JPRS ID: 10028 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 5
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10028
5 October 1981
- East ~uro e Re ort
p p
y SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
CFOUO 9/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10028
5 October 1981
EAST EUROPE REPORT
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 9/81)
CONTENTS
BULGARIA
Report on Launching, Objective of Satellite Intercosmos-
Bulgaria 1300
(Serge Berg; AIR & COSMOS, 29 .Aug 81) 1
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Rabies in CSSR Permanent Epidemiological Problem
(CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH, No 22, 1981) 3
- - a - [III - EE - 65 FOUO]
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BULGARIA
REPCRT ON LAUNCHING, OBJECTIVE OF SATELLITE INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA 1300
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 29 Aug 81 p 43
~Article by Serge Berg~
~Text~ On 7 August, the USSR launched the first Bulgarian satellite, Intercosmos-
Bulgaria 1300, the placing in orbit of which commemorates the 1300th anniversary
of the founding of the Bulgarian state.
_ This satellite, built under the Soviet Intercosmos space cooperation program,
incorporates ~ satellite of the Soviet Meteor satellite type. This 22d Intercos-
mos satellite is one of the mast technically advanced of the series. For khe
first time, the satellite is entirely covered by a very thin metallic film to
avoid the buildup of electrostatic charges that would otherwise disturb its in-
struments, and all its sensors are mounted at the ends of 4- to 5-foot-long masts
deployed in orbit.
The satellite was positioned on an 825-/906-km orbit inclined at 81.2� and tra-
versed in 101.9 minutes. Its primary mission is the study of the ionosphere and
of the terrestrial magnetosphere during periods of intense solar activity. The
_ operational life of its active instruments, which are I2 in number (and weigh more
than 350 kg), is 6 months. Its complement of instruments includes:
--~even apparatuses for studying the electrons and ions (concentration, tempera-
ture, energy, ion masses) and the movement of the ionospheric plasma;
--one apparatus for measuring variable and constant electr~c fields, and one
ultrasensitive magnetometer;
--one electrophotome*er for recording the weak luminous rays of the uppper atmos-
phere, and one instrument for recording ultraviolet radiation;
--and one five-sided r~flecting prism for the precision-measurement of the coor-
dinates of earth stations, movements of the earth's crust, perturbations in the
earth's rotatian, movements of the poles, etc. This laser-reflector will enable
the Soviet stations, but also French ones (CERGA ~expansion unknown~), to track
the satellite.
- According to Mr Giorgi Kitov of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Archaeological
Institute, the satellite will also be used for the "study of 49 Bulgarian
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archeological sites, by means of observatiotis (down to.30-meter depths) that will
help detect the existence of walls and objects buried under tumuli formed in
ancient Thrace.
The Intercosrnos-Bulgaria 1300 project includes also a second part, which was
- placed aboard the Meteor-Priroda observation satellite launched 10 July 1981.
This consisted of a Bulgarian multichannel spectrometer for earth observations
during different seasons.
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980
9238
CSO: 3100/968
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
RABIES IN CSSR PERMANENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROBLEM
Prague CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH in Czech No 22 81 pp 686-687
[Text] Symposium of the Society of Czech Physicians in Prague, Evening of March 2,
1981. Coordinator: Prof Jiri Havlik, 1rID, Candidate of Science, Chair of Infectious
Diseases, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Pediatrics, Charles University, Prague.
Participants in the symposium: staff inembers of the Clinic of Infectious Diseases
in Prague 8; State Veterinary Institute in Liberec-Vratislavice; Instit�ste of Sera
and Vaccines in Prague; and Laboratory of Infectious Diseases of the Faculty of
Pediatrics, Charles University, Prague.
J. Havlik: What Is New in Clinical Aspects of Rabies
Rabies has lost none of its dangerousness as known in the past. It is still
frequent in wild animals, especially foxes, both in our country and in most of
Europe. Although various prophylactic measures have reduced the incidence of human
infections, the disease is still practically fatal for anyone who shows its cl.inical
signs. Isolated recoveries are questionable.
