JPRS ID: 10013 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 63
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004400050063-3
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/ 10013
25 Septembe~~ 1981
USSR Re ort
p
ENERGY
(FOUO 17/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400050063-3
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from ne~as agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
_ are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt) in the first line of each item, or following the
last Line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
_ proces5ed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
_ enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as approFriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of az
i.tem originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
~ The ccntents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATI~N BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL,Y.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPR~ L/10013
25 September 1981
USSR REPORT ~
ENERGY
(FOUO 17/81)
CONTENTS
EZECTRIC POWER
Planned Developrnent of USSR Power Industry Outlined.
(P. S. Neporozhniy; ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII, Jul 81) 1
Development Stages of Novovoronezhskaya AES Described
(V. A. Zverev, et al.; ELEKTRICHESIffYE STANTSTI, Jul 81)....... 9
Kalininskaya AES Construction Progress .
(ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, Jun 81) l~
FUELS
Controlling Process of Exploring for Oil and Gas Deposits
(Valentin Borisovich Vasil'yev; UPRAVLENIYE pROTSESSOM
RAZVEDKI NEFTYANYKH I GAZOVYKH MESTOROZHDENIY, 1980)........o,
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ELECTRIC POWER
PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF USSR POWER INDUSTRY OUTLINED
Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 2-5
[Article by P. S. Neporozhniy, minister o~ USSR Power and Electrif ication and
member-correspondent of the USSR Academy of Sciences: "New Horizons f or the Devel-
- opment of Power Production in the USSR"]
[TextJ In 1981, a most important event took place in the life af our party and
~ the peaple--the 26th CPSU Congress. The document of historic importance adopted
, by the congress, "Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the
USSR for 1981-1985 and for the Period to 1990," reflects the economic strategy of
- the Communist Party for an extended period, the highest aim of which is the reali-
zation of a program to improve the public welfare.
Lenin's brilliant formula "Communism is the Soviet government plus the electrif ica-
tion of the whole country" concisely and graphically expresses the main patr of
communist construction. It was embodied in the specif ic resolutions of the 26th
- party congress regarding the f urther development of the country's fuel and power
complex and the accelerated growth of power production.as an indispensable condition
for carrying out the economic tasks set by the party.
The start of construction on the world.'s largest fuel and power complex was pre-
scribed by the plan for the State Commission fQr the Electrification of Russia
[GOELRO], developed on the initiative of V. I. Lenin and whose 60th anniversary
was noted at the end of 1980. In 60 years, the power production of the country
of the Soviets has gone far in its development. At present, about 4 billion kWh
of electric power are generated daily in our country. This is half the yearly proT
- duction established by the GOELRO plan. In 1980 the rated output of the USSR's
electric power st.ations reached 267 million kW, while the annual production of elec-
tric power in the last decade doubled and in 1980 amounted to 1,295 b illion kWh.
In addition, it is important to note that the increase in the production of electric
power at atomic electric power stations is even greater for the years of the lOth
Five-Year Plan.
, The mighty ~lectric-power base ~~hich has been created in the USSR has made it possi-
ble to realize the re-equipping of the country's economy ~n the bas~s of progres-
sive, modern technology and to increase the amount of power available per worker.
The nature of electric-power consumption in industry is gradually changing: 10 to
15 years ago, the greater portion of the electricity produced went toward p~wer pro-
1
FOR OFFICIAi USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000440050063-3
FOIt OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
cessea. Today, however, there is a systema~tic in~rease underway in the consumption
of electric power for production processes.
Today one can name an entire number of new processes, including those which are
capable of inf luencing significantly the ef=iciency of domestic industry, such as
the direct reduction of iron ore, plasma production and ref ining of inetals, plasma
synthesis in chemistry, etc. These processes are already being developed on an
industrial scale.
A consumer of a considerable portion of the electric power is agriculture, whose
_ amount of power available per unit of production is increasing at a rapid pace.
Thus, one has good reason to say that we are living in an age of growing energy
consumption. Apparently, the rate at which consumption will increase in the future
will also be kept at a high level. According to available estimates, the consump-
tion of energy in the USSR by the end of the century will increase by a factor of
2.5 in comparison with 1980--this is considering mea5ures which have been taken
to economize and to conserve ener~. ~
Up until recently, the development of the electric power industry did not encounter
fundamental difficulties. The increase fn the production of power was provided
for chiefly due to the increase in the extraction and consumption of oil and gas.
_ At the present time, *..he contribution of oil and gas to worldwide power production
exceeds 60 percent.
A sharp increase in the prices for oil and the expansion of its production applica-
tions, the increased attention being paid to problems and protecting the environment
and the gradual exhaustion of organic f uel deposits is making it necessary to re-
structure the world's power balance.
Calculations suggest that deposits of cheap oil will be exhauste�,d in the nea_r future
and it will become necessary to develop deposits of high-viscosity oil, requiring
heating of enttre seams of hard rock. It will be nec~essary to extract the oil in
the shelf at depths of 300 to 500 m.
Oil's share in our country's fu~l and power balance comprises about 50 percent.
Although the predicted reserves of oil in the USSR are still sufficiently large,
a considerable portion of this oil is located, unfortunately, in deposits that are
considerably inferior with respect to their size and the efficiency with which they
can be exF~loited at the present time. The cost for this portion, therefore, will
be higher.
The limited nature of the o~.l reserves in large-scale exploitable deposits and the
tendency of its pri~ce to rise cause a reduction in oil's contribution to the f uel
and power balance and force us to switch to using it chiefly as a raw material
for the chemical and micrabiological industries. Of course, energy sources which
are capable of replacing oil and gas are numerous: coal, atomic power, solar, wind
and geothermai power, the energy of the sea, fusion power, biomass energy, etc.
In addition, even if some of these sources are not renewable, some of them at least
are inexhaustible (solar, geothermal). If one examines a11 the primary energy
sources, it is easy to come t~ the conclusion that there are no physical limitations
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
� FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
_ .
to meeting our energy needs. The lack of inexpensive engineering solutions for
the utilization of such forms of energy as solar, wind, geother.~al and tidal, how-
ever, make it impessibie to orient on them as on the basic power sources, at least
in the next 50 to 100 years. With regard to the development of fusion ~ower usin~
light nuclei and its possible role in the energy industry of the future, despit~
the successes already achieved, far from all aspects of the problem can be consi-
dered practically solved. We must still solve a number of very complicated engi-
neering azid technical problems, including the construction of fusion-power units
for demonstration purposes and their check-out in actual operation. This means
that several more decades will still be required for the creation of cammercial
thermonuclear electric power station s.
