Kinki Information Industry Develop-
- ment Committee, which was organized as an advisory committee to the Osaka Trade
Bureau director last spring. A statement by the committee this spring emphasized
the need for a joint research organization centered around indr~stry but enlisting
the support of government and academia. There are no mainframe computer manu-
facturers in the Kinki district, but there is a concentration of high-level tech-
nology for microprocessors, and the area leads in technology for popular use (one-
chip microcomputers, etc.). Microcomputer-related industries are also active, and
the committee arrived at a consensus that the total capacity of the Kinki micro-
electronics industry should be brought together for information industry develop-
ment.
They decided to build a joint research organization around a nucleus of private
industry, the three major Kinki electronics companies--Matsushita, Sar.yo, and
Sharp--and Mitsubishi, ~hich has its central research laboratory and its base for
_ semiconductor development in the Kinki district, and obtain the participation of
the local university, Osaka University. It is possible that there will be further
participants, including other infl.uential companies whose business is related to
microcomputers, plus Kyoto University.
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The new microprocessor which will be developed will be a next-generation computer
popularly referred to as a"non-Neumann" computer. Tt will be used to solve the
~ problems of the present control system, the sequential processing method (software
crises such as program complexity, expanding program development and maintenance
costs, low speed, etc.). By using a high-level parallel processing system which
can carry out a large number of commands simultaneously, it becomes possible to
eliminate troublesome programming, carry out commands closer to the operator, and
- process normal language. ~
A major technological factor behind the development of this "non-Neumann computer"
- is the shift from LSI circuits to VI~SI circuits. The technology for developing
- the device, keeping in mind the aim of popular use, will be based on an extension
of silicon technology. Development of a new microcomputer (VLSI) will require an
especially large investment, so mass consumption will be essential to increase
the effectiveness of the investment. A practical application for popular use is
suitable because it involves mass production and lower cost. Also, the Kinki dis-
trict has a traditional.strength in the popular applications of electronics, and
there is a firm foundation of applied development capacity. This is one reason
for carrying out this project. In this respect, the concepts used will differ
from those used in projects for fifth-generation mainframe computers. Beginning
next year, an operating budget will be determined, and a research association
consisting mainly of four private companies will be organized and given the go-
ahead.
- COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
9651
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOL~GX
MARKET FOR NEW INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS GROWS
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 31 Aug 81 p 1
[Text] The market for information and communications systems, collectively known
as the new media, has begun to expand a great deal, and industry is rapidly build-
ing up its forces for the new media market. Some of the new media, which will
enter the stage of practical application from 1983 on, include expanded television
functions to follow audio multiplex broadcasting such as character multiplex broad-
casting, conversational broadcasting devices that permit response from the viewer
or listener, and the CAPTAIN system (Character And Pattern Telephone Access Infor-
mation system), which searches out image information using telephone lines and
television sets. Electrical equipment manufacturers and related industries are
- responding by assembling a business organization to combine the efforts of re-
search and development and sales departments. At the same time, securities com-
= panies, banks, and advertising companies have begun to examine sales strategies
for the period of dissemination of the new media and are thinking about business
possibilities related to the new media.
The "new media" is emerging because: 1) As the "information society" advances,
individual preferences and lifestyles are diversifying and the recipients of in-
formation are not satisfied with one-way information. There is a tendency toward
more selection o� information. 2) Because of the amazing progress of communica-
tions and electronics technology, the equipment required for the new.media is in-
expensive and widely available. Also, the progress of the�new media is not con-
fined to equipment manufacturers. It has spawned new business in information-
providing industries and in advertising and publicity.
- Under these conditions, the most conspicuous movement in the manufacturing indus-
try is the innovation in equipment by manufacturers of electrical and otY?er equip-
ment in response to the appearance of the new media. Toshiba Corporation has
recently organized project teams by type of inedia for the development of video
discs, "a record th~t makes pictures," and a parabola antenna for home use that
will receive electrical waves directly from satellites, in addition to voice
multiplex and character multiplex broadcasting.
Nippon Electric has newly established a C and C(computer and communications) pub-
lic system promotion group which will focus on the new media. Matsushita Elec-
tric Industrial and Mitsubishi Electric have both set up organizations to handle
the new media in their research laboratories and main offices. This series of
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movements indicates that these manufacturers consider the new media to be a stra-
tegic field with very practical possibilities.
Particular plans include the following: 1) The CAPTAIN sy....em is scheduled for ~
practical application in 1983, 2 years from now, and character multiplex broadcast-
- ing is expected to be ready by 1983. 2) Expansion of communications, broadcast
satellites, and the use of light communication is expected as we move toward 1995.
These developments show that there is an awareness that the new media is close to
a period of rapid expansion. This has motivated industry to work with the new
media.
The VTR (video tape recorder) has been called the "advance guard" of the new media.
This year it will grow into an industry that goes beyond color television. Kenzo
Tatematsu, director of the Matsushita Electrical Equipment Image Information Sys-
tem Development Promotion Center, has said that the beginning of audio multiplex
broadcasting "has promoted a demand for color television that is beyond expecta-
tions." Products related to the new media have become major products for equip-
ment manufacturers.
A"television that anticipates 1983," which looks ahead to the period of~practical
application of the new media, has come on the market. One such item, a"televi-
sion with multiple built-in functions," was recently put on the market by Japan
Victor. In addition to audio multiplex broadcast reception and VTR recording and
replay features, it has a videodisc player and a hookup for the CAPTAIN system.
Sony has begun selling a"single function" television, with only a picture tube
separate from the speaker and tuner.
The new media whirlwind is headed for the overseas market.~ For example, Sony is
locally manufacturing a receiving terminal for the Prestel system, the British
version of the CAPTAIN system. The home converter and program production equip-
ment for CATV (cable television) in the United States is said to be mostly made
in Japan. ~
New participation by fields other than the related equipment manufacturers has be-
come conspicuous in the form of provision of information. Nomura Securities, the
largest securities company, is providing an information service to its customers
with VTR and facsimile. With the end of next year as the target, it plans to in-
stall a uniform display system (television image display devices) throughout its
- network of domestic and foreign branches and to develop an international invest-
ment informa.tion system. Financial institutions have also begun to study the use
of the CAPTAIN system to impro~e and streamline their teller services.
The advertising industry has taken notice of the role of the new media as an adver-
tising medium and has quickly begun to study its influence on "existing media,"
such as television and newspapers. Dentsu, the leading advertising company, is
participating in experimental projects for the CAPTAIN system and has set up a
specia:l video disc organization. Hakuhodo, the second largest company, has es-
tablished a"media research and development center." These efforts by industry
to apply the new media to new business seem likely to become more and more active
in the future.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ~
JAPANESE AUTO INDUSTRY VIEWS RISING PROBLEMS
Tokyo DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA in English Vol 11, No 9, Sep 81 pp 8-12
[Text] ~apan's exports of automobiles (four-wheel vehicles)
during fiscal 1980 (April 1, 1980^~March 31, 1981)
totaled 6,152,108 units, according to the )apan
Automobile Manufacturers' Aswciation. The figure
~ represented a record 25% increase over the previous
_ year. Export business in two-wheel vehicles was also
brisk in that year.
Despite all these, the auto industry community
seemingly lacks vividness. This is probably because
the United States and the European Community are
' stepping up restrictions on imports of Japanese cars,
while domestic sales of new cars show a more or less
downward trend.
_ However, nobody in the auto industry~ which has
become the top earner in the nation's external trade
through energetic effarts and research activities, must .
have lost his aggressive attitude to move ahead con-
stantly by resolving whatever difficulties standing in ~
the way. In this article we will present tlie cur~ent
state of the auto industry from the standpoint of
economics (possibly including political aspects) and
- technology. (Ed.)
- Exports to U.S. Market
During fiscal 1980, which ended on March 31, 1981, .
2,576,381 cars were shipped to North America. That
represented about 40.7% of Japan's total automobile ~
exports - 6,152,108 units (four wheel vehicles). A majority
of them were bound for the United States. It is a really big
market for the J apanese auto industry, and major fluctua-
tions in demand. [here could deal a serious blow to the
industry. Thererore, the scale of exports to the U.S. is the
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most important factor for Japanese automakers to project
their annual business plans.
_ However, growth of car exports to the U.S. has rapidly
- slowed down during the past few years because of protec-
tionist moves on the part of the United States. Discussions
continued within the Japanese auto industry and the Japa-
nese Government to decide whe[her the industry should
exercise voluntary export control or the two countries
. shoutd conclude a governmental agreement to fix annual
shipment volumes. Initially, the Government assumed [he
position that [he auto industry should control exports on
- its own and that the Government would provide administra-
tive guidance ~nly when it was deemed necessary. However,
U.S. pressure for self�restraint increased after the turn of
the year, while there was persistent demand for Japanese
cars among U.S. consumers. As a result, the Government
decided to seek a political set[lement. Through the talks
- between the Japanese Minister of International Trade and
Industry, Rokusuke Tanaka, and the U.S. special trade .
representative, William Brock, on May 1, 1981, Japan
agreed to curb car exports to the U.S. during fiscal 1981
to the 1,680,000 uni[ level. They also agreed to control the
volume of exports for fiscal 1982 and 1983 to an extent to
be decided after swdying market conditions.
. Thus the problem of car exports became a political
issue between Japan and the United States. The Ministry
of International Trade and Induy*ry originally calculated to
fix the ceiling above 1,700,000 units, but eventually accept�
ed the agreed figure, as Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki
instructed a quick settlement in the fear that it could
develop into a political issue that would affect diplomatic
relations between Tokyo and Washington.
Immediately after the agreement, International Trade
and Industry Minister Tanaka issued a statement saying
- . that the Japanese Government fully recognized that the
U.S. Government was making serious efforts to reconstruct
the U.S. auto industry and that the (atest agreement was
a provisional measure which was taken on the assump-
tion that the U.S. would continue such efforts, with a
view to expanding the Japanese economy under the free
trade system. Prime Minister Suzuki, too, emphasized
that [he measure was taken to maintain the free trade
sys[em throughout and that the measure would not be
applied to the European Community or Canada withou[
conditions.