Infection follows even small wounds inflicted by animals, dogs and cats in particular,
which were bitten by rabid f~xes. The greatest danger comes from wounds, bites or
scratches, on those parts of the body unprotected by clothing, such as the face and
hands Possible, although rare, is indirect transmission when the infectious agent
enters small abrasions on the hands ~ahile sick or dead animals are handled without
gloves.
The infection spreads from the periphery through sensory nerve fibers to the posterior
spinal roots and then to the central nervous system. The usual i:.~ubation period
- is 3~J days and more, but it may be considerably shorter, depending on the virulence
of the strain and other factors. Paresthesia at the site of the wound and its vicinity
is listed most among the possible signs of the disease in the prodromal stage.
As the infection develops, nervousnESS, lack of concentration, aimless pacing,
- uncoordinated speech, restlessness and fear of death are typical.
_ The typical s;gn of the disease, hydrophobia, appears 2 to 4 days later; painful
spasms of the deglutination muscles at attem.pts to drink and even in response to the
sound of running water and other light or sound stimuli. Concurrently there is a
rise in the temperature and intensified sweating and excretion of saliva.
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Restlessness increases, tremors occur and tetanic spasms in al.l body muscle~.
During the attack oE spasms the patient does not recognize his surroundings and may
be dangerous to the nursing pers~nnel. In between he is fully conscious and aware
of the enormity of his plight. Death generally occurs during the spasms in the
. course of several days. If the patient survives the phase of spasm, the hydrophobia
usually disappears, but ascending paralyses soon end his life.
Atypical cases have become more frequent in recent years; at times there was no
contact with a sick animal; at other, paralyses occurred without preceding hydrophobia,
i.e. dumb rabies. Two cases following cornea transplants from deceased donors, in
whom only later rabies were confirmed, were also reported.
Although passive and active immunization does not always prevent morbidity, it is
the chief protection against rabies, when administe~ed in time, of course.
_ 0. Matouch: Incidence of Rabies in Animals in CSR
Rabies is endemic on the terrj.tory of the CSSR and represents a permanent
epizootiological and epidemiological problem. In the years 1976-80 a total of
26,203 animals of 44 species were examined fo.~ rabies in the CSR, Most of the
animals examined were foxes (62.5 percent), dogs (13.7 percent) and cats (10.3
percent). Rabies was conf irmed in 3,460 cases; 3,280 cases (94.8 percent) in wild
animals and 180 cases (5.2 percent) in~domestic animals. Among the wild animals,
the highest incidence was recorded for foxes (3,098) which occupy an important
place in the epizootiology of rabies and represent the main vector of infection on
. our territory: Furthermore, 77 cases were diagnosed in deer, 49 in badgers and 44
i~~ martens.
Among domestic anfmals, cats have acquired greater importance in the course of the
last 5 years; rabies was found in 93 cases, while dogs with 62 cases have shown a
declining tendency. The course is characteristic,with maximum incidence in March
and April and a lower one in May and June.
With regard to geographical localization, a gradual spread from the western and
northern borders into the interior of the state has been noted since 1976.
At present, rabies has been recorded in more than 40 districts of the CSR.
- Control measures of rabies are directed foremost at the reduction of population
density of the common fox, the main vector of rabies on our territory. Obligatory
and free vaccinations of dogs are carried out on the entire territory of the state.
D. Slonim: Immunization of Man against Rabies '
Immunization is the only specific protection man has against rabies. Pre-exposure
immunization is a prophylactic inoculation having practically full (100 percent)
effectiveness. Postexposure immunization is an atypical immunization process, as
it is carried out after the infectious contact and, therefore, at times may fail.
At present, it combines passive immunization (hyperimmune animal antirabies serum
or human antirabies immunoglobulin) and active immim ization with vaccines whose
effect is boosted and pr.olonged by suitably selected reinoculations.
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The original Pasteur vaccine (1885), like all its later modifications, were and
are prepared from nerve tissue of animals infected with Pasteur "virus fix."