At the present time, one of the most practicable sources for increasing the genera-
tion of electric and thermal power i s atomic energy. It is expecte~ that atomic
power's contribution to the overall p roduction of electric power by the year 2Q00
can reach a level of 30 percent in d eveloped countries and approximately 15 percent
throughout the saorld as a whole.
The llth Congress of the World Power Cor~ference which took place in Munich, West
Germany, in September 1980 made it p ossit~le to conduct a discussion concerning the
demand for 3tomic power production in developing countries. The power production
problems of these countries were one o� the main themes of discussion. The over-
- whelming ma3ority c:_� participants spoke out in favor.� of the necessity for a broader
application of nuclear power in order to curtail the consumption of oil.
The generation of electric power and heat on the basis of fossil fuels is unique
~ with respect to the scale of the material and energy exchange with the environment.
The material resources are practical ly entirely converted into product~.on wastes
which enter the environment in the f orm of gaseous and solid combustion products.
It suffic~es to say that more than 200 million tons of carbon monoxide, more than
50 million tons of various hydrocarbons, almost 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide,
more than 50 million tons of nitric oxides and 250 million tons of f inely dispersed
� aerosols are released annually into the earth's atm~sphere. Over the last several ~
decades, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by
10 to 12 percent, and the content of dust particles has increased by 12 percent
~in. the last 10 years alone.
The advantages of atomic power production are already being confirmed in practice.
In contrast to electric stations which employ traditional for6:s of fuel, atomic
electric stations operate without a sh wastes or harmful sulfurous gases and nitric
oxides, that is, for all practical purposes, they do not pollute the environment.
Atomic electric stations do not requ ire the transport of great amounts of fuel and, ~
subsequently, can be Iocated in the immediate vicinity of the electric power con-
sumer. The cost of electric power a t an AES, as a rule, is lower than the cost of
power generated at thermal stations.
As far as negative aspects associated with the development of the atomic industry
are concerned, one must single out f rom among them the problems of AES safety from
the point of view of the effects on peoples' health and the environment as well
as the problem of the accumulat3~n and storage of radioactive wastes and the risk
of nuclear weapons proliferation. .
3
FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ON1LY
For people not acquainted with the problems of power production, the notion of an
~ "atomic station" is f requently associated with a feeling of hazard from radioactive
effects. Many years of experience in the operation of a great ~.:~ny AES's shows,
- however, that the level of radiation around an AES is practically no different from
the level of naturally occurring background radiat`on--the same background radiation
which is a riormal condition of peoples9 existen:;e. Unfortunately, the media� still
, do not explain such facts sufficientl~., such as the absence of even a single case
of radiation exposure with serious results in the course of almost 2,000 reactor-
years ~f experience in the operation of more than 230 commercial AES power units.
One can assert that at the present time the problem of economical and safe power
production at AES's has already been solved. It still remains, however, to so?ve
a number of practical problems associated with the processing uf spent nuclear fuel
and the storage of radioactide AES wastea, although there is in worldwide practice .
- sufficiently great scientif ic and technicaZ experience in binding radioactive wastes
in solid blocks (bituminization, cementation and other methods) for their safe and
protracted storage.
Objections to the broad development of atomic power which are associated with the
danger of the proliferation of nuclear weapons derived from spent nuclear fuel from
AES's are not ~ustified. An important step in L-he development of effective measures
against such a proliferation of nuclear arms is r_he Nuclear Arms Nonproliferation
Treaty, already with 113 participating States, and the real feasibility of monitor-
ing compliance with this treaty.
Zn compliance with the Treaty, the States possessing nuclear arms were obliged not
- to transfer them to anyone whomsoever, while States not possessing them were not
to manufacture nor to acquire nuclear arms. Certainly, a most important step in.
expediting the universal recognition of the conditions of the Nuclear Arms Nonpro-
1.iferation Treaty is the soonest possible conclusion of a Total and Universal
Nuclear Weapons Test Ban Treaty.
At present, nuclear power production in many countries is developing as an indepen-
dent sector of the electric power industry. Atomic power stat_ons are now operating
and are being built in more than 30 of the world's countries. At least another
- 20 other countries have announced their plans to commence construction of AES's.
It is obvious to the majority of the ~:or1d's power engineers that to refrain from
the broad introduction of atomic power would lead unavoidabZy *_o an acute recluction
in the pace of development of electric power production, for it would require con-
siderable additional expenditures and capital investment for the development of
alternate power sources.
The Soviet Union, as is we11 known, bases the development of its economy on its own
fuel and power resources. Our reserves of fuels for power, however, are not unlim-
ited. Our country's fuel and power complex requires ever greater capital investment
and labor expenditures. We have to go farther and farther to the north and east
into inaccessible and difficult to settle regions in pursuit of coal, oil and gas.
In the Soviet Union, more than 70 percent of all the demand for fuel and power oc-
curs in the country's cencral regions. At the same time, the pot,ential for growth
, in the extraction of fuel and power resources in this region is li~mited. The major
~
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
_ potential reserves of all types of fossil fuel are concentraCed in Siberia and'other
of the country's eastern regions. Electric power production in these regions is
slated for development on the basis of local reserves, chief among which are excep-
tionally inexpensive coals from open-pi.t mines of the Ekibastuz deposit in
Kazakhstan, the Kansko-Achinsk deposit in Siberia, natural ga~ from Tyumenskaya
Oblast as well as the hydroresources of rivers in Siberia, the Far East, Central
Asia and Kazakhstan.
- Calculations show ttiat, under the conditions now developing, it is most advanta-
geous to develop the electric power industry in the central and western regions
- of the country on the basis of nuclear fuel. A task has been set to insure prac-
tically the entire increase of electric power in the region by means uf atamic elec-
tric stations.
, With this as its goal, a major economic program of operations has been developed
based on results achieved in the commercial utilization of atomic pflwer in the USSR.
- There are 18 atomic electric stations with an output of 4 to 6 million kW already
operating or being built in various regions f rom the Kola Peninsula to Armenia and
from the Baltic States and the western Ukraine to tY~e Povolzh'ye.