However, Takashi Ishihara, president of Nissan Motor
Co., Ltd, and concurrently president of the Japan Auto-
mobile Manufacturers' Association, expressed strong dis-
satisfaction over the latest decision. He said it was extreme-
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ly regretful that the industry's position, that the voluntary
control measure should be made a provisional one limiting
the export volume ta belovv last year's level and lasting for
only one year, was not accepted. Probably there were
strong hopes within the industry that the ceiling for exports
would be set at a level rar more than the actually fixed
volume - 65% of the exports last year and that the cont~ol
would last for only a year. At the same time, the Japanese
auto industry fears that the European Community will
demand similar meawres and that the agreed three years
of voluntary control will also force great sacrifices on
manafacturers which supply materials and parts to assemb-
ly makers. ~
Repercussions and Countermeasures
Whether the industry likes it or not, the export ceiling
for fiscal 1981 has been set at 1,680,000 units, which is the
mean volume of actual exports to the U.S. in fiscal 1979
and 1980 - 1,546,740 units (up 9% over 1978) and
1,819,092 units (up 17.6% over 1979). The Minisfry of
International Trade and Industry set the export quota for
each automaker on the basis of the average of its exports
during the past two years with a marginal adjustment of
increase or reduction. Toyota Motor was given a quota of
S 18,000 units (-6,200 units from the average), Nissan
Motor 458,600 unit (-5,600), Honda Motor 353,000 units
(-4,800), Toyo Kogyo 159,000 units (-2,300), Mitwbishi
_ Motors 114,000 units (+3,100), Fuji Heavy Industries .
- 66,000 units (+2,200) and Isuzu Mosors 17,000 units
(+13,600). Thus the quotas were unfavorable for the top
~ three makers. This was designed to help close the widening
gap between big and small makers in exports to the U.S.
A[ the same time, considerations were given to makers
affiliated with U.S. automakers (Mitwbishi with Chrysler .
and Isuzu with G~1). '
In sales of passenger cars, Japanese automakers are
heavily depending on exports tu the U.S. market, and
. a fall in the field of business could give a fatal blow to
smaller makers. It is, therefore, reported that approaches
to MI TI by automakers for bigger quotas were quite aggres-
sive. In deciding the quoWs, confrontation between the
Big Two (T~yota and Nissan) and other manufacturers was
also brought into relief. Toyota and Nissan called for
quotas based exactly on the past results. Other makers
demanded adjustments, asserting that flooding exports by
big makers caused the latest trade friction. Some maker
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even sa'sd that it would withdraw from the Japan Auto-
mobile Manufacturers' Association to pur~ue its own way
in export business. Thus there was confrontation among
the members of the association. Under the circumstances,
MITI officials continued heated discussions for days with
export stafFers of automakers.
However, all makers complained about the quotas they
had received. Even smaller makers who had additional
quotas were not satisfied. Some of these makers said that
the quotas would not be enough to maintain the operations
of their dealers in the U.S. AI[hough the ceiling of exports
for fisca! 1981 was generally acceptable for both J apanese
and U.S. Governments, it caused great dissatisfaction and
left a heavy residue of hard feeling among Japanese car
manufacturers.
These manufacturers are now busy working out counter-
measures to continue business expansion in spite of the
bleak situation in trade with the U.S. Many are studying
plans to develop new export markets in countries other .
than the U.S. The number of automobiles registered in
Japan totals about 37 million units to the total population
of some 1 1C1 million. The domestic car market is obviously
in a near-saturation. On the other hand, Japan's auto-
mobile production now stands at about 10 million units
a year. The auto industry needs to export more than half
of them if it tries to maintain the production scale of last
year. And, they possibly wan[ to keep this year's output
at the previous year's level. However, European countries
are stepping up controls on car imports from J apan. Makers
have turned their eyes to Latin American countries. In
fact, car shipments to Latin America sharply increased in
1980, and it is becoming the third largest export market for
Japanese cars, following the United States and Europe. But
business in that part of the world is not at all easy, because
inflation is rampant in some countries and the political
situations sre not very stable in some countries.
Therefore, some makers are placing more emphasis on
exports of trucks and other vehicles than passenger cars,
while promoting car exports in "knoclc�down formula."
Exports of used cars to Southeast Asian countries are likely
to increase further. One of the big makers here began a
large-scale market survey and sales campaigns for used
cars in Southeait Asia. Bu[ all market watchers questioned
,
point out that used car business in Southeast Asia is not
very profitable, because market prices are sluggish, while
users ask for more improved performances.
In trade with the U.S., many manufacturers hold a view
that they should add more values to their products to take
more profits out of the limited number of exports. Toyota,
for example, will probably try to expand the export of
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more expensive passenger cars like "Celica" and "Cressida."
- ' But some observers say that exports of expensive passenger
cars are not very promising since these products will inevi-
tably compete with "J-Cars" of GM. Another effort to earn
more profits would be to sell more optional equipment,
- such as power steering, air conditioners and car stereo sets.
Makers especially want to sell more air conditioners. In
exported cars, 90% of high-grade cars are equipped with air
conditio~ers. But the ratios of inedium- and low-grade cars
are 20�/d`30�h. These ratios may be raised more in the future.
Options like power steering, car stereo sets and aluminum ~
wheels are all expensive products. Morc cars to be exported
to the U.S. may be equipped with these optional goods.
Anyway, J apanese automakers will face various diffi-
culties in trade with the U.S. The fact that the ceiling of
exports was set this time through governmental talks will
probably be used as a sort of precedent to impose sanctions
- on Japanese automakers whenever the U.S. auto industry
complains of "excessive exports."
Parts Exports
Despite their self-restraint on car exports to the United .
- States and European Community nations, )apanese auto-
makers have so far no plans for major production cutbacks.
Some makers even maintain that there wili be no change in
the production scale this year, while some company execu-
tives say [hey can hardly foresee demand two or three
months ahead. Changes in demand, up or down, will
inevitably affect business of parts makers.
Recently, however, it has been often reported that
Japanese auto parts makers had concluded contracts to
directly supply parts to assembly makers overseas. These
reports appear to suggest the fu[ure of Japanese auto parts
manufacturers.
For example, Nippon Oil Seal Industry Co., Ltd. built a
production plant near Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A., last Kear,
~ and it went into operation in November with a total of
some 300 employees. (Of these, ~0 are Japanese engineers ~
for provisional assignment.) The company's products are
ranked ",4" by General Motors Corp., following rigid tests
last year. A wide range of oil seal products for cars will
- be supplied to GM in large quantities, starting this autumn. ~
Nippon Oil Sea! is Japan's top oil seal product maker with
- a domestic market share of about 60%, and seals and
related products for automobiles account for more than
~0�~0 of its total output. ,
Products of Nippon Oil Seal will probably be installed
~ on J�Cars, a rival product of J apanese compact passenger
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cars. in [his connection, an executive of the company says,
"Competition in the auto parts is harsh. On the oiher
hand, if the quality of products is high, any automaker will
= buy them. Japanese cars may use American-made paits,
while American ~ars use )apanese or European-made parts.
We are exerting efforts to make better products under the
concept that we are not just for domestic automakers but
for all automakers in the world."
To be sure, the quality of Japanese-made auto parts are
fairly high by the worid standards. The above�mentioned
executive attributes this to J apanese automakers and car
users who are particular about quality problems. Undenia-
bly, the high product quality has helped raise the populari�
ty of J apanese cars in the world market as it is today. The
~ Japan Auto Parts Industries Association says that exports
~ last year totaled 53,752 million, a 23.8% increase over the
previous year (including those used in cars exported). This
- comes [o about ~`849,700 million, according to the average
, exchan~e rate of last year. TFie figure represents about three
times the amoint of exports five years ago. This year's
exp.orts might reach ~100,000 million, since the value of
the yen tends to decline and also exports during the first
half of [his year were above the level of the previous
corresponding period.
_ Especially notable in this year's exports is that ship-
men[s of replacement parts for cars exported in the past are
likely [o increase. Also likely to increase this year are
parts for knock-dowi7 exports of cars to foreign automakers
by Japanese assembly makers. Overseas production plants
of J apanese parts makers will expand production to supply
more parts to automakers in the countrie; of their loca-
tions, as in the case of Nippon Oil Seal Industry.
Competition is undeniably fierce among parts makers.
But future prospects ef Japanese auto parts makers are
rather bright, because the qualities of their products are
high. The Japanese automotive parts industry should there-
fore, continue efforts to ~nake even better products to
become a major parts supplier for automobile manufac-
turers in the world.
COPYRIGHT: Diamond Lead Co., Ltd. 1981
CSO: 4120/13
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS ERA FORETOLD
~ Tokyo DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA in English Vol 11, No 9, Sep 81 pp 14-17
[Text] Microcomputer Cars employs a 12-bit microcomputer, com-
When Nissan Motor Co. carried out pared with the 8-bit type of Nissan,
model changes on Datsun 280C and Toyota claims that its system
(Nissan Cedric/Gloria on the Japanese covers more areas of control. Honda
. market) in )une, 1979, it marketed Motor announced that the company
_ modeis equipped with an integrated is ready to adopt a 16-bit microcom-
microcomputer-controlled engine sys- puter for the engine control system.
TCCS is now also employed by
tem for the first time in japan. This ,
system is called an "Electronic Con- Crowns. Nissan s ECCS is also available
centrated Engine Control System" for Datsun 280ZX (Datsun Fairlady Z
and dubbed as "ECCS." This system in ) apan). However, the costs of these
constantly detects engine conditions, systems are still high, and [hey are still
the position of the accelerator pedal, options for high-grade models.
the transmission shift position, the car Microcomputer systems were origi-
- speed, the air conditioner operation nally developed to more properly.
and the battery voltage, and it decides ~et the world's strictest control
the fuel. mixture, the ignition timing standards for exhaust fumes now in
and other factors for the best engine force in J apan. In August, 1971,
' performance. Nissan marketed Datsun Bluebird U
TF~e )apanese auto industry was late (now Datsun 810 Maxima in North
in the adoption of a microcomputer America) equipped with an EGI
sys[em for engine control compared (Electronic Gasoline Injection) engine.
with its American and European Toyota's first system of the kind is
counterparts. But Nissan's ECCS is the an EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection)
mos[ comprehensive system, which system, announced in September,
- controls even the state of the combus- 1971. The conventional mechanically
tion chamber. And the marketing of controlled carburetor was unab!e to
" cars with [his system was called by maintain the ratio of fuel and air
mass media the beginning of the "era mix[ure at high degree of accuracy
of microcomputer cars." required for the best peformance of
_ In October, 1980, Toyota i~totor the 3-way catalyzer to reduce the
Co. similarly announced the marketing contents of HC, CO and NOx from
of Cressida (,tilark II in Japan) exhaust fumes. The microcomputer-
equipped with a TCCS (Toyota Com- applied fuel injection system served
puter Control System) engine. TCCS the purpose of accurately controtling
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the fuef and air mixture in varied When strong pressure is appiied on the
conditions. EGI and EFI are of devices brake pedal on a slippery road, the rear
of that sy~tem, wheels would be locked and the car
EGI and EFI outdid [he carbure[or would skid and lose directional stabili-
- in engine starting, response, torque ty, To prevent this, the electronic skid
and fuel economy, and are now control system electronically adjusts
applied for many models. Following [he hydraulic pressure of [he brake
Nissan and Toyota, Miuubishi Motors, system.
