JPRS ID: 10050 EAST EUROPE REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
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JPRS L/ 10050
14 October 1981
E ast ~ u r~ e Re ort
p
- POLITICAI, SOCIOLO~ICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 8/81)
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JPRS L/10050
14 October 1981
_ EAST EUROPE REPORT
POLITICAL, SOCIOLAGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 8/81)
CONTElVTS
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Draftee Physical Condition in Presov Okres Evaluated
(M. Kriz; CESKOSLOVENSKE ZDRAVOTNICTVI, No 3, 19R1 1
- a - (III - EE - 63 FOUO]
1Cnn nr. CrI`r ~ T T iCC l11VT V
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
DRAFTEE PHYSICAL CONDITION IN PRESOV OKR~S EvA;.UATED
Prague CESKOSLOVENSKE ZDRAVOTNICTVI in Slovak No 3, 1981 p~ i02-109
[Article by M. Kriz, IrID, District Natior~r:? ~ommittee, Presov: "Physical Fitness
- of 18-Year Old Draftees in Presov Okres'']
~ [TextJ Our socialist society offers unprecedented opportunities for a high
standard of physical and mental health. Physical fitness of our population is
one of the areas with a great potential for improvement of the quality of health.
_ A systematic exogenous action on the genetic base of the organism may substan-
tially affect the quality of health which, in the form of good physical f~tness,
may affect the rate of morbidity, disability and mortality due to cardiovascular
- diseases during the reproductive age, as well as improve the potential of the
~3efense of our soc.ialist achievements. Furthermore, it also may improve the ad-
ministrarive rapacity of our leading of~icials and provide a genetic support for
the condition of health of the future gen~rations.
The beneficial effect of exertion on physical fitness was already known in ancient
Graece; the English aristocracy, fearing degeneration and indolence, organized
~ athletic an~i tennis clubs. Prof A. Wollenberger, a cardiologist of wo.rld renown,
declared ehat regular daily exercise under submaximum stress practically prevents
myocardial infarction. Academician Miasnikov says that the precondition for
longevity is the development of the genetic base, namely, walking or jogging
10 km every day, maintaining one's body weight at the level of 22 years even at
an advanced age, abstinence from smokin~ and avoidance of stress. In the opinion
of Academician Amosov, if today's generation fails to change its lifestyle dra-
~ matically, it is to be expected that in some 30 or 40 years half of the popula-
tion will be disabled and become a burden for the other half. Research conducted
in certain areas of the world (Indian tribes in Mexico, South America, the popu-
- lation in the Swiss community of Blattendorf, ~~here myocardial infarction has not
been observed) indicates that motor activity is one of the extremely important
factors in preventing the "diseases of civilization."
Motor activity is regarded as one of the factors responsible for higher ICHS.
Lack of physical training leads to analogical changes as in predominance of the
sympathetic nervous system. Raab observed a linear ascEndant of the PR [pulse
rate] and a decline in the isometric phase with declining physical training.
Exercise induces sympathetic inhibition and increased elimination of catechola-
mines in the urine, thus changing the enzymatic relations of the heart. Correla-
tions have been ascertained between physical inactivity and the incidence of .
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cardiac diseases and deaths. According to Schimert, physical exertion beneficially
affects the body weight, reduces cholesteremia and lipemia; lowers blood pressure;
improves cardiac action which becomes more economical due to a higher volume of
the pulse and a lower PR. Prolonged and regular physical activity and exercise
protect the heart from adrenergic vulnerability. From this it follows that motion
affects the risk factors of cardiovascular :iseases. However, this effect lasts
oaly so long as the training continues! Physical fitness affects favorably also
the thrombotic response, improves fibrinolysis, cardiac metabolism, PR, and col-
lateral cardiac circulation; it affects enzymes, such as TDH and glucose-6-
phosphate dehydrogenase, and hormones, such as insulin, the growth hormone, the
steroids, thyroxine, and the androgens. Brief physical exertion connected with
great strain has a more decis:ive effect!
Advancing automation results in muscular starvation, in higher demands on the CNS
[central nervous system], in symptoms of illness caused by insufficient motor
activity (hypokinesia--Raab). Its opposite is kinesophilia, the need to move.
A certain degree of our inherited physical fitness (Grebe 1963) may be enhanced
by systematic exercise, which may increase nonspecific resistance against environ-
mental factors (Zimkin 1960). Resistance has a peak which may be reached but
which fades rapidly if we fail to be consistent and systematic.