= During the years of the llth Five-Year Plan--the f irst stage in the USSR's ~,ower-
production program developed on the.initiative of L. I. Brezhnev--the output of
3tomic electric stations will grow by 24 to 25 million kW. lhis will make it possi-
ble to meet tliis region's growing demand for electric power without increasing the
expenditure of fossil fuels toward this end. The consumption of such fuels will
even be reduced somewhat. As soon as the next few years, 5 to 7 million kW of new
capacity will be introduced annually at AES's. On the whole, plans have been made
to construct large-scale AES's with a total output of 4 to 7 million kW using slow
reactors having unit outputs of 1 to 1.5 million kW. Provisions have been made
to expand the Kurskaya and Chernobylskaya AES's as well as to coz:struct the
Smolenskaya and Ignalinskaya AES's with RBMK-1000 reactors. The South Ukraine,
Kalininska.ya, Z3porozhskaya, Rostovskaya, Balakovskaya, Khr~el'nitskaya, Rovenskaya,
Crimean, Bashkirskaya and other atomic electric stations are being built with VVER-
1000 reactors. The start-un of the first ghases of many of these will be accom-
plished during the current f ive-year plan.
The scientif ic and engineering developments accomplished in recent years have mad~
it possible to utilize nuclear fuel not only for electric power supply, but also
for a centralized heating supply f or the economy. The expenditure of fossil fuels
for i~w-temperature heat supply exceeds by a factor of approximately 1.5 the expen-
diture for the generation of electric power, being that low-efficiency units re-
_ quiring the most valuable forns of fuel are employed to a considerable degree for
the generation of heat. Their replacement with atomic power would have great sig-
_ nificance in the economy.
The construction of the f irst atomic TETs is ~slated to begin near the city of
Odessa.
We have also begun constructiori of special atomic stations f or heat supply in
Gor'kiy and Voronezh.
- 5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
Long-range plan~ for tha development of atomic power provide for the introduction
of new capacitie~ at A~S's to be increased in the 12th Five-Year Plan and for the
- output of AES's in the country t~ be broughX up to 1.00 millian kW in the 1990's..
We must keep in mind that the scale of atomic power production with slow reacto~,rs
utilizing only 1 to 2 percent of the mined natural nuclear fuel will in the long
run be 1~mited by the naturally occurring reserves of uranium. A signif icant ex-
pansion of atomic power's fuel base will be created by introducing fast reactors
into the power industry. These reactors will makF it possible to insure expanded
breeding of nuclear fLel and will includ~ in the fuel cycle practically a11 mined
uranium, including that which is now dispo~ed of as tailings.
With regard to the technical aspect, these installations are more complicated than
thermal reactors. Therefore, their mastery requires considerably more ti~e and
~ effort.
In order to obtain the necessary industriaT experien;.e, commercial breeder reactors
have already heen built and are in operation. These BN-350 breeder reactors are oper-
atir.g in Shevchenko, while in 1980 the most powerful :eactor of this type, the
BN-600, was introduced at the Beloyarskaya AES. Development is underway of breeder
reactors with e~ectric outputs of 800 and 1600 MW.
The planned construction of powerful atomic, thermal and hydroelectric complexes
in our country is b~sed upon the accelerated development of domestic machine con-
struction, which in the llth Five-Year Plan must be raised to a new level. The
"Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1981-1~85
and for the Period to 1990" makes provisions to insure a considerable increase in
the production of equipment for atomic, hydroelectric and thermal power stations,
including atoa~ic re3ctors of 1 to 1.5 million kW. Plans have b~een made to manufa~-
ture and deliver the first atomic reactors for heat supply and ~.o develop ne~ designs
for p~wer units with breeder reactors and equipment for highly csntrollable power
units of 500,OQ0-kW capac~ty. ,
Thus, at this modern stage, electri.c po~aer production is undergoing consic~erable
structural and technological rebuilding associated f irst of all with inereasing
the contribution of atomic electric stations and coal-f ired thermaT stations. This
rebuilding is likewise expressed in the f urther development of poc,~er systems on a
countrywide or multicountry scale. For example, the USSR's Unif ied Power System has
already made it possible to ~fficiently combine various types of electric stations
and better utilize the country's fuel and power reserves. W~ lhave achieve~ in our
country a noticeable savings of fuel due to the unif ication af pawer systems and
streamlining of the operation of power equipment.
A specif i~ characteristic of the USSR's power industry is ~he mass appl~cation of
the combined generation of electric power ar,d heat. Electric stations which provide
cities and industry with electric power and heat now comp~ise more than one-third of
the rated power of the country's thermal stations. The centralization of heat
supply on the basis of heat-and-electric power stat~.ons results in a considerable
saving of fuel and is eff icient from an ecological pojnt of view. These advantages
will inc*_-ease ev~n more with the commissioning of atQmic heat-and-power stations
(ATETs) and atomic heat-supply stations (AST). Thus, the development of central
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
' heating is becoming one of the most important directions in the purposeful energy-
conservation policy being carried out in our country.
An increase in the scale of electric-pawer production requires its furttier c~~nc~~t~-
- tration and the development of intersystem and inter-State electric lines. At the
present time, there exist in Europe several large-scale inter-State power amalgama-
tions (NORDEi.', SYUDEL', SKPPE [Expansions not provided.], etc.). Over the course
of a number of years, the "Mir" power system has been functioning successfully as
a large-scale power association of the member nations of CEMA. This system unites
the power systems of Bulgaria, Hungary, East Garmany, Poland, Romania, the Soviet
Union and Czechoslovaki.a.
From our poimt of view, the need to unite the power systems of different countries,
particularly the countries of Europe, has been comi.zg on for a long time. Among
ather things, this problem has for a long period of time been discussed within the
f ramework of the Economic Comcnission f or Europe of the UN. The task of unifying
the power systems of the countries of Eastern and Western Europe certainly has great
economic and industrial-technical signif�~cance.
Trade and exchange of electric power between different countries is a mutually pro-
f itable affair. Electric power arrives in the form of a commodity--an energy car-
rier possessing extremely great value to the consu~er and accumulating in itself
the greatest in.vestment of manpower and reif ied labor, calculated in thermal units.
The presence of powerful international electric lin.es makes it possible for the
participating sides to realize a number of advantages, such as: the offering of
multilateral assistance; the guarantee of mutual reserves in the power systems and
the capacity to realize an exchange of peak output based on the time of day and
the season as well as differences in climatic and natural conditions, etc.
Additionally, the creation of electric communications of sufficient capacity and a
- system for the trade and exchange of electric power between the power associations
of Eastern and Western Europe would make it possible to reduce considerably ~he
demand for the installed power of electric power stvtions in the associations and
to produce electric power there, where it is most convenient and prof itable. An
important aspect ~f the cooperation would be the construction of large-scale power-
production installations through the joint efforts of the participating nations.
These would be installations of systemwide signif icance; for example, electric power
stations with high-output units and electric transmission lines of great capacity.