_ ~ in ~b1ay, 1980, marketed Galant Another example is the auto speed
(Dodge Challenger, Plymouth Sapporo control system whicfi maintains the
in North America) equipped with car speed at a set rate without setting
an ECI (Electronic Control Injection) on the accelerator pedal. Expensive air
engine, and in September, 1980, conditioners control the room tem-
Toyo Kogyo marketed Luce (Mazda perature with an electronic system
, 929 overseas) with EFI. In the which senses the outside temperature,
meantime, Nissan and Toyota were engine conditions and other factors.
developing more integra[ed system - Elec[ronic technigues are also applied
TCCS and ECCS - to eventually open to the windshield wipers and door .
a real era uf microcomputer cars. locks.
In the meantime when EGI and Toyota installed a"Speak Monitor"
EFI were cemmercialized, Toshiba by using synthetic voice on Cressidas
developed an "electronic engine marketed in October, 1980, for [he
control ;ystem" in a joint proiect with first time in the world. In the device,
Ford Motor Co. of the Unitcd States the sound waves of voice are stored in
- and was making the product for the computer memory through an
Ford. TCCS was jointly developed by analog-digital conversion, and they are
Toshiba, Toyota and Nippondenso of
reproduced by a program control
the Toyota Group. In J une, 1973, system. The synthetic voice gives warn-
Nissan established a joint venture ings when the sys[em monitors any
with Diesel Kiki and Robert Bosch of one of the six most popular acts of
6Vest Ge: many to establish Japan negligence: when the ignition key is
Electronic Control Systems [o manu- left in; the seat belt is not on; the
fac[ure EGI devices. In ~uly, 1981, lights are on even after the engine key
it was reported that General Motors is turned off; the fuel is low; the door
nad asked Tushiba for joint develop- is not properly closed; and the parking
ment of an electronic engine con[rol brake is on. Nissan installed a similar
system. These developments indicate system on Laurel last year, and it is
that Japan is at the world', top level in now available for an option for four
- this field oF technology. types of Nissan cars and is becoming
Automotive Electronics gradually popular.
Car instruments are also becoming
The development of transistors electronic. Toyota adopted an elec-
popularized car radios and car stereo [ronic display meter system to Soarers
sets. Electronic [echnology is now marketed in February, 1981, for the
employed not only in controlling the frist time in Japan. In this system, a
engine but in various other areas. One fluorescen[ tube, a digital display by
example is an electronic ;kid control. light emission diode or a light zone
3~
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display is used for the speedometer, the electronic display meter system,
tachometer, fuel gauge, temperature for instance, is a mere sales strategy
gauge, speed warning and other gauges. aimed at consumers' fashion-pursuing
. Nissan employed a similar system for trend. They say thaC no one needs
Silvia/Gazelle (Datsun 2005X in North "Speak Monitor" to put his seat belt
America and Datsun Silvia in Europe), on.
which were marketed in May, 1981. Since the microcomputer-applied
There are quite a number of types sngine control system is still expen-
of automotive electronic systems or sive, some makers are trying to im- ~
car electronics having varied charac- prove the performance of a carburetor
teristics. While electronics systems without using a microcomputer. A
control operations quite precisely, typical product in this direction is
� they are apt to cause troubles. Cars "Racer 1 S," an engine newly instal-
run on rough mountain paths. They go led on Toyota's Celica models. Appli-
to an extremely cold place and hot cation of electronics in car products
place. Under such abnormal driving and systems will continue to expand
conditions, the ,tempera[ure in the in the future. Yet it will be selective
engine room rises remarkably, and car [hroughout.
electronics was materialized when ICs Since the microcomputer is expen-
and microcomputers, which can bear sive, there is an idea of economizing
such severe conditions, have been its use. The microcomputer control
developed. system for engines controlling some
In case of cars, there are many functions totally has already been
kinds of engines and car types which established, as seen in ECCS and
~ have their own properties and charac- TCCS. But many of the systems for
teristics. Research and development in car electronics other than the engine's
car electronics can not possibly be system are still under development, ~
carried out by electronic appliance and there is no integrated system that
makers alone. Coopera[ion between would control the entire car functions
car makers, parts makers and electron- in a comprehensive manner. In fact,
ic appliance makers is indispensable. manuiacturers are still in a stage try-
This recogni[ion spread throughout ing to develop an electronic system to
the industry, while needs for tighter control [he performance of the engine
. emission control and higher fuel and transmission combined.
economy increased in recent years. Efforts are also being made to use
Against this backdrop, car electronics car electronics to resolve driving and
_ has made remarkable progress as it is traffic control problems. Nissan
today. produced an experimental "Radar
Car" which can measure the distance
Selection and Totalization between the car and the obstacle by
Car electronics is receiving both radar and give a warning. A similar
praise and criticism. Many agree that experiment is also being made by using
the application of electronics has a television camera. Another example
contributed to not only making car is "Navicom" - an option for
driving easier and safer but also reduc- Toyota's Celicas. Once the location of
ing the car weight. On the other hand, the destination is set by the direction
some people say tha[ the adoption of and the distance from the starting
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point, the Navicom will constantly ~~g the congested Shibuya and
detect the current location in relation
to the destination and tells the dis- Roppongi districts.
cance still to go and a directional The experiments were successful.
error if any. Therefore, it can guide The newly developed system is not yet
the driver to an unfamiliar destination. ~n practical use because of its enor-
In April, 1973, the Agency of mous costs. For a similar purpose, a
Industrial Science and Technology of driver, inductive information system,
the Ministry of International Trade '~ALI," was tested in the Ruhr area of
and Industry launched a six-year West Germany, and Robert Bosch and
national research project for "The Volkswagenwerk took part in the
Comprehensive Automobile Traffic research project. These experiments
Co~trol Sys[em." The project was hint that car electronics will eventually
designed to develop a system to cover traffic control problems.
provide necessary information con- The car electronics era has just
cerning changing road and traffic begun, but aggressive research aciivi-
conditions for cars on the road and ties are now under way in quite
give them proper guidance by a extensive areas, repeating trials and
telecommunication link between cars errors, although some of the successful
- and the traffic control facilities at projects are already in practical use.
Is an age really worth to be called a
major intersections.
The project was participated in by "car electronics era" coming in the
five public organizations or research near future? )apan now stands at the
institutes, including the National World's top in car production and is
Research Institu[e of Police Science Proud of its efficient production sys-
of the Na[ional Police Agency, and tem and high production technology
nine private companies, including as well as of the high qualities of its
Toyota Motor and leading general products. Japan has another area of
electric and electronic manufacturers. industry where it is prevailing. That is
Experiments were carried out by electronic technology. On [his very
using an area of about 300,000 km2 thing does the car industry depend for
in the western part of Tokyo, includ� its future progress.
COPYRIGHT: Diamond Lead Co., Ltd. 1981
CSO: 4120/13 ~
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
USE OF ROBOTS IN CAR MAKING DESCRIBED
Tokyo DIAMOND'S INDUSTRIA in English Vol 11, No 9, Sep 81 pp 18-20
[Text]
Industrial Robots company ~will soon have 340 robots
in operation at its plants.
In the past, the most popular photo- The outaut of industrial robots in
graph of a car production plant was of Japan has increased sharply in recent
a conveyor line where cars are near years. According to the Japan Indus-
completion. In Japan, however, it has trial Robot Association, their ship-
recently changed to the scene of the ments totaled ~13,7:s4 million in
welding line of a car body. Many value in 1976, ~21,128 million in
hands would come out of robots and 1977, '~26,613 million in 1978,
perform the spot-welding of the car ~38,080 million in 1979 and ~76,928
body. Of course, there is no man seen million in 1980. An overwhelming
- around the machine. It may give an number of those robots were shipped
impression that Japanese cars are being to the automobile and electric appli-
made by industrial robots. ance industries. The ratios of the auto
In the introduction of robots for industry to total shipments from 1976
- body welding jobs, Nissan ~1~lotor Co. to 1980 were 30%, 34%, 39%, 38�~0
- was the most active. In fact, General and 30%, respectively. Similar ratios of
hlotors introduced robots for welding the electric appliance industry were
jobs earlier (in 1965) than Nissan (in 21%, 23%, 24%, 18% and 36%. The
. 19G7). Nissan first began using the association's wrvey indicates that the
Unimate robots of the U.S. at its auto industry has been increasingly
Oppama Plant. Nissan is now using a introducing industrial robots.
total of about ~00 industrial robots at According to a survey published by
its plants mainly for spot welding jobs. the Robot Institute of America in
This is the larges[ number of robots March, 1979, there were 47,000 units
being used among automakers of the of robot in operation in Japan, 5,850
world. Toyota ~~lu[or, too, must be units in West Germany and 3,255 units
uiing many industrial robots, although in the United States. Other count~ies
their numb~r is not made public. Toyo surveyed had less than 1,000 units.