- Under the concept of "fitness" we understand the ability of good physical per-
formance in work and in personal life, and the optimum reaction to environmental
stimuli. Physical fitness is a narrower concept which denotes creation of proper
conditions for strenuou~ motor activity with regards to envir.onmental factors.
PerformancE, an even narrower concept, is the ability to execute a physical feat
in a unit of time. It may be said that every ci.tizen of our socialist society
shuuld try to improve his fitness. Motor sympathicotonia and the subsequent
parasympathicotonia at rest may greatly enhance subjective feelings of health and
expand the scope of adaptability to environmental factors and thus, a young person
may very substantia~ly affect his cardiovascular condition at a later age.
Method
We exandned 75 young men born in 1961 who reside in Sabinov and Lipany (city
youths) and 75 young men from more distant villages in the area of the terri-
torial polyclinic in Sabinov, in the northern part of presov Okres, who had pre-
sented th,~mselves for conscription for basic military ser.vice. We obtained our
material from the file~ of the Uistrict Military Administration in Presov. We
do not disclose here the total number of the youihs because of military secrecy.
. According to Fekete's scheme, our sy~tem is significant. At the first draft, 14
percent of the total number of the youths were found temporarily unfit for mili-
tary service. From the rest we selected absolutely healthy individuals diagnosed
as unaffectPd by any disease. We did not test any ophthalmological, orthopedic
and other defects; our intention was to determine the physical conditiox~ of the
above-mentioned youths. The objective ~f our study was to demonstrate that mo.r-
tality, morbidity and disability may be basically influenced and thus, the eco-
nomic factor improved by a lower rate of PNS and disability, and to demand better
performance in the unit of time from individuals who are better fit physically.
In addition to the physical examination, we also conducted a poll in the form of
a questionna.ire of the subjects, which appears in the tables. We tested pl:ysical
= 2
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fitness by tne W i70 method. Under the same conditions we induced graduatad stress
with weight equal to 1.5 and 2 W/kg. The subjects performed this work on a bicycle
ergo~eeter attached to one-leak EKG in the V 4 area and on manometer. The work is
based on the following relation:
- 1W = Work _ 6 kpm/min = ~oule ,
time sec
The enclosed scheme presents a record of the test (Graph 1) with current perso:~al
data, stress values in watt/kg of weight, value~ of the pulse at rest, blood pres-
sure, values of fats from the tests of folds purs~!ant to Parizkova's method, the
. PWC index of ]70/kg of weight, as well as the PR and the values of blood pressure
- after the stress a~.id during recuperaticn. The duration of individual peric,ds of
stress was 4 minutes and the period of recuperation 5 minutes. In the graph we
register the PR after the first stress period and six-fold value of stress in
watts, i.e., kpm. We register the values after the second stress period in an
analogical manner. By connecting the points thus obtained and by their extension
we obtain a line on wtiich we seek by extrapolation the value of PWC 170/kpm/min.
In other words, we study how mar~y kpm the subject can achieve at the pulse rate of
170, i.e., under submaximum stress. We deri~~e a certain value in kpm which, di-
- vided by the weight of tY~e subject, produces the PWC index 170/kg of weight, ac-
cording to which we evaluate ~hysical fitness. If we divide the amount of kpm at
- PR 170 by 6, we obtain the value of work expressed in watts which the sub~ect per-
- formed at the pulse rate of 170. By dividing this value by his weight~, w~ obtain
_ a value which indicates how many watts the subject performs at the PR of 170 of
his weight. On tha basis of this weight, we as;sess his physical fitness.
~ Tal~le 1. YR at Rest, after Stress and in Recuperation
Citv Youths Country Youths
Pulse Rate No Percent of 75 No Percent of 75
Values of Pulse at Rest
Under 60 PR/min 3 4 3 4
60-80 PR/min 24 32 23 30.7
81-100 PR/min 36 48 40 53.3
over 100 PR/min 12 16 9 12
PR Values after 1.5 W/kg of Weight
Under 130 PR/min 25 33.3 26 34.7
131-140 PR/min 22 29�4 22 2~�4
141-150 PR/min 1~~ 18.6 i4 18.6
151-?60 PR/min 8 10.7 11 14.6
over 160 PR/min 6 8.0 2 2�7 .