During the llth Five-Year Plan, the f irst superhigh-voltage electric transmission
lines will be commissioned in the USSR--the 1,500-kV direcr-current Ekibastuz-Center
line and the 1,150-kV alternating-current Ekibastuz-Urals line.
The further development of the USSR's Unif ied Power System will facilitate the
shunting oF outputs and will increase the reliability of the power supply to the
constuaers .
Hydroelectric power stations primarily will help to cover the variable portion of
the daily load schedules. They resolve this problem fi~lly in regions rich in
hydroresources.
7
FOR OFF[C[AL USE ~NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R400404050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
7n the northwest, the south and the center of the country's European se~tor where
the construction of eff icient GES's is limited, shuntable hydroelectric pumped stor-
age power stations (GAES) and gas-turbine installations will be built. The GAES's
successfully equa~.ize the operational modes of base stations by cuvering the ~~~ak
portion of the load and consuming power during the nighttime. Moreover, a GA~:5
is an efficient and mobil.~ back-up when disconnecting large power units of thermal
and atomic power stations or intersystem lines.
The further growth of electric-power production and the planned, expanded construc-
a tion of power networks in the llth Five-Year Plan will elevate the electrif ication.
of all sectors of industry, agriculture and domestic life to a new, higher le~rel~
The course taken by the 26th CPSU Congress toward rebuilding the structure of th~e
fuel and power balance and ~f the power industry will make it possible to insuze
the necessary rate of growth of electric-power and heat production, based upon tl~e
planned development of all sectors of our country's economy.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1981
9512
CSO: 1822/216
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02149: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OF~'ICIAL USE ONLY
ELECTRIC POWER
UDC [621.311.25:621.039].004
DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF NOVOVORONEZHSKAYA AES DESCRIBED
. Moscow ELEKTRICHESKIYE STANTSII in Russian No 7, Jul 81 pp 13-15
[Article by engineers V. A. Zverev, V. K. Sedov and V. A. Vikin: "The
Novovoronezhskaya AES at a New Stage of Development"]
[Text] The 17 years of experience in the operation of the Novovoronezhskaya AES
make it possible to single out certain characteristic stages in the development
of atomic power production in the USSR through the use of water-cooled power
reactors.
In the f irst stage (1964-1969), the accuracy and viability of the scientif ic and
technical principles embodied in the fir.st power unit wich a water-cooled reactor
were checked. Primary attention at this stage was directed toward developing the
conditions f or safe and reliable operation of this type of nuclear steam-generating
unit and the demonstration of its technical and economic possib ilities.
The second stage (1970-1973) marked the development of a test commercial prototype
nuclear steam-generating unit of increased output in the second power unit and pro-
totypes of a series of power units with VVER-440 reactor~ (second-generation reac-
tors) .
The primary tasks of this stage were the transformation of the Novovoronezhskaya
AES into a powerful eneroy-supplying source of the RSFSR's central chernozem region
and a large-scale communications center f or the power systems of the south and cen-
tral USSR; the significant increase in the economic effectiveness of the station's
_ operation; and the achievement of a competitive status f or the station with the
thermal electric power stations in the European sector of the USSR.
In the third stage (1974-1980), problems were solved regarding further improvement
in the station's operation, the search for reserves of all equipment ann the devel-
opment of techniques of quality overhaul and the reduction of the time necessary
for overhaul. A major goal of this stage was realized on this basis--a considera-
_ ble improvement in the indicators for the economy of opera*_ion of all four operatir~g
. units. At the same time, this was the stage of construction and start-up of the
~ first prototype of a 1 million-kW atomic generating set with a third-generation
- WER-1000 reactor.
Having realized the resolutions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the Novovoronezhskaya
AES power engineers and operators carried out the start-up of the fifth unit on
30 May 1980 in conjunction with planning, scientific research and design organiza-
9
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004400050063-3
FdR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
= tions and equipment-manufacturing enterprises. The installed output of th~ five
- units at th~ Novovoronezhskaya AES reached 2.45 million kW.
The fifth unit was brought up to its design level of thermal output on the eve of
the 26th CPSU Congress, 20 February 1981.
In the llth Five-Year Plan, beginning with 1981, this electric power station must
insure an annual generation of 15.7 to 16 million kWh, which will amount to about
1 percent of all the electric power to b e generated in our country.
_ At this moment, the operators of the Novovoronezhskaya AES have entered a new, fourth
stage of development for the station--f amiliarization with the design indicators
of the f irst prototype of the WER-1000 series.
The dynamics of the increase in the station's indicators and the primary character-
istic indicators are illustrated by the data in table 1.
In proportion to the growth in the unit output of the equipment, there has been
an increase in the safety and reliability requirements for AES's. These require-
ments have been realized to the maximum extent possible in the fifth power unit.
- The presence of active and passive independent three-channel safety systems in com-
bination with a reliable, hermetically-sealed jacket for the entire reactor compart-
ment of the unit make it possible to insure localization of the maximum design emer-
~ency with a breach of the largest-diameter pipeline.
Clnique electrical equipment, much of which is not similar to at~ything in Soviet
atomic machine-construction practice, has b een installed and is being operated as
- part of the fifth power unit.
Table 1
Indicator WER-210 WER-365 WER-440 VVER-1000
Unit No. 1 2 3,4 5
Year of introduc tion 1964 1969 1971-72 1980
Reactor output, MW:
thermal 760 1320 1375 3000
- electric (gross) 210 365 440*~ 1000
Pressure, kg/cm2:
heat exchanger in first
c ircuit 100 105 125 160
saturated steam ahead of
turbines 29 30 44 60
Number of turbogenerators 3 5 4 7
Turbogenerator unit output 70 73 220 500
Portion for auxiliary power, 8.0 7.3 6.8 4.7
Efficiency,
gross 27.7 27.6 32* 33
net 25.5 25.7 29.7* 31.7
* with a pressure in the condenser of 0.035 kgJcm2 ~
10
FC1R OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Great experience was accumulated during the course of operation of the power units
at various stages. This experience made it possible to improve th~= designs and
transf er those.improvements to other AE~'s, either already operatl.onal or under
conetruction. It was also possible to achieve continuously, from year to year.
an improvement in the teclmical and economic indicators for the operation, reli~bil-
ity and safety of AES`s.
Table 2 presents figures for the generation and output of electric power and the
growth in these figures for various stages in the operation of the Novovoronezhskaya
AES. Without going into a detailed analysis, we will note that a considerable im-
provement in the indicators was achieved during the periods of the second and third
stages at an unchanging level of installed output, as well as during the lOth and
llth F ive-Year Plans. This reflected the work of the operators collective on in-
_ creasing the level of AES equipment operation on the whole, on raising the level
of thermal economy and reducing the expenditures for auxiliary power.