Kogyo, J apan's third largest auto� As for high-grade robots having play-
maker, is now using about 150 robots. back or more sophisticated functions,
- ~nd it has plans to introduce 140 japan operates 3,000 units, the U.~.
more units to a new plant now under 2,155 units, Sweden 570 units and
construction and anocher 50 units West Germany =450 units. As far as
to other plants. In other words, the the survey shows, Japan leads the
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worid in the use of industriai robots. employees appear to be cooperating in
The robots used for spot-welding at business rationalization. This has
car plants have playback functions, created a favorable situation to em-
Japan with scarce natural resources ploy many robots at auto production
heavily depends on impbrts for raw plants.
material supplies and therefore exports
a jarge amount of manufactured goods Meritsof Robots
made from imported ma[erials to keep
For spot�welding of auto bodies,
its economy running. )apanese indus- automakers were using several multi-
try, therefore, is making streneous welders of Machine-Back of the U.S.
efforts to raise its productivity with a in the past. These machines were able
view to maintaining the competitive to weld many spots simultaneously.
strength of its products on the overseas But their unit price was quite high
market. The active in[roduction of and they were good only for one given
industrial robots is part of those efforts. ~del. They had to be renewed.each
There is another reason why robots time models were changed. As a result,
are 'prevailing in Japan. The introduc- the number of multi-welders was
_ tion of robots, which can replace reduced to one, and others were
human hands, is liable to meet opposi- replaced by industrial robots to per-
= tion of labor unions. In many coun- form spot-welding jobs. Such multi-
tries, craft unions are popular and purpose robots could be used regard-
it is difficult to change occupations. less of model changes.
In contrast, most Japanese labor In October, 1977, Nissan Motor
unions are organized on a company began using multi-armed robots, which
basis, and a change in occupation is were developed jointly with Toshiba
relatively easy. This would provide Corp. This robot can take a maximum ~
- more opportunities to employ indus- of ten welding arms. It solved difficult
trial robots. problem to place many industrial
= The Japane;e auto industry has robots on the narrow space along the
_ made exhau~~ive efforts for business welding line. This, of course, is of a
rationalization. Ideas of workers have multi-purpose type. Then Nissan
been 3ctie�ely employed to improve the ~lqotor developed the capping�back
qualities of products and raise produc- system, which used a sort of jig to
- tivity. In June, 1981, Toyota ylotor perform minimized number of spot-
celebrsted the 30th anniversary of the weldings at the start of the body ~
establishment of a systern collect ideas welding process. This robot thus
.for work improvement from among replaced multi�welders.
employees. During the period, a total fn 1978, Nissan Motor carried out
of 5 million ideas, large or small, were at its Zama Plant an experiment to run
received. During fiscal 198U alone, two different types of bodies simulta-
- 92.3% of the total number of em- neously on a welding line. The mixed
p~oyees presented an aggregate flow production system becomes
859,000 proposals, and 94% of them important, when the number of body
are said to have been adopted. Not types increases and the output of each
only the management but also all its type falls. This would reduce
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additional costs required in the con- Plant took over car assembly opera-
ventional one-line, one-Cype system. tions in 1962, and the Yoshiwara Plant
This experiment coincided with a began specializing in the production
- report that Nissan was planning to of transmissions and steering gears,
. build an assembly plant in the United when the nation's economy was con-
Sta[es. This produced speculation that tinuing rapid expansion. The plant was
- the mixed flow system was for the compelled to increase production and
projected U.S. plant. suffered a shortage of manpower,
However, the adoption of industrial when it intraduced material-handling
robots was not such an easy job. robots to automate machine work.
N{any troubles occurred. The robots About 1,600 robots undertook jobs
used were designed for more moderate that would be done by men.
operations. Gears to operate weld~ng These robots were designed and
. arms often broke. As a result, the manufactured at the plant, since
robot maker and the automaker joint- such products were not available on
ly produced more efficient and the market at that time. Manufactur-
durable robots. ing them at the company's own plant
Automakers, in general, made was the best way to secure exactly
various efforts to introduce industrial what it needed and it was also
robots. For examp~e, they raised the economical. The .use of these robots
accuracy of press stamping to cut steel was expanded, as labor costs were
sheets for body sections. When weld- sharply rising in the course of rapid
ing was being do~e by human hands, economic growth.
errors in size and shape were tolerable Robots, which were initially em-
- to some extent. Buc a high degree of ployed to make up for manpower
- accuracy is ~required in case the job is shortage, gradually turned into a big
done by robot. This, in turn, has bearer of plant rationalizar.ion efforts.
resulted in raising the accuracy of Robots also began to oe used for weld-
- finish and performance of products. ing and other dangerous jobs in un-
This is another merit obtained by the favorable working conditions. Further-
adoption of industrial robots, in add i- more, robots have begun to play a more
tion to . the rationalization of the important role than work rationaliza-
production line. tion in the era of moderate economic
growth.
Step by Step Automakers are now trying to use
~ At auto production plants, robots robots for painting. In fact, a large
were first begun to be used for transfer portion of paint shop works has
works to and from machine tools long already been automated to minimize
before they were employed in the the danger of workers being exposed
welding process. In the case of Nissan, co the poisonous gas produced by
robots were first employed for paint solvent. But the ~nishing '
material handling at its Yoshiwara process, which involves elaborate
Plant where the company began work, is still being done by men.
assembling Datsun passenger cars for Tests on painting robots have been
[he first time after the end of World under way during the past .several
War II. The newly-completed Oppama years, and they have finally come to
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stand practical use. In spot-welding, developed pain[ing robots. Also enter-
what is required of [he robot is ing this field are Mi[subishi Heavy
primarily [o pinpoint spots for weld- Industries, Fiitachi, Ltd. and Nachi-
ing. In painting, the robot needs to Fujikoshi. Big automakers are now
control linei or areas involved in work, introducing painting robots, following
That is why the introduction of robots ;pot�weiding robots. Parts makers also
to [he painting process has been delay� began using robots for arc-welding.
ed.
Kobe Steel, Ltd. has been turning They, in fact, are already using robots
out a robot for pain[ing, "Kobelco- for various other types of work. The
Trallfa" under license from Trallfa auto industry is likely to continue
Nils Underhaug of Norway. It has expanding the use of industrial robots
for some time to come in order to
already shipped out about 200 units, facilitate the streamlining of produc-
~ of which 80 units are delivered to tion lines.
- automakers. They include robots for The Japanese auto industry has
painting cylinder heads and cylinder made production cutbacks, as the
blocks. In 1980 the firm announced economy is shifting to an era of
the comple[ion of a robot for body moderate growth and car exports are
painting. Robots of this type have under voluntary control. However,
already been delivered to Nissan the industry continues a high level of
_ Mo[or, Fuji Heavy Industries and plant and equipment investments to
Honda ~tilotor, [wo each. In June this raise product qualities and rationaliie
year, i[ also received ari order for production lines with a view to prepar-
additional [wo from Nissan. ing itself for the imminent start of
Tokiko Ltd., a maker of auto- a worldwide race in compact�sized
motive parts, is manufacturing paint- cars. The adoption of robots is along
ing robots with'flexible wrists. It also this line. In addition to robots, Japa-
developed a more sophisticated prod� nese automakers have employed elec-
uct and in July, 1981, it received an tronic technology in many other areas.
order for 20 units of those robots The adoption of electronics is rapidly
from Toyo Kogyo. advancing in both produc[ion lines
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, a big and products.
maker of ;put�welding robo[~,~as also
COPYRIGHT: Diamond Lead Co., Ltd. 1981
CSO: 4120/13
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGICAL INTERCHANGES AMONG BUSINESSES SPREAD
Tokyo DIAMOI~ID'S INDUSTRIA in English Vol 11, No 9, Sep 81 pp 40-43
[Text] . This year is called the "first year of technological inter-
changes among businesses of different categories." This is
because the technoiogical interchanges among small- and
medium-scale enterprises in the different fields have
become noticeable and the Government has begun
supporting the move.
This is against the background of the new age of tech-
. nological innovation which came to the fore in the latter
h~'` . last year. The enterprises' strategy for survival,
which has just been started, has many promisesj but, at
_ the same time, it embraces many problems that� must be
solved. ~ ~
Background organization affiliated with the
Ministry of International Trade and
The "Technological Interchange Industry. The corporation already set
Plaza" was. started in July, 1981, up a specialized "Technological Inter-
- under the auspices of the Small and change Department" and held the first
Medium Enterprises Agency of the national meeting on the technological
Ministry of In[ernational Trade and interchanges among businesses of
Industry. It is designed to select, at the different categories in last March.
initiative of prefectures, about 30 The technological interchanges
managers uf small- and medium-scale among businesses of different catego-
enterprises enthusiastic about tech- ries are nothing new. Osaka Scientific
nological development and hold their Technology Center, which is a founda-
meeting on technological interchanges tion, took the initiative in organizing
once, a month. It is planned to hold such meetings in 1970: Local govern-
. such meetings in 25 prefectures, ments and private organizations
including Osaka, during the current embarked on similar projects around
- fiscal year and spread them through- 1975 and the Small Business National
out the country during the next fiscal Corp. began to tackle it in 1977 as a
year. "project on the promotion ~of the
The proiect is being backed up oy transfer of technologies." But this year
_ the Small Business National Corp., an is called the "first year of the techno-
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logical interchanges among businesses their technologies, know-how and
of different categories" because [he hin[s which otherwise would be
fever on technological interchanges has wasted."
gained momentum among small� and Hikari Alloy and Nippon Shiki
medium-scale enterprises. Industry have jointly devised equip-
In the background is the coming of inent to prevent by remote control the
the new age of technological innova- freezing of tap water faucets in cold
tion which became conspicuous in the districts and they have been given a
latter half of last year. The techna subsidy from the New Technology
logical innovation, represented by Development Foundation. Kanie Gear,
"mechatronics" and bio-technology, Sanki Electronics Industry and R.T.C.
began earlier than expected. (sof[ware development company) also
Such a fever was brought about develuped jointly an automa[ed gear
because small- and medium-scaleenter- tooth check device. The group of Leo .
prises have a sense of crisis that they Technological Institute, Print Elec�
would not be able to survive without tronics Research Institute and Shuko-
the interchange oF :�chnologies. sha (maker of automated drafting
Idea Registration System machines and bookbinding machines)
has devised equipment for automated
!n Tokyo, there ii the "Small and designing of print bases. It is said that
~lzdium Scale Eniorpriies Develop- the equipment can be produced atone-
ment Center," a group for technolog- fifth of the cost, compared with exist-
ical interchanges among companies of ing machines. The scope of technolog-
different categories. Established main- ical interchanges is expanding as seen
ly by small- and medium-scale elec- ir, the joint use of of~ce computers
tronic and electric appliance and ar,d the opening of microcomputer
machinery makers in southern Tokyo study courses.
