JPRS ID: 9789 WORLDWIDE REPORT NARCOTICS AND DANGEROUS DRUGS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 28
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/ 1005 1
14 October 1981
USSR Re ~rt
p
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
- tFc~UO 26/81)
' Fg~$ FUREIGN F~~OADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
: FOR O~~ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; ~hose from English-language sources
- are transcribed or reprin~ed, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[J are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt) in the fir~t line of each item, or following the
la~t line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
~,rocessed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized ar extracted.
Unfamiliar names rEndered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parent:~eses. Words or names preceded hy a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied a~ appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
_ MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEi~IINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE 0~1LY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/10051
14 October 1981
~ USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 26/81)
CONTENTS
NATIONAL
Juridical Foundatione of Private Plots Examined
' (M. I. Kozyr'; SOVETSKOYE GOSUDARSTVO I PRAVO, Aug 81) 1
REGIONAL
Numbers, Structures of Lithuanian Kolkhoz Population Described
(T. M. Tarshilova; TRtJDY AKADEMII NAUK LITOVSKOY SSR.
SERIYA A, No 2, 1981) 11
Firmer Planning, Control Needed in Resettlement of Nonchernozem
Population
(I. T. Khlamov; SOVETSKOYE GOSUDARSTVO I PRAVO, Aug 81) 24
Religious Survivals in Family Must Be Eliminated
(K. Nurmaghambetov; QAZAQSTAN AYELDERI, Jun 81) 34
_ a _ [III - USSR - 35 FOUO]
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
~ FOR UFFICiAL USE ONLY
NATIONAL
JIIRIDICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PRIVATE PLOTS EXAMINED
Moacorr SOVErSK01fE (30SUUARSTVO I PRAVO in Ruaaian No 8, Aug 81 pp 37-~+5
~rticie by M. I.I4ozyr', head of ~.~ector of th~ ~astitute o~ ~ta~e and La~r, USSR
Academ9 of Sciencea; doctor of ~uridical ecieneee a~nd profeseor: "Improvemeat in
the Legal Regnlation of Private Subeidiary Fairme of Citizena of the II53R"
~ex~ ~he preeence of the private subBidie~z~r fatma of kolkhoz farmerB, workers~
employaee and other citizena, side by side xith public production in kolkhozes,
eovkhozea, and interfarm ~e~hkhozya,yBtvennyy~, agro-industrial and other enter-
prisea and aBSOCiations, i8 an important ~eature of the eocialiat agriculture of
the USSR. The basic eource to meet the couatr~'e eonetaatly incree~eing require-
mente for foodatuffe and agricultural rAV me~teriale ia their produ~ction in eocie~l-
iet enterprises and aa8xiationa, but full utiliz~tion oY the re~oureee of citi-
zens' private aubsidiary farms for the production e~f ineat~ e~ilk~ eggs~ gota~toee~
- vebetablae, frnite and other agrioulturail outF~,~ ia of great importance.
There are appraoci.mately 34 million familie~ managing priva~te eubaidiary farms in
the USSR, including more than 13 million kolkho~ feiz~mstee~de ~colkhozayy dvo~~
more than 10 million familiee of eovkhoz Morkera, and about the eame number of
families of workers and employeee in other eectore of the national econaq~? (2).
As of 1 November 19?9, 8.48 million hectaree oi land were in the iva~te use of
kolkhoz farmere~ workers a~nd employeea (3). Aceordiag to T~SII Central Statie-
_ tical Adminietratior~ da.ta, aa of 1 Janus~ry 1981 there were 22.9 million head of
cattle (ittcluding 13.2 million cowe), 14..3 million hoga,-and 29a2 million sheep
and goats on the public's private aube3diary farme (4).
Development of the private aubeidiary farme of rural rrorkere ~+here the correct
combinaticn of public and pri~ate i~tereste exista ie not at varianca with the
present stage of development of kolkhozee an~ eovkhozee. Moreover~ this makes
it posBi.ble to make uee of the x~eeerv~a in the iracreaee in pz~oduetion of agri-
cultural producte without any kind of :~dditional oapital inveatmeata bg the etate
to meet the public's increasing affectiv�a'demand for ~ood producte. For this
reason, it is not coincidental that the Basic Trenda of Econamic and Social De-
velopmant of the IISSR for 1981-~.98~ and the period up ~0 1990 eet the te~ak oi in-
creaeing production ~f a n~.amber of important forme of agrioultural ou~put on tha
- public's private subsidiary farme and of raAdering their oxnere aseietanae in
= purchasing younger animele, fodder, eeed an@ fertilizsre. Ap~prop~iate l~gal re-
gulation a~ao has been called upon to contribute to a aolution oi t~ia taek.
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
- ~~R c~r~r rc: i nt. trsr: ~xt.Y
The right of citizens to maaage a~rivate eubaidiar3/ farm has been guaranteed by
Articl~ 13 of the Constitution of the II3SB. Public relationshipa which take ahape
in the field of ma.n,aging a private subsidiary farm are regulated in detail by the
- norms of state, land, civil, kolkhoz, iamily and iiaancial leg3alation,. The CPSII
Central Committee and USSR Counci2 af Ministers decrees "On the private subsidiar,y
farms of k~lkhoz farmere, workerB, employeee aad other citizens and on collective
orchar~d and garden cultivation" of 14 Saptambar 197'J (5) and "On additional mea-
- sures to increase the production of agricultural output on ~i~i~ene' private sub-
sidiary fQrms" of 8 Janu~ry 1981 (6) have been devoted to utilizativn oY the re-
= serves of private subeidi,aYy farms to incree~ae the output oP agricu~tural producte
- on them. TheBe and other nox~ative Yorm~l documettts, rrhen they are duly put into
effect, unqueationablp are called upcai to pramots the increaeed produ,ction of
agricultural output on citizene' pri~tate subeidiary fara?s. Ho~rever~ it xould be
incorrect to consider that legal menauree to aonBOlidate the pr-ivate subsidiary
farm do not need further develop~ent e~nd improvemen~. Substantial improvement
also is required in applying the law ~ravopz~imenitel'naya deyatel'nost] in this
broad and complex field oY public z~elationships in th� countryside.
/'Phe concopt and socioeconomic nature of citizena' private subeidiaxy farms./
~n boldfac~ The private subsidiarq farm ia ~ transitional eocialiet form of
production based on public ownership of the land aad private orrnerehip by the
workers af a eocialist society of certain means of production aad of their per-
sonal labor (3ui3ed by this definition, ire can foran~l,ate the following cha-
% racteristica of citizens' private eubei3iary farma: 1) it is a form of production
which is based on exclusive ownerehip of the laad bq the 3oviet state and the pri-
vate property and personal labor a~' the kolkhoz farmer~ worker~ employee and mem-
bers of his family, and coneequently ha~ a labor character; 2) the private subsi-
diary farm derines from and is dependeat on development of the public sector of
the kolkhoz, sovkhoz or other aocialiet enterprise (association)~ and has assumed
its socialist nature; 3) it supplementa public production~ is .^ubsidiary to it in
nature, and serves a~ an additional source of income ~or workers; and 4) it can
; and should be atilized also to increase the preduction of IiveBtock and other
output (potatoee, for example) based on a contract for kolkhozes and s~vkhozes.
In spite of the preeence of features which raaembZe a emall-ecal.e priva.te farm
(the individv~]. proceea of labor, tho primitive nature of the meane and imple-
- ments of production~ and the like)~ the private eubeidiary farm differa in prin-
- ciple from a sme~ll-ecale private farm by its continuoua and indisaoluble connec-
tion with public socialist proiiuctioa~ aince it caanot give riee to a~y kind of
independent claes or eocial group or regene^ate man'e eacploitation of man.
- In the Report ~f th~ CP8i1 Central Committee to the 26tn party congses$, L. I.
Brezhnev again Btressed: "Kolkhozea and eovkhozee have beea and reme~in the baeia
_ of soci.alist agriculture. But thi$ in no w&y meaae that we oan disregard the ra-
sources o~ private a~abeidiary farms. bcperience atteste to the fact that such
farms can be of considerable help in producing meat, milk and certain other pro-
ducts, The gardens, orcharda, pou;.try and cattle belonging to the workers are
part of our common wealth."
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFFICIAI, USE ONLY
By its eocioecanomic and legal nature the ~ivate eubeidinry ~arm cannot and
ehould not, i.n our view, be identified aith ~citizene' individual ],abor activity.
At the aa~me time, while the etate has~takan upon iteeZi the legal reeponaibility
vritt: ragard to the priva~e aubsidiary farm of reade~iag assistance to ci~izeas
in managing it (Art 13 oi the Conatitu~ion), the Conetitution of the II3SR conta3.ne
another Rtatement with regard to individual labor activity: 'The state regnl.ates
~ individuaZ labor activity~ providi.ng ~or ite utiliae~tiaan i.n the intereBte o! ~
ciaty" (Art 17). Individval labor activity in the IIS~R is permitted by Zav in
_ the ~ield of emall hanc3~craft i~~uetriee, ag~ricnl.tnre (ia managing indiv3due~7.
peasant Parr~ne~ vhere they have been reta3ned), ead everyday aervices for the pub-
lic, as well ~a in other fields ~aeed eocclnsively on the pereonal labor of citi-
zena and membera of theix families. Aasi althoagh ixi its aocioeccunomic nature it
ia peraonal labor activity~ by ita aharae~ter the production relationahi~s xhich
emerge ia the process, in our view, are etill not ~ocialist.
At the eame time, ~r~ f~ll.y share the opinion of a. I. Shmelev aad other agrarian
econoffi~r~te that the privata aubsidiary farm ia a pe~x~t o4 eoci~l.iat agriaulture
~ both ae a sub~ect aad an c~b~ect oi economic me~aagemant~ ae xell aa by the chasac-
ter of production relations 7; 9). "Ita eoci.alia~ n~tnre~" k^^itee a. I.
Shmalev, ~~ie determined by i.mportant sxisl functica~a~ nemely: by participation
in reproduction of the labor force of the public sector of produc~cion, by th~
interlacing and reciprocal replanishment of reproductive processes in the public
and ~rivate subsiiiiaiy Yarms, and by participatiun in the e~tabliehment of a
statewide resource of iood outpnt. E~cpa,naion and eacteneion of fche maay-sided
dirmc~ ancl indirec~ links, including com~odit9 ti~~, of public and private farms
make the socialiet character of p~odaction relatio~nehipa in managing the I.PI~
- (private subsidiary ~arm--M.i{.)~a1�. the more obvioue." (2~ pp 33-34).
It ehould be added t^ what has been said that~ in cl~nformity with the CPSII Cen-
tr.al Committee and ilSSR Council of Mi~i~tera decree "On additional measures to
increage the production of agricultural output on citizens' p~icate subBidiasy
farms" of 8 Janvary 1981,, private subsidiary fanas have the right~ on a strictly
- voluntary basis, to conclude contracts Wi.th kolkho~ae, sovkhozee an3 other agri-
- cultural anterprises for the breeding and ~ubsequent eale to theee eaterprises
of cattle and poultry, as we11 aa for tlie purchaae oi eurplua milk. At the eame
- time, it hae beer: eatabliehed that the number oY cattle raised uader agreements
with kolkhozea, euvkhozes and other agricultural enterpriaee~ ae xell as with
conssume.r cooperative organizations, caa be kept abave the eatabliahed no~ms in
the private owaership of a kolkhoz farmer (kolkhoz farmatead)~ w~orkera, employees
_ and other citizens. Thus, the private eubsidiary farma of citi$ens raho raise
cattle and poultry under a contract for kolkhmzes and Bovkhozes should be consi-
_ dered as distinctive affiliates of theae sxialiet agrieultural enterprisee.
Socialism radically changes the economic com~paition of the private property which
is the basis for managing citiznns' private subeidiar3? iarma. It e;xpresses rela-
tionshipe of comradely collaboratian and mut~~al. assis+~,ance devoid oY the eaploita-
tion of persons, and that ie wY~y it itseZf haa a eocialiet cY~aracter.