From 1975 through 1979 as well as during the lOth Five-Year Plan--the period for
master ing the operation of the four operational units--the most stable operation
of the station was achieved with an output of 9.7 to 10.5 b illion kWh. In this
case, deviations this way or that f rom the annual average (10.1 billion kWh) can
be exp lained by planned downtime of the units for overload and scheduled preventive
maintenance.
Table 2
Stage of work Electric-power generazion Electric-power output
billions kWh % billions kWh %
1 Oct 1964 - 1 Oct 1969 6.44 100 5.87 100
1 Oct 1969 - 1 Oct 1974 24.72 380 22.67 390
1 Oct 1974 - 1 Oct 1979 49.92 780 46.11 790
1966 - 1970 7.22 100 6.58 100
1971 - 1975 34.92 480 32.14 490
1976 - 1980 51.6 710 47.56 720
1.1 on the
f if th unit
1981-1985 (planned) 78.4 1090 71.87 1090
Note: From 30 May 1980 to 1 January 1981, the power of the f ifth unit was developed
to a level 75-80 percent of nominal.
In order to maintain a high level of readiness to accept the loads of the operation-
al power units which have been working for 16, 11, 9 and 8 years, correspondingly,
modernization, the quality and methods of repair and the renovation of equipment
and the engineering systems acquire great significance.
These operations are carried out according to plan at the Novovoronezhskaya AES.
For example, during the last two years of the lOth Five-Year Plan:
two 30-phase turbogenerator stators were replaced with type TW-220-2A 60-phase
stator s. Replacement is planned f or the stators of two more generators;
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000440050063-3
,
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
the upper tmit of the reactor in the fourth power unit was renovated, with the
she.athing pip~s and drives for the control and safety system (SUZ) being replaced
with commercial equipment oi increased reliability; ~
a production-line method was applied to repair a great amount of pumping equipment
and many electric motors;
the complete replacement of the tube banks of the PND-5, the turbine condensers
and the oil coolers with K-220-44 tubes was carried out; the modernization of the
condensers and the PND on the AK-70 and K-75 turbines is being carried out according
to plan;
a method of vacuum drying and cleaning the pipe still of the condensers was intro-
duced in two AK-70 turbines and four of the K-220-44's;
the WER-440 reactors ~aere converted to replenishment with standard-enrichment f uel.
These and many other measures have provided a saving of more than 1 m illion rubles
per year due to the reduction in unplanned downtime and the increase in the economy
of the equipment.
The ever-growing requirements for safety at atomic electric stations can be guaran-
- teed through the profound theoretical knowledge and on-the-job skills of the opera-
tional personnel, the high degree of operational efficiency and equipment mainten-
ance and the application of computers and automatic means of monitoring and control.
The operational personnel who control and maintain the reactor yearly undergo train=
ing, a check of their skill in controlling the reactor and on-the-job training at
the Novovoronezhskaya AES training center on a WER-440 simulator.
In addition to the Novovoronezhskaya AES operators, foreign specialists and per-
sonnel from AES's currently under construction in our country undergo training on
the simulator and in classrooms on equipment mock-ups.
The first four power units do not differ significantly from one another with respect
to the equipping of the units with automatic control devices in view of the fact
thatit is these units that were the ob~ects of research and development of test
prototypes of devices and instruments for the automatic systems used at present
on the fifth unit. A highly accurate automatic power regulator for the reactor
(ARM-5), the "Uran-V" computer control complex, the reactor's internal monitoring
system "Gindukush," the ASUT-500 automated control system and the input of informa-
tion to the telecranes in a color display concerning the "on" status and operational
conditions of the engineering systems make it possible for the operations personnel
to analyze correctly and in a timely manner the operation of equipment and to take
the necessary measures and actions in order to insure a high degree of safety and
economy.
As was noted earlier, an atomic electric station can exert an influence on the en-
vironment under emergency conditions when there is a breach of the maximum-diameter
conduit in the f irst conduit. Such a failure has almost zero probab ility of oc-
curring and its constancy is insured through the periodic mon itoring of the metal
and recomputation of its stability, based on the influence of various factors spe-
cific to the AES. ~
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142109: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Under normal or other emergency operational conditions, the Novovoronezhskaya AES
exerts no .egative influences, as observational experience over its entire period
of operation has shown.
During the development of long-term plans f or the station based on the rich exper-
ience accumuiated during the operation and servicing of the equipment and the sci-
entific research done on the reactcrs at hand, it was recognized as expedient to
build a number of scientific and industrial subdivisions 3nd enterprises at the
Novovoronezhskaya AES:
an engineering laboratory building for research into spent fuel and irradiated con-
struction materials;
a WER-1000 simulator and an expansion of the training center, with consideration
being given to long-range plans for the development of the USSR atomic power in-
dustry in the llth Five-Year Plan and up to 1990;
a production repair enterprise for the AES;
an automated AES control center with the installation of back-up control panels
for the power un its;
an expansion of the set-up shop and the organization of a start=up and adjustment
enterprise on its basis.
Aside from developing the rated power of the f ifth power unit and bringing its tech-
nical and economic indicators up to the norm, the fourth stage of development of
the Novovoronezhskaya AES includes plans for a broad complex of ineasures directed
_ at further increasing the level of operation and improving the repair service, the
realization of which will make it possible to increase the efficiency of utiliza-
tion of atomic power.
The station's spec ialists in conjunction with planning and design organizations
are examining the issue of modernizing the reactor of the f irst unit, which pos-
sesses a relatively small output. There are several possible methods for utilizing
it which in any case will provide positive results:
its utilization for research purposes;
its cont3nued operation with parameters f or the generation of electric or thermal
power for the daily needs of the population and the economy.
The implementation of a central-heating pro~ect f or the power workers' housing set-
tlement using the operational power units has already begun at the station.
The introduction of the first phase of a fishery utilizing the heated waste water
is planned for 1982-1983. Thus, the resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers
regarding improvement of the operational economy and efficient utilization of fuel
_ and power resources is being implemented.
The Novovoronezhskaya power-workers collective is fu11 of resolve and creative
forces for the successful fulfillment of the tasks set by the 26th CPSU Congress.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Elektricheskiye stantsii", 1981
9512 13
CSO: 1822/216 ~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02149: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
. .-~~o.~.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
' ELE~TRIC POWER
KALININSKAYA AES CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS
Moscow ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 78-79
/Article: "At the Construction Pro~ects of the Five-Year Plan: the Kalininskaya
AES"/
/Text/ One of the most important power pro~ects in the central region of the coun-
- try is the Kalininskaya liES with a rated capacity of 4 million kW arid WER-1000 ~
reactors. The first block of the AES should be put into operation next year.