at the end of 1979, it has a member- What is interesting is the "Idea
ship of 40 companies. For a member- Registration System," which began in
ship fee of '~20,000 a month, they December last year. Under the system,
hold ~ meeting to exchange informa- ideas expressed at meetings to ex-
tion after a monthly directors' meet� change information are recorded to
ing, visit enterprises and promote prevent the infringement on patents.
interchanges among the members Toshihiko Hori, chief of the Small
through study meecings on future and Medium Scale Enterprises
technology and four other themes. Development Center, points out that a
The meetings also provide the mem- new mechanism of management is
bers with sn upportunity to promote important for new organizations and
interchanges among themselves. that new idea.s will be necessary for
Yoshiaki Kanel:o, senior manag- the establishment of joint booking of
- ing direc[or of the center and orders and sales. As Tsutomu Kirihara,
also president of Sanki Electronics deputy chief of the Technological '
Industry, s~ys: "Since the presidents Interchange Department of the Small
of small� and medium-scale enterprises Business National Corp. put it, the
are craftsmen, their brains are treasure technological interchanges among
houses of ideas. New products can be small- and medium�scale enterprises
developed by merely making public will be their "optimum strategy for
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survival" in the new age or technologi- Is it not because they have realized
cal innovation. He say.s there are limits their own weak points in this new age .
to the manpower, money and hard- of technological innovation? In fact,
ware of small� and medium-scale enter- such major firms as Omron Tateisi
prises, com~ared with big businesses. Electronic; and Daifuku Machinery
Whenever one visits groups of pio- Works, which have been eager to
neer companies in the interchange of develop technologies, highly evaluate
technologies, they say such inter- and conduct the technological inter-
_ changes require "hungry spirit" and changes among small- and medium-
prompt action. This is the very charac- scale enterprises.
teristic of groups of small- and ~ordinator
mediurrr;cale enterprises.
Kosaku lida, president of Beritas, It is said that the technological
quit a large enterprise and established interchanges between firms of differ-
his own company, which has pros- ent categories are progressing through
pered by coordinating technological the process of the acquaintance be-
interchanges among companies of tween enterprises (the exchange of
_ different categories. He says: "Since information), the mutual utilization
a large en~erprise is divided into of the other (mutual utilization of
several vertical societies and lacks technologies) and joint creation
hungry spirit, it has only weak power (joint development of new products),
to develop unique technologies suited in this order. To take a closer look at
to a new age. According to my own this process, a tie�up is decided or
experiences, each division of certain an alternative plan is chosen following
� big business is keeping its technologies the grasping of each other's business
idle. Such divisions dislike technolog- character, evaluation of managerial
ical interchanges because they want resources, analysis and evaluation
to distinguish themselves in technolog- of managerial functions, strategic
ical development. When I proposed examination of resources and func-
the expansion of a non-textile division tions to be complemented and evalua-
of a leading [extil'e company, the tion of effectiveness of the tie�up
personnel in the company flatly in the light of managerial strategy.
rejected the proposal since it had been In the process of entering into a tie�up,
made by an ou[sider. A group of 20 the ~rms concerned make approaches
middle-clsss executives of a major to each other or respond to such
shipbuilding company has been asked approaches, examine the terms of
by the cop executive to work out contract and negotiate. In the case of a
within three'years an idea fur expand- group of companies, they select a .
ing [he non�shipbuilding division at a leader, work out a project on the
cost of ~2,OOU million. I was surprised formation of a group, conclude a
co have been asked by the group to contract and lay down rules.
help them because they cuuld not hit What follow are the establishment
upun anv good ide3 after the lapse , of a system of interchanges between
of two ye3rs." ~ firms of different categories, enforce-
However, big enterprises have ment and evaluation of the contents
recently begun to eye with interest the of tie-up, formation of an organization
technological interchanges among and improyemen[ of rules, re-examina-
small- and medium-scale enterprises.
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tion and re�planning of the project and ucts surprised large enterprises with
the expansion of the merits ariiing their efficiency and low prices. Mem-
from the systematization. The tech- ber companies are enjoying business
~ nological interchanges between enter- prosperity and have built new plants
prises of diFferent categories surely or have plans to expand facilities.
produce excellent resul[s, but it is Other makers in Kawaguchi, a reces�
required to follow steps and solve sion-plagued city of cast iron produc-
problems involved. tion, are envious of the group.
The biggest problem is whether it In the case of the Marimo Group,
is possible to find a suitable coordi- member companies do not exchange
nator. AI[hough [here is hardly any any specific contracts on joint
problem in a tie-up between two firms, development projects. In the joint
the combination of a group of more booking of orders, a company which
than three companies requires a good received the order asks other com-
coordinator who is healthy and has panies to make an estimate of cost and
sound judgment and good character, to undertake production. But, in case
~'41ost groups of companiei which have conditions are not met, the order is
been conducting interchanges for a '[ransferred to outsiders. The long
long time picked as coordinators life and excellent achievement of the
managers who are en[husiastic about group are attributable to the character
coordination and unobtrusive. On of its representative, Masao Hashi-
the other hand, a group in Yokohama, ~~o, who is the presiden[ of Hashi-
which wa; faring well under a good rnoto Iron Works, and the existence
coordinator, was dissolved after he was of a good assistant and an adviser.
killed in a traffic accident. They are Kenji Nakada, an engineer
A coordina[or occupies such an who has quit a leading machinery .
important position. But it is desirable maker; and Takemasa Kaneko,
tha[ besides the coordinator, there will president of Asahi Hoko�sha.
be such assistants as experts on tech- Nakada says: "Since we ;peak out
nology, accoun[ing and law, and to each other
, people from the pre-
managers who can express candid fectural government once said we were
opinions to other members. I't will be always quarreling and our group
better if there is a good balance in would not last long. The success or
the age brackets of inembers. failure of interchanges among com-
The iuccess of the Marimo Group
panies of different categories depends,
in Kawaguchi, Saitama Prefecture, after all, on how to maintain contact
is attributed largely to the composi- � of hearts of inembers." It appears that
cion of its members. The group made a
the operation of the group is flexible
start in 1974 when eight machinery because the members include bo[h
and metal processing companies got
founders of companies and second-
together. The group has join[ly
generation presidents.
developed more than ten kinds of
producti, such ss the large gear tooth Patience
testing machine, high-speed automatic
President Morimasa Arakawa of
rack cutting machine, automatic
Nado Research Institute says: "It will
Kushidonyo (spitted dumpling) making take at least [en years before [he tech-
machine and the machine for stretch� nological interchanges.among firms of
ing gut on tennis rackets. These prod- different categories bear fruits. Any
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attempt which does not give thought changes, there are also points to be
to the long time required will surely checked, other than problems related
fail." The inititute is a member of to men.
the "Study Group on Market Research An expert lists the following ten
and Technological Adaptation," which points as secrets of succeeding in
is coordinated by Osaka Scientific cooperation among enterprises. They
Technology Center. The institute has are the leadership of the system
developed a system for marking organizer, the understanding of the
flaws on steel bars and tubes, jointly significance and specific character of
- with Konan Camera Research Insti- a tie-up, the independence of indivi-
tute, which is a member of the "Study dual enterprises, the existence of ability
Group on Managerial Strategy for High that can be offered, clarification of the
~ Value-Added," also backed by Osaka aim of the tie-up, careful selection of
Scientific.Technology Center, partners or members, powers to plan,
The new system born out of the organize and control, clarification and
docking of a chemical company and putting in writing of rules, cooperative
a machinery maker is in great demand and give-and-take spirit among all
from leading metal and machinery those concerned and the evaluation of
makers. But Arakawa says it [ook a the merits of the tie-up from a long-
total of ten years to jointly d~velop range viewpoint and in perspective:
[he system - five years after the two These points als~ apply to the tech-
presidencs met, three years for nological tie�up among companies of
development, and two years before different categories.
the new system began selling. It is also important to pay attention
The foregoing Small and ~bledium to the manner in which the Govern-
.
Scale Enterprises Development Center ment backs t~e�ups. Any group of
has, as the parent body, a gr4up of companies says that a tie�up will not
member companies of the Association succeed if the Government tries to give ~
of Small and Medium Scale Enter- guidar.ce and that the matter should
prises, which is more than 25 years be left to private companies. It also
old. The Marimo Group is also a says that if the Government backs up
gathering of enterprises united by a a tie-up, it is necessary to allocate
moral movement. budgets for it for a long time and to
A report on the research on the keep officials in charge of it in the
improvement of the system~ for pro- same posts for a long time. ,
moting tectinological interchanges Whether voluntarily carried out by
among firms of different categories, private firms or guided by the fovern-
published by Osaka Scientific Tech- ment, interchanges among companies
nology Center in March, says such of different categories, centered. un
interchanges bear fruits five years or electric, machinery and metal makers,
more after the ;tart, judging from will spread to other industries. Small-
- the results of inquiries intu the exist- and medium-scale industries, the �
ing groups of companies. But, the Government, and local autonomous
report says there sre some cases where bodies will have increased expectations
member companies got hints on busi- of the interchanges as something to
ness or caught [he needs of clients two replace the existing cooperation
to three years after the start of tech- between companies and venture busi-
nological interchanges. ness. But the way to the successful
Cooperation [echnological inferchanges among
firms of different categories is not
Since it takes a long time to get srr~oth.
excellent results of technological inter- ~
COPYRIGHT: Diamond Lead Co., Ltd. 1981
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WORLD'S LARGEST COAL LIQUEFACTION FACILITY TO BE DEVELOPID
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 6
[Text] The New Energy Develop- developed by three groups: Mi-
ment Organization plans to tsubishi (solvolysis process),
start building the world's Sumitomo (solvent extraction)
_ largest coal liquefaction and Ninpon Kokan K.K.-Hitachi
demonstration piant with 500 Zosen Co. ( Hitachi Shipbuilding
ton-a-day coal processing & Engineering Co., direct
capacity as early as fiscal 1983. hydrogenation
N~:DO's plan, formulated after Yarties concerned agreed
su.~pension of solvent refined that fiscal difficulties will not
co~+l II projecl, calls for con- allow promotion of all three
ceptual design work to be different technologies. Their
cuii~pleted by the end of this processes are similar enough to
= fiscal year and detailed design be incorporated into a single
b~� ;ie~ct year. technique, they also judged.