3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
1~~1R cll~'l~ TC I At~ [itil~; (1Nl~Y
It ia neceasary, however, to m~re efficiently consolidate the socialist nature
of the priva.te subsidiary farm and the right of property far its ownership in
the legisla.tion in force, particularly in the Bas~g of Civil Lsgis].stion of ~he
USSR and of union republics and the GK ~ivil cod~ of uaion republics when they
are brought into conformity ~rith the Conc?titution oi the IISSR and of union repub-
lics and autonomous republics.
~ Tl^.is rrill make it possibla to e~ctend the baaic statutee and rnleg applied in the
~ socialist national econom,y a~ a whole (planni.ng~ crediting,_.and the like) ~o thc
public rela.tionehips which take sha.pe in the mQnagement o~ a private subsidiary
farm.
Let us note that different views are eocpreaaed. in the 3uridical literature (in
contrast rri.th economic literature) on th~ queetion of the ~?cia3 nature of pri-
vate ~rcperty for the owaership of a private aubeidiary fa~a. Thus, A. A.
~ Rubanov, by correctly eraphasizing in an article devoted to the con~tituti.a~a].
bases for the right of private property in the IISSR tbat "the Constitution pro-
vides for the multiplanning social role of private psopert9 which al8o is real-
ized in life," nevertheless assumes that the use of ob~ecte of private ~roperty
in performing individual labor activity~ me~naging a eubaidiary (domestic) farm~
and in individual houee constru~tion and garden and orchsrd c�altivation doee not
. change the nature of private property (10). It is diYfici:lt to agree r~rith thio.
' It appears that whi.1~ the eocie~l nature of private property in individual labor
ac,~ivity, stipulated by Article 17 of the Constitution of the IISSR, really is no~:
changed, it becomes a vas~iety of socialiet property when a prieate ~ubsidiary
farm is managed in conformity with Article 13 of the Caa~stitntion of the IISSR.
In th3 economic and legal aspects, the private ,eubsidiary farms of inembere of
kolkhozea, reg~lated by the Model Kolkhoz Bylarrs of 1969 and th.e bylawa of speci-
fic kolkhozes, differ from the private eubsidiary farms of rrorkera~ employees
and other citizens working and living in a rura.l locality. The size of the plots
of land in u8e and the maximum number of cattle which can be on the private sub-
sidiary farms of citizene who are not kolkho~ membere are est~bliehed by t2~e laws
of union republics.
/What is new in the legal regulation of citizene' private eubeidiary fa:iaa.~
~in boldfac~ In recent years the p~arty and the government, on a parallel rith
- development of ineasurea providing for the increaae and coaso'!idation ot' public
agricultural productior., and ite intensifieation~ eoncentration and specialization
on the baBis of interfarm cooperation and agro-induetrisl integratioa, have been
actively supporting and promoti.ng the dbvelopme~t of Boviet citizena' private
subsidiary far!ns. Measures to increase agricv.lt~a]. production on private isub-
sidiary farms include: 1) ensuring more camplete utilizatie~ of private plots and
other available plots for the management of a private aubeidiary farm; render-
- ing asais~.ance to citizene in the conetruction of hovsing, garden eheds and farm
buildings; 3) rendering of aeaistanae to citi~ens by kolkhozes, eovkhozes and
other agricul.tural enterprises in managing privat~ subeidiary farms through eac-
pansion of the sale to the public oY yaung hoge, cattle, poultry a.ad rabbits for
raising, the allocation of plot8 of land for grazing cattle and growing h~,q~ as
well as additional pl~ts of land for producing foclder, tilling of private plots,
_ 4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
, and the like; 4) organization and i.mprovement of produation facilities on prirate
aubsidiary farms by organizationa oY the II33R aoskomsel'khoztekhnika and the mi-
ni~stries of domeBtic services of union republics; 5) increaaing the productiun
and eale to the public of ame~1.1 mechanized implemente, bricka, li.mber, crushed
_ stone and gravel~ eand and other local oonatr~ction materials~ plaating stock
Yor fruit and berry crops, grapee, aeeda and Beedl;nge for vegetab?e crope and
orchard and garden impl~ments, mirzeral ~ert3:liza~s aad taocic chemicals in pack-
aged form, and the like; 6) improvement of conaumer coogerat3ve activity in the
purchaea of animsl and agricultnrel groducts on citizene' private sabsidiary
farms in accordance with the prices agreed upon, ae well as measures ~o eapead
and reinforce the materia]. baee of kolkhoz markets ait~i the a~n of pa~oviding ci-
tizens rrith the nece~sary conditiona ior the e~le of surp?.us agricultural pro-
ducts which theq have availab~e.
In conformity rrith the CPSII Central Co~ittee and IISSR Couacil of Ministere decree
"On the privata subsidiary farms of kolkhoz farmers, worke~s, emaployees and other
citizens and on collective orchard and ge~rden avltivation" of 14 September 1977,
sovkhozes and other etate agricultw~al entarpriaeg aad organizations should 3ow
stipulate measures i.n production and financia.l plane to provide tr.e workers and
employees of these farms and the pensioners aho previausly worked on theia~ as
well as the teachers, phyeicians and other speaialists working and resfding on
the territ4ry o~' the farms cited, with coarse and succulent f~dders f~r cattle
and poultry, tilling of private plots and oth~ar measures to~render assistance to
them in the established procedure in the maaagement of ~rivate sub~idiary farms.
It also has been recommended that kolkhozee stipulate appropriate mea.st:res in
their own production and fa~n,anc3al plans.
The CPSU Ce~tral Committee and USSR Council of Minieters decree of 8 Jan.uary 1981
subatantially develope the right of land use by eitizens. Holkhoz farnera, rrork-
ers, employees and other citizens xYio con~cientioua.ly participate in pub3ic pro-
duction and pensioners ~ho have cattle, aheep and goats on private subsidiary
farms wi11 be granted plots for raising hay and grazing cattls for an e~ctended
- period wheu posaible. r^or theae purposee, agricult?iral land resources of kolkho~-
es and Bovkhozes and the lands of the etate reserve and etate timber reBOUrce~ e~ad
of indnatrial, traneport and other nonagricultural enterprieRS aad organizationa
will be utilized in the establiahed prflaedure. Kolkho~cee~ ecvkho~ee aad other
enterprisea ahould render aesietance to citizena in increaBing the productivity
of thesE land regourcos.
- An important innovation in the decree ~ited is the recommendation that kolkhoze~~
sovkhozes and other agricultural enterorises grant to the kolkhoz farmers, work-
ers, employeee a.nd other citiznne ~rho have concluded contracts rith these farma~
as well as witfi cansumer cooperative organizations for the output of ani~msl pro-
ducts, additional plots of laad for cultivating fodd.er crops, both xith private
plots and lands temp~rarily unueed by farme when neceeaary. T~e legal practice
of granting citizene additional plots of land (which~ by the ~y, are not eub~ect
= to taxation either under the a~griaultural or income taz for revenues recsived
from the use of euch plots) nee,ds to be etudied.
5
- FOR ~FFTf'TAT. i1SE ONI.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
r,~r, ~~r r i~ ~:~i, USr lJyl,~
It should be kept in mind that when com~sct conetructiam of rural aettlemente ia
in progress~ citizens are npportion.ed emall private plots near their houaes
(apartments). The Tema~ning part of the plot of land ie granted to them outside
the limite of the eettlemsnt'a residential area. In a number of union republica~
~ in the Belorusaian SSR and ~he I,ithuanian S3R, for eocample, the axperience of
kolkhoz farmers and so~khoz workera has been acc~uau]ated i.n organizing mechaaized
cultivation of these plots of land in large common tracte, ahich deeer~?ee careful
study and wider d?ssemination. r
- New measuree providing for retention of cattle in cit3zene' private proper~ r~ere
outlined by the CPSU Central Committee and II3SR Council of Miniatera decree of
~ 8 Janua:y 1981. Kolkhozes, eonkhozes and other agricultural enterpriseB should
p.rovide for the raising of yaung cat~le aad pflul.trsr and ~heir. aale to the public
in a quantity which meeta the need for it by citizens' priva.te gubsidiary fareis,
taking into account the raising of cattle and paultry tmd3r contra~cts xith kol-
khozes, eovkhozes attd other agricultural enterpriaea a~d rrith conswner caoperative
organizations. Sovkhozes and other enterprieas have been authorized under an
agreement with the trade union committea to repay up to 50 percent of the credit
granted fdr the acquisition of coxs and calvee for workere and employees who are
working conscientiously in these enterprinas~ as well as for teachers and physi-
cians w~orking and reeiding on the territory of these enterpriaea, and far pengion-
ers who have worked for an extended period in theBe enterpriBee, through the as-
� sets of economic incentive funds. Lxal authorities should authorize construction
of livestock acco~odatione in se~tlemente on cooperative pri.nciples to kee~p the
cattl9 which are th3 ~rivate property ~f citizens.
In conformity wi.th the CPSII Central Committee and IISSR Council of Ministers de-
cree of 8 January 1981, the U38R Miniatzg of Agriculture~ Mi.nistry of Prbcurement,
_ Ministry of Finance, and Cent~al Statistical Adminiestration dreW up and on 12
March 1981 approved etandard contracts for the raieing and pnrchase of cattle and
poul.try and for the purchase of milk eurpluses on citizene~' private eubsidiary
- farms.
With regard to introduction of the contract form of purchasea of agricultur~l.
producta being implemented on citizens' private subsidiary farms, agrarian-1ega1
science is confronted with the taek oi maki.ng known the legal nature oP theae
contracts, analyzing their content~ summarizing the contra.cting eocperien~e and
working out valid recommendations for their refinement. And although these con-
tracts have as their finaZ ob~ective the eale o~ animal produ~ts produced on the
private subsidiary farm, they cannot and should not, in our view~ be id+entified
with the civil-legal sale and urchase contraats, since they are primarily indi-
rect participanta ~posreduyu~in the very production of agricu].tural outp~t,
while receining appropriate aeaietance o~ agricultural enterpris9s to provide the
citizens' private suba~diaty farma with young cattle and poul.try~ as we11 ae with
fadder and in providing pe~sturea~ h~yfields, and other services~ which ie the le-
- gal respongibility of the enterprise which aoncluded such a aontract. The pre-
sence of the production side in the contract under coneideration bring~c it claser
to a contract agreement for agricultvral output. However, in c~ntrast wi~;h the
- contract agreement as a pl,anned agreem~nt, in accordance with the reaeon for its
mcistence, contracts for the raisi.ng and purchase of cattle and poultry and for
the purchase of milk from the public are concluded on a strictly voluntary basis,
and consequently are not planned contracte. In addition~ contract agrE:mente are
concluded only between socialist organizations.
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000440060028-1
~~r r c~~ t.11. 1+;,G~ ~~.'~1 ~
,
Al1 this provideg grounds for coneidering the contracte for the r.~aising and pur-
chase of cattle and poultry and for the purchaee of milk from th.e public as newy
independent forms of contracte prerioualy tu~knoti+n in civil legirsl,a.tion. This
fonn contract relationship9 in our viex, must be provided for in ~he Bases of
Civil Law and the civiZ codes of union repub'lics. In a standar.�dizod prxedure
it a1BO is advieable to establieh the forms and eoctents of pra,perty responsibili-
ty of the sides for nonfulfia.,lment or inappropriate fuliillme~t of obligations
- under the contract. Precisely this responsfbility ie referred ta in Paragraph 5
of the Standard Contract for the raiaing an pri~rate eubeidiary farms of c~~tle and
_ poiu.try belonging to kolkhozee, sovkhozes and other agricult~al enterprises~ ap-
proved on 12 March 1981.
The number of cattle raieed under contracts with kolkhozes~ sovkhozes and other
agricultural enterprises, as well a~ contracts with conaume�r coeperative organi-
zations, may be kept above the eetabliehed norms for ksepimg eattle in the pri-
vate ownership of the family of a kolkhoz fa~mer (kolkhoz farmetead)~ workers,
employeea, and other citize~ns.