It was begun in April 1981. The concreting of the containment vessel of the reactor
with the use of a sliding concrete form designed by Orgenergostroy is under way; the
well of the reactor is being concreted, work is being performed in the compartments
within the reactor; the frame of the turbine house has been erected along the lOth
axis, the deaerator stack has been erected along the 13th axis, the underground
part of the block pump house has been built and the precast reinforced concrete
structural members of the underground part of the engineering and general building
have been erected.
Since the start of construction 102,965 m2 of housing have been put into operation,
3 kindergartens, a school for 1,176 pupils, a trade center, a drugstore and 3 cafes
have been built.
The amount of work performed by the construction workers during the first quarter
of 1981 increased by 37 percent as compared with the same quarter last year.
At the construction project there are good labor collectives, which invariably ful-
fill both the plan assignments and the increased socialist obligations, for example,
the section of the administration of inechanization and special operations and the
section of the Sevzapenergomontazh Trust. At the Kalininskaya AES there are also
outstanding brigades and crews. Thus, the crew of communist labor of bulldozer
drivers of V. I. Rodonezhskiy by the day of the opening of the 26th CPSU Congress
had fulfilled the plan of 2 months by 160 percent; the crew of excavator operators
of N. M. Novozhilov also exceeded the socialist obligations.
It would seem that it is possible only to rejoice at the achievements of the con-
struction workers and installers, who are building the Kalininskaya AES.
Unfortunately, it ~ust "would seem." ~
1!t
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400054463-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The house newspaper of the Kalininskaya AES on the threshold of the new year'of''
1~81 reported:
"Let us also keep in mind our shortcomings. The plan of the construction of the
facilities of the nuclear electric power station, huusing and social, cti~tural and
personal facilities is not being fulfilled. There are many unfinished projects.
The managers of the construction and installation sections and the administrations,
the secretaries of the party organizations and the communists must take decisive
steps to improve the construction of purification facilities, the hospital complex,
the dormitory, apartment houses and the main pro3ects of the AES."
To know the shortcomings and to remember them means to act energetically in the
direction of the improvement of matters at the construction site. However, things
have not budged an inch.
Of course, it is possible to find ob~ective reasons--the lack of skilled personnel
at such facilities as the reactor department, the transfer to the start-up Kol'skaya
AES of the collective of the construction administration of the Novovoronezhskaya
AES, which had earlier been sent here, to the Kalininskaya AES, and so on and so
forth.
But are there really few still undiscovered reserves at the construction project
proper? The competition at the construction site has been organized, to put it
mildly, not in the best way: a pitiful number of brigades are covered by such an
advanced form of labor as the brigade contract, labor productivity as a whole at
the construction project is low, hence such a very unpleasant fact--the plan of the
first quarter of 1981 was fulfilled by only 53 percent.
A field collegium of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification, which was held
on 10 April 1981 under the chairmanship of USSR Minister of Power and Electrifica-
tion P. S. Neporozhniy, was devoted to the analysis of the formed situation at the
construction site of the Kalininskaya AES.
The collegium noted that the construction of the Kalininskaya AES is being carried
out without the proper engineering preparation, with a serious lag with respect to
the main directions of work and with a low standard of performance. The nonful-
fillment of the plans on the placement into operation of housing and social, cul-
tural and personal facilities is causing additional difficulties in the build-up of
the collective of construction workers. All this is threatening to upset the time-
ly placement into operation of the first power block of the Kalininskaya AES.
The collegium outlined urgent and effective steps on assisting the collective.
It is the duty of the construction workers and ir~stallers of the Kalininskaya AES
to take all the necessary steps and to utilize the available reserves in order to
fulfill the plan assignments and to place into operation the first power block
with a capacity of 1 million kW in 1982.
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1981
7807
CSO: 1822/219
15
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ,
FUEI,S
UDC 65.011.56:[550.8,553.981/982J
CONTROLLING PROCESS OF EXPLORING FOR OIL AND ~AS DEPOSITS
Moscow UPRAVI~ENIYE PROTSESSOM RAZVEDKI NEFTYANYKH I GAZOVYKH MESTOROZHLIENIY in Rus-
sian 1980 (signed to press 18 Mar 80) pp 1-9, 174-176
[Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Controlling Process of
Exploring Oil and Gas Fields," by Valentin Borisovich Vasil'yev, Izdatel`stvo
"Nedra," 1300 copies, 176 pages]
[Text] The book examines procedural questions of exploring oil and gas fields in
terms of the possible application of economic-mathematical models and computers to
controlling the process of exploration.
The main procedural concepts are analyzed with regard for the main trends in explora-
ti~n and the geological characteristics of the country's most promising regions.
_ .
Questions are examined of evaluating the long-term reserves with the help of
statistical models, determination of the well arrangement systems and minimization
of their number. Parameters are defined for controlling the process of oil and
gas exploration. A plan is suggested for controlling exploration of oil and ~as
fields using a computer. Characteristics are presented of the economic-mathematical
- model and an algorithm for solving the problem, elements of information, mathe-
matical and technical support for realization of the plan. The simulation poten-
tialities of the model are shown.
The book is designed for specialists involved in exploring oil and gas fields.
Seventeen tables, 57 illustrations, 86 bibliographic entries.
Introduction
The strategy of geological exploration for oil and gas for the near future follows
from the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress. Subsequent developments of these most
important decisions stipulate concentration of the chief monetary, material and
labor resources in the main directions, which include:
concentration of exploratory-development drilling in the promisinQ re~;ions of the
- country where there are real prerequisites for obtaining increments in oil and
gas reserves (West Siberia, East Siberia, Far East, Timano-Pechora province, Central
Asia and the Caspian syneclise);
guarantee of the maximum increase in oil and gas reserves in the regions of the
European sector of the USSR (Komi ASSR. Arkhangel'skaya, Orenbur~skaya, Permskaya
and Astrakhanskaya Oblasts, UdmUrt ASSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR, Georgian
SSR) in order to maintain the extraction levels attained here;
16
r
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02149: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
increase in the volumes of regional and exploratory geophysical work and drastic
- improvement in their techraical level, in the first place, in the new promising but
poorly studied regions of East ~iberia, Far East, Uzbek SSR, and Turkmen SSR.