. 7'hree liquefaction efforts will The new plant will combine the ~
_ tx combined into the single advantages of the three routes,
demonstration plant project, with all Japanese companies
making it a major program engaged in liquefaction
alon~; with the joint Japanese- research urged to form a single
Australian plan for brown coal consortium.
lictuefaction. � The current pilot plants'
1ED0 and the Ministry of capacity is limited to 1 ton a
= International Trade & Industry day in terms of coal consump-
- d~~cidc~d to try the demonstra- tion. Nippon Brown Coal Lique-
lion plant construction by faction Co. will soon start con-
� utiliziiig the technical SRC II struction of a plant with a daily
data, a�hich Mitsui SRC Devei- ~al requirement of 50 tons in
uEniu~nt Co. lias so far obtained. Victoria, Australia.
' 'ftu~ ht[1'1 "Sunshine" project Both NEDO and MITI regard
c;~ll~~d for sCalin~; up liyuefao- coal lique[actior. as a most
tia~:i research and d~t~elopment promising alternative energy
inio '35o-tona�day plants. But source in the 1990s. The Japa-
the hlinistry judged that larger nese Government's long-term
demunstration plant capacity energy supply program calls
~vas desirable to commercialize for obtaining 22.6 million kilo-
th~~ It and D efforts. The liters of liquefied oil in fiscal
Nrojected size is twice as large 1990. If this coal is realized -
_ as the Exxon Donor System, although SRC II suspension is
~+~hich is being experimentally ]ikely to delay it - liquefied
r~u~ in the L1.S. coal will account for more than
'1'i~e large project �~ill in- 3 per cent of the country's kotal
c~~rporate know~-how being prim~ry energy supply.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
CSO: 4120/14
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WORLD'S CAR ELECTRONIC SOPHISTICATION RACE GROWS
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p.7
~ [ Text ] �~~he era ~f internationai com-
- petition for attaining more elec- GM already expanded,
tronic sophistication of passen- among its 1981 models in-
ger cars seems entering its troduced in autumn, last year,
second round with all makers the number of its vehicles with
feeling more strongly that their microcomputer-controlled
plans ~vill determine the inter- engines, and has followed it up
national rating of their products with greater etforts to produce
in the future. still more electronically sophis-
ticated cars in greater quan-
The new round of such com- tity.
petition among General Motors Ford Motor, ort its pzrt, has
Corp. and Ford Motor Co. of the decided to start marketing in
U.S., Toyota Motor Co., Nissan the U.S. America's first 16-bit
Mutor Co. and lesser auto- microcomputer-controlled
makers of Japan, and Volks- ~gine cars among its 1982
_ \ViigEllwerk A.G, and Daimler- models to be introduced during
Benz t1.G. of West Germany is this autumn. For such a drive,
also closelr connected with the ~e company seems to have
~aorld's small car war already intensified its technological
getting into fiill swing. ties with Intel Corp., another .
Accordingtoindustrysources, leading U.S. semieonduetor
G Nl has a head start in the new maker.
terhnology war as indicated by Volkswagenwerk and. Daim-
it~ recent start of efforts to ler-Benz are said to be planning
j ~;a t h~�r all sorts of 1 electronic ~ seek technological coopera-
knc~~~�ledge applicab.e to auto- tion and product supplies from
mobilc~s from both American Japanese automobile and elec-
and foreiKn enterprises on top of
_ it~ cffc~rts to build up its own car ~c~lectronic manufacturers.
- el~~�tronic device production In Japan, Nissan Motor Co., '
capacity. spearheading Japan's .
, c;M so far had been purchas- equivalent drives since the late
inR most of the semiconductors 1970s, and Toyota Motor Co.
n~~~~dcd for application of elec- have both started gearing up
tronic devices to its cars from their efforts in competition with
niutorola Inc. But it recently GM and Ford. In the case of
startrri producing its own semi- Nissan, itreportedlyhasstarted
~�~nductors. to produce its own semiconduc-
urthcrmore, GM has start- tors, but Nissan still buys them
ed se~~king lhe cooperation of from Hitachi, Ltd. and ex-
J.ipan's Toshiba Corp. and Mi- changes technology with it.
lsubishi F.Ic~ctric Corp., among More significantly, Nissan
� otliers. has started its own efforts to
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develoE~ large-scale integration Nlotor Co. Honda Motor, long
= for greater sophistication of its ignoring such "electronifica-
cars already far outnumbering tion" from its own technological
Toyota's products in terms of ingenuity, is also planning to
electronic modernization. Dur- starCmarketing its own new car
- ing last fiscal year, more than series with a 16-bit microcom-
40 per cent of Nissan's cars puter controlled type.
domestically marketed were of During fiscal 1980, Japanese
electronic types. output of cars with electronic
_ Toyota has made Nippon- fuel injection systems reached
denso Co., its car electrical 7gg,ppp, to account for 30 per
equipment producing sub- cent of the total.
sidiary, start expanding its Since the start of this year,
semiconductor division. ~apanese automakers have
This Japanese drive has marketed 11 new series with
come to involve even smaller various electronic devices and �
autoinakers, including Honda are likely to introduce more
- N9otor Co., Isuzu Motors, Ltd., from this autumn. By sometime
Fuji lieavy Industries, Ltd., next year, half of their total car
Hino Nlotors, Ltd., and Suzuki production could be of elec-
tronic iype.
~lrctronic-('ontrolled Cars Unveiled in Japan ~
Sfart of Sales Car~s name Maker Syslem: equipped
~ . February, 1981 Soarer Toyota Motor EleCfronic engfne cenfral control
device
March, 1981 Pulsar Nissan Motor Expansion of electronic gasaline
in~ection device
M~y, 1981 Piaiza ~sutu Motors Electronic engine conirol tlevice
~~av. 1981 (Truck) Hino Motors Elecironic engine coMrol device
J~ne, 1981 Subaru Leonc Fuji HI Elecironit luel Supply ~ntl Speed
conirol devices
J~ne, 1991 Audi Coupe Audi NSU EleCironic fuel injettion device
(Wesf Germanyl
~une, I981 Stanza Nissan Motor Expansion of electronic gasoline
~ iniecfion device .
July, 1981 Celica XX Toyota Mofor Elecfronic engine confrol and run-
ning control devices
_ 4uyust, 1981 Skyline Nissan Motor Electronic engine control and run
ning control devices
Augusf, 1981 Crown ~ Toyota Motor Elecfronic confrol tlevice is ap�
- plied to iransmissions
Augusf. 1981 Starlet Toyota Kator Oevice for saving fuel af the fime
of idling
Seprember, 1981 Accord Honda Motor Aufo version of plane aufomafic
Piloting tlevice (under planning)
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AtiD TEC~L"IOLOGY
PRICES OF 64K RAM CHIPS DROP ~
_ ~Tokyo J~PAN ECONOMIC JOURNaL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 9
[ TeY t] Prices of 6~-kilobit random At ' present, makers of per-
_ access memory i RA;~'I ) chips sonal computers and peripheral .
have been plunging re- equipment are the biggest
� markably since their ap- customers. But they buy the
pearance only a year ago. highly integrated chips only in
The 64K Rr1,~I is the first- a lot of 1,000 units a month.
generation product of so-called Prices are set on a quarterly or
verr large-scale integrated cir- monthly basis. According to a
cuits tVLSI), featuring highly- semiconductor dealer, only
advanced microelectronics several tens of thousands units
techniques.
According to industry ~'e now on the market.
sources, a 64K RAM now sells ~ather factor that makes
for ~ 2.000 on a long-term con- people wary of buying 64K .
tract basis, only one-tenth of Rr1Ms is their still low evalua-
the sample price of 20,000 tion of the memory chips as to
offered in autumn, last year. efficiency and quality. They
prefer the earlier-made
Industrymen say that the price ~~reliable" 16K RAMs to the
will continue to drop further to gqi{ to avoid possible defects.
below the ~ 1,000 level next Actually, the price of four 16K ~ ~
year.
6~K Rr1b1 mass-production ~Ms, equivalent in capacity
plans announced in succession to a single 64K R~iV1, is almost
b~� Japanese and American the same as that of a 64K be-
semiconductor manufacturers ca~se a 16K RANI now sells for
are one of majo~ factors for the 200-300' :
drastic price plunge. at present, semiconductor
In anticipation of a further makers are racing to establish
- downward spiral of prices, ~K RAM mass production
computer builders, peripheral techniques to vie for lazger
equipment makers and other shares of the VLSI market. Not
major customers of 64K Rr1Ms a few of them, however, seem
= are holding down their pur- to have faced difficulty in
chases, causing an "excessive raising production yields to a
supply" in the market. commercially feasible level.
Suppliers thus will be forced The current market price of
to review their tusiness ~K RAMs, which came dow~n
strategies for 64K R:~tils. in expectation of mass pruduc-
Transactions of r~K R~?:~1s, tion, does not necessarily
however, are scill very slim. reflect the true situation, some
industrymen hold.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shi.mbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTION RISES IN FIRST HALF OF 1981
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 9
[Text] Semiconductor production in per cent, while bipolar-type production in the U.S. of Japa-
the first half ~January-June) of digital ICs, used mainly for nese semiconductor makers.
1981 rose 24 per cent from the computers, also recorded a re- Imports of unpackaged ICs
year-earlier level to ~ 491,617 markable gain of 36.6 per cent. rose 11.8 per cent as some
million, according to the Elec- In contrast, MOS (metal-oxide- American semiconductor
tronic Industries Association of semiconductor) digital ICs, makers have been stepping up
Japan. which had been pulling the IC assembly in Japan.