It is important that the rule haB been eetablished by tae CPSII Central ~ommittee
and USSR Council of Mi~isters decree of 8 Janue~ry 1981 tY,at cattle, ps~ultry and
milk surp].ueeB purchaead by kolkhoses, sovkhozee and other agricultural en~er-
prises under contracts xith kolkhoz farmera, workers~ employ~es and other citizens
are sold by theee farms to the state and are take~n into conaideration bq it as
production and in fulfillment of the etate p7an for purci~aees of agricultural out-
put, with the payment of established imrkups for qvaatity aad qnali~y iadicators.
This wi]1 encourage enterprisee to conclude such contracte.
- On the other hand, for the pereons conc3.uding auch contracte~ eqvally xith payment
of the difierence between the stipulated ~voetaaovx and delivery weight of
the cattle being raised, a definite numbe~r of de~ys off vykhododa~ are counted
uu with a11 the le+gal consequences resulting frem thiB.
It has been reco~nized as expedient in de~ermining the groups by w~ge of the lead-
ing ~r~-ers and specialists of sovkhozee and other state agriculture~7. enterprises
to include in the production nolimme and Bal.e of output of these farms the cost of
the cattle, poultry and mi]k purcha8ed by eovkhozee and other state agricultur~7.
- enterpriseg under contractc with citizene. It hae been reco~mended that '_:olkhoz-
es adopt e!ich a procedure.
The CPSU Central Committee and USSR C~uncil of Minietere decree of 8 Januazy 1981
hat~ directed the attention of the central co~mnitta~e of ca~nnaniet parties and the
cauncils of ministers of union republics, party ln~ylcoms and obkAmB~ the counci.ls
of minieters of autoaomous republics, krayiapolkome, obli~cpolkoms aud party ray-
koms, rayi$polkoms, economic orgsaa~ heades o~ kolkhozee and eovkhozea and other
agricultural enterpriees, the Teentroeoyuz~ aad repu6lic and local consumer co-
operative organiza.tione to the fact theit~ at the eame that meaeure~ are being
taken to increase the production of animsl. producte on c3tizena' private eubsidi-
azy farms under contracts raith kolkhozes~ eovkhozss and other agricultural enter-
priseB, eocpansion should be eneured in the procuresnent activity of con~umer ca-
operative organizations and develapment ahauld be ensured in commission tz~ade and
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000440060028-1
F(lK (11~ 1~ 1(' 1 Al, llti~ (1N1,1'
trade at kolkhoz markets in meat and other agricnltural produ~cts. Tha IIS3R aos-
plan has been charged xi.th providing~ in the draY'te of ~he state economic and
sxial devalopment plan3 of the IISSR, beginning in 1982, apportionment to the
TBentroeo~ruz of concentrated fodders ior reciprocal eale to citizens who have
concluded contracts ~rith conBUmer cooperative arganizatione for the purchase
of cattle aud poultry. It has been proposed that the co~cils o~ miairiiers of
union and autonomoua republics and the iapolko~e oY 1Qay, oblast, rayoa and city
soviets of peaple's deputies carry out menaures to eocpand and reintorce the ma-
terial base of kolkhoz markets in order t;, �stablish ths conditiana neceeeaxy for
citizene to sell the surplus agric~altural producte r~rhich they have available.
Additional meaaures also wi.ll be workod out to increase the production and eale
v to the public of orchard and garden implements~ crates~ packing materi.als~ and
small mechanized implemente for agricultural operationa.
/On the neceseity for standardization ot the legal regulation of the private sub-
aidiary farma oY citizens of the IISSR./>~in� boldfac~ IIp nntil ~e~doptian of the
- Con~titution of the USSR in 1977, the legal atatu~ of a kolkhoz member we~s cha~
racterized by tho presence af a special legal ina~~.~ntionrr~the kolkhoz farms~tead.
The legal characteristics of the property of a kolkhoz farmstead di~fer from the
le~,z,al characteristics of the joint commtmity property of spouses typical in the
in~terre~.atione of the famil9 of a w~orker or 9mployee. In the Soviet countryside
- tao different procedures, in essence~ function for regulating property relatione
on the private farms of kolkhoz farmers and workers and e~ployees which, a.n our
view, do nat ~cist because of economic necessity. A significant part of the ru-
ral population now consiste of the vrorkers of eovkhozes~ other state enterpri~ea~
and the rux~el intelligenteia. Moet of them have private plote and m~nage a pri-
vate subsidiary farm. Horrever, their farms are not called Yarmete~da.
The living and w~orking conditions of the collective farm peasantry and the work-
ing class have iaubatantially converged. Kclkhox farmers, like the workers of
sovl~.hozes, receive basic incomes for labor on a public farm~ but only supplemental
income from a private plot of land. The sizes of private plots of l.and in private
- use and the number of cattle owned by kolkhoz farmers and aovkhoz vrorkers i.n many
regions are aLnost identical, too. Under theee conditione~ the ~resence of dif-
ferent norms to regulate property relatione on the private farms of kolkhoz farm-
ers, on the one har_d, and of workere aad employeee on the other, is difficult for
the rural c?weller, especially the youth, to comprehend. It is aleo chr~racteri~
tic that farmstee~dci in their legal eenae have completely dieappeared in the reor-
~anization of kolkhozes into sovkhozea. At tha eame time, no negative consequen-
ces of ar~y kind took place tor the management of priv~ate eubaidiary farms.
In our view, it is time to repudiate th9 r9tained but atill formal distinctions
between the kolkhoz farr~s~ead and the private Yarms oY xorkere a~nd employees and
to introduce the appropriate changea in legislation, It ie doubtful whether the
co~cep~.of a"farmstead" can even be ua~d terminologiaally. In ma~y kolkhozes,
compact construction of a vi].l.age ia under way, and tr~?o- aad Your-story and multi-
story houses are being built side by. side with single-family houses. It would
- be incorrect to call the kolkhoz farmers and members of their families living in
separate apartmeiits in such buildings a ko;.khoz Yarmstead.
8
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The formation of new familiee and acquiait3.on of their iadrpe~ndent farms i.s a
beneYicial proceas, si.r.,ce it contributes to cansolidation of the youth in the
countryside aad to normal reproductiom of l,e~bor resourcee :in agriculture. Yaung
families must be supported in every wqy, readered a.asietance in honsa conatruc-
tion, have apartments me~de available~ and'be grovided vith private plots of lmnd.
It is not coin~idental that, ~rith the aim of iucraasing the mo~ivation of young
families to eBtablish and develop private eubeidiary farme, the CPSII Central Com-
mittee and the IISSR Coumcil of Minietere decree of 8 Jaavary 1981 has authorized
sovkhozes and other state agricultural enterprieea to give--~aad has recoaaaended
that kolkhozes give--these families youag cattl~e free of cha.rge through the farm
and to provide assistance in erec:ti.ng farm outbuildinga under the condition that
- members of theBe families work in the enterprises cited.
Pr~?gx~ess i.n d~ve].~mmer~t o~ th~ ~~oia~t ~ ar~ esti:.�? sxia~olitical sy~-
tem and the coneolidation of kolkhozea make it poesi.ble to more ftiil,ly implement
the Leninist behest "to eliminate the diSference between the w~orking c7.ae~ and
the peaeantry, and to make /everyone arorkera"/ rin italice~_(1).
All this attesta to the fact tha.t it is necese~y to equal.ize the legal character-
istics of the private subeidiary farms oY kolkhoz farmsr~a and workers and emplay-
ees by introducing the app~opriats changea in legielation. This has been done,
i.n our view, in the new Caastitution bf the IISSR an~ the conatitutions of union
and autonomous republic6, although vier?s have been e~cpresaed against such a solu-
tion in the preRS (11). In contraat xith the Consta.tution of the IISSR of 1936~
which confirmed the kolkhoz farmetead as the sub~ect for the right of ].aad use
and the right of private property (Art the 1977 Conetitution of the U~3R no
lcnger providas for the inatitution of ths farmetead~ having confirmed the single
right of citizens' private propertg~ including Por a house and a subsidiary farm
(Art 13). Lor this reason, the members oP a kolkhoz, in our view, now ahould be
reaognized as tha sub~ects of the right o~ ownership of a subaidiary Yarm in kol-
khozes, and the extents of land u8e and ~he nvmber of cattle in private ownership
should be standardized for the family~ similar to the way these problems are re-
solved in sovkhozes. The 1and, civil, kolkhoz, family and other laws on the ko1-
khoz farmstead in force, in our view, muet be brought into conformity with the
Co-~s'~_.~:ution of the IISSR, and the concept of "the subsidi.ary farm of a kolkhoz
member" muet be juridically consoZida~ed. At the eame time that we strive to
retain a labor force in the countryside, xe ehould etuc~y the problem of the ad-
visability of preserving for the familiee of kolkhoz farmers and diseemi.nating to
the families of workers and emplayees of state and interfarm agricultural enter-
- rpiseB the procedure of praperty iah~eritaace establiehed today by civil 1.aN for
the propert;~ of the farmrstead af~er the death of the l.ast member of the f~srmstead.
- Z'he P�iodel Kolkhoz Bylavr~ of 1969 recognize: ~"the family of a kolkhoz farmer (the
farf:~stead)" as the subject for the right to a private subeidi.ary farm. Hoxever~
the utse of this tezm in the Model Bylar~re attests only to the family aepect of the
kolkhoz farmstead, which doee nct give riBe to any meanir,.gful legsl con$equences,
for the family is the nucleua oi relation and as such is not the sub~ec't for a
ri~ht. Only spouses are considered as such.
It is important to establish a sxial climate everywhere in rrhich kolkhoz farmers,
workers, employeee aud other citizens become arrare that by raising cattle and
9
FOR OFFICTAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
' poultry on a private subsidiary far~ and by enga~ing in the cultivation of or~-
charda and gardens they are pe,rforming useful state *rork.
- At the same time, of c~urse, the nell-being of thoBe who manage a subaidiary ferm
algo is increaeed, because ':hey are receiving r~dditional inco:ne from it above '
their basic earninge i.n the lcolkhoz or eovkhoz.
By carrying out the course of utiliaing the reeources of the private subeidiary
~arms of kolkhoz farmere, worlsere, e~loyeea and othar citizenB to iacrease the
production of agricultural output, the party and the govertm?ent are painting to
- the necessity of providing fox the correct combination of social and private in-
terests in kolkhozee r.und sonkhozea~ paxtictil.arly of ~onducting a decisive struggle
aE,ainst the exagger.-azion rrazduvaniy) of private plote to the detrimant of public
production.
BIBLIO(~RA.PHY
l. Lenin, V. I., '~Economics and Politice in the och of the Dictatorship o~ the
Prol etariat," "Polnoye aobraniy~ exhineniy" ~ollected Wor1sB~, vo1 39,
PP 27~??.
2. Shmelev, G. I., "The Econamics o~ the Private Subsidiary Farm in Socialist
Coimtries~" Mo�caw, 1979~ p 8.
3. "National Econc?my of the USSR in 1979. Statistical Yesrbook," Moecow~ 1980,
- p ~37~
4. PxAV~A, 24 Jan 1981.
5. "The Lenind.st Agrari.an Policy of the CPSII, A Collection of the Most I'mportant
Documents (I"jarch 1965-July 1978)~" Moscow~ 1978~ pp 632-639.
6. "Collection of Decrees of the USSR~ 1981" No 6, Art 37.
7. Be2yanov, V. A., 'The Private Subeidiaiy Barm IInder Soci.al.iem," Hoecow~ ~ 1g7~,
pP 33r34. ~ .
8, Shmelev~ C+. I., 'The Private SubsidiaYy Farm and its Link with Public Produc-
tion," Nioscow~ 1971, pp 30-31.
9. "The Development of Productien Relationshipe in Agricnlture," Kiev, 1977,
pp 100-101. ~
10. Rubanov, A. A., 'The Constitutiona7. Base6 of the Right to Priva.te Property
in the USSR," SOVErSKUYE GOSIIIIARSTVO I PRAVO~ 1981, No 4~ pp 34-35.
11. Polvanakaya, G., "The Kolkhoz Farmstead," IZVF,STIYA ~ 5 Aug 19rJ~.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka"~ "Sovetskaye gosudarstvo i pravo~~, i98i.