Beside their other disadvantages, they may produce neuroparalytical complications
in man. Neither the specially purified vaccines nor those prepared from the brains
of suckling animals proved to be better. "
- The vaccine from duck embryos marked a considerable advance, but only the vaccines
prepared in tissue cultures ultimately represent a truly modern preparation of
high safety and effectiveness. The mojt effective and probably the safest of them
are those which use a virus reproduced in cultures of human diploid cells. Virus
of thQSe vaccines is purified, concentrated and either inactivated with beta-
propiolactone (whole-virus vaccine) or inactivated and split with tri-n-butyl
phosp:late (subunit vaccine). These vaccines have immunogenic activity about 100
times higher .than the vaccines prepared from animal nerve tissues or duck embryos,
and only mild side reactions have been recorded after their administration.
E. Moravcova: Antirabies Centers and Their Importance in Rabies
- Rabies in humans is rare but still fatal. The main effort continues to be directed
at prevention of the occurrence of the disease through effective prophylaxis.
Timely administration of antirabies globulin and of vaccine, together with immediate
treatment of the wound, are the main means of protection for man.
The quality and effectiveness of vaccines have improved since the time of Pasteur,
but the basic principles remain the same. Repeated administration of the vaccine
is needed to attain the protective level of antibodies; and with the vaccines prepared
from animal nerve tissues ~his leads to frequent neurological complications.
Therefore, since 1967, we gradually phased out inoculations with Hemptov vaccines
on the outpatient basis and established antirabies centers in all regions of the
CSR. Their aim was to insure a uniform and safest possible prophylactic approach,
hospitalization of vaccinated ~ndividuals and, through proper indications, prevention
of unnecessary inoculations while insuring essential prophylasis.
_ The basic care for individuals wounded by animals starts with the physician of the
first contact. The district or plant physician, or a pediatrician, provides the basic
surgical treatment of the wound, prophylaxis against tetanus and, if the owner of
_ the animal responsible for the wound is known, has the animal examined by a
veterinarian. Individuals injured by rabid or suspect animals and unclear cases are
referred to the antirabies center, where indications for prophylaxis are determined
in cooperation with gygienic stations and veterinary facilities. Decision is
often difficul~; it depends on the nature of the wound, the animal species and its
behavior at the time the wound was inflicted, and on the epizootiological situation
in tlie given area..
Between 3,000 and 6,000 people are reported annually in the CSR as being bitten by
animals of various species, and about one-sixth of them undergo antirabies prophylaxis.
At present, a new type of vaccine prepared in tissue culture is used for inoculations;
it has essentially fewer undesirable side effects and higher antigenic etfectiveness.
Recent studies have tried to utilize interferon or its inductors for postexposure
immunization with the aim of using such preparations instead of immune serum or
immunoglobulin.
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S. D~utlik: Complications Following Antirabies Inoculations
- The development of antirabies inoculation over almnst a full cen t~iry has always
been associa~ed with the incidence of complications, especially of the nervous
system.
It was Louis Pasteur with his vaccine who provided the stimulus for studie.s that led
to the discovery of experimental allergic encephalo~nyelitis, which became a model for
human demyelinations related to autoimmune mechanisms. Their prototype was found
in neurological complications following Hemptov antirabies vaccines containimg a
suspension of brain tissue. Clinical disorders had their correlate in the EEG
- changes and in immunopathological findings which in their frequency have exceed~ed
the level of tolerance.
Even the improved Rabivac vaccine, used in the period t972-79, produced subclinica3.
autoimmune manifestations signaling later clinical complications. The surprising
finding of an undiminished percentage of humoral brain antibodies and sometimes
even cell sensitization to brain antibodies following the administration of the
vaccine prepared on kidney cell tissue, and used in the CSR since 1978, is a warning
that neurological complications may occur even with this vaccine.
COPYRIGHT: Avicenum, Zdravotnicke Nakladatelstvi, Prague 1981
9562
CSO: 5400/3017 END
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