The association, which com- industry, gained merely 10.2
piled the figures from the Min- per cent. The slowdown was as- production. Exports & Imports
istry of International 1~ade & cribed to the plunge in prices of of Semiconductors in
Industry s production statis- 16-kilobit random access IsE Half of 1981
tics, ascribed therisemainly to memory (RAM) chips, which (Inmillionsofyen)
brisk demand from manufac- are one of representative MO;- PRODUCTION
turers of video tape recorders, type digital ICs. In unit terms, Tofa1 ......................191,617 (t41.0)
color TV sets and office auto- output of MOS-type digital ICs Discrete semicon�
ductor elemenis 175,516 (+27.1) .
mation equipment. gained 94 per cent, the associa- a. o~a,es s6,eaz c+~e.a~
Semiconductor exports, IIOW- tI0i1 S81d. b. Rectifytng devices 28,962 (+11.7)
ever, dropped 2.5 per cent to Noteworthy is that exports of d. Thermsstors ~2,762 (+41.9)
Y t 19,876 million because of unpackaged discrete S@fI11COf1- e. Varistors 3,M9 (-}~60.4)
poor demand from the U.S. and duclors increased 25.6 per cent f. Thyrisfors........... 10,6Y8 1.6)
q. Phofoelecirlc
major European countries. Im- because semiconductor makers conve~slon devites . 78,684 (+34.6)
~rls gained 6.5 per cent to hastily shipped them in the Others 7,z,z c- ~.z~
2. Integratedcircuits......916,101 (+42.J)
- Y 71,320 million. Both export form of silicon wafers mainly a. Semiconductor ICs 286,eso c+sz.v~
and import figures are based to their assembly plants in ~~nearcircuits 86,586(+45.A)
on the Finance Ministr s cu~s- Southeast Asia. A art of them Digital clrcuits .......200,s~e c+is.i~
y' p i. Bipolar 44,130 (+36.61
toms clearance statistics. re-entered Japan in product ii. MOS ................156,ia c+io.s~
- Semiconductor out ut broke forms, as shown in the 40.2 er b. Hybrid ICs 29,sei c+i6.z~
p p 1. Thin�fflm ICs J,574 9.1)
down into 175,516 million for cent gain in diode imports and Y. Thick�film ICs........ 25,~0~ c+n.z~
discrete semiconductors, up the 34.3 per cent rise
27.1 per cent. and ~ 316,101 mil- in transistor )I1'1- EXPORTS IMPORTS ~
Total ....119,876 4.5) 71,340 6.5)
li0n for inte~;rated CICCUlfS, UP pUPiS. t. D~screte sem~con.
'12.3 per cent. The rate of in- F.xports of p3CIC- ductorelemenfs 73.e3ot+ s.s~ ie,~3ot+ies~
a. Unpackaged 5,501 (+25.6) IS (-56.8)
crease of discrete semiconduc- aged ICs dropped b. Diodes 6,519 9.6) z,ovs c+ao.s~
tors topped that of iCs for the 9.9 per cent, while Transistors 11,588 3.9) e,e~v c+~..a~
first time in sevcral ears, the those of un CIC- d. Ofhers IO,m ~.u saso t- 3.a~
y ~ 7. Inteqratedcircuits....86,046f-5.5) 54,590(+3.3>
association said. aged ICs gained a. Unpackagetl 16,38~ (+19.0) ~,~oe t+ii.e~
Production of linear ICs, a 19 per cent. The 6. Packaged 69,662 9.9) ae,eea c+ z.o~
majoc� com}xment for VTRs and association BftflbUt- Note: Percentage change irom the year~earlier
ievei in parentheses.
dUd10 eyuipment, ShO~ up 45.8 f(~ ~h15 ~0 greater Source: MITI and Finance Minisfry.
COPYRIi;HT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
~ BRITISH TO SET UP MINIFAX VENTURE
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 9
[Text]
A Japanese-British venture panies have been immediately planned electronic mail system
- to produce the Minifax - small made known to the British in Britain for message senders
facsimile communication sys- authorities through Ichiro and receivers to contact each
temstorhomeuse-willbeset Yamanouchi, Japanese other in facsimile-printed
- up in Britain as sought by the Minister of Posls and Telecom- words through the telecom-
- British Government. munications then touring Bri- mtu~cation network of British
This is because six Japanese tain. Telecom (BT).
companies which jointly The six Japanese companies In its request, the British
. developed this system with are I~Iatsushita Graphic Com- Government repoctedly named
Nippon Telegraph & Telephone m~ication Systems, Inc., ex- Matsushita Graphic Communi-
Public Corp. (NTT) recently pected to represent the sextet cation Systems as a~artner in
approved a proposal for such a ~n the joint venture, and the joint enterprise, possibly
venture made to NTT by the Toshiba Corp., Nippon ElecUic either with the Ministry of In-
British Government. ~ Co., Hitachi, Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., dustry or BT. The Matsushita
The project stands to become and Tamura Electric Works, group of Japanese companies
the first instance of Japan's Ltd. led by Matsushita Electric In-
cooperation with Britain in Intended for wide populariza- dustrial Co. has been found to
such a technology intensive in- tion of the facsimile cqm- have best eontributed to the
dustry area. Many hope also it munication facilities, like tele~ British industrial redevelop-
will help do away with the phone, radio and television ment efforts.
frequent Erade frictions be- sets, the Minifax system fea- The British side is said to be
t~�een the two nations over tures, among ot`:ers, cheapness planning to let khe Japanese
Japan's overaclive exports. in production cost and price. hold the managerial initative in
An official contract to start The average production cost is ~t�
tlu~ joint venture is expected to no more than ~ 100,000 a set, The six Japanese firms have
t~~ si~ned betore the end of c~~mpared with anywhere be~ approved the ventute on condi-
September an the occasion of a tween Y 600,000 and ~f 3 miUion tion that 1) the joint enterprise
[orthcominK visit fo .lapan of for big conventional sets used produce only the ~oup's so far
Kcith Josepi~, British Scrretary by industrial corporations a~d developed mini type of sets up
of State for Industry, because other organizations. to 148 by 210 mm in paper size,
lhe approval of the plan and ac- The British Government has and consult the Japanese side
companying conditions dc~cicled Laken much interest in the for approval if it is to enlarge
t>~~ a recent meeting among Minifax and decided to in- such sets to the international
N'fT and the six Japanese com- troduce such facilities into .its standard facsimile paper size
of 297 by 210 mm, and 2) the
. joint firm will have a monopo-
listic right to sell the Minifax
facilities only inside Britain.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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JAPANESE, SWISS FIRMS FORM VENTURE FOR CARBON FIBER MATERIAL
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 12
[Text]
Asahi Chemical Industry Co. with Nippon Carbon Co. to form ~
and Ciba-Geigy A.G. has their joint carbon fiber venture
agreed to jointly produce and in Tokyo. It is scheduled to com-
market composite materials plete a carbon fiber plant with
based on carbon fibers by sei- monthly capacity of 15 tons by
ting up an equally-owned joint the autumn of 1982.
venture in Japan as early as Meanwhile, Toray will raise
September. Their negotiations its carbon fiber capacity t'rom
- started last fall and led to an 35 tons a month at present to
agreement that they will build 105 tons a month by mid-1982.
a plant at Asahi Chemical's To catch up with Toray in the
Moriyama, Shiga Piefecture. carbon fiver field, Asahi
works by Ehe spring of 1983. Chemical chose Ciba-Geigy for
The joint venture will pro its strong pasition in production ~
duce the so-called "honeycomb of epoxy resin, which is indis-
cores," special textiles, sheets pensable for carbon fiber's
with carbon fiber pre-im- composites. In addition, the
pregnated - all from carbon Swiss firm is experienced in
fiber. The products will be composite materials' develo~
marketed through the Swiss ment and product design, not to
parter's marketing network, mention its access to aircraft
too. Applications of these goods makers,
- include aircraft, and leisure Integrated production - not
_ good. just carbon fibers but also com-
The Asahi-Ciba-ueigy tieup posites - is said to hoid the key
was conceived as a means by to inereasing consumption of
~vhich Asai Chemical intends to carbon fibers. The tieup, io-
adw~nce into carbon fiber pro- tended for Asahi's integrated
ducts after its activities lagged carbon fiber operation,
l~c~l~ind that of Toray Industries, followed the basic agreement of
Inc., a major producer of acry- Toray with Elf Aquitaine and
lic fihers ~ from which polyacry- Union Carbide to set up a joint
lonitrile carbon fibers are venture in France. (See JEJ
- made?. Asahi Chemical tied up August 18 issue.)
COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NISSHO TO ENTER BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 12
_ [Text]
Nissho Iwai Corp. has share the briefing.
decided to venture into biotech- Those companies which com-.
nology, including "sales" of inercialized products by means
Stanford University's patent of genetic engineering will have
righls in Japan and owning a to license Stanford patents for
partial interest in Cetus Corp. exporting them to the U.S.
Ut trading concerns here, Taking note of the fact, the
Mitsui & Co. have so far vir- trader plans to serve as a go-
tually monopolized biotech- between so that companies
nology business by arranging here can license Stanford's
deals between U.S. venture bio- biotechnology patent rights.
technology capitals and Japa- In addition, Nissho Iwai is
nese firms - a position Nissho negotiating with Cetus to ac-
Iwai plans to threaten. quire a part of its capital. If
Stanford's patent officials direct investment is impos-
already visited Nissho Iwai to sible, then it will try to form
brief the trading company cooperative tieup relations
about the university's biotech- featuring funding by Nissho
~nology patents and genetic Iwai of research funding. Cetus
engineering research situation. developed a process (biore-.
" The trader arranged so that actor), designed replace a part
more than 20 companies could w~th theenewhb otechno ogical ;
route. ,
_ COPYRIGHT: 1981, The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. ~
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_ SCIENCE AI~ID TECHNOLOGY
NEW TECHNOLOGY PRODUCES CHEAPER STEEL DEOXIDIZING FERROSILICON
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 13
~ [Text]
r1 ne~v metliod to produce temperature of around 350 de-
steel deoxidizing ferrosilicon grees C. Ferrosilicon melted
ti~at reduces power used by at from each lump . and coming
least 2o per cent has been de- onto the surface hardens to
veloped by Japan Metals & prevent the escape of the
Chemicals Co. of Tokyo. greater heat inside.