8936
cso: 18o%u
- lo
. ,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
~~n~, n~~r~~~i ~ ~ ~ ~c~. ~,~~t ~
REGIONAL
NUriBERS, STRUCTURES OF LITHUANIAN KOLKHOZ POPULATION DESCRIBED
Vilnius TRUDY AKADEMII NAUK LITOVSKOY SSR. SERIYA A in Russian No 2(75) 1981
(signed to press 14 June 1979) pp 109-119
~
[Article by T. iK. Tarshilova, Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of
- the Lithuanian SSR: "The Number, Sex, Age and Professional Composition of Kolkhoz
Farmers in t?ie Lithuanian SSR in 1971-1975"]
[Text] Intrcduction
The rapid growth of production forces at the current stage of development of the
socialist society and the improvement of production relations have resulted in
profound changes in the socio-economic status of kolkhoz peasants and in their
social and professional structure. The overall study and elucidation of these
changes is one of th e main goals of Soviet social scientists.
The social changes in the development of the modern kolkhoz village have become
the subject of study by the historical, economic, sociological and demographic
sciences. A large number of works devoted to various aspects of the problem have
appeared.
The general tendencies in the development of the kolkhoz peasantry as a class and
changes in its social-professional structure have been reflected in the works of
many Soviet researchers.l
Research scientists of the Lithuanian SSF have published a number of works on the
dynamics of the population's numbers in rural areas and on the social structure of
- kollchoz farmers under conditions of scientific-technical progress in agriculture.2
An important place in the works of Lithuanian researchers has been occupied by the
question of the nature and direction of migrations of the rural population and its
effect on tt~e social structure of the village.3 Nevertheless, there are still some
little-studied questions on the dynamics of the size of the population and the
social structure of '.colkhoz farmers in Lithuania during the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
The purpose of the present article is to determine the basic tendencies and directions
of change in the population size and in the sex, age and professional composition
of kolktioz f armers in the Lithuanian SSR in 1971-1975 .
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFFIC(AL USE ONLY
The basic sources for tlie study are the summarized annual reports from LithLanian
kolkhozes which record ti~e results of kolkhoz operationa as economic and social
units. They contain abundant statistical mate~ial and can be utilized to clucidate
various aspects of the problem of the development of kolkhozes and of the
kolkhoz peasantry. Kolkhoz statistics provide information on their production,
economic and financial activities, on the population of the kolkhoz according to
sex and age and on duties and professions, thus enabling us to utilize the reports
in studies of the social structure of kolkhoz farmers.
' The Population and Age-Sex Composition of Kolkhoz Farmers
Ch~.nges in the population of kolkhoz farmers under conditions of developed
socialism are the results of two interrelated processes--qualitative changes in
agricultural production and the intensive development of urban economy.
One of the most important characteristics of the development of agriculture under
conditions of developed socialism is scientific-technical progress within the
branch. Anather is the industrialization of agricultural labor. These processes
are most clearly reflected in the changes in the material-technical base of
agriculture.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan the kolkhozes of the Lithuanian SSR had a
~ignificant quantity of technology at their disposal. In 1975 the machine-tractor
fleet belonging to kolkhozes included 29,495 tractors, 7,096 grain combines,
13,684 trucks and other agricultural equipment, or 17, 15 and 22 percent more
respectively than in 1970.4 The use of powerful and quick K-700, K-701 and
T-150K tractors and highly efficient combines has provided the foundation for
technical progress in kolkhozes. In 1975 the power supplies of kolkhozes increased
by 36.9 percent in comparison with 1971 per 100 hectares of agricultural lands.
The levels of energy supplies in Lithuania's kolkhozes were higher than the national
average. Thus, in 1974 17.5 horsepower energy capacity was available per kolkhoz
worker in the republic as compared to 11.8 horsepower in the USSR as a whole.~
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan complex mechanization in farming and livestock
raising was introduced at a rapid pace. In 1975 in the kolkhozes of Lithuania
the milking of cows on farms was completely mechanized (99 percent), the water
supp~y for farms raising large-horned cattle is 78 percent mechanized and that on
hog-raising farms is 95 percent mechanized. In farming operations such as the
sowing of vegetables, the mowing of vegetation for green fodder, the harvesting of
sugar beets and potatoes and the loaiiing and application of mineral fertilizers
have been almost completely mechanized.d
'rhe primary result of production mechanization has been the curtailment of labor
expenditures per unit of production. In 1975 Lithuanian kolkhozes used an average
of 2.29 man-tiours for the production of 1 quintal of grain, and 1.54, 2.73, 6.16,
31.7, 26.76 man-hours respectively for the production of sugar beets, potatoes,
milk, weight gain in large-horned cattle and weight gain in hogs. In 1972 the
corresponding figures comprised 2.94, 1.63, 3.27, 7.89, 36.4 and 30.15 man-hours.~
Labor productivity has also increased noticeably. In 1975 one average kolkhoz
farmer produced 21.7 percent more of the gross product than in 1971.8
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FnR OF~l('IAL tJSE ON1.Y
On the one hand the level of developmen~ of the material-technical base of kolkhozes
was the reason for the libnration of the work force from the public economy. On the
other liand, the process of induetrialization with the subsequent continued urbaniza-
tion of the economy had a significant effect on the changes in the population of
kolkhoz farmers. Up until 1970 over half of the population of the republic that
was invo?ved in material production was concentrated in rural areas. The change
began in ?.970, when for the first time in the history of the economic development of
- the Lirnuanian SSR the urban population, comprising 50.2 percent, surpassed the
rural population. At the same time the proportion of the population living in
cities in the Latvian SSR was 62.5 percent, and in the Eszonian SSR--64.9 percent.
The pace of industrial development in Lithuania becomes graphic when we examine the
indicators for the degree of involvement of the urban population in material
production. In 1971 the proportion of workers and employe~~ in the sphere of
material production was 56 percenr; in 1975--57.4 percent. The rapid growth of
_ the urban population reflected the level of the division of public labor in the
republic's national economy.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan the changes that took place in the kolkhoz villages
of the Lithuanian SSR characterized the d~velopment of kolkhoz farmers during the
period of mature socialism. There was a contin~iatic~u of the process of a decrease
in the absolute and relative population of kolkhoz farmers (Table 1). The periodic
outflow of the population from kolkhozes resulted in a drop of 8.6 percent in the
population of kolkhoz farmers over a period of 5 years. The drop in the absolute
kolkhoz population was associated with a general decrease in its propoxtion of the
- republic's population from 15.1 percent in 1971 to 13.3 percent in 1975.
Table 1 '
The Population of Kolkhoz Farmers 3n the Lithuanian SSR in 1971-I975 _
Year
Indicator 1975 compared
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975___ to 1971, %
Number of kolkhoz members,
thousands of people 478.1 468.7 460.4 447.1 436.9 91.4
Proportion of kolkhoz
members in total pop-
ulation of Lithuania,% 15.1 14.6 14.2 13.7 13.3
Number of able-bodied
kolkhoz farmers, thousands
of people 272.6 265.4 260.4 252.3 244.4 8y.7
Proportion of able-bodied
kolkhoz farmers in total
kolkhoz po ulation % 57.U 56.7 56.4 56.0 55.9
The table was composed from data of summarized annual repori~s of kolkhozes of the
_ Lithuanian SSR (AMSKh LitSSR [Archives of the Ministry of Agriculture of the
:,ithuanian SSR], Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 2; File 1184, Line 2; File 1343,
Line 2; List 4, File 200, Line 3; File 427, Line 1(as of 1 January of the subsequent
year) and from data in the annual "Economics and Culture of the Lithuanian SSR in
1975," page 11.
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400440060028-1
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
_ The average annual number of people who have been resettled has Leen about 10,000.
A characteristic feature of the Ninth Five �ear Plan was the accelerated pace of
migration of able-bodied kolkhoz farmers, whose numbers decreased by 10.3 percer.t.
ihe proportion of able-bodied kolkhoz farmers in total membership in the agri-
- cul.tural sector decreased from 57 percent in 1971 to 56 percent in 1975. Ahle-
bodied kolkhoz farmers were one of the primary sources for the reinf orcement of the
ranks of workers in industry and other branches of the urban economy. Rural cadres
of working age comprised over 90 percent of the population that resettled in
- various cities of the republic.ll This circumstance undoubtediy affected the
qualitative characteristics of the population involved in kolkhoz production.
T`he most intensive migration of kolkhoz farmers was observed in areas with
developing regional centers. Thus, in Alitusskiy Rayon an average of 272 kolkhoz
farmers moved to the cities each year; in Kapsukskiy--�477; in Plungeskiy--174 and
in Yurbarkskiy--235 kolkhoz farmers. In other rayons the migration of kolkhoz
farmers was relatively small. In Shal'chininskiy Rayon 44 kolkhoz farmers moved
to city enterprises to work each year on the average; in Zarasayskiy--67 and in
Varenskiy--90 kolkhoz farmers.12
While there has been a drop in the absolute numbers of koikhoz farmers in the
Lithuanian SSR, their general population per single kolkhoz has increased by an
average of 30.9 percent; the increase of able-bodied kolkhoz farmers has been
28.4 percent.13 This was the result of the enlargement of kolkhozes and the
_ reorganization of some kolkhozes and sovkhozes. As of 1 January 1972 in the
Lithuanian SSR there were 1,384 kolkhozes, with an average of 345 members per
kolkhoz;l~s of 1 January 1976 there were 966 kolkhozes with 452 members per
kolkhoz. The concentration of the work force in kolkhozes was based on the
industrializatior_ of agriculture and the improvement of pr~duction organization.
The changes in the population of kolkhoz farmers result not only fram economic
factors. Demographic factors occupy an important place in characterizing the
processes of development of the kolkh~z peasantry. Modern scientists note the over-
- all drop in the birth rate of the rural population, which affects its natural
growth. In the Lith uanian SSR the birth rate coeff icient of the rural population
was 15.7 percent in 1975 as compared with 17.6 in 1970,15
The sex and age structure of kolkhoz farmers in Soviet Lithuania has also changed
(Table 2). During the Ninth Five-Year Plan the Zabor resources of kolkhozes were
considerably reduced. The number of women in the total number of able-bodied
kolkhoz members decreased at a more rapid pace. Judging by the annual reports of
the ko].khozes 19 percent of the population consisted of 16-59 year old men in 1971
and 19.8 percent in 1975; 16-54 year old women--19.9 and 19.1 percent respectively;
men and women 55 (60) years old and over 29.3 percent in 1971 and 30.7 percent in
1975; children up to 12 years of age--22.7 and 20.3 percent respectively; and
children 12-16 years old--9.1 and 10.1 percent respectively.l6
The growth in the pruportion of inen of working age was advantageous f rom both the
demographic and economic points of view. The fact is that for the development of
the agricultural economy a great deal of importance is placed not only on the
availability of labor resources but also on the amount of work time spent on work
in the public ~~^tor. Since the participation of able-bodied men in the production
� 14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Tsble 2
The Sex-Age Structure of Kolkhoz Farmers in the
Lithuanian SSR in 1971-1975 (thousands of persons)
Year All kolkhoz Men, ages Women, ages Men, 60 years Children Children,
populations 16-59 16-54 and over; up to 12 ages 12-16
Women, 55 years of
and over age _
- 1971 701.3 133.3 139.3 205.4 159.4 63.9
1972 685.6 131.1 134.3 202.8 152.5 65.1
1973 67I.3 129.4 130.9 200.0 145.6 65.4
1974 652.0 126.3 126.0 194.8 137.4 66.5
1975 627.9 124.2 120.2 192.5 127.4 63.9
1975,
compared to
19 71,
% 89.5 93.2 86.3 97.3 79.9 99.5
The table was comprised from data of summarized kolkhoz reports of the Lithuanian
SSR (AMSKh LitSSR, Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 2; File 1184, Line 2; File
1343, Line 2; List 4, File 200, Line 3; File 427, Line 1(as of 1 January of each
subsequent year).
processes of kolkhozes is expressed in the large quantity of man-days worked, then
naturally, th~ increase in their proportion in the total number of able-bodied kolkhoz
farmers will have a positive effect on the results of public production. In 1971
on the average in the republic able-bodied males worked 235 man-~?ys; in 1975--
242 man-days. Females worked 163 and 182 man-days respectively.