The scientifically substantiate;: selection of the main trends in exploratory-
development work will create the prerequisites for the most effi.cient arrangement
of the work and the c~orresponding increase in oil and gas reserves for each
promising region.
~ The West Siberian oil and gas province is one the country's leading regions for
extraction of oil, natural gas and condensate. Increase in the reserves of these
minerals in all regions of the country, including West Siberia is becoming the most
important national economic task.
L. I. Brezhnev stressed the enormous importance of the heroic accomplishments of the
Siberian oil workers in his speech at the 18th Komsomol Congress.
"We are faced with living on the Tyumen reserves for many years still. In the next
10 years, the primary increase in extraction of oil, gas and the valuable chemical
raw material that is produced from them," stated L. I. Brezhnev, "we are counting
on obtaining precisely because of Tyumen'. Consequently, a new and more complicated
stage of development of West Siberia is approaching, or more correctly, has already
approac~ied. We are faced with doubling and tripling the volumes of this work
there."
Realization of the program planned by the party will require further evolution of
exploration and simultaneously with the industrial exploration of new areas, comple-
tion of exploration on the started areas in the shortest possible times, as well
as start-up of new fields.
A primary measure is increase in the economic efficiency of exploration by
searching for and introducing new techniques of exploration. There is also the
problem of creating highly effective methods of systemitizing and processing
information, as well as working out methods to reduce outlays for exploration
and the efficient arrangement of wells.
Intensification of the geological exploration process entails a definite rise in
the volumes of drilling operations. This in turn determines the need to improve
the system of control. In addition, when exploratory work for oil and gas is done,
it is necessary to improve its quality. Guarantee of a reliable geophysical base
for the planned indicators and the maximum thoroughness in determining the.
exploration network are an important starting condition~for the success of the
exploration process. Since it is carried out under conditions of indefiniteness
and each new information source can significantly alter the concept of the.facility,
it is expedient to model the different versions of its condition so that decision
making is simulated and the need for outlays of some material resources is elimina-
ted.. But the actual process of conducting exploration must be under constant con-
trol which guarantees conditions for making timely and optimal decisions regarding
its development.
iL. I. Brezhnev, "Speech at the 18th Komsomol Congress 25 April 1978," KOMMUNIST,
No 7, 1978, p 13.
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The concept of the quality of geological exploration does not have a distinct
_ quantitative expression. This usually infers a multifaceted complex of conditions
which are difficult and practically unformalizable. Some of them can be expressed
quantitatively. For example, hydrocarbon reserves ar~e considered to be prepared
more qualitatively if they suit a higher category with other conditions equal. Cer-
tain economic factors further come into operation. Higher quality work should be
considered that done in which a lower cost of a unit of explored reserves was
- attained. The latter is possible with a reduction in the number of wells with low
information content.
The problem of improving the efficiency of geological exploration is associated
in the closest possible way with minimizing the number of development wells. Work
in this direction has been underway for a long time. ~
There are a considerable number of developments whose.usefulness is undoubted. It
is promising to apply to the solution to the problem of optimizing the exploration
process the main principles of systems analysis in combination with economic and
mafihematical models and computer equipment.
If we conceive that the expediencey of developing a f ield in any one of its links
_ is determined by the quantity and quality of the prepared reserves, then the
- meaning of exploration can be seen in evaluating the parameters of the system which
governs the calculation of reserves and other geological, technological and
economic indicators. '
~xploration of oil and gas wealth is a great national economic problem. It cannot
be solved in one approach, however, it can be divided into parts that are more
accessible for study and resolution. Parts of the problem in descending order are
conducting of exploration on the territory of the oil and gas province, oil and
gas oblast, and finally, typical groups of fields, individual fields and beds. A
- large problem is to define the situaCion which characterizes the difference be-
tween the necessary output,the attainment of the planned volume of reserves pre-
pared by some schedule, and the existing output, the current state of the reserves.
Thus, the problem of exploration is the desire to obtain industrial reserves in the
predicted or higher volumes with limited allocations. The exploration system is
that tool used to solve this problem completely or b~ parts. Following S. Optner
[58), by control is meant that state of the system where it is under control.
Control of the exploration process is first of all resolution of questions of
operational conCrol. This is t~herefore a decision making process to a considerable
degree. It is assumed that it is reserved for man. In the "man-machine" system
which needs to be realized for control, the machine only prepares information for
decision making with the help of a mathematical tool.
Based on this concept, it should be assumed that the model of control contains
elements of behaviorality. In the "man-machine" system, human activity is the
most important component. Modelling this activity is still difficult, because it
is inadequate to the real process. Man or a collective of people working in
technical or social systems, implement basically different procedures of activity
which include acknowledgment and realization of ineanings, goals and values of
- their own work. They critically rethink it by using the broadest set of cultural
and social norms, values and ideals. These aspects of human activity are not
successfully considered in the language of systems equipment [30].
18
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400054463-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. . , �
Ye. S. Venttsel' [18J defines a decision as "any definite selection of parameters
which depend on us," while she calls the optimal "decisions which are prefereb?.e to
- others for some reasons. In studying the decision making mechanism, I. P. Shubkina
[83] notes that the process of_ decision making and situations in which decisions
have to be made are, on the one hand, common concepts, and as such they are in-
distinct and do not have clearly defined boundaries. On the other hand, these
same concepts are used in the th eory of studying operations and in other areas of
science, and therefore, they rPquire formal, or at least more precise definitions.
However, in the decision making process, two parts are isolated in its mechanism:
one which can still only be defined on a qualitative, nonformal level (in particular,
analysis of information regarding the process or final selection of a decision), and
another, for example, compilation of a model of the process ~ahose description re-
quires quantitative, formal methods.
This approach to studying the dec ision making mechanism can be viewed as a combi-
nation of inethods used in analyzing large systems and in studying operations. In
analyzing large systems, the main aspect is to search for the actual decisions among
which a selection can be made, wh ile in studying the operations, the main aspect is
_ the meChods of selecting the decisions that are permissible or the best.
E. Kveyd [41] notes that although systems analysis often uses the same mathematical
methods, it is associated with that class of problems whose difficulties consist of
the need to decide what should be done, and not simply how to do it.
The statement of Ye. Z. Mayminas [44] is also important. It asserts that even in
those cases where in the process of making control decisions, quantitative analysis
plays the chief role, the system that is oriented on the.use of the methods of
studying operations can never yield information that is sufficient for selecting a
method of actions.
The decision making process consists of formalizable and nonformalizable stages.
Therefore the problem of searching for rational limits of converging these stages
and the mutual transition of them without losing quality has not yet been solved.