The leading Japanese metal- The company renovated the
lurgical and chemical manu- method by turning the furnace
facturer said its new method, into a semi-closed type by plac-
developed under subsidization ing a water-cooled lid on the
by the governmental Research furnace top to keep the ores' in-
Development Corporation of side temperature at 1,700 de-
.lapari. has brought technologi- grees C. and their surface tem-
cal inyuiries from Canada and perature at 900. Because of
ciscwhere, besides winning the such a high surface tempera-
governmental corporation's of- ture, ferrosilicon does not solid-
Ficial recognition of success. iEy on the surface, to inerease
According to the company, the electric power's working ef-
production of refined ferro- ficiency. This has lowered the
silicon with an electric furnace per ton power consumption
in Japan had so far required from 9,000 to 8,SOU kilowatt
9.WU to 1U,000 kilowatt hours of hours.
electric power per ton. In addition, a 5,000-kilowatt
_ 'I'he company is said to have power generator built alongside
succeeded in reducing such lhe furnace last year-end has
electricity consumption to 6,800 started supplying 4,600 to 4,700
kilowatt hours a ton in the net kilowatts of power by making
;~t its principal Wakagawa the most of the furnace top heat
ferrosilicon factory in Iwate of about 900 degrees C. This has
F'refecture. meant a 20 per cent recovery of
By the best conventional pra a total of 23,000 kilowatts of
_ duction method, silica ores are electricity needed for operating
I~eated up to 1,700 degrees Cen- the furnace. Thus, another 1,700
tigrade for refining in the elec- kilowatt hours (about 20 per
- tric furnac~. But the furnace is cent) was cut down from the
open at the top and the surface tirst-reduced 8,500 kilowatt
of each lump of ore is kept at a level.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HARD, TENSILE TYPE GLASS DEVELOPID
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 13
[Text]
A new kind of io- be mixed in the refintorced pressure of 300 kilograms per
dustrial and scientif- plastics, and windowpanes of square centimeter. The pellets
ic glass proving to be highpressure chambers and then are placed in a high
the hardest, and yet vessels. Its initial high cost of Lemperature and high pressure
one of the most production could be sufficiently furnace made of carbon. T~?:~
tensile of its sort, has 1'owered through mass manu- furnace then is filled with a
been created by the facture. nitrogen gas, and its internal
- National Institute for Creation of such a strong, pressure is raised to 30 atmo-
Researches in In- high-tensility glass is known to spheres, and the pellets inside
organic Rlaterials of have been attempted by Amer- are melted down at a tempera-.
the Government's ican, British and West German ture of about 1,700 degrees C.
Science and Tectr glassmakers, research in- The La-Si-O-N glass thus
nology Agency. stitutes and universities in obtained after 15 to 30 minutes
It's new product is different properties. But all of inelting process has come to
a kind of oxynitride such attempts have been have such a high nitrogen con-
common as to the use of tent because the lets were
glass containing lantanum, a P~
rare earth element. nitrogen as a key to increase melted down in an atmosphere
The new glass, chemically ~e ~rdness and tensility. full ot nitrogen, and compared
' identi(ied as La-Si-O-N glass, The Japanese governmental with other methods using the
produced from lantanum oxide institute's new product features normal atmospheric pressure,
~La,O,), silicon oxide cSiO,), a nitrogen content of 18.2 per there was little chance for
and silicon nitride ISi,N.I, cent, the highest nitrogen inclu- escape of nitrogen through its
mixed at the rate of z parts, 1 sion ever known. Hitherto, the gas dissolution by heat.
part and i part respectively, highest content of the kind had By the Vicker's hardness
besides being extremely ten- been about 8 per cent for a trial test, the new product has
sile, is much more than twice product of the Stanford Uni- proved to resist up to 1,220 kilo-
as strong as the cunventional versity research institute, of grams per square millimeter of
kinds of glass. the U.S. pressure, compared with about
According to the Japanese 1,100 kgs per square mm for so
It is also colorless and institute, its new glass was far the hardest of its kind
transparent and easy to mold developed by a team led by produced by the Stanford in- ,
into a fibrous form. It thus ~~o Makishima, the institute's stitute though less than 3,000
- ~ promises wide applicability, chiei researcher, for the white sapphire crystal
including the making of a com- ~e mixture, in a powdered cover glass for deluxe yuality
pound industrial material in- form, of the three kinds of watches. Ordinary types of
tensifier like the glassfiber to material is pelletized at a glass attains only 500.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HtJGE ELECTROMAGNET INSURES STABLE CURRENT FLOW
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 13
[Text]
A huge electromagnet that liquid helium.
defies the destructive effects of But when a strong electric
powerful electric currents has current is sent through such an
been experimentally developed
by a group of naGional univer- electromagnet to produce a
sity, governmental research very strong magnetic field for
energy development, there
institute and industrial re- in~t be some high~fficiency
searchers. heat-absorbing material to
The achievement, that could . cover the magnet because the
find wide applications, if great heat generated by that
refined, especially to energy current passage destroys the
developmEnt projects, such as magnet's superconductivity, to
nuclear ~ fusion and electric cause a quenching phenomenon.
power storage researches, was ~e group attained its suc-
attained through cooperati~~e cess by using a 99.9 per cent
studies among Prof. Shigeki ure kind of aluminum as the
Mori of Tsukuba University, principal heat absorber. It has
Prof. Yobi Hirabayashi and his built a test electromagnet as a
team of the Education Min- bundle of thinner-than-hair
istry's National Laboratory for lines of a niobium-titanium
High Energy Physics, and combination material about 1
researchers of Hitachi, Ltd., meter long and thick, and first
and Hitachi Cable Ltd. surrounded the circumference
The group explains that an of the magnet with the same
electromagnet produces a amount of copper, and then
strong magnetic field with only wrapped up the whole sides of
a w~eak electric currents if the copper~overed bulk with
refrigerated down to about 270 such aluminum 24 times as
degrees below zero C. ac- much as the magnet.
~ cording to the known principle ~e latest testing results
- of inetals' loss of eleclrical were so good that the passage
resistance at such an extreme of a 6,000-ampere electric
tempc:rature. The National current, 1,500 more than
Rail~vays' [loat-and-run originally specified, has
(magnetic levitationi super- created a magnetic field of 1.5
speed railway vehicle runs by a Tesla, 30,000 times the earth's
lineac motor utilizing such an magnetism, without a trace of
electromagnet cooled with the quenching phenomenon.
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~ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL TO BE COMMERCIALIZID
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 13
[ Text ] new amor hous silicon
P will attain 8.5 per cent or even
solar cell that attains a photo- more, it said. This will exceed
voltaic efficiency of between 7.5 the ultimate target of 7 to 8 per
and 8.5 per cent will be com- cent set by the Ministry of
mercialized shortly by Kanega- International Trade & Industry
fuchi Chemical Industry Co. ;n its solar cell development
The Osaka chemical com- policy.
pany said the new solar battery The secret of its new achieve-
was developed at its Central ment, the company said, was
Research Laboratory by Yoshi- ~ts development of a hydrogen-
hisa Owada with the guidance containing thin filming of .
and cooperation of Prof. silicon carbide.
Yoshihiro Hamakawa and As- To prepare for com-
sistant Hiroaki Okamoto, of the mercialization of the new cell,
Faculty of Engineering the company will build soon a
Science, Usaka University. pair of pilot plants - one for
It said that even its new cell's establishing a basic manufac-
minimum photovoltaic ef- turing process inside its central
ficiency of 7.5 per cent tops the 'research laboratory and the
two preceding world records - other for developing different
6.5 per cent set in 1980 by the ways of application to meet all
same r~search team of Prof. sorts of demand at its Saka-
Hamakawa, and 6.9 per cent moto factory in Shiga Prefec-
set in March, this year by the ture.
central research institute of Initially, the company plans
Sanyo Electric Co. commercially to produce the
= If its new battery is new cell for various portable
chemically treated for applied solar cell products,
eliminating light reflections, it such as watches and electronic
calculators.
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WAY TO DOUBLE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT EXCHANGERS DEVISED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 13
[Text] Heat transmitting capacity of The institute has successfully
gas-liquefying condensation removed most of that liquid
heat .exchangers can be in- film by installing a few slender
creased at least 120 per cent by lines of some highly electrically
a new high-voltage electric conductive meta! a few milli-
current flashing method meters above the panel sur-
developed by a Japanese gov- face and flashing an electric
ernment research laboratory. current anywhere between
The method was recently 5,000 and 10,000 volts through
perfected by the Mechanical the gap between the surface
Engineering Laboratory of the and the wires from one elec-
Ministry of International Trade trode to another. Such heat
and Industry's Agency of inedium is usually electrically
Industi�ial Science and Tech- nonconductive, that is, unres-
nology. ponsive to electricity. Even so,
According to the laboratory it is attracted by the run of
at Sakura Town, Ibaraki high-voltage current, and its
Prefecture, its EHD tElectro- liquid film on the panel surface ~
- hy~drodynamic) method is falls off toward the metal
being refined further toward an wires.
Wtimate aim of increasing heat The necessary electricity
conductivity by 400 per cen~ or consumption, however, is no
fi~-e times as high. more than 1 watt for each job
A condensation type heat because only 0.1 milliampere
exchanger turns the heat- is needed for a high-voltage
carryin~ gas meclium into a flash. The method promises
liquid through condensation, economic feasibility.
separaking and emitting heat. '1'he laboratory envisions
The prucess has had the draw- wide applicability, noting it as
back of requiring a large struc- method to many kinds of heat
ture if a high rate of heat trans- exchangers including those of
mission is wanled, posing geothermal heat and seawater
problem of expense for con- surface-depth temperature
struction and operating costs. difference types of electric
7'he basic trouble is interfer- poWer generators. A University
ence in the heat transfer of Tokyo professor has taken
throuKh the heat-exchanging interest in the method for its
met~l panel by constant for- wide applicability noting it as
mation of a thin film of liquid, possibly the first successful
aboul ~).t millimeter thick substantiation of a classic
over the surface of the panel in concept for controlling liquid or
the ~a~-condensing chamber. gas movements with an electric
field.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BRIEFS
BIOTECHNOLOGY IM)USTRY GROjdTH--Biotechnology industries will grow i~,~o a~�4.2-
6.8 tril].ion market annually 20 years from now, the Ministry of International
Trade & Industry predicts. It concluded that no adverse effects will be gene-
rated by biotechnological industries. The conclusion, reached by a biotechnoloby
committee, encouraged MITI to make aggressive policy to help biotechnology grow
as an industry. The group, consisting of scholars, businessmen, consumers and
experts from MITI's Fermentation Research~Institute, studied the possible
impacts of biotechnology on society and industries. [Text] [Tokyo JAPAN ECONO-
rtlC JOURNAL in English Vol 19, No 972, 15 Sep 81 p 12] [COPYRIGHT: 1981, the
= Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.]
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