A characteristic feature of the kolkhozes during the period under examination is
the "aging" process of the kolkhoz population. Between 1971 and 1975 the smallest ~
percentage curtailment in the group of kolkhoz farmers of retirement age was
noted--2.7 as compared with 10.3 in the group of able-bodied. This was encouraged
not only by the lesser mobility of older people. To a certain degree the role of
stabilizer was played by the improvement in the social circumstances of kolkhoz
farmers.
The data on changes in the population of the coming generation is interesting from
the point of view of the future drvPlopment of labor resources in Lithuanian
kolkhozes. The large drop in the number of child~en up to 12 years of age is the
resulZ of the migration of kolkhoz farmers with their families.
The Social and Professional Structure of Kolkhoz Farmers
As a result of the qualitative changes in agriculture an unavoidable process of
professional differentiation and division of labor in kolkhoz production took place.
This process was reflected in changes in the social-professional structure of
kolkhoz farmers in the direction of a growth in the number of trained professionals
15
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
in agriculture, of the development of new professions and the dying-out of old
professions in rural areas and in a drop in the proportion of manual and untrained
labor.
The primary ~tructure-determining char.acteristics establishing the internal
boundaries among social-professional groups of. kolkhoz farmers are type and nature
of agriculturai labor. The social changes that have occurred in professienal groups
of kolkhoz farmers are examined in the &iven article primarily from the point of view
of the differentiation of kolkhoz farmers according to the type of ~ob and its place
within the organization of kolkhoz production. ~n the given case the research
encompasses all categories of workers involved in public production (Table 3).
Among the professional groups that determine the profile of modern kolkhoz produc-
tion an important place is occupied by machine operators and agricultural
specialists, the growth in the ranks of whom symbolizes the future kolkhoz sector.
In the kolkhozes of the Lithuanian SSR the number of machine operators, which
includes tractor operators-machinists of a broad profile and drivers, increased by
13.1 percent during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Their proportion of the total
population working in agriculture was 11.8 percent in 1971 and 14.5 percent in 1975.
The machine operators in agriculture are the chief figures in the mode rn rural
region. Their work, which is based on a coordination of physical and intellectual
labor and on work with complicated agricultural equipment has acquired elements of
an industrial nature.
The republic's kolkhozes are being reinforced annually with cadres of workers who
are trained in machine labor. In 1971 each kolkhoz needed 18 ~~actor operators-
machinists and eight drivers; in 1975--30 and 20 respectively.
The introduction of complex mechanization had a considerable effect on the number
and composition of workers in livestock raising. The achievement of a high l~vel
of inechanization in different production operations within livestock raising was
accompanied by a rapid growth in the proportion of workers involved in specialized
~ labor. Thus, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan there was a sharp increase in the
percentage of milkmaids involved in mechanized milking operations. Whereas in 1971
55.5 percent of all kolkhoz milkmaids were invdlved in machine milking, in 1975
the percentage had increased to 94.8.19
Mechanization in livestock farming has enabled us to free a certain number of
the branch's workers from production. A decrease in the number of milkmaids as a
whole accompanied by a constant growth in the number of milkmaids involved in
machine labor in mechanized sections of production was characteristic of the Ninth
Five-Year Plan. The number of cowherds-shepherds, swineherds and other livestock
workers has decreased. This was related to the enlargement of livestock-raising
farms and to the construction of livestock-raising complexes. At the same time the
growth in the herd of calves and the low level of inechanization of a number of
production operations (feed distribution, the cleaning of facilities, etc.)
_ necessitated an increase in the number of calfwomen.
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFFICIA~. USE ONLY '
Table 3
The Social-Professional Structure of Workers in
Kolkhoz Production in the Lithuanian SSR
1971 1975
~
Indicator ^
w w ^
0 0 ~
s~ ~ ~ w ~ ~
.n � o .x ~ � o ~ o
~ b o ~ b o ~
q ~ a~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~
~ o ~ ~ ~ o q ~q ~ a
c~d ~ c~0 ~ ,a c~d ~ c~C ~1 .o V
- ~l ~ ~.J ~
N U1 tA O 41 ~ G1 tA m O N ~ m
~da~io~'c~ aa cda~io ~"~a ~a ~
x v~ w w w~ .~t ~n w~+ w~ ~n
N 3-i H O UJ O O N~+ O al O O ~
d 3 c~d a~ oHO ~ o v ~ a~
0 0 3 a ~ cd ~ oo ~
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l. Administrative-management
personnel (total) 20.3 6.4 20.4 6.9 104.0
a)Managers of the higher
links (kolkhoz chairmen,
their deputi:~~s, senior
specialists) 4.4 21.6 5.4 26.5 122.7
b)Managers o� the middle
link (brigade leaders in
farming, farm directors,
brigade leaders of
construction brigades,
directors of repair
shops) 9.1 44.8 8.3 40.7 90.8
c)Accounting personnel
(bookkeepers, office
accounts personnel,
economists, planners,
accounts workers in
brigades, on farms) 6.8 33.6 6.7 32.8 98.5
2.Specialists (total) 6.58 2.1 7.85 2.7 119.7
Agronomists 0.9 13.7 1.2 15.3 134.5
Zootechnologists 1.1 16.7 1.4 17.8 130.9
Veterinarians 1.18 17.9 1.15 14.7 97.5
Engineering technologists,
mechanics, electricians 3.4 51.7 4.1 52.2 120.6
- 3.Machine operators (total) 37.7 11.8 42.7 14.5 113.3
Tractor operators-
machinists 25.9 68.7 29.2 68.4 112.7
Drivers 11.8 31.3 13.5 31.6 114.4
(Continued on following page)
- 17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R400440060028-1
FnR QF~ICIAI. i1SF ONLY
Table 3 (Continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.Workers in livestock
raising (total) 68.0 21.4 69.1 23.4 101.5
_ Milkmaids 19.5 28.7 16.8 24.3 86.1
_ Including those in
mechanized milking 10.1 14.9 15.9 23.0 157.4
Cowherds,shepherds 7.1 10.4 6.8 9.9 94.8
Calfwomen 9.1 13.4 9.4 13.6 103.3
Swineherds 7.9 11.6 7.4 10.7 93.3
Other workers in
livestock raising 14.3 21.0 12.8 18.5 89.5
S.Workers not involved in
agricultural work
(workers in repair
shops, construction
brigades) 24.5 7.7 25.6 8.7 104.5
6.Auxiliary and service
personnel (firemen,
_ guards at field camps
and farms, packers,
expeditors, refueller,
field patrolmen, typists,
cafeteria directors, etc.) 11.8 3.7 11.6 3.9 98.3
7.Workers of cultural-
domestic institutions
(total) 0.24 0.07 0.28 0.09 116.0
8.Workers involved in '
manual operations and
operations us~ng horses
in farming (total) 148.9 46.8 117.4 39.8 78�7
Total 318.0 100.0 294.9 100.0 92.7
The table was composed from data of summarized annual reports of kolkhozes in the
Lithuanian SSR (AMSKh LitSSR, Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 29; List 4, File 427,
Line 10) (as of 1 January of each subsequent year).
Parallel with the tendency to curtail the number of some groups of workers in live-
stock raising there was an improvement in the special training and professional
mastery of livestock farmers. In the rural areas a new profession developed, that
of master of. livestock raising. In 1975 there were 4~268 of them in Lithuani~$
kolkhozes, including 729 with Class I qualifications and 3,539 with Class II.
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan there was a continuation of the increase in the
number of agricultural specialists--agronomists, zootechnologists, veterinarians
and veterinary surgeon's assistants and engineers-machanics. Despite the small
proportion of this group among kolkhoz farmers (2.1 percent in 1971 and 2.7 percent
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000440060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
in 1975), it is difficult to overestimate the significance of specialists in
the organizational-production operations o� the enterprise. Considering the profile
_ of the re~ublic's kolkhozes, the dasic role in the organizational and technical
- man~gement of production belongs to specialists in livestock raising. In 1971
every 1(? kolkhozes in th~ republic had eight zoatechnologists, eight veterinari~ns
and veterir~ary surgeon's assistants; in 1975 as a result of the concentration of
production and the growth in the number of specialist cadres these indicators
increaG~d to 14 and 15 respectively. The availability of agronomists was somewhat
lower: in 1971 10 kolkhozes shared 7 agronomists; in 1975--13, despite the fact that
the fastest growth pace occurred for this group of specialists.21
During t'he Ninth Five-Year Plan the tendency to decrease the number of workers
involved in manual ope.rations and operations using horses in farming did not change.
Tn Lithuanian kolkhozes this contingent of kolkhoz farmers decreased by 21.2 percent
over a 5-year period and in 1975 comprised 39.8.percent of the total number of
average annual kolkhoz farmers. This circumstai?ce is the result of the very same
process of saturating agriculture with ~nergy and technical capacities, thereby
easing manual labor out of production operations to an even greater extent.
Nevertheless, this group of kolkhoz farmers still remains the largest within
the social-prafessional structure of all kolkhoz farmers.
The direct result of the party policy of enlarging kolkhozes and of production
concentration and specialization has been a drop in the number and proportion of
several ~ategories of workers in the administrative-management apparatus. Thus,
there has been a decrease in the number of kolkhoz chairmen, farming brigade leaders
and some groups of accaunting workers.
However, the strengthening of the kolkhoz economy, the more and more extensive
inclusion of kolkhozes in general state planning and the growth in kolkhoz indepen-
dence have increased the role and significance of some groups of wo~kers within the
administrative-management apparatus. Particularly noteworthy is the growth in the
absolute and relative numbers of senior kolkhoz specialists (by 44.2 percent),
released deputy chairmen of kolkhozes (by 54.5 percent) and directors of livestock-
raising farms (by 12.6 perc.:nt).22
In order to more fully characterize the lab~r resources of the village we present
= an analysis of the educational and professional levels of workers in kolkhoz
_ production (Table 4).
In the republic's kolkhozes the majority of trained cadres had a specialized
education: in 1971--53.3 percent; in 1975--60.7 percent. During the Ninth Five-Year
Plan as a whole the number of workers with a specialized education increased by 41
percent (together with practical workers). The proportion of specialists-practicaJ.
workers decreased in connection with the constant improvement in their educational
level.
The relatively small percentage of specialists with a higher education and of higher-
- class tractor operators indicat~s that the kolkhozes of Lithuania have a significant
reserve for growth in the educational and professional leval of workers.
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400460028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Tab le 4
Level ef Education and Training of Workers in Kolkhoz
Production in the Lithuanian SSR in 1971-1975
Indicator 1971 1975 1975 compared
to 1971, ~
Number of workers having a
higher, secondary special ~
education and practical
workers involved in the
public economy, persons 16,857 23,775 141.0
Specialists with a higher
education, % 10.4 11.9
Specialists with a secondary
= specialized education, % 53.3 60.7
Specialists-practical
workers, % 36.4 29.9
Proportion of specialists-
practical workers training in
- higher and secondary special
educational institutions, % 15.1 14.7
:~umber of tractor operators-
machinists (total) 25,081 29,182 116.3
Class i, % -1 25.8
Class II, % - 38.8
~ Class III, % - 34.4
Unclassified, % - 0.96
1No data available
The table was composed according to data from statistical journals: "The Availability of
Management Workers and Specialists According to Jobs in Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes and
Other State Enterprises as Well as Machine Operators in Kolkhozes as of 1 April 1971,
Vilnius, 1971, pp 4-8, 1Q; "The Number of Management Workers...as of 1 April 1975,
Vilnius, 1975, pp 4-8, 10.
2J
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Conclueions
1. On the basis of an analysis of summarized annual reports from the kolkhozes of
the Lithuanian SSR in 1971-1975 it has been established that during the Ninth Five-
Year Plan there was a drop in the absolute and relative population of kolkhoz
farmers in the republic's kolkhozes. In 5 years the population of kolkhoz members
decreased by 8.6 percent; their propartion of the total republic population dropped
from 15.1 percent in 19i1 to 13.3 percent in 1975.