PR Values after 2 W/kg of Weight
Under 150 PR/min 21 28 26 34.7
151-1fi0 PR/min 24 32 12 16.0
161-170 PR/min 9 12 23 30.6
over 170 PR/min 21 28 14 18'~
~ Values PR after S-Minute Recuperation
PR 0-20 percent 40 53.3 48 64
- over 20 percent 35 46.7 27 36
3
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Results
Table 1 rep.resents the value of pulse rate, at rest, after the first and after the
second stress period, and du~ing recuperation. Acc~rding to Raab, the better the
training, the lower the PR at rest. After stress, the heart of a trained indi-
vidual reacts by raising the pulse volume :.o the detriment of the heart rate. The
heart reacts to stress by raising the PR because the volume of pulsation rises
only slightly frum the norm of o0 ml in untrained individuals and up to 120 ml in
_ trained individuals. When the value of the volume of pulsation in a trained indi-
vidual is exhausted, the heart increases its rate. Good indicators of bradycardia
at rest were observed in three of the city subjects and in three of the country
youths, which is 4 percenr of the system. All of them were active athletes (in
various types of sportsj, with the exception of one 18-year old country youth ~ilil0~
however, was working in construction assembly, earning Kcs 4,000; thus, it may be
presumed that this individual pe.r.formed extremely strenuous physical work. Values
~ of PR at rest within the r~orm were observe3 in one-third of the tested individuals;
64 percPnt of the city and 65.3 percent of the country youths demonstrated higher
values of PR at rest. Table 4 presents median values of the PR at rest, which
ainount to 85.~/min in the city youth~, and to 84.9/min in country youths, i.e.,
a value higher than our norm. After the first stress period 1.5 W/kg of weight
wa regard as a good indicator one that does not exceed PR over 130/min. Roughly
one-third of our subjects appeared within the range of that "norm." Adverse PR
values over 150/min were demonstrated in 14 city and 13 country youths. The mean
PR value after an exercise load of t.5 W/kg is 138.1/udn for city youth and 135.6
for country youth, as indicated in Table 4. A good PR of under 150/min after a
second exercise was achieved by 28 percent city and 34.7 percent of country boys.
Some 28 percent of city and almost 19 percent of country boys have very unsatis-
factory PR of over 170/min. Mean values in Table 4 are 158.6 heart beats for city
and 157.6 beats for country boys. Mean PR after the first and after the second
exercise load show slightly increased PR to above 130 aad 150/min [respectively
for city and country boys]. Good adaptability of the heart muscle to adjust to
rest would be reflected in a PR no higher than 20 percent of the at-rest value
after a 5 minute recuperation. However, we must take into consideration rela-
tively high at-rest PR values. Some 53.3 percent of city boys and 64 percent of
_ country boys fit into correct category. Mean PR for recuperated boys in Table 4
' is 105/min with upper limit of 20 percent is 102/min, for country boys 102.5 (101
- min). It can be seen from this, that the recuperation of the heart muscle is just
= above the acceptable limit of 7.0 percent of the at-rest PR. The better trained
- the individual, the closer is his PR to the at-rest condition.
Table 2 presents the values of blood pressure [BP] after stress of 1.5 and 2 W/kg.
Values at rest are within the norm partly because this test dealt with subjects
unaffected by any morbid changes. The values of blood gressure elevated by 10 torr
at 30 kpm are within the norm. If we take the median value of weight from Table 4,
~ the result is average stress of 104 W, i.e., 600 kpm in the first stress period;
thus, the values of BP up to 150 mm Hg (less than 20 kPa) are within the norm.
= These values were obtained in 24 percent of ~he city, and in 37.3 percent of the
- country 18-year old youths. Analogically, in the second stress period the values
under 170 mm Hg (less than 22.66 kPa) were within the norm. This value was ob-
tained in 24 percent of the youths in both groups; relatively high values over
4
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Table 2. Values of the Blood Pressure System Undex Stress
City Youths Country Youths
Blood Pressure Values Number Percent of 75 Numb~r Percent of 75
Blood pressure after stress
of 1.5 W/kg of weight
Under 150 tor.r
> 20 kPa 18 24.0 28 37.3
150-170 torr
20 kPa - 22.66 kPa 49 65.3 40 53.3
Over 170 torr
< 22.66 kPa 8 10.7 7 9.4
Blood pressure after ctress _
of 2 W/kg of weight
Under 170 torr
> 22.66 kPa 18 24 18 24.