The main path to solving it is f or nonformal description to organically precede
the formal calculations, and for their corresponding interpretation to be completed
in the act of final decision making by man.
It is expedient to'select approximately this path in solving the problem of control-
ling exploration. It is first of all necessary to f ind the criteria which define
the condition of exploration of the field, the main parameters of control, their
change in the process of exploration, degree o� influence on the results of work so
that:
we approach resolution of the question of limiting the number of development wells and
the resources inves*~d in exploration of oil and gas fields;
- a computer is connected to control of the process of exploring oil and gas fields.
The author has shown the possibility and expediency of formalizing the functional
part of the task of controlling the proce~s of exploration and its presentation in
the form of an economic-mathematical model with subsequent program support and
realization on a computer [16]. It is known that economic-mathematical models and
1)
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
computers are applicable in those cases where the problem has an optimization
- nature an~ possesses multiple versions of solutions. Here a change in any
parameter of the s,ystem which is governed by the possibili~y of a fairly brcad
maneuver of resources in a temporal respect, causes its new condition, while the
latter determines the conditions for tt.e development ~f different versions of the
condition of the system, and correspondingly, making of a controlling decision.
It also provides for simulation of the exploration process with p~.aying out of its
individual stages on the computer in a search for the ~uantitatiyely defined best
version of well arrangement. ~
Thus, the essence of the base economic-mathematical model is eontrol over the
conditi.on of the changes in the main geological and technological ~arameters of
the bed and the economic characteristics of the process that are ~ecorded at some
stage.
Computer control gurantees the output of objective and adequate information, but
the final judgment regarding the condition of the system and making of the con-
trolling decision are reserved for man.
The majority of books on the technique of exploring oil and gas fields to a con-
siderable measure treat the geological aspects of the problem. Questions of
optimizing and controlling the explcration process have not been sufficiently
examined.
The increasing rates of develonment of the oil and gas industry force us to make
a new and more attentive examination of the need to use new and progressive
techniques and methods of controlling the exploration process.
It is becoming obvious that further introduction of quantitative procedures and
characteristics into the exploration technique, and improvement in the level of
adequacy and objectivity of information are an important reserve for intensifying
exploration for oil and gas.
- This book has analyzed method questions of exploration and the possibility of
quantitative forms of solving them. It covers the possible minimization in the
number of development wells and suggests planning solutions to controlling the
exploration process which stipulate the extensive involvement of computers.
Based on a comparative analysis of the outlook for eil and gas content, the first
chapter defines the main trends in exploration for oil and gas in the country. It
presents geological characteristics of the regions in which search and exploration
for oil and gas fields have been primarily developed. As in the entire work, this
section gives considerable coverage to ~the West Siberian oil and gas.province. It
examines certain features of the oil and gas fields. ~
The second chapter analyzes the method concepts of exploration for oil and gas.
It makes a concise su~rvey of the works on optimizing the exploration process. It
examines questions of evaluating the long-term geological reserves of the field
- before the beginning ofexploration. It presents a technique for applying regressive
models for this purpose. It analyzes the stages in explora*_ion and covers tasks
that can be solved at each stage.
20
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Based on the geological characteristics for the main conditions of occur~ence~of
oil and gas, systems are examined for the arrangement of development wells, and
preference is given to the profile system. Certain methods are presented for
determining the distances between *he profiles and wells in the profiles. Examples
are given from the experience of exploration work on certain fields in West Siberia.
The preliminary conclusion is drawn that the use of an efficient technique and
control of the condition of exploration of the fields wi11 permit reduction in the
number of development wells.
The third chapter covers the selection of parameters to control the process of oil
and gas exploration and their changes during exploration, as well as determination
of the necessary number of wells. It analyzes the dependence of field reserves on
the change in calculated parameters. It presents graphs showing the fluctuations
in individual parameters in the exploration process, as well as the statistical
models to determine the minimum number of wells needed for exploration.
An analysis is made and the dependence of the state of preparation of the oil and gas
reserves by categories on the number of development wells is established.
� The fourth chapter suggests a plan for controlling exploration of oil and gas
f ields using computers. It examines the logical-economic and method concepts of
questions of developing ~ontrol of exploration, and defines the concept of the
object of control, and the technical-economic indicators necessary for control.
It presents the characteristics of the economic-mathematical model and algorithm
for solving the control problem.
Elements are presented of the information, mathematical and technical support of
the plan realization. Simulation potentialities of the model and its realization
- using computers in specific examples are shown.
The conclusion formulates the main conclusion on the presented material.
All the method recommendations presented in the book are aimed at further improve-
ment in the effectiveness of exploration for oil and gas.
- The presented material is based on personal developments of the author, experience
- accumulated by him during work in West Siberia, in the Irkutsk amphitheater, and
in the Caspian basin, as well as on the use of domestic publications.
The author is grateful for assistance in colJecting materials, mainly on questions
of information, technical and mathematical support of the control project, as well
as for supply of test calculations on the computer to engineers S. N. Zenkov and
V.N. Ivanova. The author considers it his pleasant duty to express his gratitude
to corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor I. I. Nesterov
for valuable advice and~assistance which promoted the creation of the book.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Characteristics of the Main Oil and Gas Regions of the USSR
and Certain Features of the Oil and Gas Fields 10
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 2. Technique of Exploration Work for Oil and Gas 22
1. Questions of evaluating the long-*_erm geological reserves
of. the f ield ~ 24
_ 2. Stages.in conducting exploration 35
3. Systems o~ arrangement of development wells 40
4. Prof ile system of well arrangement 41
5. Triangular system of well arrangement ~47
6. Ring system of well arrangement 48
7. Base levels and objects of exploration 50
8. Experience of exploration on certain oil and gas fields 52
Chapter 3. Parameters of Controlling Exploration and Technique of
Determining the Necessary Number of Wells 66
1. Selection of control parameters and study of their change
in the process of exploration 68
2. Determination of the number of wells with the help of statisti- .
cal models 97
3. Analysis of the condition of preparation of oil and gas reserves
by categories and its dependence on the number of development wells 104
Chapter 4. Plan for Controlling Exploration of Oil and Gas Fields with
the Help of a Computer 116
1. Main concepts in questions of developing control of the explora-
" tion process 116
2. Statement of the task and development of the algorithm to solve it 120
3. Processing of information and characteristics of the output data 140
4. Certain suggestions on technical support of the control system 145
5. Simulation of control of the process of exploring fields with the
use of the suggested solutions 150
Conclusion 167
Bibliography 169
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo 10Nedra", 1980
9035 ~
CSO: 1822/225 END
22 ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050063-3