2. As a result of scientific-technicsi progress in agriculture and of the
industrialization of all branches of the republic's national economy the n~ber oF
able-bodied kolkhoz farmers decreased by 10.3 percent.
3. There were changes in the sex-age composition of kolkhoz farmers. The number of
able-bodied women and able-bodied men decreased at a rapid pace (by 13.7 and 6.8
percent respectively). The group of older kolkhoz farmers experienced the smallest
decrease in numbers (2.7 percent).
4. Noticeable changes occurred in the social-professional structure of kolkhoz
f.armers. The proportion of workers involved in manual labor and labor using horses
dropped from 46.8 percent in 1971 to 39.8 percent in 1975. There was a rapid
increase in the number of specialists in agriculture (19.7 gercent in S years)
and in the number of workers involved in machine operatior?s, especially machine
operators (13.3 percent increase). During the Ninth Five=iear Plan there was a
curtailment in the number of some groups of workers in livestock-raising as a result
of the mechanization of some production operations in .1_ivestock-raising and of the
construction of complexes. Thus, the ntunber of milkmaids decreased by 13.9 percent;
of cowherds-shepherds--by 5.2 percent; of swineherds--by 6.7 percent; and of other
workers in livestock raising--by 10.5 percent.
There was an. increase in the general education level of workers in kolkhoz
production.
FOOTNOTES
l. Yu. V. Arutyunyan, "Sotsial'naya struktura sel'skogo naseleniya SSSR"[The
Social Structure of the Rural Population of the USSR], Moscow, 1971; P. A.
Ignatovskiy, "Krest'yanstvo i ekonomicheskaya politika partii v derevne"
[The Peasantry and the Economic Policy of the Party in Rural Areas], Moscow,
1971; V. B. Ostrovskiy, "Novyy etap v razvitii kolkhoznogo stroya" [A New Stage
in the Development of the Kolkhoz Structure], Moscow, 1977; S. L. Senyavskiy,
"Izmeneniya v sotsial'noy strukture sovetskogo obshchestva" [Changes in the Social
Structure of the Soviet Society 1917-1970], Moscow, 1973; P. I. Simush,
"Sotsial'nyy portret sovetskogo krest'yanstva~ [Social Portrait of the Soviet
P`asantry], Moscow, 1976.
2. P. Adlys, Lietuvos kaimo gyventojai.--Mokslas ir gyvenimas, 1971, Nr. 5;
Tarybu Lietuvos gyventoju socialines sudeties pakitimai.--Komunistas, 1974, Nr.
10; V. K. Skyabas, "Nekotoryye strukturnyye izmeneniya v kolkhoznom
krest'nanstve Litvy" [Some Structural Changes in the Kolkhoz Peasantry of
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
Lithuania] in: "Problemy istorii sovremennoy sovetskoy derevni" [Problems in the
History of the Modern Soviet Vill~ge 1946-1973], Moscow, 1975; ~tanaitis A.,
Adlys P. Lietuvos TSR gyvento~ai. Vilnius, 1973.
_ 3. Gaigalas B. Pramones isdestymo ir darbo resursu naudo~imo klausimai.-
Liaudies ukis, 1971, Nr. 4; Zemes ukio resursai ir ju naudojimas.-Ten pat, Nr.
5; Januskevicius V. Teritorinis plaavimas ir gamybiniu ~egu isdestymas
Tarybu Lietuvoje.-Ten pat, Nr. 3.
4. '�Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Litovskoy SSR v 1975 godu. Statisticheskiy sbornik"
[Agriculture in the Lithuanian SSR in 1975. Statistical Jaurnal], Vilnius,
1976, pp 56-57.
S. "Archives of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Lithuanian SSR. Summarizec~
Annual Reports of Kolkhozes (AMSKh LitSSR), Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 2,
35; List 4, File 200, Line 22, 23; File 427, Line 21, 33 (Here and in other
footnotes regarding the given archive the calculations are the author's);
B. V. Ostrovskiy, p. 54.
6. "Sel'skoye khozyaystvo Litovskoy SSR v 1975 godu," op. cit., p. 61.
7. AMSKh LitSSR, Form 1, List 14, File 1184, Line 1, 19, 21; List 4, File 427,
Line 20, 22, op. cit.
8. Ibid., File 1046, Line 28; List 4, File 427, Line 9, 12.
9. "Naseleniye SSSR" [The Populatio:. of the USSR, 1973], Moscow, 1975, p 13.
10. "Ekonomika i kul'tura Litovskoy SSR v 1975 godu. Statisticheskiy yezhegodnik"
[The Economics and Culture of the Lithuanian SSR in 1975. Statitical
Annual.], Vilnius, 1976, p 12.
11. Lukosevicius V. Ir kaimui reikia ~aunimo.--Tiesa, 1971, sausio 13.
- 12. AMSKh Lit SSR, op. cit., Form 1, List 14, Files 1047-1050, report p 3; Files
1185-1188, p 3; Files 1344-1348, p 3; List 4, Files 203-209, p 3; Files
430-435, p 2.
13. Ibid., File 1046, Line l, 2; List 4, File 427, Line 1.
14. Ibid.
15. "Ekonimika i kul'tura..." op. cit., p 13.
16. AMSKh LitSSR, op. cit., Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 2; List 4, File 427,
Line l.
17. Ibid., Line 28; List 4, File 427, Line 9.
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE OMLY
- 18. Ibid., Line 2, 29; List 4, File 427, Line 1, 10.
19. Ibid.
20. "Nalichiye rukovodyashchikh rabotnikov i spetsialistov po dolzhnostyam v
kolkhozakh, sovkhozakh i drugikh gosudarstvennykh khozyaystvakh, a takzhe
mekhanizatorskikh kadrov v kolkhozakh po sostoyaniyu na 1 aprelya 1975 goda"
[The Availability of Management Workers and Specialists According to Jobs in
Kolkhozes, Sovkhozes and Other State Enterprises ~s well as of Machine
Operators in Kolkhozes as of 1 April 1975], Vilnius, 1975, p 57.
- 21. AMSKh LitSSR, op. cit., Form 1, List 14, File 1046, Line 29; List 4, File 427,
Line 10.
22. Ibid.
COPYRIGHT: Trudy Akademii nauk Litovskoy SSR. Seriya A, 1981
_ 8228
CSO: 1800/709
2.3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
REGIONAL
FIRMER PLANNING, CONTROL NEEDED IN RESETTLEMENT OF NONCHERNOZEM POPULATION
- Moscow SOVETSKOYE GOSUDARSZ'VO I PRAVO in Russian No 8, Aug 81 pp 29-36
[Article by I. T. Khlamov, senior scientific worker of the Saratov Economic
Institute and candidate of ,judicial sciences: "The Planning and Development of
- Rural Settlements in the Non-Chernozem Area"]
[Text] The "Basic Directions of Economic and Social Development of the USSR in
1981-1985 and in the Period to 1990" foresee the continuation in the Non-Chernozem
'.tegion of the RSFSR of the realization of a complex program directed at transforming
it into an area of highly productive farming and livestock raising and at developing
the corres~onding branches of industry there. The complex development of agri-
cultural production and social change in this largest region of the country during
the period up until 1990 is expounded in the resolution of the CPSU Central
Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers, "On Measures to Continue the Develop-
ment of Agriculture in the Non-Chernozem Region of the RSFSR," of 20 March 1974
~ (1). The program affects the working conditions, everyday life and standard of
living of many millions of people. ~
= The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers,
"On the Continued Development and Improved Effectiveness of Agriculture in the
Non-Chernozem Region of the RSFSR in 1981-1985," published on 15 April 1981 (2),
_ additional measures were determined to further strengthen the material-technical
base, to provide social development for the village and to increase agricultural
_ production output in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of this important area of the
cauntry.
The resolution notes that in 1976-1980 31.2 billion rubles of capital investments
were allocated for the development of the zone's agricul.ture; this is an increase
c~f a factor of 1.6 over the Ninth Five-Year Plan. During the llth Five-Year Plan
capital investments in the zone will increase to 39.9 billion rubles.
The Non-Chernozem Region is characterized by relatively favorable conditions for
agricultural management; in comparison with other regions in the Soviet Union it is
better supplied with labor resources. At the same time there are problems here that
make agricultural management more difficult. The historical settling pattern is a
considerable hindrance to improving agricultural production in the zone. The
settling of rural people in small settlements is now, like in no other region of the
country, in sharp contradiction to the level of development of agricultural production
and to the needs for cultural-consumer services to rural people.
21~
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OHFIC'[Al. USF: ONI.Y
Ttie ne~.: requirements for territorial organization of agricultural production in the
Non-Ch.:~nozem Zone cannot be realized without the redistribution of the rural
population. In connection with this it is planned to redesign and reconstruct over
20,000 promising settlements with t~~e goal of resettling over 170,000 families from
_ farms and small villages (3) .
This article attempts to investigate some of the 1~g31 questions related to the
planning and development of rural settlements as regards the Non-Chernozem Zone as
well as to the acceleration of residential construction in the rural areas of the
- given region.
Regional planning is very important in implementing the complex program for the
Non-Chernozem Region. From the moment of confirmation the regional planning design
becomes a legal document, on the basis of which the corresponding region is
. developed. For this reason it is important that all planning decisions have a
scientific basis. In the process of planning the pro~ect regional differences,
_ spec~fic economic conditions and perquisites as well as the financial, material,
natural and labor potential of specific sections in the region and of individual
. enterprises and settlements must be taken into account. Regional planning should be
viewed as the connecting link between national-economic planning and city-construction
_ design.
The main tendency in the reorganization of the rural resettlement in the Non-Chernozem
Region, which has been legally canfirmed, is the transition from a network of small
settlements, with their gradual elimination,to a system of interdependent, larger
settlements in accordance with the future territorial organization of agricultural
production and cultural-consumer services for the population. The retention of the
network of small rural settlements in the Non-Chernozem Zone would unavoidably have
resulted in a lack of focus in construction and in a drop ir. the effectiveness of
capital investments. It would h ave made it more difficult to introduce amenities
into the towns and would have brcught doubt to the idea of transforming them into
settlements with an urban organization of public services.
A differential ~.pproact~ to enlarQinQ rural settlements must be taken for different
natural-economic conditions of the Non-Chernozem Zone. Otherwise this can result in
the growth of *_lansportation expenses in the cost of production, or in a number of
cases this can encouraa_e the exclusion of relatively small land tracts in agricultural
rotations. In ~ieveioping regional planning projects production effectiveness
must be used as an evaluation criteria, that is, producing the maximum qu~ntity of
agricultural products with minimal expenditures. Social criteria must also be
considered--the curtailment of travel time .to work, rest, education and medical,
cultural-consumer and trade services. Practical experience in regional planning and
development confirms the validity of economists' calculations in regard to the fact
that there are minimal capacities for institutions and enterprises. The construction
of structures and buildings with less area is not expedient either economically or
from the point of view of basic conveniences for the population. For example, the
minimal capacity of a preschool is 25 places for a settlement with a population of
250-500; of an elementary school that is not completely full--192 places for pupils;
and of a club--150 places for a settlement of 1,000 persons. Under comparable
conditions when a settlement's population grows from 250 to 1,000 the expenditures
per resident decrease by 12 percent when organizing cultural-consumer services; when
25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
1~OR OFF(~'IAI. USE ONLY
the population increases from 1,OU0 to 3,500 expenditures decrease another 15 percent
(4). In accordance with the predictions of scientific and planning organizations
the most promising settlements here will have populations of fron~ 500 to 4,000
residents (5). These parameters for settlements at the next stage of development
ii~ the Non-Chernozem Region must be legally confirmed.
No less important is another aspect of the problem, requiring the gradual
implementation of ineasures for collective settlement, namely the necessity to
consider the private enterprise as an important source of income for rural
residents.l In accordance with a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the
USSR Council of Ministers dated 20 March 1974 by 1980 the first stage should be
completed with the resettlement of 170,000 families in well-designed settlements;
by 1990 the second stage must be completed. In connection with this it would be
expedient to determine the specific stages of reorganization of rural resettlement
with a consideration of real resources allocated for this purpose for each oblast
and autonomous republic in the Non-Chernozem Region.