170-190 torr
22.66 kPa - 25.33 kPa 47 62.7 46 61.4
Over 190 torr
- < 25.33 kPa 10 13.3 11 14.6
Table 3~. Rating of Physical Fitness in Wg and kpm/kg/min of Weight
City Youths Country Youths
Physical Fi~ness Index No Percent of 75 No Percent of 75
PWC 170 kpm/kg/min
Excellent ~ 20 3 4.0 2 2.7
Above average 18.0-19.9 4 5.3 3 4.0
Averags 16.0-17.9 9 12.0 9 12.0
Below average 14.0-15.9 19 25.4 18 24.0
- Insufficient ~ 13.9 40 53.3 43 57.3
Work in W 170/kg of weight
- Excellent > 3.33 3 4.0 2 2.7
Above average 3~Ofl-3.22 4 5.3 3 4.0
Average 6ci -^..99 9. 12.0 9 12. 0
Below average 2.34-2.65 19 25.4 18 24.0
Insufficient ~ 2.33 40 53.3 43 57.3
190 mm Hg (more than 25.33 kPa) were reached by 14 percent in both groups. Table
- 4 presents median BP values after the first stress period, which are 156.3 and
155.0 mm ~:g, respectively, and after. the second stress period, namely, 178 mm Hg
and 175.9 mm Hg, respectively; these values are higher than the norm of 150 to
_ 170 mm Hg. After 5 ieinutes of recuperation all subjects demonstrated the same
BP values as at rest.
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Table 4. Median Values of Indicators and T_heir Comparison
Value City Youths Country Youths
PR at rest E5.90/min 84.9/min
_ PR after 1.5 W/kg 138.1/min 135.6/min
PR after 2 W/kg 158.6/min 157.6/min
PR after 5-minute recuperation 105.0/min 102.5/min
W 170/kg 2.36 W/kg 2.36 W/kg
PWC 170 Kpm/kg/min 14.23 14.11
PF. after 1.5 W/kg 156.3 torr. syst~ PR 155.~ torr. syst. PR
PR after 2 W/kg. 178.0 torr. syst. PR 175.9 torr. syst. PR
Percent of iat in weight 11.72 percent 12.58 percent
Average height - weight 174.8 cm - 66.99 kg 173.2 cm - 68.43 kg
Table 3 reviews the functional fitness of the subjects. As mentioned above, the
amount of the kpm value at PR 170 was theoretically determined by extr;~polation,
and divided by the weight of the subject; its result is index PWC 170 kpm/kg/min.
According to this index we rate physical fitness as excellent if the index is
above 20, from 18.0-19.9 as above average, from 16.0-17.9 as average, fror~ 14-15.9
as below average, and under 13.9 as insufficient. From the table it appears that
- physical fitness of 4 percent of the city youths (3 individuals) and of 2.7 percent
of the country youths (2 individu3ls) qualified as excellent; 5.3 pPrcent (4) city
youths and 4.0 percent (3) country youths were above average; 12 percent (9) of
the city youths and the same number of the country youths were average. If we
take average physical fitness as the norm, then 21.3 percent (16) of the city, and
18.7 percent (14) of the country youths are in the range of the PWC index of 170
kpm/kg/min. In the range Uelow average and insufficient physical fitness are 59
_ city and 61 country youths. The median value of the index in Table 4 is 14.23 in
the city, and 14.11 in the country youths; thus, j.n both groups it appears on the
lower level of the index for below-average physical f~tness. We obtain the same
results if we divide the kpm by 6; the results denotes the amount of stress exe-
cuted by the subject at PR 170. If we divide this number by his weight, we obtain
the value in W/kg. According to this value, the individual who deals with more
than 3.33 W/kg of his weight at PR 170/min is physically fit; the range from 3.0-
3.32 is above average, from 2.66-2.99 W/kg of weight is average, from 2.34-2.65 is
below average. Below 2.33 physical fitness is insufficient. T7e average value is
- 2.36 W/kg of weight, an3 as in the preceding table, it appears on the lower level
_ of the below-average physical fitness.