The question of limits to the population of rural settlements is directly related to
the amount of land used by kolkhozes and sovkhozes, the direction of their
specialization, future development and other factors. However, uniform norms for the
zone have not yet been developed to solve these problems in the best possible way.
Even within one specialization within the Non-Chernozem Zone the amount of land that
is used by an enterprise will differ from that used by another enterprise. Such
differences do not always have an economic basis and are not always justified by
regional differences; under the conditions of agricultural production their origin
was frequently arbitrary and accidental, resulting in frequent changes in the sizes
and boundaries of enterprises and in the inefficient utilization of capital
investments. The invalid enlargement and diminution of enterprises, changes in their
specialization as well as in the boundaries of agricultural regions make it necessary
to alter regional planning projects and decrease their significance as legal
documents. For this reason the time has come to legally regulate the optimal area
of enterprises in various regions of the Non-Chernozem Zone on the basis of
scientifically-valid ~ocio-economic calculations.
Regi.onal planning designs acquire great practical significance in realizing goals
involving the efficient utilization of lands and the optimal distribution of
agricultural structures and complexes. At the same time these are legal documents
which determine the basic directions of planning and development in the region.
The "Basic Directions of Economic and Social Development of the USSR in 1981-1985
and in the Period Until 1990" point to the necessity of improving the quality of
planning, architectural an:i construction decisions.
There are shortcomings in the development and realization of planning designs in the
Non-Chernozem Region which decrease their quality. A11 existing possibilities are
not always considered, the principle of gradual resettlement of the rural population
Over 36 percent of ineat and milk is produced in private enterprises of the rural
population in the Non-Chernozem Region at the present time; 30 percent of the total
family income of a kolkhoz farmer comes from the private enterprise (5, p 186).
26
,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ is violated and frequently proposals are made to centralize settlements too much.
Thus, the plans for the development of agriculture, which is the basis for rural
resettlement, and for solving other problems regarding the eradication of
considerab~e differences between the city and country, encompass a period of 10-15
years, whereas the developmental period for rural aettlements is foreseen as 25-30
years (6). This type of lack of correspondence in future planning limits the
possibilities of techni.cal-economic bases for planning decisions in the required
period.As a consequence, some projects do not include valid predictions of the
population of a region or of an individual settlement.
In our opinion, in order to curtail the plan development schedule and to improve the
quality of designs and construction it is essential to develop complex projects for
the most typical regions. In an oblast (autonomous republic) there are usually not
many of these (three-four). This type of project, which is developed for a given
region with a consideration of specific conditions, can then be extended to other
regions in the oblast (autonomous republic).
The time has come to extensively utilizp mathematical methods and computer technology
' (EVN.) when developing planning and development pro~ects. On the one hand this will
enable us to increase the productivity of labor of planners; on the other--to
utilize scientific principles in regional planning.
In order to successfully deal with these problems and to radically improve all
planning operations in rural regions it is essential to unify the efforts o~_ planning
organizations that are under Gosstroy, of interkolkhoz construction associations and
of other organizations which perform planning work for rural.construction into a
single center for complex rural planning having corresponding affiliates locally.
The creation of such a center will enable us to pursue a single technical Policy when
- developing regional planning projects, general plans for settlements, residential
housi.ng and structures for production and cultural-consumer services.
The existing law has established the procedure for confirming general plans
dealing w~th the construction of rural settlements. The general plan is examined
first of all by rural (settlement) soviets of people's deputies together with
representatives of corresponding sovkhozes, kolkhozes and agricultural and
_ construction organizations and then by the executive committee of the rayon's
soviet of people's deputies, which presents it for confirmation to the ASSR
Council of Ministers and the oblast executive committee (kray executive committee).
The existing procedure for confirming general construction plans needs to be
improved by further democratization. It seems that all of the citizens of a future
or existing settlement should be able to participate in evaluating the plans. Only
with a consideration of their desires can the best and most economical variant of
- the general construction plan for their settlement be selected. Consequently, the
law must provide for an additional stage preceding the confirmation of general
settlement projects, that of an evaluation of projects by all rural residents (7).
I-towever, ttle development oi scientifically-based designs for planning and development
and of general plans is of itself no guarantee that the plans will be implemented.
Practical experience attests to the fact that in rural areas many plan violations
and violations of construction discipline are tolerated during construction work and
- the guilty parties remain unpunished. Existing laws regarding the development of
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400060028-1
F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
re~ral ~~[Llemant~ in che i:~Fat~ ~b) aua uct?ar union republics do not desi~;nate any
sort of responsibility for such violations of the law. There is also an absence of
sanctions for the putting together of low-quality planning decuments.
In our opinion, an effective means of fighting for quality in planning documents and
of observing development rules is the establishment of fu11 material responsibility
for errors in planning documents and for violations of the rules of development as
well as the establishment of corresponding material incentives for rural planning
organizations and developers for quality, scientifically-based plans and for follow-
ing ttiem precisely during the implementation proces~ (9). The non-effect.iveness of
legal norms (8) concerning the planning and development of rural settlements attests
to the presence of considerable shortcomings in the mechanism of legal regulations
of the given interrelationships. For this reason, radical measures are needed to
eliminate the shortcomings. First of all we should clearly establish the
competency of the USSR and union republics in queGtions regarding the planning and
development of settlements. It would seem that the fundamental resolutions
concerning planning and development should be contained in a single act of union
- significance and the details should be in the acts of union republics. In our
opinion, it would be expedient to systematize laws on planning and development on
the basis of union laws concerning capital construction and by including the
corres~onding ind pendent section for them. This section should include norms for
regulating relations having to do with the settlement of rural residents, with the
planning of urban facilities and developing villages, with the conservation and
use of natural riches while developing settlements as well as other norm~ the
~ effectiveness of whicti is tested in practical terms.
According to the "Basic Directions of Economic and Social Development of the USSR,"
during the llth Five-Year Plan one of our goals is "The rapid development of
construcciun of residential housing, highways and structures for social-cultural
and communal-domestic purposes."
During the lOth Five-Year Plan 5.6 billion rubles of capital investments, or 1.9
times more than during 1971-1975, were directed at residential and cultural-domestic
construction in the rural areas of the Non-Chernozem Zone of the RSFSR. Residential
housing with a total area of 22.8 million square meters was constructed. In
1981-1985 9.9 billion rubles will be allocated for this purpose. A total area of
- 33.5 million square meters of residential housing alone will be constructed.
In the rural areas of the Non-Chernozem R~gion residential construction takes place
in three legal forms--state, kolkhoz-cooperative, and individual. Individual
residential tiere comprises 90 percent of the total rural residential fund, state
and kolkhoz-cooperative--10 percent (5, p. 184). Primarily these are few-storied
structures with simple amenities. The data attests to the fact that state and
kolkhoz-cooperative residential construction have not been extensive here and are
just in their initial stages. The reason for this is the shortcomi.ngs in the planning
oF capital investments, Centralized and non-centralized resources of enterprises
were previously directed mainly into production construction, Residential construc-
tion and the inclusion of amenities in rural settlements were not given any
attention, This tendency in the planning of capital investments of kolkhozes and
sovkhozes under modern conditions cannot be considered correct.
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The constant growth of the economic power of sovkhozes and kolkhozes in the zone
enables them to increase total capital investments from year to year directed
at cultural-domestic and residential construction. In solving the problem of
accelerating the pace of residential construction in rural areas a large role will
be played by party and state measures for strengthening the production bases of
rural construction organizations and for increasing their technical equipment.Z
The resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR C~uncil of Ministers,
"On the Continued Development and Increasing Effectiveness of Agriculture in the
Non-Chernozem Region of the RSFSR in 1981-1985," admits the necessity of focusing
the capacities of contractual construction organizations on constructing residential
housing, educational buildings, structures for cultural-domestic purposes and for
agricultural enterprises and branches of industry that are related to it in the
rural areas of this zone. It is also planned to further increase the volume and
~ improve the quality construction of residential housing and structures used for
municipal management and cultural-domestic purposes and to improve the supplies of~
engineering equipment for these structures.
The practical experience of several krays and oblasts in the country as well as the
prospects for the development of a construction base in the Non-Chernozem Region
convince us of the fact that the contractual agreement form of development as the
most progressive must also play a leading role here (10, 11).. A growth in the scale
of cultural-domestic and residential construction in the rural areas of the zone will
result in its concentration, i.e. in the planning and construction of groups of
residential houses, residential quarters and microneighborhoods by large planning
and contractual organizations. The concentrated, complex development of settle-
ments is an important direction in rural construction which secures a high
effectiveness of capital investments.
However, the comple:c development of the Non-Chernozem Zone is not yet in full su~ing
for a number of reasons, the main one of which, in our opinion, is the lack of unity
in financing sources. As practical experience demonstrates, this shortcoming can be
eliminated if a single order service is created within the boundaries of the rural
adr.~~?t15~T"ai:1Vc TSyGri. rOL" eXalii~ic~ a single ordar serv~re i0Y TUrS'1 ..~II3'i.YllCt10II
has been created for all of the rayons of the BSSR and it has fully justified it-
self in practice. Its function is realized by the administrations of capital
construction of executive committees of rayon soviets of people's deputies. They
control the capital investments of ministries and departments for production,
residential, municipal and cultural-domestic construction and they conduct technical
surveys of the construction of structures in kolkhozes using the management method.
_ Togett~er with the office of the regional architect the administrations of capital
construction are responsible for complex development in accordance with the basic
Suffice it to say that 85 percent of construction-installation work planned for the
- Non-Ctiernozem Zone must be completed by the contract method. Here a large role must
be played by the rural construction combines that are developing everywhere and that
specialize in the production of structural members for agricultural production
buildings and for large-panel housing construction. No fewer than 60 percent of
residential houses in the zone will be constructed from completely prefabrictted
sections (S,pp 101-105) .
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400460028-1
F'nR OF FI('lAl, IJSE ONL.Y
propusals uE regional plannin~; pro~jects, general plans and schemes (14). A single
order 5ervice in rural areas enables us to move toward extensive cooperation in
material resources belonging to all types of developers within the region and to
simplify development. However, in the practical experience of cooperation (participa-
tion through shares) for rural construction many unclear and debateable questions
arise (concerning the forms and sizes of shares, etc.) (15). In conriection with this,
we feel that for rural areas uniform state norms should be developed concerning the
shared participation of developers; their rights and obligations should be
specified. It seems to us that ttie fulfillment of the residential program in rural
areas of the zone will require the maximal development of all forms of residential
construction.
It is possible to solve the problems of reorganizing rural areas not only under
conditions of a thorough working through of the ways to move toward promising forms
of development with a consideration of the progressive directions of agricultural
development but also with an efficient coordination of public and individual housing
construction as well as the forms of organization of private enterprises for rural
residents. The artificial restraint of individual construction and the under-
estimation of cooperative residential construction in the zone in the near future
could become serious t~indrances to residential construction in the Non-Chernozem
Region.
The "Basic Directions of Economic and Social Development of the USSP~" emphasize the
necessity of increasing the role of residential-construction cooperation, of further
improving the li.ving conditions of the population and of expanding the possibilities
for individual construction of homes in rural areas. With this goal in mind it is
proposed to aid workers in cooperative and individual housing construction using the
incentives funds of associations and enterprises. This is one of the guarantees that
will give citizens a real opportunity for housing, as confirmed in the Constitution
of the USSR (article 44).
Ttie resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers of
20 rfarch 1974 foresaw the awarding of privileges to individual developers who moved
to perspective settlements. They are given credit for construction over a 15 year
period with payments beginning 3 years after the loan was obtained (0.2 percent
annually).3 Under certain conditions some large enterprises of the Non-Chernozem
Zone will give credit r,~ individual developers. For example, some kolkhozes issue
loans of over 5,000 rubles for individual construction, to be paid back over a period
of 25 years (13). Ttiis type of credit is available for every rural resident. For
this reason witti the aim of stimulating individual and cooperative construction in the
rural areas of the Non-Ctiernozem Zone it would be expedient to provide legal riglits
for individual developers and members of ZhSK's [Housing construction cooperatives]
to interest-less state credit with a loan repayment period of up to 25 years. It is
very important that with the overall stimulation of individual construction and an
increase of its proportion by only 1 percent of the residential fund planned in the
enterprises ot the Non-Chernozem Zone we economize on public resources in a sum of
Resettlers of the Non-Chernozem Zone are awarded other privileges as indicated in
the resoluti.on of the USSR Council of Ministers dated 4 January 1966 (12).
30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000440060028-1
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
approxt.mately 200 mi.llion rubles (16). Individual developers and ZhSK's must be
completely freed from repaying loans for the construction of exterior engineering
structures and for the beautification of the settlement. Expenditures for this
part of the work should be covered by sovkhozes, kolkhozes and local soviets of
people's deputies.
- Worthy of attention is the widespread dissemination in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the
experience of individual construction in Moscow Oblast. The cost of construction
here is calculated according to the prices and norms established to determine the
estimated cost of state residential construction. The initial contribution of the
funds of individual developers comprises 20 percent of the estimated cost of build-
ing a house with outdoor structures. By agreement with trade union organizations
the directors of enterprises have the right to decrease the total initial
contribution to 10 percent for demobilized soldiers and young people and for workers
of mass professions in enterprises that are experiencing an acute labor shortage.
_ It would be expedient to give shareholders of ZSK's in the Non-Chernozem Zone the
right to interest-less state credit at a rate of 70-80 percent of the cost of a
cooperative apartment.4 Moreover, individual developers and members of ZhSK's who
have worked well and for a long period of time should be given ~rants (from general
incentives funds) in quantities necessary for partially or completely covering the
differences between total state credit and the total cost of the apartment.5 In our
opinion, in order to prevent abuses the law should stipulate the norms in accordance
with which the resources issad as free material aid for the construction of
cooperative and individual housing are subject to recovery in cases in which the
developer (ZhSK member) leaves the enterprise of his own free will, for violations
of labor discipline or in connection with crimes committed.
In our opinion, the acceptance of the complex of proposed measures will maximally
encourage the development of residential construction and the securing of cadres in
the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of tne Non-Chernozem Region of the RSFSR. These
measures are just examples and are by no means exhaustive. Moreover, for some of
them the very formulation of the question is controversial,
~connection with this the practices of individual construction of housing in the
rural areas of Bulgaria are interesting. The developer selects a model design for his
future house, which is constructed by the agricultural cooperative in accordance with
a contractual agreement. When the house is ready the developer receives the keys to
it. At this point he begins repaying an interest-less loan over a period of 20 years,
which is partially r?paid from the cooperative's resources (17).
STiie experience of rural cooperative construction in the Lithuanian SSR as well as
. in Moscow Oblast attests to the fact that additional privileges available for ZhSK
shareholders significantly activate this form of construction in rural areas.
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. SP USSR [Collection of Government Regulations and Decrees], 1974, No 9, p 39.
- 2. PRAVDA, 1981, 15 April.
3. "Kompleksnaya programma razvitiya Nechernozem'ya" [Comprehensive Program for the
Development of the Non-~Chernozem Region], Moscow, 1977, pp 40-42.
4. "Organizatsiya sistem kul'turno-bytovogo obsluzhivaniya na razlichnykh etapakh
preobrazovaniya sel'skikh naselennykh mest" [The Organization of Systems of
- Cultural-Domestic Services at Various Stages of Reorganizat~~on of Rural
- Settlements], Ifoscow, 1971, pp 29-30, 69.
5. "Perspektivy razvitiya ekonomiki i kul'tury Nechernozemnoy zony RSFSR" [Prospects
for the Development of the Economy and Culture of the Non-Chernozem Region of the
RSFSR], Moscow, 1976, p 180.
6. SP USSIZ, 1968, No 24, p 119.
7. Balezin, V. P. "Pravovoy rezhim zemel' sel'skikh naselennykh punktov" [The
Legal Regiment of Lands in Rural Settlements], Moscow, 1972, pp 78-79.
8. SP KSFSR, 1970, No 14, p 83.
9. Farshatov, I. A., "Pravovyye voprosy zastroyki sela (Kompleksnyy analiz)"
~ [Legal Questions in Rural Development (Complex Analysis)], SOVETSKOYE GOSUDARSTVO
I PRAVO, 1980, No 4, p 65.
10. Yakush, V., "Ot fundamenta do klyuchey" [From Foundation to Keys], IZVESTIYA,
1975, 4 rlarch.
11. Basilov, D., "Stroyki Nechernozem'ya" [The Structures of the Non-Chernozem
Region], TRUD, 1977, S May.
= 12. SP USSR, 1966, No 2, p 12.
13. Goryanskaya, L., "Stroitel'nyye kooperativy na sele" [Construction Cooperatives
in Rural Areas], SEL'ShOYE KHOZYAYSTVO ROSSII, 1971, No 8, p 58.
14. Korol', V., "Krasivo i udobno" [Attractive and Comfortable], IZVESTIYA, 1980,
24 April.
15. Bel'ctienko, V., "Kogda usiliya ob"yedeneny" [When Efforts are Unified],
IZVESTIYA, 1974, 27 September.
16. VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, 1974, No 10, p 57.
17. Bogush, G., "Kak bolgarskiye krest'yane stroyat dlya sebya doma" [How Bulgarian
Peasants are Building Their Own Houses], SEL'SKAYA ZHIZN; 1968, 29 June.
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL U~~: ONLY
18. SEL'SI:UYE KHU'LYe~YSTVU RU5S11, 1971, No 3, p 58
19. SEL'SKOYE STROITEL'STVO, 1978, No 1, p 25.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo", 1981
8228
CSO: 1800/710
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000440060028-1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
REGIONAL
RELIGIOUS SURVIVALS IN FAMILY MUST BE ELIMINATED
Alma-Ata QAZAQSTAN AYELDERI in Kazakh No 6, Jun 81 p 14
[Article by K. Nurmaghambetov: "The Education of Children in the Family and
Religion~
[Text] Construction of communism, the grand future of all humanity, is a complex
dialectical process that takes place in the spiritual, as well as the material,
realm. Communist ideology, as a form of social reality, has a direct influence
upon members of society working with a distinct goal in mind based on an activist
stance in life. It was pointed out in the resolution "Concerning Further
Improvement of Ideological and Political Education Work" of the CC CPSU and
in the decisions of the 26th Party Congress that the scientific-materialist world
view of Soviet citizens has become strengthened in carrying out a continual,
merciless struggle against remnants of the old order. Comrade D. A. Kunayev,
member of the CPSU CC Politburo and first secretary of the Kazakhstan CP CC,
emphasized in his report to the 15th Congress of the Kazakhstan CP CC and
Kazakhstan CP that: "It is no secret that all kinds of remnants and harmful
customs of the old order that shame man's honor and intelligence still exist
among us. Such unacceptable manifestations must be eliminated once and for all,
irrevocably."
Thus the scientific a~heism education system, which combats both remnants of the
old order in men's thoughts and deeds and their blind faith in untruthful
religion, must educate all classes of people in a spirit of militant atheism,
but particularly children and young people so that they do not adopt religious
world views. The class and social foundations nourishing religion have been
overthrown in our country. Although most Soviet people are non-believers, never-
theless religious survivals continue to be preserved among the people, even among
_ children and young people. Results of sociological research in individual schools
in Alma-Ata, Taldy-Kurganskaya, Kzyl-Ordinskaya and Chimkentskaya Oblasts show
that the number of school students listening to religious agitators and religious
_ teachers and praying had reached two to five percent. It was also revealed that
parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives were the sources of such
religious lies. These facts prove that there are serious problems in providing
children atheism education in the family.
We can neither know nor understand anything about things not existing in this
world. A human being only understands and grasps when he c.an see, feel, hold or
34
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
tt~:ir. ln ttil~: wiiy ;i prr,~~?i br.~;liis [u tiave a knowledge ot ttie wor.ld. Llkew.iaa
man cannot always 4~ave a correct conception of what he sees or hears. The reason
is that it is not easy to get to the bottom of natural secrets, a variety of
phenomena and various relationships a~ng people. In addition certain elders ~nd
parents believing in religion pour religious sayings such as "There is a God who
- created the world," "Respect God," "Everything is in Allah's hands," "Man is
God's slave and the prophet is Muha~mnad" and "Everything is fated" into the ears
of children. The evil consequence of this are many. A child involuntarily
develops habits of deceit and dissimulation. The reason is that while, on the
one hand, they must listen to teachings at home from their parents on "God" and
"the creator," on the other hand, they are trained in knowledge opposed to these
ideas in school. Such children gain two educations; they seek to go in two
directions at once and learn cunning.
"At home my father spoke about the formation of the world and various animals
in an interesting way, and everything that he said seemed to have foundation.
- But ~ohen I began to study at school, everything he had taught me turned out to
be wrong. I couldn't understand this, but I didn't say anything to anyone. I
understood everything when I grew up." Thus. T. I., a ninth grade teacher of
Vhamalghan Middle School, infor.med us.
We received a long letter from Alma-Ata Oblast tenth grade teacher Smaghul
Tengizbaev of No Zfiao Middle School of Talghan City about how his father was
greatly offended when he failed to lceep a fast.
~ To be sure, respect for elders, caring for juniors, being polite and listening to
the words of elders are honorable characteristics for any generation. However,
elders and parents must not forget that perversion of the younger generation
towards false religion merely to retain the good characteristics runs counter to
the needs of the times. A. C. Makarenko, the noted father of Soviet education,
wrote regarding children's education that: Although people and things both play
an educational role, man--especially parents and teachers--is, most of all, the
richest source of support to education.
Some parents who practice religious customs such as begging or traveling as
mendicants strive to teach this to their children. Going from door to door in 40
houses to beg still goes on during religious festivals, It is wrong to train the
younger generation in such obsolete customs. Children cannot prepare their
lessons on time during such uproar--they join the ranks of the unprepared and
suffer consequently.
Islam, like all religions, is reactionary; it divides the world into believers
and infidels. It is well known how historically such teachings create hostility
between peoples and give rise to distrust. As a result, various serious mockeries
and sayings arise against the national honor of some peoples; authors of these
sayings are religious lords holding to Islam, such as Mollah, Ho~a and Ishan
and the rich. In their view, adherents of Islam are superior to adherents of
other religions. Religious representatives have taught that infidels and Moslems
are bitter enemies and must therefore live apart from one another. It is rather
common that religious parents pass on such views to their children.
35
FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400440060028-1
FOR .'~FFICIAL USE ONLY
Parents must be wary of intraducing religious cuatoms and traditions that have
strangled and humiliated women for centuries into their children's family
education. Some families discriminate in the way that they treat boys and girls.
Sgyings and proverbs such as "Don't trust the horse in front of you or the
woman in your embrace;" "Plop, plop, as natural as sn~w falling, he has found an
evil wife," and "A biack headed man is better than a golden headed woman," are
recited by fathers who can do no wrong in the eyes of their children. These
sayings create unpleasant thoughts in boys and girls hearing such "guidance."
A boy begins to think that he is better than a girl, and this becomes a life-long
habit. This is one reason why such children later encounter family "problems."
For example: when ninth grader Serikpen of Kaskelen Middle School was speaking
about the family he said: "Fellows, love has nothing to do with it. Somebody
must cook the meals. The woman must be under the man's control." Later when we
- visited his house, we saw that this view was his father's.
Today t1,e arrival of a child, his naming, his marriage--the ~*~st important
festi~ities of a persor.'s life are celebrated. In rural areas such occasions are
still, though rarely, observed according to custom in the Muslim manner. Also
during celebrations, there are cases where Mollahs teach the Koran and Islamic
practices. These "customs" cannot help but influence the younger generation.
What religion teaches cannot be perceived by man. It causes young men to suffer
and separates them from joy, laughter and friendly intercourse. Thus, every
family must establish a close connection with schools and efforts must be made
_ to raise apathetic children as active fighters for our ideals.
COPYRIGHT: "Qazaqstan Ayelderi" 1981
11,433
CSO: 1810/620 END
36
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400060028-1