Table 5. Questionnaire of the Subjects, and Values of Fat
uestion City Youths Country Youths ~
Smoking
- Nonsmoker 48 39
Smoker 27 36
Alcohol
Abstinent 20 10
, Drinker 55 65
[Table continued on following pagel
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uestion City Youths Country Youths
Swimming
Swi~er 60 51
Nonswimmer 15 24
' Sexuality
0 41 35
1 wou~.an ~ 23 32
2 and nore 11 . 8
Body fat according to Parizkova
under 9 percent of weigh* 9 8
9-11 percEnt 31 20
~ over 11 percent 35 47
_ The answers of the subjects in the questionnaire were strictly confidential. From
_ Table 5 it appears that 48 city, and 39 country youths did not sm~ke. High values
in alcohol consumption amount to 55 city, and 65 country youths. One may speak
only of the second degree of alcoholism, since the subjects only recently reached
the~_r i8th birthday and became legaJ.ly able to consume alcoholic beverages. Among
the city youths, 20 percent were nonswimmers, as were slightly over 30 percent of the
country youths. Interesting is their sexuality: 34 city, and 40 country youths
admitted intercourse with the opposite sex. In our test we determineci fat by mea-
suring skin folds with a caliper according to Parizkova's method. Although Pariz-
~ kova established up to 14 percent of the body weight as a norm for the middle-age
generation, in our opinion the values of fat in 18-year old youths must be rated
according to criteria for athletes. Fat as ICHS risk factor was determined in 35
city, and 47 country youths as above the norm of 11 percent. Table 4 presents the
median value of height and weight of 174.8 cm and 66.99 kg in the city, and 173.2
cm and 68.43 kg in the country youths. The median value of fat is 11.72 percent
of ~he body weight fo: the 75 city youths, and 12.5 percent for the country youths,
in other words, these values are well below norm. From other questions which are
not included in Table 5 it.appears that a small number of the youths regularly
compete in sports; not a single subject walked at least 5 km daily. In most cases
they walk from their home to the bus station. A very small number of subjects at-
_ t~:nded concerts and theater, however, every month they visited taverns frequently.
Conclusion
It is not our intention to imply that in general, physical fitness of the 18-year
old generation is below average. We are able to say this with assurance only with
regards to a group of 18-year old youths in the northern part of Presov Okres with-
in the range of the polyclinic in Sabinov, who were born in 1961 and subject to
draft for military service. In view of the results obtained we concluded that this
test should be repeated with future classes of 18-year.old youths in other okreses
of Slovakia. If such results prove to be a rule, then it is imperative to begin
as early as in nursery schools with the prevention of the diseases of civilization.
The physical fitness of our population may be improved if every individual and
every ministry coop.erate (for example, education; constructiot~--creation of health
zones; competitions--short daily programs of physical fitness; envir.onmental pro-
tection; public health). As health workers, we should adopt the words of P. White
whc, in his lecture in Burlington in 1964, "To Practice What We Preach," spoke about
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prevention of cardiovascular diseases and appealed to physicians to set an example
for others by their own lifestyle. Our socialist society offers us such oppor-
tunities. Here we see one of such opportunities to cut morbidity, disability and ~
mortality caused by cardiovascul3r dlseases.
Summary
The author tested physical fitness in a significant group of 18-year old youths
from an area in Presov Okres using Fekete's program, the W 170 method, as well as
a confidential questionnaire. From the report presented here it appears that the
tested group needs to improve considerably the physical potential of the body. If
tfiis indicator should prove to be the rule, then physical fitness must be upgraded
with the cooperation of all interested parties by a program for improving the con-
dition of our population's health.
BIBLIOGRAl'HY
1. Clouda, M.S., and Randall, W.C. "Subendocardial Hemorrhage During Stimula-
tions of the Sympathetic Cardiac Nerves." Proceedings of the First Interna-
- tional Conference of Preventive Cardiology, University of Vermont, Burlington,
- 24-28th August 1964.
2. Euler, U.S. v. "The Prevention of a Sympathomimetic Substance in Extracts of
Mammalian Heart." J. Physiol. (London) 105, 1946, pp 38-44.
3. Kral "Sports Medicine."
4. Makovicky, E. "Compeiidium of Social Medicine."
5. Mertz, D.P. "Welche Bedeutung kommt koerperlicher Aktivitaet bei der Vorbeugung
degenerativer Herz--und Gefasskrankheiten zu?" [What Is the Significance of
Physical Activity in Preventing Degenerative Cardiovascular Diseases?] Dtsch.
_ med. Wschr. 101, 6, 1976, pp 214-215.
6. Mueller, K. H. "Zur Prophylaxe der Arteriosklerosklerose" [On prevention of
arteriosclerosis] Med. Klin, 70, 32/33, 1975, 2-3. Mk Informationen.
7. Raab, W. "T~he Neurogenic Metabolic Factor in Ischemic Heart Disease."
- 8. Volynskii, Z. M. "Profylaktika infarkta miocarda" [Prevention of Myocardial
InfarctionJ Klin. Med. (Moscow) 45, No 3, 1964, pp 15-20.
Received. in June 1980
[Authar's address] M. K., Leningradska 81, Presov
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